Massive precut stone

47: 697:"The project followed several key principles: North-south oriented housing for proper ventilation during summer; Use of 40 cm thick structural massive stone for better high thermal inertia and summer comfort; Unprocessed and unpainted materials: solid wood window frames and shutters left untreated to age naturally; walls without plaster. Constructed with a social housing budget of €1,150/sqm (m), this project demonstrated the modernity of stone construction, perfectly suited to today's housing demands. Massive stone allows for quick, relatively dry construction with minimal site disturbance and reduced assembly time. The stone's properties of thermal inertia, phase shift, and hygrothermal regulation make it a healthy and durable material. Recycling is limited to deconstruction and reuse of stones in their original form." 20: 59: 426: 520: 713: 593: 442: 31: 500:(1912-1986), a French architect who was active in post-war reconstruction. Starting in the 1940s, his innovative approach to stone led to the development of numerous noteworthy projects, with a particular focus on apartment complexes. Throughout his long career, Pouillon played a crucial role in the development and popularization of massive precut stone construction techniques. His pioneering work laid the foundation for subsequent architects to build upon and innovate, leading to the resurgence and expansion of this construction method in modern architecture. 785:, they implemented a program of using precut local marés sandstone for construction. As of 2022, they had built hundreds of apartments from MP stone, and pioneered a number of novel techniques, including the implementation of stone barrel vaults for social housing, use of a fast-setting cement mixture that allows laying several courses per day, and cyclopean concrete blocks. Projects include the Salvador Espriu social-housing development in 615:(3500 units), that latter of which was "the backdrop of the concluding scenes of the 1966 film The Battle of Algiers". Although these projects utilized French stone, they demonstrated the adaptability of his technique to a different region. One notable building of this era was the Tower of Diar es-Saâda, a 20-storey unreinforced MP stone skyscraper, which has stood undamaged for 70 years in a seismically active region. 620: 228:. Developed by IBAVI in Mallorca, rough stones are placed in a mold and saturated with concrete. The concrete is sawn into massive ashlars for crane assembly. Enables reuse of rough plum stones from traditional stone masonry. The first documented architectural use of precut cyclopean concrete blocks was in a social housing project on Mallorca in the early 2020s. 539:'s firm and then through his own office—designed and completed MP-stone buildings that held tens of thousands of apartments, in France and Algeria. In post-war France, there was a huge demand for new urban housing, but cement and steel were relatively expensive; machine-cut limestone represented a plentiful, economical building material. 167:. The architect will design the building to specify each ashlar's dimensions. Blocks are to be designed to be as modular as possible, ideally with a handful of different shapes. Reducing the types of shape simplifies manufacture. Pouillon was able to build large housing projects faster and cheaper than the competition, in part due to his 147:. Using massive dimensions has three critical benefits: (1) minimizing cuts, which lowers cost and shortens production time, (2) increases the thermal mass of walls for temperature regulation in the building, and (3) makes use of crane construction, thereby lowering manual labor, shortening assembly time, reducing mortar, labor, and cost. 554:"This new technique consisted of adapting machines used to form steel and wood to cut stone. As a result of this technique it became possible to mine and shape the blocks of the Fontvielle quarry very finely, which allowed for a particular building technique, named ‘ready-made’ or ‘prefabricated’ stone by Pouillon." 408:, the quarry finishes on the blocks was opposed by a local councilmember due to claims about heritage style and aesthetics. Ironically the use of load-bearing rusticated stone is an ancient style and the use of limestone was specifically appropriate to the site, which was the site of a limestone Norman abbey. 153:. Precutting can be done at the quarry, or at a masonry workshop by sawyer and banker masons. The precision amounts to a form of prefabrication, such that the masons do not have to make adjustments onsite, and construction is an assembly process. Precise interfaces also reduce the amount of mortar required. 453:

The history of construction with stone goes back thousands of years, to before the age of the pyramids, however these constructions used muscle energy to cut stones, typically with considerable fixer stonemasonry on site. In modern architecture, stone had been used in a number of contexts, even prior

309:

Environmental Benefits. The use of a material with lower embedded carbon contributes to a more sustainable building process, minimizing the environmental impact. Lower carbon emissions: load-bearing stone construction emits around 1/10th the carbon as a comparable concrete building. As 80% of energy

762:

architects in a contemporary interpretation of Hausmannian style. Completed in 2017, the development was built using abundant limestone from the Paris Basin; 92 Rue Oberkampf demonstrated the feasibility of infill urban housing development with stone, and helped pave the way for the numerous French

385:

Unsuitability of MP stone for long spans, including floors. Due to its poor tensile strength, stone cannot be used for long spans, so (unlike reinforced concrete), architects and builders must switch modes during design and construction of horizontal and vertical components. MP stone can be used in

334:

Aesthetics. Compared to concrete and other materials, massive precut stone construction yields visually striking and distinctive buildings that showcase the natural beauty of stone. There is a trend away from artificial stone products due to their fake image. “People increasingly want the authentic

284:

Simplicity. Amin Taha compares a stone-clad concrete column with a stone column. The former demands multiple layers: steel, concrete, fireproofing, waterproofing, stone cladding, and the fixtures connecting them; all require the various specialized workers for installation. The latter is a block of

561:

1940s: Pouillon began experimenting with the use of machines to cut stone, adapting technologies initially designed for steel and wood processing. This new technique enabled the precise shaping of stone blocks from the Fontvielle quarry. The signature development from this time was the design and

84:

A key technique of massive-precut stone ("MP stone") is to specify precut stone to precise dimensions that match the architect's plan for rapid construction, typically using a crane. The blocks may be numbered so that the masons can follow the plan procedurally. The use of massive stone blocks has

320:

Durability. Buildings constructed using massive precut stone maintain the inherent durability and longevity of stone construction, offering long-lasting and low-maintenance structures. Historically, load-bearing stone is the most durable construction method. An engineering analysis of a 20-storey

738:

exoskeleton design. Unlike the Vauvert winery's triliths, the partially dimensioned blocks were left with quarry finishes except for critical contact points. The quarry-hewn approach yields a saving in dimension sawing, while facilitating precise, modular assembly with minimal or no modification

366:

is too expensive for non-luxury load-bearing construction. Depending on the context, this may be true if quarries are not developed for large precision blocks. However, in the early 2020s quarries in France and Italy were able to furnish cost-effective precision-cut stone. Amin Taha of Groupwork

809:

The most recent MP stone housing typically uses a combination of materials, usually concrete plinths and internal structure, with load-bearing stone facades. Following the work by Perraudin and Barrault Presacco, a range of French architects adopted this method and applied it to projects across

587:

1950s: Pouillon designed and constructed various housing projects in France using his prefabricated stone technique, such as the Meissonier housing project in Aix-en-Provence, which showcased the speed and efficiency of his construction method. He worked in Paris, building several large housing

411:

In many nations, quarries produce aggregate, and/or dimension stone is only produced for cosmetic veneers, not structural purposes. This means that the most abundant natural construction resource is inaccessible to most of the world's population. This explains why the method has been used most

928:

designed an apartment building 'Le Metropolitan' at 37 Rue de Lisbonne in Rosny-sous-Bois, France. This development consists of 270 housing units (including 43 social-housing units), 8 shops, and a parking facility. The building materials used for this project include cut stone from

280:

Build speed. The use of precisely cut and numbered ashlars, combined with crane-assisted assembly, significantly reduces construction time compared to traditional stone masonry techniques. Compared to concrete construction, MP stone is faster as there is only a limited setting wait

856:

2021. Architects Denis Eliet and Laurent Lehmann completed an apartment building in MP stone. Located near the Chantiers station in Versailles, the development has 16 units, a floor space of 5,000 m and primarily features cut stone as its main construction

848:

in Paris' 15th district, comprising 9 social housing units. The design employs load-bearing massive stone on the building's periphery and an interior structure of concrete columns and slabs. The massive stone offers the advantage of total, non-destructive

800:' (Stone: Revealing the Resource, Exploring the Material), in which they describe the process of quarrying limestone, particularly in the Paris region, and describe the various mass-stone social-housing projects completed or ongoing in France at that time. 818:

in Paris' 6th district was cimpleted. The project features 8 social housing units and an extension of a nursery. With its vertical openings and limestone facade, the building subtly blends into the typical Parisian street while maintaining a contemporary

412:

extensively in France, where the quarrymasters and other stonemasons are knowledgeable in load-bearing stone. The presence of heritage stonemasons in many regions suggests that there is the potential to restore structural stonemasonry in many countries.

103:" construction, "massive stone", or simply "mass stone". However these terms have various namespace conflicts with other stonemasonry techniques like synthetic stone, cosmetic (non-loadbearing) precut stone, and/or older methods of massive handworked 243:

MP stone is typically used in conjunction with other materials, notably for floors, as unreinforced stone is unsuitable for tensile spans. It has most often been used together with reinforced concrete floors, but plans are in place to use it with

1332: 651:

Throughout the 70s, 80s and much of the 90s, mass stone was largely forgotten. In these post-Pouillon years, there were no practicing architects constructing modernist stone buildings, with the notable exception of Utzon's second stone house

852:

2021. In Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland, 68 apartments completed. Designed by the Perraudin Archiplein Consortium, planning started in 2016 for 8,000 m of floor space over eight floors in two towers, costing €24,000,000 excl. VAT (€3,000 per

415:

There is the perception that stone quarries are destructive to the environment. This position ignores the fact that concrete and steel each require multiple quarries and mines, along with intensive carbon release due to extraction and

679:. Eventually this building, Perraudin's other MP stone projects, and the architect's hands-on course in stone architecture would inspire renewed interest in massive precut stone construction, with a particular focus on social housing. 310:

is non-grid fossil fuel, and construction is respoinsible for 8% of carbon emissions, the replacement of coal-burning concrete production with lower-energy dimension-stone production could have a substantial impact on net-zero goals.

1162: 1077:"An examination of the three districts in Algiers by Fernand Pouillon as Moorish architecture: Research on dwelling practice around the "bidonville (shantytown)" project in Algiers during the Late Colonial Period, Part 2" 961:, with a proposal that includes a low-carbon 30-storey tower from MP stone and wood. If completed, it would become the tallest massive-stone skyscraper, exceeding Pouillon's 20-storey 1953 tower in Diar es-Saâda, Algeria. 314:"Imagine: we currently crush, burn and chemically mix limestone to make cement for concrete that then has 40 per cent of the strength of its original strength, needing steel to reinforce it. Why do we use concrete then?" 640:

built his house Can Lis on Mallorca from local limestone. The use of quarry-precut stone in standardized, large ashlars for a modern design is considered a masterpiece, and can be said to be a major work built in MP

345:

Thermal Performance. As with traditional stone construction, massive precut stone buildings benefit from excellent thermal mass, helping to regulate indoor temperatures and reduce energy consumption for heating and

298:

Cost reduction. Compared to brick masonry or smaller ashlars, using larger stone blocks (and thereby minimizing sawing and fixer-masonry costs,) means that the overall expense of constructing a building can be

234:

Stone beams and columns can be strengthened by drilling a duct that is threaded with a tension cable. After assembly with grout, the cables are tensioned using standard pre-stressing jacks. Both pre- and post

524: 367:

points out that using stone directly obviates the use of fireproofing, waterproofing, stone (or other) cladding, associated fixtures, and cuts labor costs, while simplifying design and design iterations.

393:

The mainstream modernists, who were focused on concrete, steel, and other new materials, disliked the continuity with the old world that MP stone represented. This disregard for stone in fact violated

951:, London is a collaboration between architect Amin Taha of Groupwork and engineer Steve Webb. The building will use massive Sicilian basalt stones with precut ends for post-and-lintel construction. 601:

Algeria, 1950s-1970s: Pouillon was invited by the colonial government to bring his work to Algeria, to address their housing crisis. He designed several major housing projects in Algiers, such as

2791: 118:

Since 1948, MP stone buildings have been constructed in France, Algeria, Iran, Switzerland, Palestine, United Kingdom, Spain, and India. The re-adoption of MP stone inspired architecture critic

92:

in postwar period who referred to the method as "pierre de taille" or "pré-taille" stone. It became possible through innovations by Pouillon and Paul Marcerou, a masonry engineer at a quarry in

864:, titled "Construire en Pierre Naturelle au XXIe Siècle" (Building with Natural Stone in the 21st Century) awarded prizes exclusively to projects using load-bearing stone construction. 743:

approach and modularity. The three quarry finishes (sawn, drilled, and ripped) caused controversy in the neighbourhood for years, but conversely was given city and national awards by

660:

and the other mainstream modernists left the focus on reinforced concrete. In the modern context, stone became associated with heritage buildings and decorative cladding of concrete.

335:

beauty and inconsistencies of natural stone; imitation ceramic tiles include realistic veins but have a repeat pattern like wallpapers, so you can tell quickly that they're fake.”

461:

used load-bearing stone walls in the Auditorium Building (1889) in Chicago. In the 20th century, most modern architects pivoted to steel and concrete construction. Some of the

295:

Labor Efficiency. The use of cranes and a well-organized construction plan reduces the labor required, lowering costs and reducing the wait time for skilled mason availability.

1865: 1919: 325:"With regard to the current Algerian seismic design regulation, the results obtained in terms of time period, frequency, storey drifts and displacements showed that the… 200:. Blocks cut precisely on four to six sides, used to assemble walls, lintels over windows and doors, and in flat arches. The first major use of this variation was in the 378:, Algiers, the latter of which is close to a fault. Also the stone towers of cathedrals that have lasted for centuries, and ancient tall stone structures—like the 48-m 2776: 2189: 1383: 1364: 739:

during construction. The use of end-precut blocks is the first major innovation since Pouillon, as it further reduces the cost of dimension cuts, while retaining

2150: 2021: 1431: 1334:

How Big Things Get Done: The Surprising Factors That Determine the Fate of Every Project, from Home Renovations to Space Exploration and Everything In Between

671:

rediscovered Pouillon's technique and began to develop it, starting with the construction of the Vauvert Winery. The winery used stone from a quarry close to

1480:"Assessment of the seismic behaviour of heritage masonry buildings using numerical modelling: A study of Fernand Pouillon's Totem Tower in Algiers, Algeria" 693:, France, designed by Perraudin. The first MP stone housing project since Pouillon was active, and led to additional phases, resulting in 104 units total. 547:

in the post-war period in France, Algeria, and Iran. The method was made possible by a collaboration with Paul Marcerou, a masonry engineer at a quarry in

2329: 1657: 893:. Located in the 19th district of Paris, the development has a floor space of 35,200 m; stone and concrete were used as the main construction materials. 1610: 271:

MP stone construction has five key advantages over non-massive stone and brick masonry, concrete, wood, and other conventional construction methods.

1791: 797: 1889: 954:

In 2021, Barrault Pressacco announced they had won a competition to build 58 apartments in Paris 13, with a design for a 50-m mass-stone building.

46: 2257: 548: 93: 2343: 349:

Fire resistance. Compared to wood and other products, stone has far superior fire resistance, so requires little or no additional fireproofing.

1742: 81:

blocks with precisely defined dimensions to rapidly assemble buildings in which stone is used as a major or the sole load-bearing material.

569: 370:

Claim that MP stone cannot be safely used for tall structures. This view is contradicted by two 70-yo towers standing >50 m, located at

1811: 1275: 1521: 122:

to speculate that "It's conceivable, indeed, that the era of concrete will prove only an interlude in the far longer history of stone."

2043: 288:

Design efficiency. Simplicity improves design efficiency, enabling architects to generate and iterate building designs quickly. Use of

1307: 826:

showing that construction of a 30-storey skyscraper office block with a combination of an MP-stone load-bearing exoskeleton and post-

180:

in Meudon-la-Forêt (1959) online in record time and at less-than-market prices remains a mystery no-one seems to want to see solved.

2786: 1670: 214:

blocks with precisely shaped ends for assembly into post-and-lintel frameworks. The first implementation of this method was in the

1684: 51: 2781: 968: 493:

suburban development (from 1922), a technique that aimed to enable the mass production of housing from the local Sydney bedrock.

260: 111:

as compatible methods of modern load-bearing stonemasonry. Similarly, massive-precut stone (aka mass stone) has a connection to

2387: 964:

In 2022, Eric Parry Architects submitted plans for a six-storey office block using loadbearing stone and CLT in north London.

2022:

https://www.designboom.com/architecture/thick-mares-sandstone-walls-19-social-housing-salvador-espriu-ibavi-palma-05-08-2024/

1723: 1624: 1409: 1059: 134:. These differentiate MP stone from both traditional stonemasonry and modern non-load-bearing and/or non-DFMA stone methods. 2175: 496:

After these efforts to include stone into modern construction, the large-scale use of massive precut stone was pioneered by

35: 1998: 1594: 1342: 1198: 2244: 2087: 2073: 1658:

https://www.oasejournal.nl/en/Downloads/531d957fc79eb3e80500003f/OASE%2092%20-%2042%20Reconstructing%20Convention.pdf

328:… tower can be considered as an earthquake-resistant building fulfilling the required structural safety conditions." 875:, India; designed by Diana Kellogg and built in local golden sandstone precut in Jaisalmer's stonemasonry district. 868: 2059: 1901: 519: 2631: 937:, wood, and concrete. This project is one of dozens of load-bearing stone apartment buildings being built by the 256:

reinforcement would make it strong enough to substitute for reinforced concrete in a wide range of applications.

689:

Apartments in Cornebarrieu, 2011. Completion of a sustainable MP stone building with 20 social-housing units in

2207: 1890:

https://www.ribaj.com/buildings/regional-awards-2018-15-clerkenwell-close-london-groupwork-amin-taha-architects

1459: 58: 19: 2258:

https://www.francetvinfo.fr/economie/immobilier/immobilier-la-renaissance-de-la-pierre-de-taille_6252663.html

1546: 878:

2021. Eight social housing units in Gignac-la-Nerthe, France, designed, by Atelier Régis Roudil Architectes.

338:

Reusability. When a building has reached the end of its usefulness, rectilinear ashlars are easily reused as

1286: 930: 425: 2796: 1948: 1479: 770: 159:. Unlike traditional stonemasonry, cutting (saws) and assembly (cranes) is primarily done with machines. 2541: 2415: 2380: 921: 766:

Plainfaing Tourist Office, France; completed in 2019, designed by Studiolada, made from pink sandstone.

763:

MP stone housing projects in the subsequent years. The building cost €3.2m for 1280 sqm, €2500 per sqm.

223: 1276:

https://www.stonespecialist.com/news/events/quarry-owners-and-stonemasons-join-forces-stone-collective

2621: 2501: 2292: 2044:

https://www.pavillon-arsenal.com/fr/edition-e-boutique/collections/hors-collection/11016-pierre.html

2032: 1847: 1763: 886: 793: 115:

as allied low-carbon construction methods using traditional structural materials in a new context.

1408:

Groupwork; Jackson Coles; Eight Associates; Webb Yates; The Stonemasonry Company; Polycor (2020).

1119: 2551: 564: 201: 39: 712: 580:. A landmark development in this project was the construction of the first MP stone skyscraper, 141:. This distinguishes MP stone from cosmetic precut stone, which is used for cladding decoration. 2641: 2190:"Inauguration of Ilot Fertile, the first district aiming for zero carbon in operation in Paris" 831: 441: 358:

MP stone has been ignored and/or resisted by mainstream architects, engineers, and developers.

245: 573: 2817: 2465: 2373: 2126: 1750: 1237: 837:

2020. Massive-precut stone was featured prominently in "The New Stone Age", an exhibition at

482: 398: 900:

architects completed construction of their design of a mixed-used MP stone building in Lyon.

773:) started a programme to build >1000 apartments from mostly local materials. Inspired by 2440: 1829: 958: 730: 528: 405: 387: 249: 215: 23: 592: 8: 2606: 1001: 917:

In 2023, a covered market in Saint-Dizier, France, designed by Studiolada, was completed.

838: 675:. A difference from Pouillon was the use of MP stone in a dry (mortar-free) "trilithic," 514: 2360: 830:

flooring panels would cost less than the same building in concrete. In conjunction with

30: 2568: 2450: 1499: 1098: 466: 96:, to adapt high-precision saws from the timber industry to quarrying and stone sawing. 1432:"Taha's Groupwork starts construction of 10-storey flats with load-bearing lava stone" 1163:"Back to the stone age: the sustainable building material we've all been waiting for…" 792:

In 2018 and 2019, Barrault Pressacco, an architecture firm organized an exhibition at

607: 430: 2730: 2677: 1590: 1503: 1455: 1338: 1170: 1102: 1055: 786: 2269: 2636: 2558: 2486: 1491: 1088: 986: 544: 509: 497: 486: 321:

unreinforced MP-stone tower has suggested this method has good seismic resilience:

89: 1384:"The miracle new sustainable product that's revolutionising architecture – stone!" 1365:"The miracle new sustainable product that's revolutionising architecture – stone!" 1006: 668: 99:

Massive-precut stone is also known as "prefabricated stone", "pre-sized stone", "

2750: 2506: 2470: 2460: 2330:"AJ exclusive: Amin Taha's Groupwork wins competition for Bristol housing scheme" 2315: 1705: 996: 972: 934: 827: 735: 676: 363: 253: 236: 211: 112: 108: 78: 1565:"Gilles Perraudin in conversation with Barrault Pressacco | Bozar Brussels" 1407: 543:

Mid-century precut stone. Precut stone for modern architecture was pioneered by

485:, used stone in the Joshua Melson house (1912) and site-quarried, load-bearing 2697: 2626: 2455: 2430: 1587:

The Stones of Fernand Pouillon: An Alternative Modernism in French Architecture

1495: 1328: 1216: 751:

in 2021. The building cost was £2,325 per sqm, with a contract value of £4.65m.

748: 577: 536: 462: 458: 394: 263:

formed to promote construction with stone, and advance education in this area.

2074:"The New Stone Age | Exhibitions | What's on | Building Centre" 2811: 2760: 2662: 2616: 2596: 2420: 1174: 947: 478: 1625:"Frank Lloyd Wright's Iconic Carmel-by-the-Sea House Sells for $ 22 Million" 1137: 1093: 1076: 925: 774: 637: 2692: 2646: 2580: 2396: 2361:"The New Stone Age exhibition with Steve Webb, Pierre Bidaud and Amin Taha" 1973: 1638: 690: 672: 657: 470: 379: 104: 70: 1789: 1258: 2601: 2536: 2303: 1287:

https://issuu.com/thestonemasonrycompany.co.uk/docs/stone_book_layout_0.8

717: 274: 119: 1920:"Social Housing Units in Massive Stone - Barrault Pressacco architectes" 967:

As of 2024, Groupe Pichet is preselling apartments in a stone building "

2755: 2682: 2511: 2496: 991: 623: 490: 434: 2245:"Gilles Perraudin studio: massive building with small blocks of stone" 759: 2739: 2735: 2702: 2687: 2667: 2563: 2516: 2425: 2344:"Eric Parry submits plans for loadbearing stone offices in Islington" 2225: 1936: 1564: 872: 782: 653: 446: 2672: 1790:

Presacco, Cyril; Barrault, Thibaut; Le Pavillion d'Arsenal (2018).

904: 844:

2020. Architect Raphaël Gabrion designed a sustainable building at

814:

2020. Designed by architect Jean-Christophe Quinton, a building at

474: 100: 2792:

Operative Plasterers' and Cement Masons' International Association

2151:"An AD100 excellence award-winning project, a school in Jaisalmer" 386:

conjunction with concrete floors, manufactured timber panels, and

2526: 2435: 2293:

https://www.archdaily.com/1007805/saint-diziers-market-studiolada

2127:"THE RAJKUMARI RATNAVATI GIRLS SCHOOL | Diana Kellogg Architects" 2102: 2033:

https://www.pavillon-arsenal.com/fr/expositions/11001-pierre.html

1724:"Social housing with solid stone walls by Perraudin Architecture" 778: 632: 957:

In 2022, Groupwork won the competition for a housing project in

703:

2013. House in Croix Rousse, Lyon, France. Perraudin Architects.

619: 266: 2745: 2725: 2611: 2546: 2521: 2410: 2365: 339: 1706:"Wine Cellar in Vauvert (1998)Gilles Perraudin « Journal" 911: 469:, used stone in houses. Wright houses that use stone include 176:

Exactly how Pouillon brought the 2,635 apartments of the 1959

88:

Massive-precut stone construction was originally developed by

73:

method of building with load-bearing stone. Precut stone is a

2707: 2575: 2531: 2491: 1866:"AAU Anastas envelopes Palestinian courthouse in latticework" 1812:"House made of solid stone in Lyon by Perraudin Architecture" 944:

Due for completion in 2024, A 10-storey MP stone building at

769:

In the 2010s, the housing institute of the Balearic Islands (

734:, an innovative building that used massive precut stone in a 188: 890: 353: 2176:"8 Social Housing Units / Atelier Régis Roudil Architectes" 744: 740: 725: 303: 289: 285:

stone that is installed by masons using a crane and mortar.

168: 163: 74: 2777:

International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers

1671:"Revisit: Climat de France in Algiers by Fernand Pouillon" 1452:

Stone Architecture: Ancient and Modern Construction Skills

938: 889:

and completed in 2022 by Bouygues Construction subsidiary

706:

In Palestine in 2015, AAU Anastas architects complete the

473:(1935), the Mrs. Clinton Walker House, and his own houses 125: 1643: 645: 503: 193:

There are three implementations of massive-precut stone.

38:, 2 Rue Saint-Laurent, a 16-storey apartment building in 1611:"Louis Sullivan: 15 Projects by "Father of Skyscrapers"" 804: 2060:"2021 French Prize for Architecture with Natural Stone" 754:

Social housing, Paris, 2017. In Paris' 11th district,

292:

and modularity improves the chance of project success.

275:

Specific benefits of massive-precut stone construction

897: 683: 1522:"Stone age: a new architecture from an old material" 62:

Apartment buildings built from massive-precut stone.

656:, completed in 1994. The legacy of architects like 2243:House, Peter Becker / Stone-ideas com Publishing. 2058:House, Peter Becker / Stone-ideas com Publishing. 1793:PIERRE: Révéler la ressource, Explorer le matériau 1717: 1715: 1358: 1356: 1354: 798:Pierre: Révéler la ressource, explorer le matériau 454:to the development of the massive-precut method. 420: 54:constructed using the massive precut stone method. 26:in London uses a massive-precut stone exoskeleton. 1045: 1043: 667:, completed in 1998. Lyon-based French architect 572:of Marseille, in collaboration with André Devin, 2809: 1700: 1698: 1445: 1443: 1441: 1327: 1041: 1039: 1037: 1035: 1033: 1031: 1029: 1027: 1025: 1023: 834:, the stone skyscraper would be carbon negative. 822:2020. A group of building experts published the 77:construction method that uses large machine-cut 1902:"Barrault Pressacco, Giaime Meloni · OBERKAMPF" 1712: 1351: 1302: 1300: 1298: 1296: 1294: 1580: 1578: 1321: 716:The stone building at 15 Clerkenwell Close in 252:floors. Reinforcing massive precut stone with 2381: 1996: 1949:"Plainfaing Tourist Office (88) / Studiolada" 1695: 1438: 1020: 907:covered the resurgence of stone construction. 267:Benefits of massive-precut stone construction 1999:"Social housing in Mallorca, Spain by IBAVI" 1584: 1515: 1513: 1473: 1471: 1403: 1401: 1399: 1397: 1291: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1777: 1775: 1773: 1575: 1199:"Architecture Misfit #29: Fernand Pouillon" 912:MP stone in planning and under construction 2388: 2374: 1381: 1362: 481:(1937). Another Prairie-School architect, 189:Types of massive-precut stone construction 42:, built from massive-precut stone in 1948. 2316:"Castle Park Development | Projects" 2053: 2051: 1510: 1477: 1468: 1394: 1253: 1251: 1092: 1074: 1049: 663:The age of mass stone restarted with the 354:Controversies around massive-precut stone 16:Type of stonemasonry used in construction 2787:Mason Contractors Association of America 1809: 1770: 1743:"56 MAISONS EN BANDE – Gilles PERRAUDIN" 1721: 1449: 1114: 1112: 711: 618: 591: 518: 440: 424: 304:General advantages of stone construction 107:. MP stone has a close affiliation with 57: 45: 29: 18: 2782:Master of Work to the Crown of Scotland 2270:"marche-saint-dizier : Studiolada" 922:Vincent Lavergne Architecture Urbanisme 535:In the post-war era, Pouillon—first in 429:Massive-precut stone apartment complex 126:Design features of massive-precut stone 2810: 2304:https://barraultpressacco.com/work/bru 2048: 1248: 1192: 1190: 1120:"The pros and cons of stone buildings" 1075:Matsubara, Kosuke (October 12, 2022). 796:and published a booklet, both titled ' 724:Mixed-used building, London. In 2017, 646:Gilles Perraudin's revival of MP stone 504:MP stone in the 20th century: Pouillon 204:and Vieux-Port redevelopment projects. 2369: 2100: 1196: 1160: 1109: 862:21st Natural Stone Construction Prize 805:MP stone in the 2020s: wider adoption 710:, which uses MP stone with concrete. 164:Design for manufacturing and assembly 1997:Gómez-Moriana, Rafael (2022-04-11). 1848:"Toulkarem Courthouse / AAU ANASTAS" 1669:Cano, Juan Carlos (April 21, 2022). 1668: 1585:Caruso, Adam; Thomas, Helen (2014). 1519: 1382:Wainwright, Oliver (March 4, 2020). 1371:. Guardian News & Media Limited. 1232: 1230: 860:2021. The 6th edition of the French 588:developments of architectural merit. 1740: 1429: 1187: 1054:. les presses du reel. p. 64. 1052:Constructing in massive stone today 208:End-shaped massive-precut monoliths 13: 2208:"04/07/2021 Ilot Fertile in Paris" 1937:https://barraultpressacco.com/work 1810:Frearson, Amy (25 November 2013). 1722:Frearson, Amy (28 November 2013). 1315:Material Matters with Grant Gibson 1308:"Amin Taha on building with stone" 684:MP stone in the 2010s: renaissance 596:Diar es Saâda, including the tower 515:Fernand Pouillon, French Knowledge 445:Massive-precut stone buildings on 14: 2829: 2354: 2242: 2057: 1685:"Re-discovering Fernand Pouillon" 1544: 1363:Wainwright, Oliver (2020-03-04). 1259:"El Croquis 219, IBAVI 2019–2023" 1227: 747:in 2018, and shortlisted for the 584:, a 16-storey apartment building. 198:Massive-precut monolithic ashlars 2395: 1547:"Design's new stone age is here" 869:Rajkumari Ratnavati Girls School 636:, 1973. The modernist architect 157:Machine fabrication and assembly 85:several benefits, listed below. 2632:Non-explosive demolition agents 2336: 2322: 2308: 2297: 2286: 2262: 2251: 2236: 2218: 2200: 2182: 2168: 2143: 2119: 2094: 2080: 2066: 2037: 2026: 2015: 1990: 1966: 1941: 1930: 1912: 1894: 1883: 1858: 1840: 1822: 1803: 1734: 1677: 1662: 1651: 1631: 1617: 1603: 1557: 1538: 1484:Journal of Building Engineering 1478:Mohammedi, Louiza (June 2021). 1423: 1375: 1280: 1269: 457:In the 19th Century, architect 421:History of massive-precut stone 382:—that have stood for millennia. 259:In 2024, UK industry group the 1974:"plainfaing : Studiolada" 1430:Ing, Will (November 3, 2021). 1410:"Stone Tower Research Project" 1209: 1197:McKay, Graham (May 14, 2017). 1154: 1130: 1068: 404:Following the construction of 151:Precise offsite dimension cuts 1: 1639:"Architecture - Melson House" 1013: 568:in the reconstruction of the 34:The first load-bearing stone 2797:Worshipful Company of Masons 1337:. McClelland & Stewart. 1002:French Knowledge on Pouillon 824:Stone Tower Research Project 7: 1161:Moore, Rowan (2023-08-06). 979: 10: 2834: 2155:Architectural Digest India 1830:"The Toulkarem Courthouse" 1496:10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102183 1450:Acocella, Alfonso (2006). 1081:Japan Architectural Review 1050:Perraudin, Gilles (2013). 525:Résidence Le-Point-du-Jour 507: 2769: 2718: 2655: 2622:Lewis (lifting appliance) 2589: 2479: 2403: 449:'s Vieux-Port waterfront. 218:building, completed 2017. 2226:"îlot fertile Le projet" 2088:"Archiplein . Perraudin" 1526:The Architectural Review 920:For completion in 2023, 1331:; Gardner, Dan (2023). 1238:"Marseille_Vieux_PortP" 1094:10.1002/2475-8876.12279 130:MP stone is defined by 1924:www.v2com-newswire.com 1758:Cite journal requires 832:cross-laminated timber 720: 700: 627: 597: 558: 532: 465:architects, including 450: 438: 331: 317: 246:cross-laminated timber 184: 132:five design attributes 63: 55: 43: 27: 2212:Bouygues Construction 1203:misfits' architecture 794:Pavillon de l'Arsenal 715: 694: 622: 595: 551: 523:A view of Pouillon's 522: 483:Walter Burley Griffin 444: 428: 399:form follows function 322: 311: 172: 61: 49: 33: 22: 2446:Massive precut stone 2441:Post-tensioned stone 2101:CITTA (2023-08-10). 2003:Architectural Review 1854:. November 20, 2015. 1520:Webb, Steve (2022). 1007:Perraudin Architects 959:Castle Park, Bristol 896:2022. Perraudin and 731:15 Clerkenwell Close 708:Toulkarem Courthouse 529:Boulogne-Billancourt 406:15 Clerkenwell Close 388:post-tensioned stone 342:in new construction. 250:post-tensioned stone 216:15 Clerkenwell Close 67:Massive-precut stone 24:15 Clerkenwell Close 2642:Stonemason's hammer 2607:Ceramic tile cutter 1627:. 22 February 2023. 1613:. 3 September 2019. 1417:The Building Centre 846:52 Rue des Cévennes 839:The Building Centre 582:2 Rue Saint-Laurent 372:2 Rue Saint Laurent 52:residential complex 2178:. 9 November 2023. 2103:"THE GYAAN CENTER" 1741:AMC (2016-04-21). 1589:. gta publishers. 969:Reflets de Pierres 903:In December 2023, 885:" was designed by 760:Barrault Pressacco 721: 628: 598: 533: 467:Frank Lloyd Wright 451: 439: 224:cyclopean concrete 210:. Quarry-finished 64: 56: 44: 28: 2805: 2804: 2731:Hardstone carving 2678:Polygonal masonry 2502:Decorative stones 2346:. 16 August 2022. 2274:www.studiolada.fr 2196:. April 12, 2023. 1978:www.studiolada.fr 1317:. Apple Podcasts. 1061:978-2-84066-680-6 787:Palma de Mallorca 374:, Marseille; and 182:" – Graham McKay. 178:Résidence du Parc 2825: 2637:Plug and feather 2487:Artificial stone 2390: 2383: 2376: 2367: 2366: 2348: 2347: 2340: 2334: 2333: 2332:. 14 March 2022. 2326: 2320: 2319: 2312: 2306: 2301: 2295: 2290: 2284: 2283: 2281: 2280: 2266: 2260: 2255: 2249: 2248: 2240: 2234: 2233: 2230:ilot-fertile.com 2222: 2216: 2215: 2204: 2198: 2197: 2186: 2180: 2179: 2172: 2166: 2165: 2163: 2162: 2147: 2141: 2140: 2138: 2137: 2123: 2117: 2116: 2114: 2113: 2098: 2092: 2091: 2084: 2078: 2077: 2070: 2064: 2063: 2055: 2046: 2041: 2035: 2030: 2024: 2019: 2013: 2012: 2010: 2009: 1994: 1988: 1987: 1985: 1984: 1970: 1964: 1963: 1961: 1960: 1945: 1939: 1934: 1928: 1927: 1926:(Press release). 1916: 1910: 1909: 1898: 1892: 1887: 1881: 1880: 1878: 1877: 1862: 1856: 1855: 1844: 1838: 1837: 1826: 1820: 1819: 1807: 1801: 1800: 1798: 1787: 1768: 1767: 1761: 1756: 1754: 1746: 1738: 1732: 1731: 1719: 1710: 1709: 1702: 1693: 1692: 1681: 1675: 1674: 1666: 1660: 1655: 1649: 1648: 1635: 1629: 1628: 1621: 1615: 1614: 1607: 1601: 1600: 1582: 1573: 1572: 1561: 1555: 1554: 1542: 1536: 1535: 1533: 1532: 1517: 1508: 1507: 1475: 1466: 1465: 1454:. Skira, Milan. 1447: 1436: 1435: 1427: 1421: 1420: 1414: 1405: 1392: 1391: 1379: 1373: 1372: 1360: 1349: 1348: 1325: 1319: 1318: 1312: 1304: 1289: 1284: 1278: 1273: 1267: 1266: 1255: 1246: 1245: 1234: 1225: 1224: 1213: 1207: 1206: 1194: 1185: 1184: 1182: 1181: 1158: 1152: 1151: 1149: 1148: 1134: 1128: 1127: 1116: 1107: 1106: 1096: 1072: 1066: 1065: 1047: 987:Fernand Pouillon 931:Carrières Violet 816:12 Rue Jean-Bart 758:was designed by 756:92 Rue Oberkampf 677:trabeated system 669:Gilles Perraudin 613:Climat de France 611:(900 units) and 562:construction of 545:Fernand Pouillon 510:Fernand Pouillon 498:Fernand Pouillon 261:Stone Collective 232:Tensioned stone. 90:Fernand Pouillon 2833: 2832: 2828: 2827: 2826: 2824: 2823: 2822: 2808: 2807: 2806: 2801: 2765: 2714: 2651: 2585: 2507:Dimension stone 2475: 2399: 2394: 2357: 2352: 2351: 2342: 2341: 2337: 2328: 2327: 2323: 2314: 2313: 2309: 2302: 2298: 2291: 2287: 2278: 2276: 2268: 2267: 2263: 2256: 2252: 2241: 2237: 2224: 2223: 2219: 2206: 2205: 2201: 2188: 2187: 2183: 2174: 2173: 2169: 2160: 2158: 2149: 2148: 2144: 2135: 2133: 2125: 2124: 2120: 2111: 2109: 2099: 2095: 2090:. 22 June 2022. 2086: 2085: 2081: 2072: 2071: 2067: 2056: 2049: 2042: 2038: 2031: 2027: 2020: 2016: 2007: 2005: 1995: 1991: 1982: 1980: 1972: 1971: 1967: 1958: 1956: 1947: 1946: 1942: 1935: 1931: 1918: 1917: 1913: 1900: 1899: 1895: 1888: 1884: 1875: 1873: 1864: 1863: 1859: 1846: 1845: 1841: 1828: 1827: 1823: 1808: 1804: 1796: 1788: 1771: 1759: 1757: 1748: 1747: 1739: 1735: 1720: 1713: 1704: 1703: 1696: 1689:www.domusweb.it 1683: 1682: 1678: 1667: 1663: 1656: 1652: 1637: 1636: 1632: 1623: 1622: 1618: 1609: 1608: 1604: 1597: 1583: 1576: 1563: 1562: 1558: 1543: 1539: 1530: 1528: 1518: 1511: 1476: 1469: 1462: 1448: 1439: 1428: 1424: 1412: 1406: 1395: 1380: 1376: 1361: 1352: 1345: 1329:Flyvbjerg, Bent 1326: 1322: 1310: 1306: 1305: 1292: 1285: 1281: 1274: 1270: 1257: 1256: 1249: 1236: 1235: 1228: 1215: 1214: 1210: 1195: 1188: 1179: 1177: 1159: 1155: 1146: 1144: 1136: 1135: 1131: 1126:. 17 June 2022. 1124:Financial Times 1118: 1117: 1110: 1073: 1069: 1062: 1048: 1021: 1016: 1011: 997:Tensioned stone 982: 973:Ferney-Voltaire 935:Nogent-sur-Oise 914: 828:tensioned stone 807: 736:post-and-lintel 686: 648: 608:Diar el Mahçoul 574:Eugène Beaudoin 512: 506: 431:Diar el Mahçoul 423: 397:'s maxim that " 390:flooring units. 364:dimension stone 356: 306: 277: 269: 254:post-tensioning 237:tensioned stone 222:Massive-precut 212:dimension stone 191: 128: 109:tensioned stone 79:dimension stone 17: 12: 11: 5: 2831: 2821: 2820: 2803: 2802: 2800: 2799: 2794: 2789: 2784: 2779: 2773: 2771: 2767: 2766: 2764: 2763: 2758: 2753: 2748: 2743: 2733: 2728: 2722: 2720: 2716: 2715: 2713: 2712: 2711: 2710: 2700: 2695: 2690: 2685: 2680: 2675: 2670: 2665: 2659: 2657: 2653: 2652: 2650: 2649: 2644: 2639: 2634: 2629: 2624: 2619: 2614: 2609: 2604: 2599: 2593: 2591: 2587: 2586: 2584: 2583: 2578: 2573: 2572: 2571: 2561: 2556: 2555: 2554: 2544: 2539: 2534: 2529: 2524: 2519: 2514: 2509: 2504: 2499: 2494: 2489: 2483: 2481: 2477: 2476: 2474: 2473: 2468: 2463: 2458: 2453: 2448: 2443: 2438: 2433: 2431:Letter cutting 2428: 2423: 2418: 2413: 2407: 2405: 2401: 2400: 2393: 2392: 2385: 2378: 2370: 2364: 2363: 2356: 2355:External links 2353: 2350: 2349: 2335: 2321: 2307: 2296: 2285: 2261: 2250: 2235: 2217: 2199: 2181: 2167: 2142: 2118: 2093: 2079: 2065: 2047: 2036: 2025: 2014: 1989: 1965: 1940: 1929: 1911: 1893: 1882: 1857: 1839: 1821: 1802: 1769: 1760:|journal= 1733: 1711: 1694: 1676: 1661: 1650: 1630: 1616: 1602: 1596:978-3856763244 1595: 1574: 1556: 1545:Dowdy, Clare. 1537: 1509: 1467: 1460: 1437: 1422: 1393: 1374: 1350: 1344:978-0771098437 1343: 1320: 1290: 1279: 1268: 1247: 1226: 1208: 1186: 1153: 1129: 1108: 1087:(4): 458–473. 1067: 1060: 1018: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1009: 1004: 999: 994: 989: 983: 981: 978: 977: 976: 971:" planned for 965: 962: 955: 952: 942: 918: 913: 910: 909: 908: 901: 894: 887:TVK architects 883:L’Îlot fertile 879: 876: 865: 858: 854: 850: 842: 835: 820: 806: 803: 802: 801: 790: 767: 764: 752: 749:Stirling Prize 722: 704: 701: 685: 682: 681: 680: 665:Vauvert Winery 661: 647: 644: 643: 642: 617: 616: 590: 589: 585: 578:Auguste Perret 559: 537:Auguste Perret 508:Main article: 505: 502: 463:Prairie School 459:Louis Sullivan 422: 419: 418: 417: 413: 409: 402: 395:Louis Sullivan 391: 383: 368: 355: 352: 351: 350: 347: 343: 336: 332: 318: 305: 302: 301: 300: 296: 293: 286: 282: 276: 273: 268: 265: 241: 240: 229: 219: 205: 190: 187: 186: 185: 160: 154: 148: 145:Massive blocks 142: 127: 124: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2830: 2819: 2816: 2815: 2813: 2798: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2783: 2780: 2778: 2775: 2774: 2772: 2770:Organizations 2768: 2762: 2761:Machicolation 2759: 2757: 2754: 2752: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2737: 2734: 2732: 2729: 2727: 2724: 2723: 2721: 2717: 2709: 2706: 2705: 2704: 2701: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2691: 2689: 2686: 2684: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2674: 2671: 2669: 2666: 2664: 2661: 2660: 2658: 2654: 2648: 2645: 2643: 2640: 2638: 2635: 2633: 2630: 2628: 2625: 2623: 2620: 2618: 2617:Diamond blade 2615: 2613: 2610: 2608: 2605: 2603: 2600: 2598: 2597:Angle grinder 2595: 2594: 2592: 2588: 2582: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2570: 2567: 2566: 2565: 2562: 2560: 2557: 2553: 2550: 2549: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2540: 2538: 2535: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2525: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2515: 2513: 2510: 2508: 2505: 2503: 2500: 2498: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2484: 2482: 2478: 2472: 2469: 2467: 2464: 2462: 2459: 2457: 2454: 2452: 2449: 2447: 2444: 2442: 2439: 2437: 2434: 2432: 2429: 2427: 2424: 2422: 2419: 2417: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2408: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2391: 2386: 2384: 2379: 2377: 2372: 2371: 2368: 2362: 2359: 2358: 2345: 2339: 2331: 2325: 2317: 2311: 2305: 2300: 2294: 2289: 2275: 2271: 2265: 2259: 2254: 2246: 2239: 2231: 2227: 2221: 2213: 2209: 2203: 2195: 2191: 2185: 2177: 2171: 2156: 2152: 2146: 2132: 2128: 2122: 2108: 2104: 2097: 2089: 2083: 2075: 2069: 2061: 2054: 2052: 2045: 2040: 2034: 2029: 2023: 2018: 2004: 2000: 1993: 1979: 1975: 1969: 1954: 1950: 1944: 1938: 1933: 1925: 1921: 1915: 1907: 1903: 1897: 1891: 1886: 1871: 1867: 1861: 1853: 1849: 1843: 1835: 1831: 1825: 1817: 1813: 1806: 1795: 1794: 1786: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1774: 1765: 1752: 1744: 1737: 1729: 1725: 1718: 1716: 1707: 1701: 1699: 1690: 1686: 1680: 1672: 1665: 1659: 1654: 1646: 1645: 1640: 1634: 1626: 1620: 1612: 1606: 1598: 1592: 1588: 1581: 1579: 1570: 1566: 1560: 1552: 1548: 1541: 1527: 1523: 1516: 1514: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1474: 1472: 1463: 1457: 1453: 1446: 1444: 1442: 1433: 1426: 1418: 1411: 1404: 1402: 1400: 1398: 1389: 1385: 1378: 1370: 1366: 1359: 1357: 1355: 1346: 1340: 1336: 1335: 1330: 1324: 1316: 1309: 1303: 1301: 1299: 1297: 1295: 1288: 1283: 1277: 1272: 1264: 1260: 1254: 1252: 1243: 1239: 1233: 1231: 1222: 1218: 1212: 1204: 1200: 1193: 1191: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1157: 1143: 1139: 1133: 1125: 1121: 1115: 1113: 1104: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1071: 1063: 1057: 1053: 1046: 1044: 1042: 1040: 1038: 1036: 1034: 1032: 1030: 1028: 1026: 1024: 1019: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 993: 990: 988: 985: 984: 974: 970: 966: 963: 960: 956: 953: 950: 949: 948:Finchley Road 943: 940: 936: 932: 927: 923: 919: 916: 915: 906: 902: 899: 895: 892: 888: 884: 880: 877: 874: 870: 866: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 840: 836: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 812: 811: 799: 795: 791: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 765: 761: 757: 753: 750: 746: 742: 737: 733: 732: 727: 723: 719: 714: 709: 705: 702: 699: 698: 692: 688: 687: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 659: 655: 650: 649: 639: 635: 634: 630: 629: 625: 621: 614: 610: 609: 605:(730 units), 604: 603:Diar es-Saâda 600: 599: 594: 586: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 566: 560: 557: 555: 550: 546: 542: 541: 540: 538: 530: 526: 521: 517: 516: 511: 501: 499: 494: 492: 488: 484: 480: 479:Taliesin West 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 455: 448: 443: 436: 432: 427: 414: 410: 407: 403: 400: 396: 392: 389: 384: 381: 377: 376:Diar Es Saada 373: 369: 365: 361: 360: 359: 348: 344: 341: 337: 333: 330: 329: 326: 319: 316: 315: 308: 307: 297: 294: 291: 287: 283: 279: 278: 272: 264: 262: 257: 255: 251: 247: 238: 233: 230: 227: 225: 220: 217: 213: 209: 206: 203: 199: 196: 195: 194: 183: 181: 179: 170: 166: 165: 161: 158: 155: 152: 149: 146: 143: 140: 137: 136: 135: 133: 123: 121: 116: 114: 110: 106: 102: 97: 95: 91: 86: 82: 80: 76: 72: 68: 60: 53: 48: 41: 37: 32: 25: 21: 2818:Stonemasonry 2693:Tuckpointing 2647:Straightedge 2581:Stone veneer 2445: 2397:Stonemasonry 2338: 2324: 2310: 2299: 2288: 2277:. Retrieved 2273: 2264: 2253: 2238: 2229: 2220: 2211: 2202: 2193: 2184: 2170: 2159:. Retrieved 2157:. 2020-12-17 2154: 2145: 2134:. Retrieved 2130: 2121: 2110:. Retrieved 2106: 2096: 2082: 2068: 2039: 2028: 2017: 2006:. Retrieved 2002: 1992: 1981:. Retrieved 1977: 1968: 1957:. Retrieved 1955:. 2019-12-18 1952: 1943: 1932: 1923: 1914: 1905: 1896: 1885: 1874:. Retrieved 1872:. 2015-11-19 1869: 1860: 1851: 1842: 1833: 1824: 1815: 1805: 1792: 1751:cite journal 1745:(in French). 1736: 1727: 1688: 1679: 1664: 1653: 1642: 1633: 1619: 1605: 1586: 1568: 1559: 1550: 1540: 1529:. Retrieved 1525: 1487: 1483: 1451: 1425: 1416: 1388:The Guardian 1387: 1377: 1369:The Guardian 1368: 1333: 1323: 1314: 1282: 1271: 1265:(219). 2023. 1262: 1241: 1220: 1211: 1202: 1178:. Retrieved 1167:The Observer 1166: 1156: 1145:. Retrieved 1141: 1132: 1123: 1084: 1080: 1070: 1051: 945: 882: 861: 849:disassembly. 845: 823: 815: 808: 755: 729: 707: 696: 695: 691:Cornebarrieu 673:Pont du Gard 664: 658:Le Corbusier 631: 612: 606: 602: 581: 563: 553: 552: 534: 513: 495: 471:Fallingwater 456: 452: 380:Pont du Gard 375: 371: 362:Belief that 357: 327: 324: 323: 313: 312: 270: 258: 248:floors, and 242: 239:can be used. 231: 221: 207: 197: 192: 177: 175: 173: 162: 156: 150: 144: 139:Load bearing 138: 131: 129: 117: 105:stonemasonry 98: 87: 83: 71:stonemasonry 69:is a modern 66: 65: 2602:Bush hammer 2537:Lime mortar 2416:Rustication 1834:AAU ANASTAS 1551:www.bbc.com 1242:FP en ligne 1221:FP en ligne 1142:FP en ligne 926:Atelier WOA 718:Clerkenwell 565:La Tourette 549:Fontvieille 477:(1925) and 202:La Tourette 120:Rowan Moore 113:mass timber 94:Fontvieille 2756:Stone wall 2683:Repointing 2656:Techniques 2512:Fieldstone 2497:Cast stone 2451:Monumental 2279:2023-08-14 2161:2023-08-14 2136:2023-08-14 2112:2023-08-14 2008:2023-08-14 1983:2023-08-14 1959:2023-08-14 1876:2023-08-14 1531:2023-05-02 1490:: 102183. 1461:8876246967 1263:El Croquis 1180:2023-08-14 1147:2023-08-14 1014:References 992:Jorn Utzon 939:Verrecchia 867:2021. The 775:Jørn Utzon 728:completed 638:Jørn Utzon 626:'s Can Lis 624:Jorn Utzon 570:Vieux-Port 527:(1963) in 491:Castlecrag 437:, Algeria. 435:El Madania 101:megalithic 50:Part of a 36:skyscraper 2751:Sculpture 2740:Footstone 2736:Headstone 2703:Brickwork 2688:Scabbling 2668:Flushwork 2564:Sandstone 2542:Limestone 2517:Flagstone 2480:Materials 2461:Sculpture 2426:Dry stone 2107:citta.org 1953:ArchDaily 1852:ArchDaily 1504:233564739 1311:(Podcast) 1217:"MeudonP" 1175:0029-7712 1103:252864125 873:Jaisalmer 857:material. 819:presence. 783:Can Feliz 726:Groupwork 654:Can Feliz 487:sandstone 447:Marseille 171:process. 40:Marseille 2812:Category 2719:Products 2673:Knapping 2466:Slipform 1906:Divisare 980:See also 905:France 2 891:Linkcity 810:France. 531:, France 475:Taliesin 416:heating. 346:cooling. 299:reduced. 2663:Flaming 2527:Granite 2471:Snecked 2436:Masonry 2421:Carving 2194:Batinfo 881:2022. " 779:Can Lis 633:Can Lis 489:in his 2746:Mosaic 2726:Castle 2698:Veneer 2627:Trowel 2612:Chisel 2559:Mortar 2547:Marble 2522:Gabion 2456:Rubble 2411:Ashlar 2131:Mysite 1870:Dezeen 1816:Dezeen 1728:Dezeen 1593: 1502: 1458: 1341: 1173: 1138:"Iran" 1101: 1058: 941:group. 898:WYSWYG 641:stone. 576:, and 340:spolia 226:blocks 2708:Wythe 2590:Tools 2576:Slate 2552:Types 2532:Grout 2492:Brick 2404:Types 1797:(PDF) 1569:Bozar 1500:S2CID 1413:(PDF) 1099:S2CID 853:sqm). 771:IBAVI 281:time. 2569:List 1764:help 1591:ISBN 1456:ISBN 1339:ISBN 1171:ISSN 1056:ISBN 946:317 924:and 781:and 745:RIBA 741:DFMA 290:DFMA 169:DFMA 75:DFMA 1644:PBS 1492:doi 1089:doi 933:in 777:'s 433:in 2814:: 2272:. 2228:. 2210:. 2192:. 2153:. 2129:. 2105:. 2050:^ 2001:. 1976:. 1951:. 1922:. 1904:. 1868:. 1850:. 1832:. 1814:. 1772:^ 1755:: 1753:}} 1749:{{ 1726:. 1714:^ 1697:^ 1687:. 1641:. 1577:^ 1567:. 1549:. 1524:. 1512:^ 1498:. 1488:38 1486:. 1482:. 1470:^ 1440:^ 1415:. 1396:^ 1386:. 1367:. 1353:^ 1313:. 1293:^ 1261:. 1250:^ 1240:. 1229:^ 1219:. 1201:. 1189:^ 1169:. 1165:. 1140:. 1122:. 1111:^ 1097:. 1083:. 1079:. 1022:^ 871:, 556:. 401:". 2742:) 2738:( 2389:e 2382:t 2375:v 2318:. 2282:. 2247:. 2232:. 2214:. 2164:. 2139:. 2115:. 2076:. 2062:. 2011:. 1986:. 1962:. 1908:. 1879:. 1836:. 1818:. 1799:. 1766:) 1762:( 1730:. 1708:. 1691:. 1673:. 1647:. 1599:. 1571:. 1553:. 1534:. 1506:. 1494:: 1464:. 1434:. 1419:. 1390:. 1347:. 1244:. 1223:. 1205:. 1183:. 1150:. 1105:. 1091:: 1085:5 1064:. 975:. 841:. 789:. 174:"

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index