899:
949:
1225:
1095:, who ran on a platform for unification with Greece, received 8,577 votes. Even though there were 16,215 abstentions, Makarios' overwhelming victory was seen as a massive endorsement of his personal leadership and of an independent Cyprus. At his investiture, the president stated that the Cyprus problem could not be solved by force, but had to be worked out within the framework of the UN. He also said that he and his followers wanted to live peacefully in a unitary state where all citizens enjoyed equal rights. Some Cypriots opposed Makarios' conciliatory stance (and there was an unsuccessful attempt to assassinate him in 1970).
1279:
staying in power. The regime's failure to predict or prevent the
Turkish intervention severely weakened its legitimacy and authority. Unsupported, Sampson resigned on 23 July and the presidency passed to Glafkos Klerides. Makarios remained in London for five months; then, having succeeded in securing international recognition that his administration was the rightful government of the whole island, he returned to Cyprus and with the focus of restoring Cypriot territory. He was not successful, and Turkey has remained as an occupying power ever since, with the political, military and diplomatic status of the island unresolved.
165:
934:
452:
1383:
2088:
1288:
1371:
1395:
1031:
691:
43:
1359:
1160:(Greece's President since 1967) and established the Second Junta, with himself as the "invisible dictator". Grivas tried to contact the new regime in Greece in the end of 1973; but Ioannidis refused to give any immediate indication as to what his intentions in Cyprus were. On 27 January 1974, Grivas died of a heart attack, uncertain to the end of Ioannidis' plans.
1087:) commenced in 1964 and helped to soothe, but not solve, the situation. Makarios continued his high-profile neutrality, but ultimately failed either to reassure the Turkish Cypriots that they were safe in an independent Cyprus, or to convince the Greek Cypriots that independence was a satisfactory alternative to assimilation within a Greater Greece.
1148:. The three bishops of the Church of Cyprus demanded that he resign as president, stating that his temporal duties violated canon law. Makarios foiled the three bishops and had them defrocked in the summer of 1973. Before choosing their replacements, he increased the number of bishops to five, thereby reducing the power of individual bishops.
1179:
the initiative and challenge Athens directly. He believed that he could eliminate the junta's control of Cyprus by forcing the
Cypriot National Guard to remain loyal to himself. On 2 July 1974 he wrote to the Athens colonels a letter which demanded that all Greek officers depart from the island within 19 days. Greek Foreign Minister
1247:, while in London Makarios lobbied for the British military not to intervene as a guarantor power. The testimony of Vlachos is not supported by the confidential minutes of the meeting of Makarios and Prime Minister Wilson on 17 July 1974. According to the minutes, Makarios urged Wilson to convey to the Turkish Prime Minister,
1017:
motives for this, some arguing that it was made necessary by the intimidation of the
Turkish Cypriots by the Greek Cypriots; others suggest that the Turkish community was sabotaging the Cypriot settlement and already preparing for partition by Turkey. By the end of 1963, intercommunal violence had broken out once again.
1163:
Meanwhile
Makarios took advantage of Grivas' demise by granting an amnesty to the dead leader's followers. He hoped and believed that with Grivas gone, EOKA-B would disappear as a guerrilla force and could be politically tamed. Numerous EOKA-B members did actually accept the amnesty's terms, but this
1140:
were Greek regulars who supported the junta, and they embraced its desire to remove him from office and achieve some degree of enosis. The veteran Grivas also continued to be a threat to the archbishop. He remained powerful and to some extent was independent of the junta that had permitted his return
1128:
to settle the Cyprus question, but it faced rejection by
Makarios. The overthrow of Makarios became the primary objective, and the junta backed Grivas toward that end. From hiding, Grivas directed terrorist attacks and propaganda assaults that shook the Makarios government, but the president remained
1016:
In response to
Makarios' proposals, most Turkish Cypriots in public office, including Vice-President Küçük, resigned; large numbers of Turkish Cypriots moved out of ethnically mixed areas into villages and towns where the population was already largely Turkish Cypriot. There is still dispute over the
1295:
Makarios III died of a heart attack on 3 August 1977, having experienced heart problems earlier that year, likely associated with many years of heavy smoking. Makarios' heart was removed during an autopsy, and has since been preserved in his former bedroom in the
Archbishop's Palace. He is buried in
1274:
the invasion is still known as a "peace operation", designed to protect the
Turkish Cypriot community. Although, according to the case of Cyprus v Turkey in the European Court of Human Rights, the "peace operation" amounted to armed conflict (as modern international law refrains from using the word
1178:
On 3 May 1974, Makarios sent the Greek government a letter that identified certain Greek military officers stationed in Cyprus as undermining the
Cypriot government. The Greek regime responded that it would withdraw the officers in question. In the second half of June 1974, Makarios decided to take
1112:
During the summer of 1971, tension built up between the two
Cypriot communities, and incidents became more numerous. Sometime in the late summer or early autumn, Grivas (who had attacked Makarios as a traitor in an Athens newspaper) returned secretly to the island and began to rebuild his guerrilla
1151:
As time progressed Grivas' pursuit of enosis through guerrilla tactics with the use of the EOKA-B's paramilitary organisation failed to force Makarios to follow the policy of self-determination-union with Greece and led to a period of armed civil war in Cyprus among the Greek-Cypriot community. By
1012:
to the Constitution, which would free many public offices from the ethnic restrictions agreed in London and Zurich. This, he argued, would allow the government to operate more efficiently, and bring together the communities by dissolving rigid inter-ethnic legal boundaries. However, the amendments
867:
in 1959 to fine-tune the plan. Makarios at first refused to accept the plan. The reversal of his self-determination or enosis stance, and his eventual agreement to sign the conditions for the independence of Cyprus, have been attributed to blackmail on behalf of the Greek and British governments.
1183:
suggested, as a compromise, that Makarios personally select the substitute officers from a roster of Greek officers; however Makarios refused this. On 11 July, Glafkos Klerides (by this stage the speaker of the Cypriot parliament) visited Makarios in an unsuccessful attempt to promote a solution.
1132:
Relations between Nicosia and Athens were so bad that the colonels of the Greek junta, recognizing that they had Makarios in a perilous position, issued an ultimatum to him. They demanded that he purge his government of ministers who had been critical of the junta. Mass demonstrations proved that
1007:
But the idea of an independent path for Cyprus had not taken root among the general public at home. There was increasing acrimony between Turkish and Greek Cypriots about the workings of the constitution, and Makarios was forced to act to salvage the machinery of state from imminent collapse. In
1278:
Sampson's presidency was short-lived, because the regime of Ioannidis in Athens collapsed only a few days after the Turkish invasion. It was noted at the time that Turkey threatened to invade Greece, and that the colonels suddenly had to concentrate on trying to defend the country, rather than
765:, opened talks on the island's future. By this stage, Makarios had become closely identified with the insurgency, and talks broke up without any agreement in early 1956. Makarios, vilified in the British press and viewed with suspicion by the British authorities, was abducted by
663:(National Organization of Cypriot Fighters), or EOKA. This was a typical independence movement of the period. Makarios undoubtedly had common political ground with EOKA and was acquainted with its leader, the Greek-Cypriot soldier and politician
914:, continued to draw up plans for Cyprus's future. By now, Makarios had accepted that enosis was not to be, and that the only outcome which could secure harmony in Cyprus was robust independence. Taking office on 16 August 1960, the day the
2167:
640:(the unification of Cyprus with Greece), and during the early part of the decade he maintained close links with the Greek government. In August 1954, partly at Makarios' instigation, Greece began to raise the question of Cyprus at the
1846:
Marios Adamides, "H Tgagiki Anametrisi kai i Prodosia tis Kyprou", 2011, Library of Congress, Washington- Shelf Location FLS2015 186850 CALL NUMBER DS54.9 .A345 2011 OVERFLOWJ34 Request in Jefferson or Adams Building Reading Rooms
1164:
merely increased the hardliners' influence within the remainder of the movement. Ioannidis finally disclosed his aims: he imposed on the organisation a secret memorandum, by which EOKA-B would be committed to deposing Makarios.
1310:
To commemorate his life, an imposing bronze statue of Makarios was erected outside the Archbishop's Palace in Nicosia; in 2008 the statue was moved to Kykkos Monastery and replaced by a life-size marble statue of Makarios.
1212:
on 19 July, Makarios denounced the coup as an "invasion", engineered by the Greek military junta, which "violated the internal peace of Cyprus". Five hours after Makarios' address to the Security Council, the
1090:
President Makarios, seeking a fresh mandate from his constituency, announced in January 1968 that elections would be held during February. Makarios received 220,911 votes (about 96 percent), and his opponent,
1307:
outside the Archbishopric in Nicosia, 182 dignitaries from 52 countries attended while an estimated 250,000 mourners—about half the Greek Cypriot population of the island—filed past his coffin.
1604:
Makarios began to seek support among Greek Cypriots – even those in the communist party – who rejected enosis, at least for the near future, in favour of an independent, nonaligned Cyprus.
1141:
to Cyprus. While the Greek colonels were at times prepared to make a deal with Turkey about Cyprus, Grivas was ferociously opposed to any arrangement that did not lead to complete enosis.
636:
During the 1950s, Makarios embraced his dual role as Archbishop and Ethnarch with enthusiasm and became a very popular figure among Greek Cypriots. He soon became a leading advocate for
1195:
and was rescued by a British helicopter. He fled Cyprus when the pro-Greek forces took control of the whole of the island; at first there were false reports that he had been slain (cf.
751:
laws for the purpose of preventing or suppressing demonstrations in favor of union with Greece; but the archbishop defied them and continued demanding self-determination for Cyprus.
2162:
1667:
667:, but the extent of his involvement is unclear and disputed. In later life he categorically denied any involvement in the violent resistance undertaken by EOKA.
1649:
747:
requesting the application of the principle of self-determination to the people of Cyprus. After that, the colonial government of Cyprus enforced the anti-
1857:
848:, where he was rapturously received. Basing himself in the Greek capital, he continued to work for enosis. During the following two years he attended the
2132:
871:
A 1965 article in the Western Political Quarterly described the constitution as "wobbly", and attributed the civil conflict of 1963 to this quality.
1327:
890:, receiving two-thirds of the vote. Makarios was to become the political leader of all Cyprus as well as the communal leader of the Greek Cypriots.
648:
to be applied to Cyprus. This was viewed by advocates of enosis as likely to result in the voluntary union of Cyprus with Greece following a public
2157:
2137:
969:
1205:, a Nicosia-based newspaper editor and parliamentarian with a long-standing commitment to enosis, was installed as president in Makarios' stead.
1867:
1105:
in Athens, and the relationship between the regime and Makarios was tense. Makarios held that the regime undermined his authority by supporting
2011:
1616:
1244:
1125:
1004:" although he had by now been rehabilitated in the British press and was affectionately nicknamed "Black Mak" on account of his clerical garb.
984:
with his lukewarm policy towards the West. During his stay in Belgrade, alongside the conference he also led the liturgical celebration at the
1745:
1221:, Britain, Greece and Turkey were entitled to co-operate in order to intervene with the purpose of restoring the constitution of the island.
1882:
762:
659:
the island which had become their new headquarters for the Middle East. In 1955, a pro-enosis organization was formed under the banner of
1084:
2127:
898:
1121:). Three new newspapers advocating enosis were also established; all of these activities were funded by the military junta in Greece.
948:
1013:
were seen by many Turkish Cypriots as threatening constitutional protections against domination by the majority Greek Cypriots.
1009:
973:
1771:
859:
in Greece, the goal of enosis was gradually abandoned in favour of Cypriot independence. Negotiations in 1958 generated the
2142:
985:
766:
107:
599:. Like many public figures in the Greek Cypriot community in Cyprus, in the 1940s and 1950s he was an active supporter of
451:
2152:
1437:
879:
79:
1439:
The Archbishops of Cyprus in the Modern Age: The Changing Role of the Archbishop-Ethnarch, their Identities and Politics
2182:
2004:
1567:
844:
Makarios was released from exile after a year, although he was still forbidden to return to Cyprus. He went instead to
1133:
Makarios had the people behind him. In the end, however, Makarios bowed to Greek pressure and reshuffled the cabinet.
2172:
1575:
1447:
1152:
the end of 1973 Makarios forces had won the civil struggle and Grivas was in a desperate position. In November 1973,
1099:
1070:
833:
community would be persecuted in a Greek Cyprus, and that only by keeping part of the island under either British or
730:
126:
1877:
86:
1304:
1251:, "what practical measures can be taken. It is against the Turkish interests for Cyprus to become part of Greece."
31:
1646:
494:
between 1960 and July 1974, with a second term between December 1974 and 1977. He was also the Archbishop of the
860:
2147:
1562:(2023). "Film as the Memory Site of the 1961 Belgrade Conference of Non-Aligned States". In Paul Stubbs (ed.).
1052:
712:
680:
64:
1173:
633:
national leader of Cypriots. This highly influential position put Makarios at the centre of Cypriot politics.
93:
2122:
1997:
1048:
708:
60:
24:
1224:
2177:
1342:
841:
became increasingly polarized between two communities with opposing visions of the future of the island.
75:
1564:
Socialist Yugoslavia and the Non-Aligned Movement: Social, Cultural, Political, and Economic Imaginaries
1471:
Cyprus Before the United Nations: Communications, Press Statements, and Memoranda on the Cyprus Question
1349:
1255:
1218:
1214:
1106:
1915:
1420:
1197:
926:, cultivating good relations with Turkey as well as Greece and becoming a high-profile member of the
565:
1623:
1235:
At this time the Greek junta was imploding, and the British government (led since February 1974 by
782:
331:
1742:
164:
1732:Μάριος Αδαμίδης (Marios Adamidis) (2011). Η Τραγική Αναμέτρηση και η Προδοσία της Κύπρου. (eBook)
1041:
989:
965:
701:
620:
53:
785:, Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the Seychelles. The Archbishop and his staff were flown to
564:
in the Cypriot Orthodox Church while sustaining an interest in academic theology; he received a
1591:
1137:
856:
413:
2107:
2077:
1898:
1157:
938:
911:
319:
203:
773:
airport. The joint police/military plan, codenamed Operation Apollo, saw Makarios exiled to
2117:
2112:
2067:
1905:
927:
923:
878:, where almost two-thirds of the adult Greek Cypriot population turned out to welcome him.
805:
798:
616:
553:
545:
505:
426:
296:
933:
852:
where the Cyprus question was discussed; and he worked hard to achieve union with Greece.
100:
8:
2062:
2020:
1971:
1934:
1399:
1209:
1153:
1145:
849:
491:
180:
2087:
2072:
1537:
1513:
1505:
942:
919:
778:
645:
552:
where he completed his secondary education in 1936. He studied theology and law at the
513:
1962:
1571:
1531:
1517:
1443:
1321:
817:
569:
430:
2168:
Grand Crosses Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
1188:
1083:
The political landscape in Cyprus remained intractable. UN peacekeeping operations (
874:
On 1 March 1959, the archbishop returned to Cyprus to an unprecedented reception in
837:
sovereignty could the safety of the Turkish Cypriots be guaranteed. In this way the
2057:
2052:
2047:
2036:
1981:
1954:
1775:
1497:
1433:
1363:
1297:
1271:
1229:
1180:
1113:
organization, which became known as the National Organization of Cypriot Fighters (
981:
887:
883:
812:
537:
498:
487:
401:
289:
270:
1559:
1248:
1191:
in Nicosia at 8.15 am, when Makarios's forces were off guard. Makarios escaped to
1779:
1749:
1653:
1387:
1259:
1240:
830:
591:
against his will. Mouskos adopted, as his clerical name, an old Greek given name
533:
529:
1136:
Another element working against Makarios was the fact that most officers of the
210:
1861:
1501:
1267:
1102:
838:
755:
744:
656:
641:
517:
468:
367:
1124:
The junta probably would have agreed to some form of partition similar to the
793:. At the Kenyan port the party were embarked in the East African Naval Vessel
2101:
1944:
1375:
1236:
1202:
1092:
1001:
664:
573:
495:
480:
225:
143:
882:
were held on 13 December 1959, in which Makarios defeated his rival, lawyer
1263:
997:
957:
557:
363:
1754:
903:
774:
1382:
1989:
1055: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
915:
715: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
649:
483:
421:
1533:
Crisis Ends. 3 Nations Rejoice At Cyprus Settlement, 1959/02/26 (1959)
1509:
1486:"The First Republic of Cyprus: A Review of an Unworkable Constitution"
1485:
918:
was lowered in Nicosia, Makarios moved towards the moderate centre of
1287:
1275:
war ) between the Greek-Cypriot population of the island and Turkey.
1187:
Four days later, Ioannidis took Makarios by surprise by organizing a
993:
910:
After his election Makarios, together with the vice-president-elect,
1030:
690:
595:(Μακάριος) meaning "happy, fortunate, blessed". He then returned to
523:
42:
1266:, despite the constitution and presidency having been restored. To
977:
863:
as a basis for a deal on independence, and Makarios was invited to
758:
748:
629:
624:
509:
231:
20:
1394:
875:
790:
770:
549:
389:
1705:"Makarios Assails Greek Junta, Asks U.N. for All Possible Aid".
996:; Makarios was now being vilified in the American press as the "
992:. This was seen in the U.S. as demonstrating a tendency towards
754:
In October 1955, with the security situation deteriorating, the
1192:
1118:
864:
845:
834:
637:
615:
On 18 September 1950, Makarios, only 37 years old, was elected
604:
600:
596:
588:
584:
580:
561:
541:
440:
372:
1841:
The Friends: Britain's Post-War Secret Intelligence Operations
1020:
980:
in September 1961, and troubled the governments in London and
1473:. Royal Greek Embassy, Information Service. 1959. p. 43.
1296:
a tomb on Mount Throni, as per his wishes. The tomb is near
1217:
began, taking Ioannidis by surprise. Under the terms of the
964:
In March 1961, Cyprus was admitted as a member state of the
30:
For the current Greek Orthodox Archbishop of Australia, see
953:
786:
670:
660:
1878:
Your Beatitude, Mr President – interviewing Makarios 1964.
1258:
occurred on 20 July, five days after the coup. As of 2023
19:"Archbishop Makarios" redirects here. For other uses, see
1871:
619:. In this role he was not only the official head of the
821:
or partition, as a counterweight to the Greek ideal of
743:
On 20 August 1955, Greece submitted a petition to the
2163:
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens alumni
1347:
893:
1419:
Although Independent, Makarios was aligned with the
490:, statesman and politician who served as the first
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
16:
Greek Cypriot politician and archbishop (1913–1977)
1332:Grand Master of the Order of Orthodox Hospitallers
1328:Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
1239:) was facing the constitutional uncertainty of a
1156:, the hardliner nationalist brigadier, overthrew
655:However, the British government was reluctant to
560:, graduating in 1942. He took up the duties of a
524:Early life, studies and Church career (1913–1950)
2099:
1300:, where he was a novice in the 1920s and 1930s.
1228:The statue of Archbishop Makarios III near the
886:, father of future president and Makarios ally
769:officers while attempting to board a flight at
1766:
1764:
1432:
610:
2005:
1758:, 16 November 2006. Accessed 15 October 2008.
1558:
970:1961 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference
479:; 13 August 1913 – 3 August 1977) was a
1820:Burdened with Cyprus: The British Connection
1243:; moreover, according to the Greek diplomat
1761:
1021:Makarios and the Cyprus problem (1964–1977)
968:and Makarios represented the island at the
902:President Makarios during a state visit to
815:community first began to float the idea of
2012:
1998:
1693:The Tragic Duel and the Betrayal of Cyprus
568:scholarship to undertake further study at
528:Michael Christodoulou Mouskos was born in
309:18 September 1950 – 3 August 1977
163:
2133:20th-century Eastern Orthodox archbishops
1668:"Makarios: Cypriot Nationalism Incarnate"
1071:Learn how and when to remove this message
731:Learn how and when to remove this message
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
2019:
1665:
1640:
1326:Special class of the Grand Cross of the
1286:
1223:
1167:
947:
932:
897:
248:7 December 1974 – 3 August 1977
2158:Eastern Orthodox Christians from Cyprus
2138:People educated at Pancyprian Gymnasium
1858:Text of Makarios III's famous interview
536:. In 1926, aged 13, he was admitted to
2100:
1144:In the spring of 1972, Makarios faced
974:1st Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement
850:General Assembly of the United Nations
811:In the latter years of the 1950s, the
193:16 August 1960 – 15 July 1974
1993:
1743:"Macabre battle over Makarios' heart"
1552:
1483:
1115:Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston B
781:on 9 March 1956, as a 'guest' of Sir
1713:
1129:both a powerful and popular leader.
1053:adding citations to reliable sources
1024:
713:adding citations to reliable sources
684:
65:adding citations to reliable sources
36:
1592:"Turkey's Invasion of Greek Cyprus"
661:Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston
13:
1666:Fitchett, Joseph (4 August 1977).
894:Primacy and presidency (1960–1963)
14:
2194:
2128:20th-century presidents of Cyprus
1851:
1442:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
579:In 1948, while still studying at
2086:
1822:, Weidenfeld & Nicolson 1986
1393:
1381:
1369:
1357:
1029:
689:
450:
41:
32:Archbishop Makarios of Australia
1735:
1726:
1698:
1686:
1659:
1617:"War in the Balkans, 1991–2002"
1568:McGill-Queen's University Press
1436:; Michael, Michalis N. (2013).
1040:needs additional citations for
700:needs additional citations for
644:, arguing for the principle of
544:. At age 20 he was sent to the
52:needs additional citations for
1609:
1584:
1524:
1477:
1463:
1426:
1413:
1146:an attack from another quarter
941:greets Archbishop Makarios at
681:Cypriot intercommunal violence
516:, leading its transition from
1:
1839:Nigel West (Rupert Allason),
1798:
1647:The Main Narrative, continued
504:He is widely regarded as the
477:Michael Christodoulou Mouskos
351:Michael Christodoulou Mouskos
1883:The Makarios Legacy in Kenya
1010:proposed thirteen amendments
922:and now pursued a policy of
7:
2143:People from Paphos District
1827:Makarios: Faith & Power
1490:Western Political Quarterly
1343:Foreign relations of Cyprus
1336:
611:Enosis and EOKA (1950–1955)
603:, the union of Cyprus with
10:
2199:
2153:Cypriot people of the EOKA
1502:10.1177/106591296601900303
1314:
1256:Turkish invasion of Cyprus
1215:Turkish invasion of Cyprus
1171:
1107:paramilitary organizations
804:. The flotilla arrived in
797:, escorted by the frigate
678:
623:in Cyprus, but became the
29:
18:
2183:Expatriates in Seychelles
2084:
2027:
1978:
1969:
1951:
1941:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1912:
1903:
1895:
1890:
1815:, Alithia Publishing 1992
1459:– via Google Books.
1198:The Sydney Morning Herald
855:Under the premiership of
566:World Council of Churches
472:
458:
446:
436:
420:
408:
396:
379:
346:
341:
337:
325:
313:
302:
295:
283:
264:
252:
241:
219:
197:
186:
178:
174:
162:
153:
141:
2173:Boston University alumni
1778:homepage. Archived from
1652:17 February 2007 at the
1406:
1282:
1262:remains occupied by the
1174:1974 Cypriot coup d'état
1008:November 1963, Makarios
956:during a state visit to
154:
1741:Markides, Constantine.
1201:, 16 July 1974, p. 1).
990:Serbian Orthodox Church
986:St. Michael's Cathedral
966:Commonwealth of Nations
825:or union. Advocates of
1829:, Abelard-Schuman 1971
1804:Christopher Hitchens,
1484:Adams, T. (Sep 1966).
1305:Saint John's Cathedral
1292:
1232:
1138:Cypriot National Guard
961:
952:President Makarios in
945:
907:
880:Presidential elections
857:Constantine Karamanlis
671:Exile, escalation and
2148:Archbishops of Cyprus
2078:Nikos Christodoulides
1772:"Makarios' biography"
1674:. The Washington Post
1290:
1227:
1168:Deposition and return
1158:Georgios Papadopoulos
1109:committed to enosis.
951:
939:Robert F. Wagner, Jr.
936:
901:
679:Further information:
518:British colonial rule
2123:Presidents of Cyprus
2068:Demetris Christofias
2021:Presidents of Cyprus
1906:Archbishop of Cyprus
1874:relating to Makarios
1808:, Quartet Books 1984
1594:. GlobalSecurity.org
1570:. pp. 203–231.
1320:Grand Cordon of the
1049:improve this article
928:Non-Aligned Movement
709:improve this article
617:Archbishop of Cyprus
554:University of Athens
546:Pancyprian Gymnasium
427:University of Athens
297:Archbishop of Cyprus
61:improve this article
2063:Tassos Papadopoulos
1972:President of Cyprus
1935:President of Cyprus
1868:A series of stories
1843:, Coronet 1990 (OP)
1748:21 May 2007 at the
1672:The Washington Post
1656:The Cyprus Conflict
1219:Treaty of Guarantee
1210:UN Security Council
1154:Dimitrios Ioannidis
501:from 1950 to 1977.
492:President of Cyprus
181:President of Cyprus
2178:Exiled politicians
2073:Nicos Anastasiades
1923:Political offices
1811:Glafkos Klerides,
1538:Universal Newsreel
1520:– via JSTOR.
1303:At his funeral in
1293:
1233:
972:. He attended the
962:
946:
943:New York City Hall
908:
646:self-determination
514:Republic of Cyprus
2095:
2094:
1988:
1987:
1979:Succeeded by
1967:
1963:interim president
1942:Succeeded by
1913:Succeeded by
1891:Religious titles
1832:Ange S. Vlachos,
1719:Ange S. Vlachos,
1707:Los Angeles Times
1434:Varnava, Andrekos
1322:Order of the Nile
1081:
1080:
1073:
741:
740:
733:
583:, he was elected
570:Boston University
462:
461:
431:Boston University
279:
237:
215:
208:
137:
136:
129:
111:
2190:
2090:
2058:Glafcos Clerides
2053:George Vassiliou
2048:Spyros Kyprianou
2037:Glafcos Clerides
2014:
2007:
2000:
1991:
1990:
1982:Spyros Kyprianou
1958:
1955:Glafcos Clerides
1952:Preceded by
1896:Preceded by
1888:
1887:
1834:Graduation 1974,
1792:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1776:Kykkos Monastery
1768:
1759:
1739:
1733:
1730:
1724:
1721:Graduation 1974,
1717:
1711:
1710:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1663:
1657:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1634:
1628:
1622:. Archived from
1621:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1599:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1430:
1424:
1421:Democratic Party
1417:
1398:
1397:
1386:
1385:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1353:
1298:Kykkos Monastery
1272:Turkish Cypriots
1230:Kykkos Monastery
1208:Speaking to the
1181:Spyridon Tetenes
1076:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1056:
1033:
1025:
982:Washington, D.C.
920:Cypriot politics
888:Glafkos Klerides
884:Ioannis Klerides
861:Zurich Agreement
763:Sir John Harding
736:
729:
725:
722:
716:
693:
685:
538:Kykkos Monastery
499:Church of Cyprus
474:
454:
402:Kykkos Monastery
386:
360:
358:
342:Personal details
328:
316:
307:
290:Spyros Kyprianou
286:
273:
271:Glafcos Clerides
267:
255:
246:
228:
222:
213:
206:
200:
191:
169:Makarios in 1962
167:
157:
139:
138:
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2082:
2023:
2018:
1984:
1975:
1957:
1947:
1938:
1918:
1909:
1901:
1864:, given in 1974
1854:
1818:John Reddaway,
1801:
1796:
1795:
1785:
1783:
1770:
1769:
1762:
1750:Wayback Machine
1740:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1718:
1714:
1709:. 20 July 1974.
1704:
1703:
1699:
1691:
1687:
1677:
1675:
1664:
1660:
1654:Wayback Machine
1645:
1641:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1597:
1595:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1578:
1557:
1553:
1543:
1541:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1482:
1478:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1431:
1427:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1392:
1380:
1370:
1368:
1358:
1356:
1348:
1339:
1317:
1291:Makarios's tomb
1285:
1260:Northern Cyprus
1241:hung parliament
1176:
1170:
1077:
1066:
1060:
1057:
1046:
1034:
1023:
896:
831:Turkish Cypriot
813:Turkish Cypriot
789:and then on to
737:
726:
720:
717:
706:
694:
683:
677:
621:Orthodox Church
613:
534:Paphos District
530:Panayia village
526:
506:founding father
429:
409:Political party
388:
384:
370:
362:
356:
354:
353:
352:
326:
314:
308:
303:
284:
265:
253:
247:
242:
220:
209:
198:
192:
187:
170:
158:
155:
149:
146:
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2196:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2093:
2092:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2034:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2017:
2016:
2009:
2002:
1994:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1977:
1968:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1940:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1919:
1916:Chrysostomos I
1914:
1911:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1865:
1862:Oriana Fallaci
1853:
1852:External links
1850:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1825:P.N. Vanezis,
1823:
1816:
1809:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1782:on 24 May 2008
1760:
1734:
1725:
1712:
1697:
1685:
1658:
1639:
1608:
1583:
1576:
1551:
1523:
1496:(3): 475–490.
1476:
1462:
1448:
1425:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1390:
1378:
1366:
1346:
1345:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1324:
1316:
1313:
1284:
1281:
1172:Main article:
1169:
1166:
1100:military junta
1079:
1078:
1037:
1035:
1028:
1022:
1019:
895:
892:
839:Cyprus dispute
829:felt that the
767:Special Branch
745:United Nations
739:
738:
697:
695:
688:
676:
669:
642:United Nations
612:
609:
525:
522:
460:
459:
456:
455:
448:
444:
443:
438:
434:
433:
424:
418:
417:
410:
406:
405:
400:Mount Throni,
398:
394:
393:
387:(aged 63)
381:
377:
376:
368:British Cyprus
361:13 August 1913
350:
348:
344:
343:
339:
338:
335:
334:
332:Chrysostomos I
329:
323:
322:
317:
311:
310:
300:
299:
293:
292:
287:
281:
280:
268:
262:
261:
256:
254:Vice President
250:
249:
239:
238:
223:
217:
216:
201:
199:Vice President
195:
194:
184:
183:
176:
175:
172:
171:
168:
160:
159:
151:
150:
147:
142:
135:
134:
76:"Makarios III"
49:
47:
40:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2195:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2089:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2010:
2008:
2003:
2001:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1983:
1974:
1973:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1956:
1950:
1946:
1945:Nikos Sampson
1937:
1936:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1908:
1907:
1900:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1813:My Deposition
1810:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1767:
1765:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1744:
1738:
1729:
1723:Oceanis 2001.
1722:
1716:
1708:
1701:
1694:
1689:
1673:
1669:
1662:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1643:
1629:on 2010-11-07
1625:
1618:
1612:
1605:
1593:
1587:
1579:
1577:9780228014652
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1560:Mila Turajlić
1555:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1527:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1480:
1472:
1466:
1451:
1449:9781443850810
1445:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1429:
1422:
1416:
1412:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1377:
1367:
1365:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1312:
1308:
1306:
1301:
1299:
1289:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1250:
1249:Bülent Ecevit
1246:
1242:
1238:
1237:Harold Wilson
1231:
1226:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1204:
1203:Nikos Sampson
1200:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1182:
1175:
1165:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1149:
1147:
1142:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1093:Takis Evdokas
1088:
1086:
1075:
1072:
1064:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1038:This section
1036:
1032:
1027:
1026:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1005:
1003:
1002:Mediterranean
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
959:
955:
950:
944:
940:
935:
931:
929:
925:
924:non-alignment
921:
917:
913:
905:
900:
891:
889:
885:
881:
877:
872:
869:
866:
862:
858:
853:
851:
847:
842:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
819:
814:
809:
808:on 14 March.
807:
806:Port Victoria
803:
802:
796:
792:
788:
784:
783:William Addis
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
757:
752:
750:
746:
735:
732:
724:
714:
710:
704:
703:
698:This section
696:
692:
687:
686:
682:
674:
668:
666:
665:George Grivas
662:
658:
653:
651:
647:
643:
639:
634:
632:
631:
626:
622:
618:
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
577:
575:
574:Massachusetts
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
502:
500:
497:
496:autocephalous
493:
489:
485:
482:
481:Greek Cypriot
478:
470:
466:
457:
453:
449:
445:
442:
439:
435:
432:
428:
425:
423:
419:
416:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
397:Resting place
395:
391:
383:3 August 1977
382:
378:
374:
369:
365:
349:
345:
340:
336:
333:
330:
324:
321:
318:
312:
306:
301:
298:
294:
291:
288:
282:
277:
272:
269:
263:
260:
257:
251:
245:
240:
235:
233:
227:
226:Nikos Sampson
224:
218:
212:
205:
202:
196:
190:
185:
182:
177:
173:
166:
161:
152:
145:
144:His Beatitude
140:
131:
128:
120:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
26:
22:
2108:Makarios III
2043:Makarios III
2042:
2032:Makarios III
2031:
1970:
1960:
1959:
1933:
1928:
1904:
1840:
1836:Oceanis 2001
1833:
1826:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1784:. Retrieved
1780:the original
1774:(in Greek).
1753:
1737:
1728:
1720:
1715:
1706:
1700:
1692:
1688:
1676:. Retrieved
1671:
1661:
1642:
1631:. Retrieved
1624:the original
1611:
1603:
1596:. Retrieved
1586:
1563:
1554:
1542:. Retrieved
1532:
1526:
1493:
1489:
1479:
1470:
1465:
1453:. Retrieved
1438:
1428:
1415:
1400:Christianity
1309:
1302:
1294:
1277:
1264:Turkish Army
1253:
1245:Ange Vlachos
1234:
1207:
1196:
1186:
1177:
1162:
1150:
1143:
1135:
1131:
1126:Acheson Plan
1123:
1114:
1111:
1103:seized power
1097:
1089:
1082:
1067:
1058:
1047:Please help
1042:verification
1039:
1015:
1006:
963:
958:West Germany
909:
873:
870:
854:
843:
826:
822:
816:
810:
800:
794:
753:
742:
727:
718:
707:Please help
702:verification
699:
672:
654:
635:
628:
614:
592:
578:
558:World War II
527:
503:
476:
465:Makarios III
464:
463:
412:
385:(1977-08-03)
364:Pano Panayia
327:Succeeded by
304:
285:Succeeded by
275:
258:
243:
230:
221:Succeeded by
211:Rauf Denktaş
188:
148:Makarios III
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
25:Macarius III
2118:1977 deaths
2113:1913 births
1899:Makarios II
1755:Cyprus Mail
1544:22 February
1189:coup d'état
1098:In 1967, a
912:Fazıl Küçük
904:West Berlin
775:Mahe Island
675:(1955–1960)
473:Μακάριος Γ΄
320:Makarios II
315:Preceded by
266:Preceded by
214:(1973–1974)
207:(1959–1973)
204:Fazıl Küçük
156:Μακάριος Γ΄
2102:Categories
1976:1974–1977
1939:1960–1974
1910:1950–1977
1799:References
1633:2008-06-06
916:Union Flag
779:Seychelles
657:decolonise
650:referendum
512:", of the
484:archbishop
437:Profession
422:Alma mater
357:1913-08-13
87:newspapers
1929:New title
1870:from the
1598:9 October
1518:154423179
1364:Biography
1270:and some
1061:July 2020
994:communism
801:Loch Fada
721:July 2020
447:Signature
441:Clergyman
305:In office
244:In office
189:In office
117:July 2020
2039:(acting)
1786:26 April
1746:Archived
1678:14 March
1650:Archived
1455:17 April
1388:Politics
1337:See also
978:Belgrade
795:Rosalind
759:governor
749:sedition
630:de facto
625:Ethnarch
593:Makários
510:Ethnarch
404:, Cyprus
392:, Cyprus
234:, acting
232:de facto
179:1st
21:Makarios
1423:(DIKO).
1350:Portals
1315:Honours
1085:UNFICYP
1000:of the
988:of the
960:in 1962
930:(NAM).
906:in 1962
876:Nicosia
835:Turkish
791:Mombasa
777:in the
771:Nicosia
756:British
556:during
550:Nicosia
532:in the
488:primate
475:; born
390:Nicosia
101:scholar
1847:(FLS2)
1806:Cyprus
1695:, 2011
1574:
1540:. 1959
1516:
1510:444709
1508:
1446:
1376:Cyprus
1193:Paphos
1119:EOKA B
1117:, aka
998:Castro
937:Mayor
865:London
846:Athens
827:Taksim
823:enosis
818:Taksim
673:Taksim
638:enosis
605:Greece
601:enosis
597:Cyprus
589:Kition
585:Bishop
581:Boston
562:priest
542:novice
508:, or "
373:Cyprus
276:acting
259:Vacant
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
1860:with
1627:(PDF)
1620:(PDF)
1514:S2CID
1506:JSTOR
1407:Notes
1283:Death
1268:Turks
540:as a
469:Greek
371:(now
108:JSTOR
94:books
1788:2008
1680:2016
1600:2008
1572:ISBN
1546:2012
1457:2017
1444:ISBN
1254:The
954:Bonn
799:HMS
787:Aden
414:None
380:Died
347:Born
80:news
23:and
1961:as
1872:BBC
1498:doi
1051:by
976:in
711:by
587:of
572:in
548:in
63:by
2104::
1763:^
1752:.
1670:.
1602:.
1566:.
1536:.
1512:.
1504:.
1494:19
1492:.
1488:.
761:,
652:.
627:,
607:.
576:.
520:.
486:,
471::
366:,
2013:e
2006:t
1999:v
1790:.
1682:.
1636:.
1580:.
1548:.
1500::
1352::
1074:)
1068:(
1063:)
1059:(
1045:.
734:)
728:(
723:)
719:(
705:.
467:(
375:)
359:)
355:(
278:)
274:(
236:)
229:(
130:)
124:(
119:)
115:(
105:·
98:·
91:·
84:·
57:.
34:.
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
