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1956:
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348:(1951), it raises the possibility of her being the owner of the house, as no other human is present in the house in shorts she appears. She refers to it as 'my house' in "Saturday Evening Puss." Nevertheless, the cutting continuity filed with each short at the
532:, the character is never referred to by any name. In the known written publications of the period by the studio, she is referred to by generic terms such as "the housekeeper" or "the maid". The first known official name given to the character was
343:
was the norm before the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Later, through dialogue and occasional behavior, it was suggested that the house was Mammy's own. One example is that, because she has her own bedroom in the short
325:. Her signature quotes are "Land Sakes!" and "What in the world is going on in here?" --the latter of which is usually delivered upon rushing in to investigate the commotion being caused by Tom and Jerry.
563:
short. In the context of the book, "Mammy
Twoshoes" is a nickname playfully given to her by the kittens, due to the fact that her big shoes is what stands out about her in their perspective.
305:
that she will toss him out of the house if he failed to act according to her wishes. She invariably catches Tom acting against her orders, and there are grave consequences. Naturally, it is
471:
410:
stated in an interview that he opted not to use Mammy's character in the 13 shorts, as he felt a "stereotypical black housekeeper" character "didn't work in a modern context."
463:-related cable channels, and have at times turned up on DVD as well. However, some European TV showings of these cartoons, especially the UK, as well as the US DVD release of
1683:
2060:
1718:
228:(1952). Her appearances have often been edited out, dubbed, or re-animated in later television showings, since the mammy stereotype is now usually considered
1825:
376:
In response to the NAACP's campaign and angry about the potential loss of acting roles, Lillian
Randolph questioned the authority of then-NAACP president
2005:
2070:
2000:
2065:
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The similarity between the two characters would cause the conflation of their identities. In a 1975 article, animator Mark
Kausler referred to the
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355:
Mammy Two-Shoes was retired from the Tom & Jerry cartoons by Hanna and
Barbera following several years of protests and condemnations from the
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from MGM , the cartoons featuring Mammy were edited again. This time, Lillian
Randolph's voice was replaced with that of
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to appear on television, Hanna and
Barbera declined to recast the voice role and Mammy ceased to appear in the cartoons.
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1985:
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explaining the racial stereotyping in the cartoons, where she explicitly refers to the character as "Mammy Two Shoes".
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techniques to replace Mammy on-screen with a similarly stocky white woman (in most shorts) or a thin white woman (in
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DVD boxset has Vidale's voice on the first DVD and
Randolph in a number of the episodes after that (such as
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A very similar character, who was also played by
Lillian Randolph, had appeared previously in Disney's
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Cultural norms at the time led viewers to believe she was the maid due to her apron and ethnicity.
1300:
Kausler, Mark (January–February 1975), "Tom & Jerry: The cartoon animator is an artist, too",
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516:. She had most aspects of Mammy Two Shoes's personality with a similar name, but without acts of
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1959:
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1275:, no. 3, p. 46/2 (January–February 1943). Dell Publishing Co. Inc..
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880:
260:
Actress
Lillian Randolph in an ad listing from 1939, the year she began voicing the character
209:
61:. This is the only time her facial features are clearly seen, although for only a few frames.
57:
1381:
The
Colored cartoon : Black representation in American animated short films, 1907-1954
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578:. The name would then establish its usage in official material. For example, the 2005 DVD
8:
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1044:"The Tom and Jerry racism warning is a reminder about diversity in modern storytelling"
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240:, and the character was removed from the series after 1953 due to protests from the
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576:"so named because her face was never shown; only shots from the mid-shoulders down"
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276:(1952). She was originally voiced by well-known African-American character actress
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that sabotages Tom to get him in trouble. She always called Tom by his full name
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Watermelons, nooses, and straight razors : stories from the Jim Crow Museum
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369:. In this short, Mammy is scared by Jerry onto a stool and shakes with fear as
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Forbidden Animation: Censored Cartoons and Blacklisted Animators in America
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and not qualified to speak for Negroes." When Randolph departed from
1225:
Morgan, Herbert, ed. (January–February 1939), "Puss Gets the Boot",
301:
One of Mammy's roles in the films was to set up the plot by warning
472:
Warner Bros. Home Entertainment Academy Awards Animation Collection
459:. These re-recorded versions of the cartoons would air on Turner's
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193:, her head was rarely seen, except in a few cartoons including
1304:, vol. 11, The Film Society of Lincoln Center, p. 74
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cartoons featuring her for television. These versions used
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shorts and they were released from 1961 to 1962. Director
1357:
Too Heavy a Yoke: Black Women and the Burden of Strength
371:
watermelons, nooses, dice, and other stereotypical props
555:(1935). This is the character that originated the name
1377:
1229:, Broadway, New York: Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, p. 182
380:, stating that the light-complexioned White was "only
1249:, Broadway, New York: Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, p. 80
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Hanna-Barbera's 50th: A Yabba Dabba Doo Celebration
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365:prompted the start of the NAACP's campaign against
436:, generic young adult) voice performed by actress
420:, created replacement characters for Mammy in the
487:, retain Randolph's original voice. The Region 2
455:, who re-recorded the dialogue to remove Mammy's
1972:
1321:"Racism and Resistance:Stereotypes in Animation"
1289:. Racine, Wisconsin: Whitman Publishing Company.
478:Tom and Jerry: The Deluxe Anniversary Collection
1022:
1020:
2061:African-American-related controversies in film
1240:Morgan, Herbert, ed. (January–February 1941),
1426:
1346:
1041:
1186:in Tom and Jerry: The Gene Deitch Collection
1062:
1017:
559:, via a storybook retelling of the original
536:, which originated in the comic book series
352:always referred to the character as "Maid."
1205:Jim Crow Museum - Witness, Understand, Heal
1162:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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1166:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1158:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1124:Pilgrim, David, 1959- (30 December 2017).
395:Censorship, discontinuation, and callbacks
2006:African-American characters in television
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270:(1940), while her last appearance was in
2071:Race-related controversies in television
2001:American female characters in television
1029:Cartoon Voices of the Golden Age, Vol. 2
255:
2066:Race-related controversies in animation
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481:and the US DVD and Blu-ray releases of
298:animated shorts between 1940 and 1952.
16:Character in the Tom & Jerry series
2081:Animated characters introduced in 1940
1981:African-American-related controversies
1973:
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1826:Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory
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2086:African-American characters in films
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216:Mammy appeared in 19 cartoons, from
51:Mammy Two Shoes in a scene from the
1352:"Jezebels, Mammies, and Matriarchs"
1198:
585:includes an introduction featuring
359:. A 1949 reissue of the 1943 short
319:African-American Vernacular English
13:
2076:Race-related controversies in film
2011:Film characters introduced in 1940
1922:Tom and Jerry & Tex Avery Too!
592:
581:Tom and Jerry Spotlight Collection
466:Tom and Jerry Spotlight Collection
286:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio
148:Dinah (1940s Tom and Jerry comics)
14:
2097:
1613:The Deluxe Anniversary Collection
1440:
1386:University of Massachusetts Press
2031:Stereotypes of African Americans
1955:
1954:
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1201:"Mammy Two Shoes - January 2013"
1027:Scott, Keith (October 3, 2022).
264:Mammy's debut appearance was in
45:
1378:Lehman, Christopher P. (2007).
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1243:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Short Story
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1227:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Short Story
1218:
1192:
1031:. BearManor Media. p. 142.
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510:" appeared in some episodes of
484:Tom and Jerry Golden Collection
280:. She was the second prominent
178:cartoons. She is a middle-aged
1996:Female characters in animation
1794:Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse
1174:
1117:
1035:
341:segregation of Black Americans
1:
1991:Black characters in animation
1639:The Tom and Jerry Comedy Show
1005:
528:Within the animated canon of
373:fall from beneath her dress.
232:. Her creation points to the
1692:Tom and Jerry Special Shorts
1285:Walt Disney Studios (1935).
1042:Perkins, Anne (2014-10-02).
168:is a fictional character in
7:
2056:Animated film controversies
1271:). "Tom and Jerry"
1068:Walker-Barnes (2014), p. 86
574:, elaborating that she was
489:Complete Collectors Edition
416:, under the supervision of
10:
2102:
1606:The Gene Deitch Collection
1599:The Chuck Jones Collection
1267:), John Stanley (
1263:), John Stanley (
445:Turner Broadcasting System
236:of stereotype in American
1986:Animated human characters
1950:
1913:
1852:
1745:
1710:
1700:Tom and Jerry in New York
1622:
1569:
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1188:(DVD). Warner Home Video.
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123:The Mouse Comes to Dinner
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2036:Tom and Jerry characters
1520:Tom and Jerry: The Movie
1507:(1940–58, 1961–67, 2005)
1287:The Three Orphan Kittens
1184:Tom and Jerry...and Gene
191:partially-seen character
1348:Walker-Barnes, Chanequa
1331:McFarland & Company
1319:Cohen, Karl F. (2004),
1082:Lehman (2007), p. 97-99
523:
317:), and frequently used
140:In-universe information
135:(1990s redubbed shorts)
130:(1960s redubbed shorts)
2046:MGM cartoon characters
1770:The Fast and the Furry
1735:Santa's Little Helpers
1677:The Tom and Jerry Show
1631:The Tom and Jerry Show
1585:The Classic Collection
1259:Gaylord Du Bois (
1105:Cohen (2004), p. 56-57
261:
2041:Television censorship
1746:Direct-to-video films
1181:Deitch, Gene (2015).
881:Saturday Evening Puss
801:Old Rockin' Chair Tom
549:series, most notably
506:A white woman named "
430:Saturday Evening Puss
292:. She appeared in 19
259:
210:Saturday Evening Puss
58:Saturday Evening Puss
1647:Tom & Jerry Kids
1578:Spotlight Collection
1114:Lehman (2007), p. 96
781:A Mouse in the House
561:Three Orphan Kittens
552:Three Orphan Kittens
494:A Mouse in the House
199:A Mouse in the House
1895:War of the Whiskers
1711:Television specials
1662:Tom and Jerry Tales
1498:Theatrical releases
1313:External references
1096:Cohen (2004), p. 57
806:September 18, 1948
513:Tom and Jerry Tales
350:Library of Congress
182:woman based on the
19:Fictional character
1778:Shiver Me Whiskers
1555:Dangerous When Wet
990:September 6, 1952
847:February 26, 1949
827:December 11, 1948
721:The Lonesome Mouse
640:The Midnight Snack
624:February 10, 1940
619:Puss Gets the Boot
443:Three years after
362:The Lonesome Mouse
267:Puss Gets The Boot
262:
219:Puss Gets the Boot
73:Puss Gets the Boot
2051:Unseen characters
1968:
1967:
1786:A Nutcracker Tale
1762:Blast Off to Mars
1623:Television series
1592:Golden Collection
1565:
1564:
1505:Theatrical shorts
1395:978-1-61376-119-9
1137:978-1-62963-459-3
1003:
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985:Push-Button Kitty
913:Yes (reanimated)
907:October 21, 1950
892:Yes (reanimated)
886:January 14, 1950
862:The Little Orphan
749:No (Anita Brown)
665:January 17, 1942
606:Lillian Randolph
284:character of the
273:Push-Button Kitty
225:Push-Button Kitty
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923:Sleepy-Time Tom
867:April 30, 1949
766:March 15, 1947
685:April 18, 1942
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593:Featured shorts
587:Whoopi Goldberg
572:Mammy Two-Shoes
568:Tom & Jerry
538:Our Gang Comics
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461:Cartoon Network
449:Tom & Jerry
400:Rembrandt Films
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367:Tom & Jerry
346:Sleepy-Time Tom
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761:Part Time Pal
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726:May 22, 1943
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121:Anita Brown (
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1570:DVD releases
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1302:Film Comment
1301:
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1208:. Retrieved
1204:
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1053:. Retrieved
1049:The Guardian
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969:May 3, 1952
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746:May 5, 1945
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617:
612:Thea Vidale
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402:produced 13
398:
388:
378:Walter White
375:
366:
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327:
314:
313:(originally
310:
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288:, following
271:
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207:(1948), and
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122:
87:
71:
56:
52:
30:
1941:MultiVersus
1854:Video games
1465:Jerry Mouse
1384:. Amherst:
870:No (cameo)
680:Dog Trouble
609:June Foray
453:Thea Vidale
426:rotoscoping
418:Chuck Jones
408:Gene Deitch
338:residential
248:Theatrical
133:Thea Vidale
1975:Categories
1887:House Trap
1834:Cowboy Up!
1680:(2014–21)
1665:(2006–08)
1650:(1990–93)
1452:Characters
1146:1009241552
1055:2020-08-29
1011:References
1006:References
660:Fraidy Cat
457:stereotype
438:June Foray
382:one-eighth
222:(1940) to
128:June Foray
119:(original)
99:Created by
1871:The Movie
1818:Spy Quest
1404:794701592
1154:cite book
603:Released
447:acquired
334:financial
113:Voiced by
40:character
1960:Category
1684:episodes
1669:episodes
1654:episodes
1350:(2014),
1210:June 22,
252:cartoons
234:ubiquity
213:(1950).
201:(1947),
197:(1947),
145:Nickname
1470:Nibbles
1460:Tom Cat
330:Housing
321:with a
1906:(2003)
1898:(2002)
1890:(2000)
1882:(2000)
1874:(1992)
1866:(1989)
1845:(2022)
1837:(2022)
1829:(2017)
1821:(2015)
1813:(2014)
1805:(2013)
1797:(2012)
1789:(2007)
1781:(2006)
1773:(2005)
1765:(2005)
1757:(2002)
1738:(2014)
1730:(2001)
1722:(1989)
1703:(2021)
1695:(2021)
1642:(1980)
1634:(1975)
1558:(1953)
1550:(1945)
1539:Cameos
1531:(2021)
1523:(1992)
1515:(1957)
1402:
1392:
1368:
1337:
1144:
1134:
583:Vol. 2
475:, and
336:, and
315:Jasper
311:Thomas
230:racist
153:Family
94:(1952)
78:(1940)
55:short
1914:Other
1247:(PDF)
600:Title
534:Dinah
385:Negro
357:NAACP
307:Jerry
290:Bosko
282:black
242:NAACP
189:As a
159:(pet)
1400:OCLC
1390:ISBN
1366:ISBN
1335:ISBN
1212:2024
1168:link
1164:link
1160:link
1142:OCLC
1132:ISBN
999:Yes
993:Yes
978:Yes
972:Yes
957:Yes
951:Yes
936:Yes
931:Yes
916:Yes
910:Yes
895:Yes
889:Yes
855:Yes
850:Yes
835:Yes
830:Yes
815:Yes
812:Yes
809:Yes
794:Yes
789:Yes
774:Yes
769:Yes
754:Yes
734:Yes
729:Yes
714:Yes
709:Yes
694:Yes
688:Yes
673:Yes
668:Yes
653:Yes
648:Yes
633:Yes
630:Yes
627:Yes
524:Name
497:and
434:Puss
503:).
303:Tom
186:.
172:'s
170:MGM
157:Tom
36:MGM
1977::
1398:.
1388:.
1364:,
1360:,
1354:,
1333:,
1329:,
1323:,
1203:.
1156:}}
1152:{{
1140:.
1087:^
1073:^
1046:.
1019:^
540:.
520:.
469:,
440:.
332:,
244:.
1434:e
1427:t
1420:v
1406:.
1269:i
1265:p
1261:w
1214:.
1170:)
1148:.
1058:.
125:)
38:)
34:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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