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and thus the
Macedonians had to cross the river in order to attack them. The Macedonians destroyed their capital city and burned their crops, slew all the males, and enslaved the women and children. Previously, Alexander had been scrupulous about being merciful towards the inhabitants of his newly conquered territories. This marked change in policy was intended as an example to the other tribes. It was done, allegedly, to secure the Macedonians'
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823:, his army mutinied. They did not share his ambition and wished to return home. It had been raining for the last seventy days. At the Battle of Hydaspes they had suffered many casualties. The Nanda Empire was rumoured to be even more powerful than Porus, who was only a princeling. Coenus' spoke on behalf of the troops and pleaded with Alexander to allow them to return, to the agreement of the other officers. Alexander finally gave in.
1014:. Upon arriving, Alexander immediately sent his phalanx forward and prepared to undermine the city walls. However, the Indians, who were by now familiar with Alexander's expertise in besieging, decided they could hold out better in the citadel. The Macedonians followed. Alexander led a siege of the citadel, bringing his phalanx up towards the walls. The citadel was burnt, and five thousand Mallians died within its walls.
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790:, with each other, as they were both to be his new vassals. Alexander achieved this by arbitrating their disputes and then arranging a family alliance. He then marched north-east toward the Glaukanokoi, and received the submission of their thirty-seven cities. Abisares of Kashimir submitted to the Macedonians as well, and gave them many gifts, including forty elephants. Alexander proposed to march further east to the
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the area, giving them time to escape. Alexander desired that
Perdiccas should await his own arrival with the rest of the force. This is another example of Alexander taking up each and every task he deemed to be important in person, this was a practice he repeated throughout all of his campaigns. It was soon after this that Alexander took the city that he was currently besieging, employing siege equipment such as the
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Companion cavalry and totally surprised the
Mallians — so much so that many of them were still outside the city. As Alexander had expected, they did not think he would cross the desert. A vast number of them were slain, and Alexander chased those whom he could not massacre into the city. He then created a cordon of cavalry around this relatively small town, and awaited the arrival of his infantry.
1003:. The torsion catapult was the most powerful of the era, and had revolutionised siege warfare; Alexander would use it to capture all the other cities in the region. Alexander's army then overcame the city's garrison, two thousand strong, and killed them all. When Perdiccas arrived at the town he was supposed to take, he found it empty; he chased down the survivors and put them to the sword.
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helped them navigate the difficult channels. By contrast, the warships had considerable difficulties, and many were destroyed. Their double rows of oars meant that the bottom row of oars would get caught on the river bank. At one point
Alexander even took off his armour, preparing to jump in the water, for fear that his ship was going to sink.
759:), but the Malli and the Oxydraci combined to refuse passage through their territory. Alexander sought to prevent their forces meeting, and made a swift campaign against them which successfully pacified the region between the two rivers. Alexander was seriously injured during the course of the campaign, almost losing his life.
899:, which, being already over-extended, were at a serious risk of being cut. They extended all the way from Babylon to the Punjab, if they were cut anywhere the entire expedition could have been compromised. No half measures were taken in securing the lines of communications in their extended condition.
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The main body of the army, four days away from
Alexander's location, heard that he was dead. Rumours spread like wildfire, and when reports came in that he was alive and was recovering, they would not believe it. He was eventually placed upon a boat where he could see the troops, and the troops could
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Alexander received news that the
Mallians and the Oxydracians had decided to trade hostages with each other, and moved all their valuables into their fortified cities. They decided to combine their forces in order to prevent him from marching through their territory. Reports suggested that they had a
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with the cavalry of
Cleitus the White and his own cavalry, and ordered him to surround another Mallian city to the south-east. However, he gave him specific instructions not to actually besiege the city, for fear that some of the inhabitants would flee and give news of what was going on to others in
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to sail down the river with the fleet and establish a base to conduct further operations at the junction of the
Acesines and the Hydraotis. In addition, the base would be used to catch any escaping Mallians. Three days later, Alexander ordered Craterus to follow him down the river on the right bank.
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However, the
Macedonians got through. Arriving in the confederacies' territory, they set about the task of pacification. While their ships were undergoing repairs, the Macedonians first attacked a tribe to the west called the Sibea. This tribe, alleged to have 40,000 warriors, was on the right bank,
881:
Upon receiving the news of the alliance in
November, Alexander raced out to prevent the junction of the two tribes. He reached the area in five days by sailing down the Hydaspes with the fleet he had recently built. The boats had been built to be taken apart and put back together, so that they could
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Now if anyone desires to hear where our warfare will find its end and limit, let him know that the distance from where we are to the river Ganges is no longer great; and this you will find is connected to the Hyrcanian sea; for the great sea surrounds the entire earth. I will also demonstrate to the
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Four days afterwards, the Macedonians reached a fertile country which the natives had completely deserted. Alexander was confronted by some of his close companions. They told him that he should not expose himself so recklessly in battle. Alexander received the final submission of the Malli, who had
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When the Macedonians reached Alexander, some of them placed him on a shield and quickly ran back with him to a tent. An incision had to be made in order to get the arrow out, however everyone was afraid to make the incision themselves. Perdiccas came forward and volunteered to make the incision. An
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estimated that there were fifty thousand Mallians at this point. As expert as the Companion cavalry was, Alexander had placed himself in a vulnerable situation. However, the Macedonians formed up and circled around the Mallians, attacking them in the flank and rear. Eventually, the Macedonian light
1037:
Before continuing his campaign against the Mallians, Alexander sent Peithon and Demetrius back towards the river, the forests, and the desert. Their orders were to kill anyone who did not submit. The reason was that so many of the cities were deserted when Alexander's forces reached them. Refugees
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Alexander arranged two separate forces, one to be led by himself and the other by Perdiccas. The Indians almost immediately retreated into the main citadel. The citadel was substantial, with its walls a mile around. But Alexander was able to force one of the gates, and made his way into the outer
982:
After starting across the desert, Alexander marched continuously, with only a single half-day halt at a place where water could be obtained. His detachment of the army marched 45 miles (72 km) in about 24 hours. Arriving near the city of Kot Kamalia at daybreak, Alexander rode ahead with his
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were dangerous to sail down in this area, and the Macedonians sustained considerable damage to some of their ships, in addition to some casualties. They used two sorts of vessels, warships and the transport ships known as "round vessels". The transport ships were not damaged, as their round hulls
851:
It was Alexander's habit, as with his father, to campaign in all seasons of the year. In Greece, this meant the winter, but in India, it meant the rainy season or cold season. The Mallian alliance was unaware of this practice, and therefore might have expected more time to prepare for Alexander's
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Alexander leaped into the inner area of the citadel, where he killed the Mallians' leader. However, during the fighting an arrow penetrated Alexander's lung, severely wounding him. The Macedonians believed Alexander to be dead. After gaining entrance to the city, they planned to kill everyone in
1087:
Alexander quickly became impatient at the pace of the siege, so he grabbed a ladder and went up it himself. He was followed by only two soldiers. The rest of the soldiers, nervous about the safety of their king, crowded the ladders to get up so that they could protect him. There were too many of
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Shortly after this, Memnon brought up reinforcements of 6,000 cavalry from Thrace, and 7,000 infantry. The reinforcements brought with them twenty five thousand suits of armour. After uniting with Memnon's forces, Alexander decided to head south, following the river Hydaspes, after the
962:. While it was a difficult march across the desert, the march was to serve two purposes; first it was to surprise the Mallians, secondly it was to afford him a strategic position from which he could drive them to the south, so that they would be pressed towards the rest of his forces.
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had perfected the cavalry arm of Macedon to such an extent that the infantry, on many occasions, would only attack after the cavalry. The Mallians fled without the Macedonian infantry even joining battle. Alexander pursued them with his cavalry for 5 miles (8.0 km).
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The Malli offered battle to Alexander on the high ground of the western bank of the Hydraotis. However, Alexander and his army had become such an object of fear in their eyes that he decided to charge them across the river. This was not a new tactic, as his father
775:, and eight years after the start of his campaigns against the Persian Empire. At this time, his conquests stretched from Greece into India; some of the Indian tribes had previously been part of the Persian Empire. The political situation in Greece was quiet.
966:'s force was ordered to march opposite Craterus' force, on the left bank of the same river. He was sent five days ahead of Alexander, in order to ensure that any retreating forces Alexander impelled would be easily caught if they managed to evade Craterus.
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them, and the ladders collapsed under the weight. The Mallians realised who Alexander was, and focused their energies on him. Many of Alexander's men held out their arms and called for him to jump down to them. The King, however, would not.
978:
At this point, the tentative alliance between the Mallians and the Oxydracians began to break down. The two tribes could not agree on who was to lead them, and their forces retreated to their strongholds, each group to fend for themselves.
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incision was made and the arrow head was withdrawn from the wound. The soldiers were very anxious about his health, since they believed he was the only one who could lead them back home. For some days he hovered between life and death.
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submitted after the capture of their capital city. He sent their ambassadors away, and they returned later with 300 four horse chariots. In addition to this, Alexander also received 1,000 Indian shields, a number of lions and 100
941:
Alexander divided his army into three parts and crossed over onto the left bank. His own force was to march directly across the desert, and was to take upon itself the most difficult work, as was his habit. His force consisted of
882:
be conveyed across the Punjab. There were, as there are now, five rivers in the Punjab - it is sometimes referred to as "The Valley of the Five Rivers" - so it was necessary to drag the boats from one to the next. The
848:. In spite of the fact that the two had traditionally been enemies, it was reported that they had laid aside their disputes to fight the Macedonians. Alexander decided to prevent them from joining their forces.
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ostensibly declared it unfavourable to march further east. Initially, the fleet and army just sailed down the river, occasionally marching short distances inland. Only slight opposition was experienced.
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see him. However, his health was in such a delicate state that during his course down the river they would not even row the boat, for fear that the oars slapping the water would disturb him.
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infantry came up, and the Mallians lost heart and fled to the city of Mallians. Alexander followed them to the city, and then rested his columns for the rest of the day.
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force was ordered to follow Alexander's march three days later, in order to ensure that any Mallians that did escape to the north were still captured and slaughtered.
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Alexander allowed his men to rest until the first watch of the night. After this, the Macedonians continued to pursue the Mallians, the next town being the modern
1021:, although this identification is not certain). However, the Mallians had crossed the river already, and were awaiting his arrival on the western bank.
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Alexander was determined not to let the Mallians escape him, and therefore he planned a sophisticated campaign that allowed him to retain the
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Macedonians and their allies not only that the Indian gulf is confluent with the Persian, but the Hycranian gulf is confluent with the Indian.
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in May 326 BC, and then stayed in his territory for thirty days. During this time, he reconciled King Porus and his other ally,
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advance. Throughout his career, Alexander made many celebrated marches in spite of difficult conditions. After the
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The Early History of India from 600 B.C. to the Muhammadan conquest, including the invasion of Alexander the Great
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The Invasion of India by Alexander the Great as described by Arrian, Q. Curtius, Diodoros, Plutarch and Justin
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Alexander's Indian conquests, with the Mallian campaign at the confluence of the Hydraotis and the Hydaspes
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The Mallians, realising how small the number of Macedonian cavalry was, chose to stop and fight them.
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The ladder breaks stranding Alexander and a few companions within the Mallian town.
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Alexander at the wall of Multan in the Punjab. From a drawing by
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Alexander of Macedon, 356–323 B.C.: A Historical Biography
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Alexander and his forces are alleged to have reached the
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The History of the Life and Reign of Alexander the Great
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1969:(Volume VIII of the Loeb Classical Library ed.)
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The campaign against the Malli (identified with the
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1989:. New York: Da Capo Press. pp. 592–608.
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1853:. New York: G.B. Putnam & Sons.
27:Battle involving Alexander the Great
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1931:. University of California Press.
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1963:Siculus Diodorus (1963).
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1834:. George Bell and Sons.
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1966:The Library of History
1950:. London: S. Bagster.
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1077:André Castaigne
1069:
1027:
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283:
279:
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240:
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238:
237:
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229:
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190:
181:
172:
139:
99:
97:
93:
90:
85:
82:
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78:
77:
76:
51:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2105:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2055:
2054:
2039:
2028:
2023:
2011:
1997:
1996:External links
1994:
1992:
1991:
1983:Theodore Dodge
1979:
1960:
1943:
1937:
1922:
1916:
1903:
1897:
1882:
1876:
1863:
1844:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1813:, p. 350.
1803:
1801:, p. 461.
1788:
1786:, p. 460.
1776:
1761:
1759:, p. 459.
1746:
1744:, p. 604.
1734:
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1722:
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1690:, p. 458.
1680:
1678:, p. 603.
1659:
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1644:
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1629:
1627:, p. 601.
1612:
1610:, p. 606.
1600:
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1552:
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1471:, p. 301.
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1446:
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1409:
1407:, p. 595.
1388:
1386:, p. 326.
1373:
1371:, p. 593.
1344:
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1311:, p. 327.
1296:
1294:, p. 592.
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1218:
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1199:
1197:, p. 447.
1187:
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1163:
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1148:
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1132:
1130:
1127:
1097:
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1054:Cavalry attack
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1549:
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336:Halicarnassus
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74:Punjab region
71:
68:
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63:
60:
59:
55:
49:
44:
41:
36:
31:
19:
2042:
2031:
2003:
1986:
1971:. Retrieved
1965:
1947:
1927:
1907:
1887:
1867:
1849:
1831:
1820:Bibliography
1806:
1779:
1737:
1725:
1713:. Retrieved
1705:
1700:Dave, Wood.
1695:
1683:
1603:
1570:
1543:
1531:
1449:
1335:
1253:
1190:
1178:
1166:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1108:(1651-1730).
1090:
1086:
1082:
1079:(1898-1899).
1057:
1040:
1036:
1016:
1005:
993:
990:Second phase
981:
977:
940:
915:horse-bowmen
908:
901:
893:
880:
850:
834:
825:
818:
805:
792:River Ganges
777:
766:
736:
734:
556:Persian Gate
428:
396:Sogdian Rock
372:Persian Gate
366:Uxian Defile
299:Mount Haemus
278:Campaigns of
126:Belligerents
38:Part of the
2046:(1914), by
2035:(1896), at
1772:Arrian 1893
1730:Arrian 1893
1655:Arrian 1893
1596:Arrian 1893
1563:Arrian 1893
1509:Arrian 1893
1469:Arrian 1893
1033:Final phase
964:Hephaestion
946:, archers,
911:Polyperchon
877:First phase
179:Hephaestion
98: /
2061:Categories
1129:References
1044:Phillip II
948:Agrianians
944:hypaspists
821:Beas River
800:Gangaridai
780:King Porus
773:Hindu Kush
763:Background
607:Alexandria
115:Macedonian
1987:Alexander
1956:457392990
1859:458978001
1092:revenge.
996:Perdiccas
919:elephants
858:Great Zab
840:, 10,000
590:Gaugamela
539:Cyropolis
378:Cyropolis
360:Gaugamela
2026:Plutarch
2017:Archived
1985:(1890).
1830:(1893).
1715:July 14,
1010:town of
927:Nearchus
923:Craterus
917:and the
888:Acesines
884:Hydaspes
846:chariots
844:and 900
798:and the
745:Mallians
692:Granicus
505:Hydaspes
473:820miles
431:(326 BC)
425:(326 BC)
423:Hydaspes
419:(326 BC)
413:(327 BC)
398:(327 BC)
392:(328 BC)
386:(329 BC)
384:Jaxartes
380:(329 BC)
374:(330 BC)
368:(331 BC)
362:(331 BC)
356:(332 BC)
350:(332 BC)
344:(333 BC)
338:(334 BC)
332:(334 BC)
326:(334 BC)
324:Granicus
313:(335 BC)
307:(335 BC)
301:(335 BC)
197:Craterus
146:Mallians
69:Location
2092:Malavas
1973:18 July
1123:talents
1008:Brahmin
956:phalanx
952:Peithon
819:At the
788:Taxiles
782:at the
769:Malavas
747:of the
675:Miletus
495:Malavas
478:Babylon
330:Miletus
292:Balkans
201:Various
188:Peithon
165: (
137:Macedon
117:victory
86:72°18′E
83:30°42′N
2082:325 BC
2077:326 BC
2014:Livius
1954:
1935:
1914:
1895:
1874:
1857:
1840:486120
1838:
1828:Arrian
1096:Result
1060:Arrian
1019:Multan
974:Second
864:Phases
757:Chenab
753:Jhelum
749:Punjab
727:
573:Uxians
522:Cophen
471:1200km
417:Aornos
411:Cophen
318:Persia
311:Thebes
305:Pelium
111:Result
2050:, at
1025:Final
1012:Atari
869:First
842:horse
829:omens
796:Nanda
709:Pella
658:Issus
390:Gabai
342:Issus
225:Malli
1975:2011
1952:OCLC
1933:ISBN
1912:ISBN
1893:ISBN
1872:ISBN
1855:OCLC
1836:OCLC
1717:2011
886:and
838:foot
755:and
735:The
641:Tyre
624:Gaza
354:Gaza
348:Tyre
61:Date
1710:BBC
168:WIA
2063::
1791:^
1764:^
1749:^
1708:.
1704:.
1662:^
1647:^
1632:^
1615:^
1582:^
1555:^
1516:^
1495:^
1476:^
1461:^
1412:^
1391:^
1376:^
1347:^
1316:^
1299:^
1280:^
1265:^
1238:^
1221:^
1202:^
1151:^
1136:^
1125:.
950:,
561:10
544:11
527:12
510:13
500:14
483:15
1977:.
1958:.
1941:.
1920:.
1901:.
1880:.
1861:.
1842:.
1774:.
1719:.
1342:.
1330:.
1185:.
714:1
697:2
680:3
663:4
646:5
629:6
612:7
595:8
578:9
269:e
262:t
255:v
171:)
20:)
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