181:
Frisch & Simonsen (2016) carried out a very large-scale study in
Denmark, which compared the incidence of meatal stenosis in Muslim males (mostly circumcised) with the incidence of meatal stenosis in ethnic Danish males (mostly non-circumcised). The risk of meatal stenosis in circumcised males
237:
According to Frisch & Simonsen (2016), "the foreskin is protective against urinary stricture disease" (meatal stenosis). Frisch & Simonsen (2016) call for a "thorough reassessment of the burden of urethral troubles and other adverse outcomes after non-therapeutic circumcision of boys."
164:
has been recognized since 1915. In the absence of the foreskin the meatus is exposed to mechanical and chemical irritation from ammoniacal diaper (nappy) that produces blister formation and ulceration of the urethral opening, which eventually gives rise to meatal stenosis (a narrowing of the
727:
Simforoosh N, Tabibi A, Khalili SA, Soltani MH, Afjehi A, Aalami F, Bodoohi H (June 2012). "Neonatal circumcision reduces the incidence of asymptomatic urinary tract infection: a large prospective study with long-term follow up using
Plastibell".
305:. (2010) reported an incidence of 0.55 percent. According to Emedicine (2016), the incidence of meatal stenosis runs from 9 to 20 percent. Frisch & Simonsen (2016) placed the incidence at 5 to 20 percent of circumcised boys.
782:
269:
in which the meatus is crushed with a straight mosquito hemostat and then divided with fine-tipped scissors. Recently, home-dilatation has been shown to be a successful treatment for most boys.
301:. (2006) reported an incidence of 0.9 percent. Van Howe (2006) reported an incidence of 7.29 percent. In Van Howe's study, all cases of meatal stenosis were among circumcised boys. Simforoosh
335:"Cultural background, non-therapeutic circumcision and the risk of meatal stenosis and other urethral stricture disease: Two nationwide register-based cohort studies in Denmark 1977-2013"
871:
289:
contributes to the development of urethral stricture. Among circumcised males, reported incidence of meatal stricture varies. Griffiths
250:
repair will "probably reduce meatal stenosis ", while
Jayanthi (2003) recommends the use of a modified Snodgrass hypospadias repair.
684:
Yegane RA, Kheirollahi AR, Salehi NA, Bashashati M, Khoshdel JA, Ahmadi M (May 2006). "Late complications of circumcision in Iran".
557:
Griffiths DM, Atwell JD, Freeman NV (1985). "A prospective survey of the indications and morbidity of circumcision in children".
1033:
448:
Jayanthi VR (October 2003). "The modified
Snodgrass hypospadias repair: reducing the risk of fistula and meatal stenosis".
864:
957:
857:
413:
Meir DB, Livne PM (June 2004). "Is prophylactic antimicrobial treatment necessary after hypospadias repair?".
378:
Van Howe RS (2006). "Incidence of meatal stenosis following neonatal circumcision in a primary care setting".
962:
293:. (1985) reported an incidence of 2.8 percent. Sörensen & Sörensen (1988) reported 0 percent. Cathcart
1118:
995:
1048:
967:
797:
592:
Sörensen SM, Sörensen MR (1988). "Circumcision with the
Plastibell device. A long-term follow-up".
199:
1043:
930:
922:
837:
1095:
972:
935:
1080:
1038:
950:
214:
130:
637:"Trends in paediatric circumcision and its complications in England between 1997 and 2003"
8:
1085:
786:
514:
Searles JM, MacKinnon AE (March 2004). "Home-dilatation of the urethral meatus in boys".
489:
262:
to numb the area and dilating (widening) the urethral opening with special instruments.
1090:
1007:
912:
709:
666:
617:
539:
791:
461:
426:
1017:
1002:
940:
808:
745:
701:
658:
609:
574:
531:
527:
465:
430:
395:
356:
195:
40:
713:
670:
621:
737:
693:
648:
601:
566:
543:
523:
457:
422:
387:
346:
259:
258:
In females, meatal stenosis can usually be treated in the physician's office using
68:
802:
741:
170:
102:
849:
351:
334:
813:
391:
161:
63:
697:
246:
Meir & Livne (2004) suggest that use of a broad spectrum antibiotic after
1112:
1058:
881:
191:
182:
was found to be as much 3.7 times higher than in the non-circumcised males.
1075:
1063:
1053:
749:
705:
662:
635:
Cathcart P, Nuttall M, van der Meulen J, Emberton M, Kenny SE (July 2006).
535:
469:
434:
399:
360:
286:
613:
578:
1068:
902:
832:
247:
157:
990:
945:
907:
897:
605:
285:
Numerous studies over a long period of time clearly indicate that male
221:
206:
774:
570:
653:
636:
634:
266:
137:
143:
Urinary tract infections - increased susceptibility due to stricture
166:
153:
55:
982:
683:
124:
59:
889:
726:
265:
In males, it is treated by a second surgical procedure called
74:
98:
16:
Stenosis of the opening of the urethra at the external meatus
86:
80:
277:
Most people can expect normal urination after treatment.
297:. (2006) reported an incidence of 0.55 percent. Yegane
556:
120:
Irritation, scarring or swelling of the meatus in boys
89:
764:
365:
Published online ahead of print on 22 December 2016.
83:
77:
71:
202:) is usually diagnostic. Other tests may include:
879:
114:Abnormal strength and direction of urinary stream
1110:
591:
513:
165:opening). Meatal stenosis may also be caused by
332:
97:, thus constricting the opening through which
865:
117:Visible narrow opening at the meatus in boys
241:
872:
858:
652:
487:
412:
373:
371:
350:
550:
483:
481:
479:
447:
377:
328:
326:
324:
322:
320:
318:
585:
1111:
677:
368:
1034:Urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome
853:
476:
315:
108:
594:International Urology and Nephrology
456:(4 Pt 2): 1603–5, discussion 1605.
333:Frisch M, Simonsen J (April 2018).
13:
14:
1130:
760:
462:10.1097/01.ju.0000085260.52825.73
427:10.1097/01.ju.0000124007.55430.d3
232:
528:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2003.04680.x
67:
720:
686:Pediatric Surgery International
488:Koenig JF (22 September 2016).
176:
152:The protection provided by the
958:Neurogenic bladder dysfunction
641:The British Journal of Surgery
628:
507:
441:
406:
1:
963:Bladder sphincter dyssynergia
308:
227:
169:resulting from damage to the
742:10.1016/j.jpurol.2010.10.008
730:Journal of Pediatric Urology
280:
272:
253:
185:
173:artery during circumcision.
7:
352:10.1016/j.surge.2016.11.002
123:Discomfort with urination (
10:
1135:
392:10.1177/000992280604500108
1026:
996:Non-gonococcal urethritis
981:
921:
888:
823:
768:
698:10.1007/s00383-006-1672-1
147:
101:leaves the body from the
39:
29:
24:
1049:Retroperitoneal fibrosis
968:Vesicointestinal fistula
242:After hypospadias repair
200:voiding cystourethrogram
194:is adequate to make the
58:) of the opening of the
52:Urethral meatal stenosis
25:Urethral meatal stenosis
1044:Urinary tract infection
217:, basic metabolic panel
450:The Journal of Urology
415:The Journal of Urology
190:In males, history and
973:Vesicoureteral reflux
936:Interstitial cystitis
140:) at end of urination
1081:Urinary incontinence
1039:Obstructive uropathy
951:Hemorrhagic cystitis
198:. In females, VCUG (
380:Clinical Pediatrics
1008:Urethral stricture
913:Ureteric stricture
824:External resources
606:10.1007/BF02550667
421:(6 Pt 2): 2621–2.
220:Renal and bladder
109:Symptoms and signs
34:Urethral stricture
1119:Urethra disorders
1106:
1105:
1018:Urethral caruncle
1003:Urethral syndrome
847:
846:
571:10.1159/000472487
516:BJU International
490:"Meatal stenosis"
49:
48:
19:Medical condition
1126:
880:Diseases of the
874:
867:
860:
851:
850:
766:
765:
754:
753:
724:
718:
717:
681:
675:
674:
656:
654:10.1002/bjs.5369
632:
626:
625:
589:
583:
582:
559:European Urology
554:
548:
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511:
505:
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500:
485:
474:
473:
445:
439:
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410:
404:
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375:
366:
364:
354:
330:
260:local anesthesia
96:
95:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
79:
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73:
62:at the external
54:is a narrowing (
22:
21:
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1129:
1128:
1127:
1125:
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1123:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1022:
1013:Meatal stenosis
977:
917:
884:
878:
848:
843:
842:
819:
818:
777:
763:
758:
757:
725:
721:
682:
678:
633:
629:
590:
586:
555:
551:
512:
508:
498:
496:
486:
477:
446:
442:
411:
407:
376:
369:
331:
316:
311:
283:
275:
256:
244:
235:
230:
188:
179:
150:
111:
103:urinary bladder
70:
66:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1132:
1122:
1121:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1078:
1073:
1072:
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1066:
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1046:
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1036:
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1028:
1024:
1023:
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1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
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998:
987:
985:
979:
978:
976:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
954:
953:
948:
943:
941:Hunner's ulcer
938:
927:
925:
919:
918:
916:
915:
910:
905:
900:
894:
892:
886:
885:
877:
876:
869:
862:
854:
845:
844:
841:
840:
828:
827:
825:
821:
820:
817:
816:
805:
794:
778:
773:
772:
770:
769:Classification
762:
761:External links
759:
756:
755:
719:
676:
627:
584:
549:
506:
475:
440:
405:
367:
345:(2): 107–118.
313:
312:
310:
307:
282:
279:
274:
271:
255:
252:
243:
240:
234:
233:In the newborn
231:
229:
226:
225:
224:
218:
212:
209:
207:Urine analysis
187:
184:
178:
175:
149:
146:
145:
144:
141:
134:
133:(day or night)
128:
127:and frequency)
121:
118:
115:
110:
107:
47:
46:
43:
37:
36:
31:
27:
26:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1131:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1059:Bladder stone
1057:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1031:
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1025:
1019:
1016:
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1009:
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1004:
1001:
997:
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993:
992:
989:
988:
986:
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974:
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966:
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959:
956:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
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937:
934:
933:
932:
929:
928:
926:
924:
920:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
895:
893:
891:
887:
883:
882:urinary tract
875:
870:
868:
863:
861:
856:
855:
852:
839:
835:
834:
830:
829:
826:
822:
815:
811:
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799:
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793:
789:
788:
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780:
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771:
767:
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747:
743:
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735:
731:
723:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
680:
672:
668:
664:
660:
655:
650:
647:(7): 885–90.
646:
642:
638:
631:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
600:(2): 159–66.
599:
595:
588:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
553:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
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211:Urine culture
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208:
205:
204:
203:
201:
197:
193:
192:physical exam
183:
174:
172:
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159:
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94:
65:
61:
57:
53:
44:
42:
38:
35:
32:
28:
23:
1076:Malakoplakia
1064:Kidney stone
1054:Urolithiasis
1012:
831:
807:
796:
781:
736:(3): 320–3.
733:
729:
722:
692:(5): 442–5.
689:
685:
679:
644:
640:
630:
597:
593:
587:
565:(3): 184–7.
562:
558:
552:
522:(4): 596–7.
519:
515:
509:
497:. Retrieved
493:
453:
449:
443:
418:
414:
408:
386:(1): 49–54.
383:
379:
342:
338:
302:
298:
294:
290:
287:circumcision
284:
276:
264:
257:
245:
236:
189:
180:
177:Risk factors
151:
131:Incontinence
51:
50:
33:
1069:Renal colic
903:Ureterocele
833:MedlinePlus
339:The Surgeon
248:hypospadias
158:glans penis
30:Other names
991:Urethritis
946:Trigonitis
908:Megaureter
898:Ureteritis
809:DiseasesDB
309:References
228:Prevention
222:ultrasound
136:Bleeding (
499:21 August
494:EMedicine
281:Incidence
273:Prognosis
267:meatotomy
254:Treatment
196:diagnosis
186:Diagnosis
138:hematuria
41:Specialty
1113:Category
1096:Overflow
931:Cystitis
750:21115400
714:26365305
706:16649052
671:42869269
663:16673355
622:29147788
536:15008738
470:14501672
435:15118434
400:16429216
361:28017691
171:frenular
167:ischemia
156:for the
154:foreskin
56:stenosis
1027:Any/all
983:Urethra
923:Bladder
803:D014525
614:3384610
579:4029234
544:8817008
125:dysuria
60:urethra
45:Urology
1086:Stress
890:Ureter
838:001599
748:
712:
704:
669:
661:
620:
612:
577:
542:
534:
468:
433:
398:
359:
162:meatus
148:Causes
64:meatus
814:13562
792:598.9
710:S2CID
667:S2CID
618:S2CID
540:S2CID
303:et al
299:et al
295:et al
291:et al
99:urine
1091:Urge
798:MeSH
787:9-CM
746:PMID
702:PMID
659:PMID
610:PMID
575:PMID
532:PMID
501:2017
466:PMID
431:PMID
396:PMID
357:PMID
160:and
783:ICD
738:doi
694:doi
649:doi
602:doi
567:doi
524:doi
458:doi
454:170
423:doi
419:171
388:doi
347:doi
215:CBC
1115::
836::
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801::
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690:22
688:.
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657:.
645:93
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598:20
596:.
573:.
563:11
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538:.
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492:.
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429:.
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