399:. The expectations of most urban Chadians far exceeded the capacity of the new government, or possibly any government, to satisfy them. Moreover, it soon became clear that the new leaders, who were mostly southern military officers, saw themselves as caretakers rather than innovators, and few of Tombalbaye's close associates were punished. Throughout its tenure, the CSM was unable to win the support of the capital's increasingly radicalized
53:
234:
728:
480:
hostage, France began dealing directly with the rebels. Malloum's government reacted to this embarrassment by demanding the departure of 1,500 French troops, at a time in late 1975 when Chad's military situation was beginning to worsen. Throughout 1976 and 1977, the military balance of power shifted
572:
leaders the government's willingness to negotiate seriously following its reversals on the battlefield in 1978. In
February Faya Largeau fell to FROLINAT, and with it roughly half the country's territory. Shortly thereafter, Malloum flew to
513:
leaders from two different and competing clans, became bitter rivals, first within the CCFAN and later within all of Chad. In the CCFAN, the key issues dividing the men were relations with Libya and the handling of the
552:
to begin negotiations on a formal alliance. Their efforts culminated in a carefully drafted agreement, the
Fundamental Charter, which formed the basis of the National Union Government of August 1978. Malloum was named
548:
As the military position of the CSM continued to decline in 1977, Malloum's political overtures to the rebel groups and leaders became increasingly flexible. In
September Malloum and Habré met in
581:, but even as it was being codified in March, FROLINAT's position was hardening. Goukouni claimed that all three liberation armies were now united under his leadership in the new
505:
The sharp increase in Libyan activity also brought to a head the power struggle within the CCFAN between
Goukouni and Habré. In 1971 Habré had left his position as a deputy
526:
demands had been met. Goukouni felt that priority should go to the conflict with the CSM, for which Libyan assistance could be decisive, and that the
419:
attack that injured several top officials and spectators. A year after that, in March 1977, the CSM executed summarily the leaders of a short-lived
17:
462:
134:
415:, but labour and urban unrest continued from 1975 through 1978. On the first anniversary of the formation of the CSM, Malloum was the target of a
395:
were unable to retain for long the modicum of authority, legitimacy, and popularity that they had gained through their overthrow of the unpopular
302:
367:
The successor government soon overturned many of
Tombalbaye's more odious policies. For example, the CSM attempted to distribute external
274:
281:
215:
443:. In his first few months in office, Malloum persuaded a few eastern rebel elements to join the new government. In the north, the
244:
609:
or FAT). It was
Malloum's hope that the FROLINAT leadership would soften its terms, or possibly undergo renewed fragmentation.
473:
and
Goukouni to represent northern elements in FROLINAT, continued to refuse negotiations with the CSM over the release of the
288:
371:
relief assistance more equitably and efficiently, devised plans to develop numerous economic reforms, including reductions in
270:
530:
had already achieved more than enough. Habré finally split with him in 1976, taking a few hundred followers to fight in
359:
from northern and eastern Chad, but ethnic and regional dominance still remained very much in the hands of southerners.
720:
184:
114:
545:(FAN). Goukouni and his followers prevailed (the CCFAN released the hostage to French authorities in January 1977).
776:
766:
396:
746:
259:
208:
295:
154:
740:
461:, refused to respond to his entreaties or those of the government and remained in opposition. When the
255:
431:
The fundamental failures of
Malloum's government, however, were most evident in its interactions with
708:
542:
582:
201:
32:
376:
771:
251:
144:
64:
174:
593:
regime imposed by France on Chad since August 11, 1960". FAP continued to advance toward the
392:
332:
104:
602:
74:
8:
712:
594:
538:
535:
481:
in favor of FROLINAT as Libya provided the rebels with substantially more weaponry and
470:
352:
509:
in the
Tombalbaye government to join Goukouni's rebels. Goukouni and Habré, ambitious
407:, and urban dwellers. The government suspended the National Union of Chadian Workers (
716:
568:
Habré's ascension to power in N'Djamena was intended to signal to
Goukouni and other
450:
324:
531:
458:
340:
84:
41:
494:
590:
558:
760:
732:
554:
477:
474:
412:
589:
or FAP) and that their objective remained the overthrow of the "dictatorial
574:
486:
416:
336:
519:
400:
344:
94:
562:
527:
379:, and abandoned some of the more oppressive measures used to encourage
164:
351:
or CSM), and the first days of the new regime were celebrated as many
702:
598:
578:
569:
482:
506:
233:
565:
figure to hold an executive position in a postcolonial government.
549:
440:
52:
731:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
515:
404:
368:
522:
and favored retaining the French hostage even after most of the
523:
510:
432:
420:
380:
356:
601:
in major battles with French military forces and units of the
490:
454:
445:
436:
372:
518:
affair. Habré opposed vigorously all Libyan designs on the
426:
328:
391:
Neither reformers nor skilled administrators, the new
386:
467:Conseil de Commandement des Forces Armées du Nord
335:received an enthusiastic response in the capital
758:
463:Command Council of the Armed Forces of the North
209:
355:were released. His government included more
260:introducing citations to additional sources
216:
202:
469:or CCFAN), a structure set up in 1972 by
427:Foreign relations and growing dissension
423:by several military units in N'Djamena.
409:Union Nationale de Travailleurs du Tchad
250:Relevant discussion may be found on the
700:
557:of the new government, while Habré, as
14:
759:
457:in Libya in August 1975. But his son,
696:
694:
692:
690:
688:
686:
684:
682:
680:
678:
676:
674:
672:
670:
668:
666:
664:
662:
660:
658:
656:
654:
652:
650:
648:
646:
644:
642:
541:and retaining for his group the name
500:
493:twice in 1976, and then in June 1977
347:of the new Supreme Military Council (
640:
638:
636:
634:
632:
630:
628:
626:
624:
622:
362:
227:
24:
707:(2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.:
25:
18:Malloum's military government
788:
619:
577:in southern Libya to negotiate a
726:
387:Political control and opposition
243:relies largely or entirely on a
232:
51:
561:, became the first significant
13:
1:
701:Collelo, Thomas, ed. (1990).
612:
7:
349:Conseil Supérieur Militaire
10:
793:
745:: CS1 maint: postscript (
271:"Chad under Félix Malloum"
709:Federal Research Division
607:Forces Armées Tchadiennes
597:until it was halted near
543:Armed Forces of the North
587:Forces Armées Populaires
411:or UNTT) and prohibited
377:government expenditures
333:Tombalbaye's government
135:Transitional Government
777:Military dictatorships
95:French colonial period
704:Chad: A Country Study
583:People's Armed Forces
185:Civil War (2005–2010)
115:Civil War (1965–1979)
105:Tombalbaye government
603:Chadian Armed Forces
256:improve this article
79:1480/1522–1897
75:Sultanate of Bagirmi
713:Library of Congress
497:fell to the CCFAN.
353:political prisoners
145:Conflict with Libya
767:Chadian–Libyan War
715:. pp. 24–27.
501:Goukouni and Habré
485:than ever before.
483:logistical support
179:1990–present
125:Malloum government
65:Kanem–Bornu Empire
741:cite encyclopedia
489:was placed under
451:Oueddei Kichidemi
363:Economic policies
321:
320:
306:
226:
225:
193:
192:
69:c. 700–1380
16:(Redirected from
784:
751:
750:
744:
736:
730:
729:
698:
459:Goukouni Oueddei
453:) returned from
393:military leaders
331:that terminated
316:
313:
307:
305:
264:
236:
228:
218:
211:
204:
61:
60:
55:
45:
27:
26:
21:
792:
791:
787:
786:
785:
783:
782:
781:
757:
756:
755:
754:
738:
737:
727:
723:
699:
620:
615:
503:
429:
389:
365:
343:emerged as the
317:
311:
308:
265:
263:
249:
237:
222:
189:2005–2010
169:1986–1987
159:1982–1990
149:1978–1987
139:1979–1982
129:1975–1979
119:1965–1979
109:1960–1975
99:1900–1960
89:1501–1912
85:Wadai Sultanate
43:
36:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
790:
780:
779:
774:
769:
753:
752:
721:
617:
616:
614:
611:
559:prime minister
502:
499:
428:
425:
388:
385:
364:
361:
319:
318:
254:. Please help
240:
238:
231:
224:
223:
221:
220:
213:
206:
198:
195:
194:
191:
190:
187:
181:
180:
177:
171:
170:
167:
161:
160:
157:
151:
150:
147:
141:
140:
137:
131:
130:
127:
121:
120:
117:
111:
110:
107:
101:
100:
97:
91:
90:
87:
81:
80:
77:
71:
70:
67:
57:
56:
48:
47:
38:
37:
30:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
789:
778:
775:
773:
772:1970s in Chad
770:
768:
765:
764:
762:
748:
742:
734:
733:public domain
724:
722:0-16-024770-5
718:
714:
710:
706:
705:
697:
695:
693:
691:
689:
687:
685:
683:
681:
679:
677:
675:
673:
671:
669:
667:
665:
663:
661:
659:
657:
655:
653:
651:
649:
647:
645:
643:
641:
639:
637:
635:
633:
631:
629:
627:
625:
623:
618:
610:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
571:
566:
564:
560:
556:
551:
546:
544:
540:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
512:
508:
498:
496:
492:
488:
484:
479:
478:archaeologist
476:
472:
471:Hissène Habré
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
447:
442:
438:
434:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
384:
382:
378:
374:
370:
360:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
341:Félix Malloum
338:
334:
330:
326:
315:
312:November 2020
304:
301:
297:
294:
290:
287:
283:
280:
276:
273: –
272:
268:
267:Find sources:
261:
257:
253:
247:
246:
245:single source
241:This article
239:
235:
230:
229:
219:
214:
212:
207:
205:
200:
199:
197:
196:
188:
186:
183:
182:
178:
176:
173:
172:
168:
166:
163:
162:
158:
156:
153:
152:
148:
146:
143:
142:
138:
136:
133:
132:
128:
126:
123:
122:
118:
116:
113:
112:
108:
106:
103:
102:
98:
96:
93:
92:
88:
86:
83:
82:
78:
76:
73:
72:
68:
66:
63:
62:
59:
58:
54:
50:
49:
46:
40:
39:
34:
29:
28:
19:
703:
606:
586:
567:
547:
504:
487:Faya Largeau
466:
444:
430:
408:
390:
383:production.
366:
348:
322:
309:
299:
292:
285:
278:
266:
242:
124:
591:neocolonial
539:prefectures
520:Aozou Strip
325:coup d'état
42:History of
761:Categories
613:References
579:cease-fire
528:kidnapping
397:Tombalbaye
282:newspapers
165:Toyota War
563:insurgent
555:president
337:N'Djamena
323:The 1975
252:talk page
155:Habré Era
550:Khartoum
441:FROLINAT
405:students
345:chairman
175:Déby Era
33:a series
31:Part of
595:capital
536:Biltine
516:hostage
507:prefect
417:grenade
413:strikes
369:drought
357:Muslims
296:scholar
719:
524:ransom
511:Toubou
495:Bardaï
475:French
439:, and
433:France
421:mutiny
401:unions
381:cotton
298:
291:
284:
277:
269:
35:on the
575:Sabha
570:rebel
532:Batha
491:siege
455:exile
446:derde
437:Libya
373:taxes
303:JSTOR
289:books
747:link
717:ISBN
534:and
375:and
329:Chad
275:news
44:Chad
599:Ati
327:in
258:by
763::
743:}}
739:{{
725:.
711:,
621:^
435:,
403:,
339:.
749:)
735:.
605:(
585:(
465:(
449:(
314:)
310:(
300:·
293:·
286:·
279:·
262:.
248:.
217:e
210:t
203:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
