2251:
559:. The citrate is the least expensive soluble (high bioavailability) oral magnesium salt available in supplements, with 100 mg and 200 mg magnesium typically contained per capsule, tablet or 50 mg/mL in solution.
330:) is only possible in special circumstances. It can cause diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, severely lowered blood pressure, confusion, slowed heart rate, respiratory paralysis. In very severe cases, it can cause coma,
588:
due to its compactness, high magnesium content by weight, low cost, and ease-of-use in manufacturing. However it is insoluble in water. Insoluble magnesium salts such as magnesium oxide or magnesium hydroxide
258:
In 2021, it was the 313th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 300,000 prescriptions and magnesium salts were the 211th most commonly prescribed medication, with more than
71:
905:
Omu AE, Al-Harmi J, Vedi HL, Mlechkova L, Sayed AF, Al-Ragum NS (2008). "Magnesium sulphate therapy in women with pre-eclampsia and eclampsia in Kuwait".
736:
Blitz M, Blitz S, Hughes R, Diner B, Beasley R, Knopp J, et al. (July 2005). "Aerosolized magnesium sulfate for acute asthma: a systematic review".
1651:
1356:
581:
each have bioavailability 4 times greater than the oxide form and are equivalent to each other per amount of magnesium, though not in price.
593:) depend on stomach acid for neutralization before they can be absorbed, and thus are relatively poor oral magnesium sources, on average.
1284:
Lindberg JS, Zobitz MM, Poindexter JR, Pak CY (February 1990). "Magnesium bioavailability from magnesium citrate and magnesium oxide".
312:
More common side effects from magnesium include upset stomach and diarrhea, and calcium deficiency if calcium levels are already low.
865:
1102:
610:
solution. Intravenous or intramuscular magnesium is completely bioavailable, and effective. It is used in severe hypomagnesemia and
603:, owing to the poor absorption of the sulfate component. In lower doses, they may be used as an oral magnesium source, however.
2205:
661:
500:
1393:
1349:
2222:
496:
441:
409:
288:
221:
22:
940:
1012:
584:
The ligand of choice for large-scale manufacturers of multivitamins and minerals containing magnesium is the
958:
1342:
1156:
976:
166:
1232:
1030:
1084:
873:
2241:
2141:
2082:
1933:
1710:
1066:
1138:
887:
633:
Studies have revealed that magnesium sulfate can be nebulized to reduce the symptoms of acute asthma.
1750:
1453:
1448:
252:
2113:
1048:
21:
This article is about the medical use of magnesium. For the medical use of magnesium sulfate, see
2210:
1418:
53:
2118:
1725:
1677:
1594:
1438:
1192:
1257:
Firoz M, Graber M (December 2001). "Bioavailability of US commercial magnesium preparations".
1905:
1870:
1780:
1627:
1576:
1770:
1632:
1604:
1541:
350:
233:
175:
110:
8:
1682:
1657:
1637:
1622:
1531:
1526:
1511:
1506:
1501:
578:
562:
482:
473:
431:
421:
379:
374:
364:
359:
331:
225:
155:
101:
1210:
836:
815:
2271:
2096:
1918:
1790:
1642:
1561:
1516:
1433:
1385:
1365:
796:
623:
566:
552:
517:
399:
369:
1320:
708:
2164:
2159:
2000:
1900:
1895:
1857:
1775:
1687:
1667:
1647:
1571:
1566:
1551:
1536:
1521:
1473:
1468:
1443:
1408:
1403:
1301:
1266:
1174:
1120:
994:
922:
841:
788:
753:
607:
596:
574:
570:
556:
529:
426:
389:
384:
338:
800:
2059:
2051:
2005:
1982:
1964:
1852:
1745:
1730:
1720:
1672:
1662:
1546:
1428:
1413:
1297:
1293:
914:
831:
827:
823:
780:
745:
590:
525:
509:
191:
653:
220:
are available as a medication in a number of formulations. They are used to treat
2255:
2187:
2169:
2136:
2077:
2028:
2023:
1928:
1823:
1735:
1705:
1599:
1556:
1478:
1458:
1423:
1398:
784:
683:
585:
544:
533:
451:
436:
394:
327:
321:
300:
277:
240:
84:
135:
2216:
2067:
1913:
1875:
1818:
1795:
1785:
1765:
1755:
1740:
1715:
1483:
1463:
537:
273:
816:"Magnesium sulphate for preventing preterm birth in threatened preterm labour"
2265:
1947:
1800:
1760:
296:
292:
1334:
749:
2046:
1369:
1270:
926:
845:
792:
757:
244:
79:
1305:
1887:
1844:
513:
463:
2072:
1862:
1586:
627:
203:
146:
918:
1614:
1493:
611:
467:
459:
248:
229:
121:
26:
2179:
2128:
2105:
2015:
1828:
606:
Intravenous or intramuscular magnesium is generally in the form of
600:
60:
2151:
1923:
1836:
771:"Committee Opinion No 652: Magnesium Sulfate Use in Obstetrics".
521:
486:
477:
455:
64:
1974:
1956:
1810:
1697:
512:
form together with any of several anionic compounds serving as
281:
25:. For more general information on magnesium as an element, see
814:
Crowther CA, Brown J, McKinlay CJ, Middleton P (August 2014).
813:
295:
and eclampsia, and is also used for fetal neuroprotection in
599:(Epsom salts) is soluble in water. It is commonly used as a
239:
Usually in lower dosages, magnesium is commonly included in
2038:
1992:
1283:
536:
poisoning, where sulfate binds to barium to form insoluble
524:. Nevertheless, magnesium is generally presumed to be the
38:
1233:"Rougier Pharma Citro Mag Laxatif/purgatif – CTC Health"
904:
337:
Magnesium overdose can be counteracted by administering
280:
agents have been tried, e.g. in severe exacerbations of
501:
2239:
735:
1211:"BARIUM CHLORIDE DIHYDRATE 4. First Aid Measures"
648:
646:
2263:
232:, and several other conditions. Magnesium is an
134:
870:at University of Maryland Medical Center (UMMCb
109:
643:
1364:
1350:
1286:Journal of the American College of Nutrition
1250:
1277:
1256:
898:
894:. U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH).
820:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1357:
1343:
543:Magnesium is absorbed orally at about 30%
299:, but has been shown to be an ineffective
291:is used to prevent seizures in women with
154:
835:
709:"Magnesium Salts - Drug Usage Statistics"
174:
528:. An exception is the administration of
344:
888:"Health Risks from Excessive Magnesium"
863:
731:
729:
2264:
859:
857:
855:
251:magnesium is sometimes used to aid in
1338:
508:In practice, magnesium is given in a
1193:"Health Benefits of Magnesium Oxide"
726:
664:from the original on 15 January 2024
83:
1085:"Magnesium Carbonate - an overview"
892:Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS)
852:
684:"Magnesium - Drug Usage Statistics"
125:
13:
14:
2283:
1139:"Magnesium Citrate - an overview"
196:
2249:
1318:
1595:adenosine triphosphate disodium
1321:"Why Take an Epsom Salts Bath?"
1312:
1225:
1203:
1185:
1167:
1149:
1131:
1113:
1095:
1077:
1059:
1041:
1023:
1005:
987:
969:
951:
933:
907:Medical Principles and Practice
307:
266:
23:Magnesium sulfate (medical use)
1298:10.1080/07315724.1990.10720349
941:"Magnesium Aspartate HCl Oral"
880:
828:10.1002/14651858.CD001060.pub2
807:
764:
701:
676:
1:
636:
243:preparations, including many
1711:Glucose with sodium chloride
785:10.1097/AOG.0000000000001267
779:(1): e52–e53. January 2016.
334:, cardiac arrest and death.
7:
864:Ehrlich SD (17 June 2011).
617:
315:
10:
2288:
1394:β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate
1157:"Magnesium Hydroxide Oral"
1013:"Magnesium Glycinate Oral"
959:"Magnesium Carbonate Oral"
319:
186:Chemical and physical data
20:
16:Pharmaceutical preparation
2200:
2178:
2150:
2127:
2104:
2095:
2037:
2014:
1991:
1973:
1955:
1946:
1809:
1696:
1613:
1585:
1492:
1384:
1377:
977:"Magnesium Chloride Oral"
773:Obstetrics and Gynecology
202:
190:
185:
165:
145:
120:
100:
95:
70:
52:
47:
1103:"Magnesium Citrate Oral"
1031:"Magnesium Lactate Oral"
630:baths) is very limited.
750:10.1378/chest.128.1.337
626:magnesium (for example
326:Overdose of magnesium (
276:after beta-agonist and
263:million prescriptions.
1067:"Magnesium Oxide Oral"
493:Multiple applications
1871:methylsulfonylmethane
995:"Magnesium Gluconate"
654:"The Top 300 of 2021"
345:Types of preparations
320:Further information:
1909:-adenosyl methionine
1605:monosodium phosphate
351:Magnesium deficiency
222:magnesium deficiency
2142:monofluorophosphate
1652:+hydrogen carbonate
1366:Mineral supplements
1121:"Magnesium Citrate"
876:on 27 January 2011.
563:Magnesium aspartate
549:water soluble salt,
483:Magnesium hydroxide
474:Magnesium carbonate
432:Magnesium hydroxide
422:Magnesium carbonate
380:Magnesium glycinate
375:Magnesium gluconate
365:Magnesium carbonate
360:Magnesium aspartate
226:low blood magnesium
44:
2227:Never to phase III
1919:Sodium thiosulfate
1751:hydrogen carbonate
1259:Magnesium Research
553:magnesium chloride
400:Magnesium pidolate
370:Magnesium chloride
332:cardiac arrhythmia
297:preterm deliveries
234:essential nutrient
34:
2237:
2236:
2196:
2195:
2091:
2090:
2062:
2054:
1942:
1941:
1901:protamine sulfate
1896:potassium sulfate
1882:
1865:
1847:
1839:
1831:
1454:lactate gluconate
1449:glycerylphosphate
1175:"Magnesium Oxide"
1049:"Mg-Orotate Oral"
919:10.1159/000117797
608:magnesium sulfate
597:Magnesium sulfate
557:magnesium citrate
530:magnesium sulfate
497:Magnesium sulfate
442:Magnesium sulfate
427:Magnesium citrate
410:Magnesium sulfate
390:Magnesium orotate
385:Magnesium lactate
339:calcium gluconate
289:Magnesium sulfate
215:
214:
2279:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2245:
2114:(III) picolinate
2102:
2101:
2060:
2052:
1983:potassium iodide
1953:
1952:
1880:
1863:
1853:Iron(II) sulfate
1845:
1837:
1829:
1419:+cholecalciferol
1382:
1381:
1359:
1352:
1345:
1336:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1009:
1003:
1002:
991:
985:
984:
973:
967:
966:
955:
949:
948:
937:
931:
930:
902:
896:
895:
884:
878:
877:
872:. Archived from
861:
850:
849:
839:
811:
805:
804:
768:
762:
761:
733:
724:
723:
721:
719:
705:
699:
698:
696:
694:
680:
674:
673:
671:
669:
650:
591:milk of magnesia
526:active component
262:
210:
198:
178:
158:
138:
128:
127:
113:
87:
45:
42:
40:
33:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2250:
2248:
2240:
2238:
2233:
2232:
2217:Clinical trials
2192:
2174:
2146:
2123:
2087:
2033:
2010:
1987:
1969:
1938:
1824:Calcium sulfate
1805:
1726:calcium edetate
1706:Docusate sodium
1692:
1609:
1581:
1488:
1373:
1363:
1333:
1332:
1317:
1313:
1282:
1278:
1255:
1251:
1241:
1239:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1216:
1214:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1011:
1010:
1006:
993:
992:
988:
975:
974:
970:
957:
956:
952:
939:
938:
934:
903:
899:
886:
885:
881:
862:
853:
822:(8): CD001060.
812:
808:
770:
769:
765:
734:
727:
717:
715:
707:
706:
702:
692:
690:
682:
681:
677:
667:
665:
652:
651:
644:
639:
620:
586:magnesium oxide
545:bioavailability
534:barium chloride
499:: It is on the
466:. Treatment of
452:Magnesium oxide
437:Magnesium oxide
395:Magnesium oxide
347:
328:hypermagnesemia
324:
322:Hypermagnesemia
318:
310:
301:tocolytic agent
278:anticholinergic
269:
260:
241:dietary mineral
218:Magnesium salts
208:
181:
161:
141:
124:
116:
91:
55:
37:
36:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2285:
2275:
2274:
2259:
2258:
2235:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2214:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2184:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2156:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2133:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2119:(III) chloride
2116:
2110:
2108:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2057:
2049:
2043:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2020:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2003:
1997:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1979:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1961:
1959:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1914:Sodium sulfate
1911:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1891:-α-lipoic acid
1885:
1873:
1868:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1842:
1834:
1826:
1821:
1819:barium sulfate
1815:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1796:Suramin sodium
1793:
1788:
1783:
1781:stibogluconate
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1716:Heparin sodium
1713:
1708:
1702:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1619:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1600:hydroxyapatite
1597:
1591:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1498:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1484:hydroxyapatite
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1439:glucoheptonate
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1390:
1388:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1362:
1361:
1354:
1347:
1339:
1331:
1330:
1311:
1276:
1249:
1224:
1202:
1184:
1166:
1148:
1130:
1112:
1094:
1076:
1058:
1040:
1022:
1004:
986:
968:
950:
932:
913:(3): 227–232.
897:
879:
851:
806:
763:
744:(1): 337–344.
725:
700:
675:
641:
640:
638:
635:
619:
616:
538:barium sulfate
506:
505:
504:
503:
491:
490:
489:
480:
471:
446:
445:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
416:
415:
414:
413:
412:
404:
403:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
346:
343:
317:
314:
309:
306:
305:
304:
285:
274:bronchodilator
268:
265:
247:preparations.
213:
212:
206:
200:
199:
194:
188:
187:
183:
182:
180:
179:
171:
169:
163:
162:
160:
159:
151:
149:
143:
142:
140:
139:
131:
129:
118:
117:
115:
114:
106:
104:
98:
97:
93:
92:
90:
89:
76:
74:
68:
67:
58:
56:administration
50:
49:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2284:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2257:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2058:
2056:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2007:
2004:
2002:
2001:(II) fumarate
1999:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1884:
1878:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1843:
1841:
1835:
1833:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1802:
1801:Valproic acid
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1771:nitroprusside
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1612:
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48:Clinical data
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43:Magnesium ion
32:
28:
24:
19:
2188:(IV) sulfate
2083:zinc sulfate
2006:(II) sulfate
1934:zinc sulfate
1929:(IV) sulfate
1906:
1888:
1876:
1848:-glutathione
1678:permanganate
1324:
1314:
1292:(1): 48–55.
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1237:ctchealth.ca
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622:Research on
621:
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514:counter-ions
507:
336:
325:
311:
308:Side effects
293:preeclampsia
287:Obstetrics:
267:Medical uses
257:
245:multivitamin
238:
217:
216:
31:
18:
2213:from market
1866:-methionine
1791:thiosulfate
1628:bicarbonate
1577:L-threonate
1242:30 November
1179:MedlinePlus
1125:MedlinePlus
999:MedlinePlus
866:"Magnesium"
464:indigestion
353:treatment:
211: g·mol
96:Identifiers
2097:Ultratrace
2078:proteinate
2063:-carnosine
2055:-aspartate
1776:phosphates
1633:bitartrate
1587:Phosphorus
1542:levulinate
1434:glubionate
718:14 January
693:14 January
668:14 January
637:References
628:epsom salt
516:, such as
253:absorption
204:Molar mass
176:I38ZP9992A
147:ChemSpider
102:CAS Number
2272:Magnesium
2223:Phase III
2211:Withdrawn
2165:carbonate
2160:aspartate
2068:gluconate
1965:gluconate
1883:-cysteine
1832:-cysteine
1746:gluconate
1731:carbonate
1721:ascorbate
1683:phosphate
1658:gluconate
1638:carbonate
1623:ascorbate
1615:Potassium
1532:glycinate
1527:gluconate
1512:carbonate
1507:aspartate
1502:ascorbate
1494:Magnesium
1474:phosphate
1469:pangamate
1444:gluconate
1409:carbonate
1404:ascorbate
612:eclampsia
579:glycinate
547:from any
468:dyspepsia
460:heartburn
418:Laxative
406:Injected
230:eclampsia
111:7439-95-4
54:Routes of
35:Magnesium
27:Magnesium
2266:Category
2256:Medicine
2180:Vanadium
2137:fluoride
2129:Fluorine
2106:Chromium
2029:selenite
2024:selenate
2016:Selenium
1879:-acetyl-
1840:-cystine
1736:chloride
1643:chloride
1562:pidolate
1517:chloride
1429:folinate
1414:chloride
1319:Rath L.
1271:11794633
927:18408392
846:25126773
837:10838393
801:33483604
793:26695587
758:16002955
713:ClinCalc
688:ClinCalc
662:Archived
658:ClinCalc
618:Research
601:laxative
567:chloride
551:such as
518:chloride
316:Overdose
249:Chelated
72:ATC code
61:By mouth
2170:orotate
2152:Lithium
2047:acetate
1924:taurine
1858:sulfate
1786:sulfate
1766:nitrite
1756:lactate
1741:citrate
1688:sulfate
1668:lactate
1648:citrate
1572:taurate
1567:sulfate
1552:orotate
1537:lactate
1522:citrate
1479:sulfate
1459:lactate
1424:citrate
1399:acetate
1386:Calcium
1306:2407766
624:topical
575:citrate
571:lactate
522:sulfate
487:Antacid
478:Antacid
456:Antacid
192:Formula
122:PubChem
88:)
82: (
65:topical
2242:Portal
2206:WHO-EM
1975:Iodine
1957:Copper
1811:Sulfur
1761:malate
1698:Sodium
1673:malate
1663:iodide
1547:malate
1464:malate
1304:
1269:
1217:6 July
925:
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834:
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791:
756:
462:, and
282:asthma
261:
209:24.305
2073:oxide
1948:Trace
1557:oxide
1378:Major
1325:WebMD
1197:WebMD
1161:WebMD
1107:WebMD
1071:WebMD
1053:WebMD
1035:WebMD
1017:WebMD
981:WebMD
963:WebMD
945:WebMD
797:S2CID
738:Chest
448:Misc
356:Oral
272:As a
80:A12CC
2039:Zinc
1993:Iron
1302:PMID
1267:PMID
1244:2022
1219:2009
923:PMID
842:PMID
789:PMID
754:PMID
720:2024
695:2024
670:2024
577:and
510:salt
167:UNII
1370:A12
1294:doi
915:doi
832:PMC
824:doi
781:doi
777:127
746:doi
742:128
555:or
532:in
520:or
156:865
136:888
126:CID
85:WHO
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