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431:(ANC) troops took control of the town and arrested Kalonji, by December 1961. After escaping from the jail in which he was being held, he briefly re-established his government. A second assault on the independent state was launched in the summer of 1962, with ANC government troops fighting poorly armed tribesmen outside of the city. Kalonji was captured again on 4 October 1962 when ANC forces retook Bakwanga, effectively ending the region's independence. Soon after the end of the secession, Bakwanga was renamed Mbuji-Mayi after
485:
sector of the city controlled by MIBA, the road network was virtually nonexistent, and in 1991, the entire city had only about 19.7 km of paved roads, all in poor condition. The state-run power plant went out of service in 1990, with an 11.8 mW hydroelectric plant run by MIBA as the only source of electricity, but frequent power outages led residents to other sources of heat and light, mainly wood and charcoal leading to widespread deforestation in the area.
71:
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on Aug. 8, 1960 and established the city, then still known as
Bakwanga, as his capital. In April 1961, Kalonji declared himself as emperor of the region in a traditional tribal ceremony and then returned to Bakwanga, where he was "carried through crowds of chanting, singing and cheering Balubas," and
446:
In the political vacuum, MIBA stepped in. In the place of the federal government, MIBA invested heavily in the region by repairing roads, paying soldiers and supplying water and electricity to the city from its own power station. The company set up a social fund of $ 5 to $ 6 million a year, roughly
371:
The young city, known at the time as
Bakwanga, grew quickly but around strict planning by MIBA, which divided the community into labor camps, mining areas and living quarters. The city's growth was not explosive, and planning was done with the needs of the mining company in mind, not the development
512:
to speak with Kabila, who held him for several days, prompting his family to purchase advertising in newspapers publicising their concerns for his safety. Nzemba was released shortly after, but MIBA began making "voluntary contributions" to Kabila's war, an estimated $ 5.5 million in 1997 and 1998.
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The city had always been a major source of the world's diamonds and that did not change after independence, nor did the age-old tradition of diamond smuggling. But after independence, that ability of the government to control the diamond smuggling quickly eroded and diamond smuggling dramatically
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Although Nzemba and MIBA's largesse helped Mbuji-Mayi maintain some semblance of infrastructure and social services, at least by the standards of Zaïre, the city still struggled. Electricity was spotty, the university was broken down and the road system disintegrated with the rain. Outside of the
363:
The region where the city of Mbuji-Mayi now stands was once a cluster of villages on land owned by the
Bakwanga clan. Diamonds were first discovered in the area as early as 1907, but the true value of the find was not recognised until 1913. Following the discovery, a mining camp designed to house
584:
The city lacks much of the organization and classic
European architecture that other major cities in the DRC inherited from the Belgian colonists. Journalist Michela Wrong, described Mbuji-Mayi as "a curiously soulless settlement, with no tangible centre ... It is purely functional conurbation,
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The area around Mbuji-Mayi is one of the richest sources of mineral wealth in the world. In the 1950s, it was estimated that the Mbuji-Mayi area had the world's most important industrial diamond deposits, containing at least 300 million karats of diamonds. The city was constructed on top of the
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In fact, fearing theft of the company's diamond resources, the MIBA actively discouraged building in the region and closely monitored who went in and out of the region. Every person in the region needed a permit allowing them to be there, and registration at a command post that monitored the
389:
diamond deposits, and while the city's reputation as a company town under tight control of
Belgian economic interests meant it was neat and orderly, it also meant that the city's buildings and homes, including those of top MIBA executives, were sometimes demolished to access the diamonds.
532:. In 2020 the DRC government launched a project to improve drinking water expected to cost at least $ 26.2 million. This investment was expected to help, but not be enough to substantially solve the city's water crisis. The Pan China company doing the work will rehabilitate the city's
474:, which was jointly sponsored by MIBA and the local Catholic Church, and which became the home base of CDEKO. The new organization spearheaded economic growth in Mbuji-Mayi, helped support the development of new agricultural and beer industry expansion around the city and launched
302:, and translates as "Goat-Water," a name deriving from the great number of goats in the region. Despite its large population, the city remains remote, having little connection to surrounding provinces or to Kinshasa and Lubumbashi. However, Mbuji-Mayi is the traditional centre of
1484:
Kayomo, Michel Kaswa; Hasker, Epco; Aloni, Muriel; Nkuku, Léontine; Kazadi, Marcel; Kabengele, Thierry; Muteteke, Dorcas; Kapita, François; Lufulwabo, Alphonse; Mukadi, Ya Diul; Muyembe-Tamfum, Jean-Jacques; Ieven, Margareta; de Jong, Bouke C.; Boelaert, Marleen (2018).
376:
population, which made indefinite residence in the area almost impossible to establish. There was limited economic activity besides the company-run mining, with even limited agriculture, and the city's population remained low, at approximately 39,830 by the late 1950s.
379:
As the city grew, more and more infrastructure needs required investment in roads, public works and hospitals. While several primary schools were developed for workers, until independence, there was no higher education available for the native population.
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In the earlier years, most of the diamonds mined in the area came from one large MIBA-controlled mine on the city's outskirts, but diamonds could also be easily found in the area's streams and waterways, making it possible for anyone to collect them.
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dedicated to making money, with little left over for less focused activities." Even today, much of the city revolves around the Avenue Inga, where diamond and mineral buyers have set up shop and the city's main business remains the diamond trade.
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the chief executive officer of MIBA one of the most powerful men in the region, and the de facto governor of Mbuji-Mayi. Nzemba, who was appointed by Mobutu in 1986, was considered one of the more powerful players in Mobutu's political party, the
467:
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increased. The black market quickly eclipsed the official business, and in 1963, MIBA officially recorded producing 1.4 million karats of diamonds, while smugglers exported between 4 million and 6 million more karats.
619:. No state agents were known to have been prosecuted for the killings. Poverty lures in illegal miners to MIBA diamond concessions where they may be shot or detained in quarters with poor living conditions.
605:
investigated and found the prison was filled to six times its capacity giving each prisoner a fixed spot less than about 0.25 square meters (2.7 square feet) in a cell. About half of the inmates were
481:
Mobutu's willingness to let Nzemba control the province through MIBA came at a price, as Nzemba may have skimmed as much as $ 1.5 to $ 2 million a month to send to Mobutu's personal bank accounts.
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When the city fell to the rebels on April 4, 1997, looting by both sides took a toll on the city, particularly MIBA's mining operations. Nzemba was also summoned to
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Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, Zaïre and Mobutu paid little attention to Mbuji-Mayi, offering almost no money to build roads, schools or hospitals.
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In
October 1998, Mbuji-Mayi was occupied by both Zimbabwean and Chadian troops as they poured into the country to back up Kabila as the
47:
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published a report in 2002 about dozens of people being shot dead in the diamond fields of Mbuji-Mayi, with most victims suspected of
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As of 2019 some residents were obtaining water from local rivers which contributed to local outbreaks of water-borne diseases such as
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475:
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609:. These conditions, combined with poor ventilation, lack of sunshine, and lack of TB screening, had allowed TB to spread for years.
306:
mining in Congo, with it being located on top of one of the largest known deposits in the world. Air travel is provided through the
92:
1682:
1321:
United
Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs Integrated Regional Information Network for the Great Lakes (21 March 1997).
343:
1487:"Outbreak of Tuberculosis and Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis, Mbuji-Mayi Central Prison, Democratic Republic of the Congo"
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346:. This division into communes has been in effect since Ministerial (Departmental) Order No. 83 of March 4, 1968 of the
1284:
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1059:
598:
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1081:
UN Integrated
Regional Information Networks (Feb 25, 2008), "Congo-Kinshasa; Neglect, Deaths in Prison Condemned",
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135:
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470:(CDEKO), a regional economic development group in the early 1990s. Nzemba also backed the creation of the
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8 percent of its annual budget. This money went to repair infrastructure and to fund a new university.
1023:"Kasai oriental: Jean-Marie Lutumba, nouveau maire de Mbujimayi, a pris officiellement ses fonctions"
991:
408:
Mbuji-Mayi grew rapidly upon
Congolese independence in 1960 with the immigration of members of the
287:
estimated population of 1,480,000 to as many as 3,500,000 estimated by the United
Nations in 2008.
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612:
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8:
1906:
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229:
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463:, a popular local political figure and Mobutu's most significant political opposition.
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1141:
In the Footsteps of Mr. Kurtz: Living on the Brink of Disaster in Mobutu's Congo
265:. It is thought to be the second largest city in the country, after the capital
616:
541:
416:
258:
147:
16:
Provincial capital and city in Kasai-Oriental, Democratic Republic of the Congo
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As of 1963, Mbuji-Mayi-based MIBA was the source of 80 percent of the world's
1900:
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94:
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1463:"DRC: Government launches drinking water project in the town of Mbuji-Mayi"
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United Nations Integrated Regional Information Networks (17 April 1997).
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409:
323:
291:
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broke out, Nzemba initially sided with Mobutu against the rebels led by
281:, though its exact population is not known. Estimates range from a 2010
1817:
1577:"Climate: Mbuji-Mayi - Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table"
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and Diamant International are the major diamond producers in the area.
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505:(AFDL or ADFLC) approached the city, Nzemba quickly switched sides.
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266:
1545:"Making a killing: The diamond trade in government-controlled DRC"
419:, a Luba tribal chief, declared himself ruler of the secessionist
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1388:"Democratic Republic of the Congo: Kabila turns diamonds to dust"
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in an attempt to signify a Luba intra-ethnicity reconciliation.
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dancing continued outside his royal palace there for four days.
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Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo-Zaire
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Conference pour le Developpement Economique de Kasai Oriental
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The celebration was short-lived, as the central government's
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The investments and its position as largest employer made
1394:. London: IC Publications. pp. 31–32. Archived from
1371:
The Management of Secondary Cities in Sub-Saharan Africa
1193:
The Management of Secondary Cities in Sub-Saharan Africa
1180:
The Management of Secondary Cities in Sub-Saharan Africa
1167:
The Management of Secondary Cities in Sub-Saharan Africa
1483:
1094:
République démocratique du Congo - Ministère du Plan,
1325:. University of Pennsylvania - African Studies Center
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298:. The name Mbuji-Mayi comes from the local language,
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412:ethnic group from different parts of the country.
1418:"IRIN Emergency Update No.152 on the Great Lakes"
459:(MPR), but he also called himself a "brother" of
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557:As a commercial center, Mbuji-Mayi handles most
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1932:Cities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1323:"Zaïre: IRIN Briefing Part VI: Kasai, 3/21/97"
403:
372:of the region as a general population centre.
1615:
1345:"Who's Who No. 129 - Jonas M. Kadiata Nzemba"
536:, extend the distribution network, construct
1880:Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1369:United Nations Centre for Human Settlements
1316:
1314:
1273:Pandey, Gyanendra; Geschiere, Peter (2003).
1258:"Congo Troops Capture Kalonji, Crush Army".
1191:United Nations Centre for Human Settlements
1178:United Nations Centre for Human Settlements
1165:United Nations Centre for Human Settlements
1097:Monographie de la province du Kasaï oriental
1337:
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1251:
1236:
628:Köppen-Geiger climate classification system
313:
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1262:. Los Angeles. 3 October 1962. p. 14.
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1311:
1247:. Washington. 10 April 1961. pp. A9.
593:In January 2015 there was an outbreak of
1927:1914 establishments in the Belgian Congo
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1307:. London. 15 March 1997. pp. 42–43.
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1243:"Balubas Hail Kalonji As Their King".
1109:Shomba Kinyamba S. and Olela Nonga D.
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1052:
601:in the Mbuji-Mayi Central Prison. The
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183:135.12 km (52.17 sq mi)
1603:
1461:Takouleu, Jean Marie (Feb 12, 2020).
1213:
1198:
1134:
1116:, MES Editions, Kinshasa, 2015, p. 11
523:
466:Nzemba is credited with creating the
1917:Populated places established in 1914
1889:Provinces are shown between brackets
1351:. Indigo Publications. 29 March 2006
1245:The Washington Post and Times-Herald
1216:"Gem Smuggling On The Rise In Congo"
1119:
1021:Luabeya, Ronsard (23 January 2023).
364:miners and company officials of the
1214:Lukas, J. Anthony (March 7, 1963).
997:Université Officielle de Mbuji Mayi
358:
322:(municipalities), each headed by a
13:
1912:Populated places in Kasaï-Oriental
1875:
1088:
457:Popular Movement of the Revolution
368:(MIBA) was developed in the area.
70:
14:
1943:
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1636:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1111:/Documents%20EN/Monographie.pdf
568:, and production in the Congo.
400:and 57 percent of all diamonds.
136:Democratic Republic of the Congo
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212: • Urban density
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544:and administrative buildings.
318:Mbuji-Mayi is made up of five
261:Province in the south-central
1:
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215:21,000/km (55,000/sq mi)
1491:Emerging Infectious Diseases
1100:, Kinshasa, mars 2005, p. 87
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641:Climate data for Mbuji-Mayi
553:Diamond mining and smuggling
488:
452:Jonas Mukamba Kadiata Nzemba
415:Shortly after independence,
263:Democratic Republic of Congo
7:
1373:. UN-Habitat, 1991, p. 133.
1195:. UN-Habitat, 1991, p. 129.
1182:. UN-Habitat, 1991, p. 126.
1169:. UN-Habitat, 1991, p. 125.
830:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
690:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
570:Societé minière de Bakwanga
478:, a locally owned airline.
421:Mining State of South Kasai
404:Capital city of South Kasai
366:Societé minière de Bakwanga
10:
1948:
1922:Capitals of former nations
1349:Africa Mining Intelligence
973:
640:
630:classifies its climate as
622:
429:Armée Nationale Congolaise
353:
191:549 m (1,801 ft)
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1873:
1642:
1276:The Forging of Nationhood
1113:Monographie de Mbujimayi
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1279:. Manohar. p. 203.
1060:"CIA The World Factbook"
992:University of Mbuji Mayi
348:Minister of the Interior
314:Territorial organization
1135:Wrong, Michela (2002),
1002:Université de Tshilenge
599:multi-drug-resistant TB
589:Human rights criticisms
30:Provincial capital and
1881:
1504:10.3201/eid2411.180769
1436:"War turns commercial"
1879:
1858:(Kasaï Oriental)
1552:Amnesty International
1260:The Los Angeles Times
613:Amnesty International
499:Laurent-Désiré Kabila
632:tropical wet and dry
1424:on 19 October 2011.
760:Daily mean °C (°F)
548:Culture and economy
472:University of Kasai
398:industrial diamonds
290:Mbuji-Mayi lies in
230:Central Africa Time
104: /
40:Ville de Mbuji-Mayi
1882:
1579:. Climate-Data.org
1386:Misser, F (2000).
1301:"The diamond city"
1223:The New York Times
1048:PopulationStat.com
524:Early 21st century
501:, but as Kabila's
461:Étienne Tshisekedi
308:Mbuji Mayi Airport
304:industrial diamond
284:CIA World Factbook
180: • Urban
170:Jean-Marie Lutumba
167: • Mayor
52:Mbuji-Mayi Airport
1894:
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1497:(11): 2029–2035.
1442:. 22 October 1998
1143:, HarperCollins,
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978:, altitude: 614m
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836:
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786:
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766:
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671:
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624:
621:
617:illegal mining
590:
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581:
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554:
551:
549:
546:
525:
522:
490:
487:
440:
437:
417:Albert Kalonji
405:
402:
385:
384:Mineral wealth
382:
360:
357:
355:
352:
315:
312:
259:Kasai-Oriental
234:
233:
223:
217:
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177:
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148:Kasai-Oriental
145:
139:
138:
125:
121:
120:
113:-6.150; 23.600
86:
85:
76:
75:
68:
67:
61:
60:
59:
58:
55:
54:
51:
43:
42:
36:
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29:
26:
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15:
9:
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1810:
1807:
1801:
1798:
1792:
1789:
1783:
1780:
1774:
1771:
1765:
1762:
1759:(Haut-Lomami)
1756:
1753:
1747:
1744:
1738:
1735:
1729:
1726:
1720:
1717:
1711:
1708:
1702:
1699:
1696:(Nord-Ubangi)
1693:
1690:
1684:
1681:
1675:
1672:
1666:
1663:
1657:
1654:
1648:
1645:
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1440:The Economist
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1412:
1398:on 2012-06-14
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1372:
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1305:The Economist
1302:
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1286:9788173044250
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1150:0-06-093443-3
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1027:Coulisses.net
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902:precipitation
898:
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828:
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329:
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311:
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269:and ahead of
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89:Coordinates:
87:
65:
56:
49:
44:
41:
37:
33:
27:
20:
1853:
1750:(Tanganyika)
1723:(Mai-Ndombe)
1705:(Sud-Ubangi)
1583:17 September
1581:. Retrieved
1556:. Retrieved
1539:
1494:
1490:
1479:
1467:. Retrieved
1456:
1444:. Retrieved
1439:
1430:
1422:the original
1411:
1400:. Retrieved
1396:the original
1391:
1370:
1365:
1353:. Retrieved
1348:
1339:
1327:. Retrieved
1304:
1295:
1275:
1268:
1259:
1253:
1244:
1238:
1226:. Retrieved
1222:
1192:
1187:
1179:
1174:
1166:
1140:
1112:
1105:
1095:
1090:
1082:
1076:
1064:. Retrieved
1054:
1043:
1031:. Retrieved
1026:
1016:
975:
904:mm (inches)
626:
611:
607:malnourished
595:tuberculosis
592:
583:
580:Architecture
574:
556:
538:water towers
527:
515:
507:
492:
483:
480:
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449:
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439:Jonas Nzemba
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317:
289:
282:
246:
242:
238:
237:
39:
1732:(Haut-Uele)
1714:(Nord-Kivu)
1083:Africa News
1029:(in French)
324:burgomaster
111: /
1907:Mbuji-Mayi
1901:Categories
1854:Mbuji-Mayi
1849:(Équateur)
1818:Lubumbashi
1687:(Bas-Uele)
1669:(Sud-Kivu)
1402:2011-06-02
1033:23 January
1008:References
540:, and add
271:Lubumbashi
245:(formerly
239:Mbuji-Mayi
196:Population
162:Government
77:Mbuji-Mayi
23:Mbuji-Mayi
1831:(Sankuru)
1813:(Mongala)
1804:(Lualaba)
1791:Kisangani
1786:(Maniema)
1692:Gbadolite
1660:(Tshuapa)
1632:provinces
1513:1080-6040
1465:. Afrik21
986:Education
489:Civil war
275:Kisangani
243:Mbujimayi
221:Time zone
207:2,892,000
188:Elevation
1863:Tshikapa
1845:Mbandaka
1795:(Tshopo)
1777:(Kwango)
1741:(Lomami)
1647:Bandundu
1531:30334730
1228:11 April
974:Source:
900:Average
542:metering
320:communes
300:Tshiluba
267:Kinshasa
253:and the
247:Bakwanga
143:Province
1867:(Kasaï)
1827:Lusambo
1800:Kolwezi
1764:Kananga
1746:Kalemie
1737:Kabinda
1678:(Ituri)
1651:(Kwilu)
1634:of the
1558:Aug 15,
1522:6199999
1469:Aug 15,
1066:May 30,
969:(59.5)
895:(67.2)
890:(68.4)
880:(67.6)
875:(67.5)
870:(66.4)
865:(63.7)
860:(63.9)
855:(67.5)
850:(68.5)
845:(68.7)
840:(68.2)
835:(68.2)
825:(77.7)
820:(77.4)
815:(77.5)
810:(77.5)
805:(77.9)
800:(77.5)
795:(76.8)
790:(77.2)
785:(79.0)
780:(78.6)
775:(78.6)
770:(77.5)
765:(77.4)
755:(88.4)
750:(86.5)
745:(87.3)
740:(87.6)
735:(88.5)
730:(88.7)
725:(90.0)
720:(90.5)
715:(90.7)
710:(88.9)
705:(88.5)
700:(87.1)
695:(86.7)
623:Climate
566:panning
559:diamond
530:cholera
493:As the
476:Wetrafa
354:History
332:Dibindi
328:Bipemba
279:Kananga
255:capital
249:) is a
154:Founded
124:Country
99:23°36′E
96:06°09′S
1865:
1856:
1847:
1838:
1836:Matadi
1829:
1820:
1811:
1809:Lisala
1802:
1793:
1784:
1775:
1766:
1757:
1755:Kamina
1748:
1739:
1730:
1721:
1719:Inongo
1712:
1703:
1701:Gemena
1694:
1685:
1676:
1667:
1665:Bukavu
1658:
1656:Boende
1649:
1529:
1519:
1511:
1446:1 June
1355:1 June
1329:1 June
1283:
1147:
964:(8.1)
959:(9.2)
954:(6.2)
949:(5.5)
944:(1.3)
939:(0.4)
934:(0.8)
929:(2.6)
924:(6.3)
919:(8.0)
914:(5.2)
909:(5.9)
646:Month
634:(Aw).
562:mining
340:Kanshi
133:
1782:Kindu
1773:Kenge
1728:Isiro
1674:Bunia
1548:(PDF)
1219:(PDF)
1062:. CIA
967:1,510
885:(68)
685:Year
336:Diulu
226:UTC+2
203:Urban
1710:Goma
1683:Buta
1585:2013
1560:2020
1527:PMID
1509:ISSN
1471:2020
1448:2011
1357:2011
1331:2011
1281:ISBN
1230:2016
1145:ISBN
1068:2011
1035:2023
893:19.6
888:20.2
878:19.8
873:19.7
868:19.1
863:17.6
858:17.7
853:19.7
848:20.3
843:20.4
838:20.1
833:20.1
823:25.4
818:25.2
813:25.3
808:25.3
803:25.5
798:25.3
793:24.9
788:25.1
783:26.1
778:25.9
773:25.9
768:25.3
763:25.2
753:31.3
748:30.3
743:30.7
738:30.9
733:31.4
728:31.5
723:32.2
718:32.5
713:32.6
708:31.6
703:31.4
698:30.6
693:30.4
682:Dec
679:Nov
676:Oct
673:Sep
670:Aug
667:Jul
664:Jun
661:May
658:Apr
655:Mar
652:Feb
649:Jan
510:Goma
410:Luba
344:Muya
342:and
292:Luba
277:and
251:city
175:Area
157:1914
32:city
1517:PMC
1499:doi
1137:"5"
962:207
957:233
952:157
947:140
922:161
917:202
912:133
907:150
603:CDC
257:of
241:or
1903::
1568:^
1550:.
1525:.
1515:.
1507:.
1495:24
1493:.
1489:.
1438:.
1390:.
1378:^
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1313:^
1303:.
1221:.
1200:^
1158:^
1139:,
1121:^
1025:.
942:32
932:20
927:66
883:20
564:,
350:.
338:,
334:,
330:,
326::
310:.
273:,
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1587:.
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1533:.
1501::
1473:.
1450:.
1405:.
1359:.
1333:.
1289:.
1232:.
1070:.
1037:.
937:9
232:)
228:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
