1802:
of and the wages paid to people who differ along many dimensions. Given this kind of data, the estimated coefficient on years of education in the equation above reflects both the effect of education on wages and the effect of other variables on wages, if those other variables were correlated with education. For example, people born in certain places may have higher wages and higher levels of education. Unless the econometrician controls for place of birth in the above equation, the effect of birthplace on wages may be falsely attributed to the effect of education on wages.
1026:
60:
887:
875:
2369:
half of the text develops fundamental results that are common to all the applications. The concept of multiple regression and the linear regression model in particular constitutes the underlying platform of most modeling, even if the linear model itself is not ultimately used as the empirical specification.
1021:
model. In modern econometrics, other statistical tools are frequently used, but linear regression is still the most frequently used starting point for an analysis. Estimating a linear regression on two variables can be visualised as fitting a line through data points representing paired values of the
1801:
If the researcher could randomly assign people to different levels of education, the data set thus generated would allow estimation of the effect of changes in years of education on wages. In reality, those experiments cannot be conducted. Instead, the econometrician observes the years of education
2368:
Ultimately, all of these will require a common set of tools, including, for example, the multiple regression model, the use of moment conditions for estimation, instrumental variables (IV) and maximum likelihood estimation. With that in mind, the organization of this book is as follows: The first
1487:. In this, the design of observational studies in econometrics is similar to the design of studies in other observational disciplines, such as astronomy, epidemiology, sociology and political science. Analysis of data from an observational study is guided by the study protocol, although
1407:. An estimator is unbiased if its expected value is the true value of the parameter; it is consistent if it converges to the true value as the sample size gets larger, and it is efficient if the estimator has lower standard error than other unbiased estimators for a given sample size.
1364:
were not significantly different from 0, the test would fail to find evidence that changes in the growth rate and unemployment rate were related. The variance in a prediction of the dependent variable (unemployment) as a function of the independent variable (GDP growth) is given in
945:
based on the concurrent development of theory and observation, related by appropriate methods of inference." An introductory economics textbook describes econometrics as allowing economists "to sift through mountains of data to extract simple relationships."
2535:
1654:
1212:
2177:
2331:
2447:
2253:
2532:
2013:, resulting in enormous numbers of models with similar explanatory ability but different covariates and regression estimates. Regarding the plurality of models compatible with observational data-sets,
1825:
is uncorrelated with education produces a misspecified model. Another technique is to include in the equation additional set of measured covariates which are not instrumental variables, yet render
2873:
1752:
1067:
1805:
The most obvious way to control for birthplace is to include a measure of the effect of birthplace in the equation above. Exclusion of birthplace, together with the assumption that
1792:
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1708:
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1850:
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1823:
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1411:(OLS) is often used for estimation since it provides the BLUE or "best linear unbiased estimator" (where "best" means most efficient, unbiased estimator) given the
2245:
2308:
2166:
1325:
is estimated to be -1.77. This means that if GDP growth increased by one percentage point, the unemployment rate would be predicted to drop by 1.77 * 1 points,
2498:
2870:
2005:
In some cases, economic variables cannot be experimentally manipulated as treatments randomly assigned to subjects. In such cases, economists rely on
2017:
urged that "professionals ... properly withhold belief until an inference can be shown to be adequately insensitive to the choice of assumptions".
1710:
is a random variable representing all other factors that may have direct influence on wage. The econometric goal is to estimate the parameters,
1523:. Such methods may allow researchers to estimate models and investigate their empirical consequences, without directly manipulating the system.
1939:
1029:
Okun's law representing the relationship between GDP growth and the unemployment rate. The fitted line is found using regression analysis.
4067:
4023:
2150:
917:
849:
1534:. Typically, the most readily available data is retrospective. However, retrospective analysis of observational data may be subject to
2323:
2185:
2062:
1415:
assumptions. When these assumptions are violated or other statistical properties are desired, other estimation techniques such as
1041:
growth to the unemployment rate. This relationship is represented in a linear regression where the change in unemployment rate (
2713:
2087:
1881:
1967:
where two variables are correlated but causally unrelated. In a study of the use of econometrics in major economics journals,
2472:
2126:
3071:
2994:
1998:) and to discuss their economic importance. She also argues that some economists also fail to use economic reasoning for
1713:
2643:
2618:
2305:
2163:
2556:"The Credibility Revolution in Empirical Economics: How Better Research Design is Taking the Con out of Econometrics"
2421:
2393:
2361:
1554:
1491:
may be useful for generating new hypotheses. Economics often analyses systems of equations and inequalities, such as
17:
1663:
of a person's wage is a linear function of the number of years of education that person has acquired. The parameter
1044:
2027:
1945:
1500:
1922:
1550:
910:
3505:
1334:
2735:
3475:
3465:
3158:
2781:
1420:
1416:
248:
3686:
510:
3625:
3598:
2799:
2077:
1508:
1690:
measures the increase in the natural log of the wage attributable to one more year of education. The term
4052:
4033:
3610:
3455:
3421:
3406:
3385:
3380:
1448:
859:
79:
69:
1538:, reverse causality, or other limitations that cast doubt on causal interpretation of the correlations.
4027:
3603:
3293:
3283:
1958:
1018:
958:
941:
content to economic relationships. More precisely, it is "the quantitative analysis of actual economic
903:
853:
383:
373:
2634:
Card, David (1999). "The Causal Effect of
Education on Earning". In Ashenfelter, O.; Card, D. (eds.).
2379:
2377:
3173:
1558:
1488:
1424:
263:
4057:
4003:
3746:
3701:
3540:
3411:
3288:
2374:
1995:
1889:
1649:{\displaystyle \ln({\text{wage}})=\beta _{0}+\beta _{1}({\text{years of education}})+\varepsilon .}
1412:
1366:
1330:
832:
570:
525:
378:
147:
91:
3761:
1777:
1757:
1693:
1126:
585:
3711:
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3535:
3525:
3515:
3253:
3243:
3203:
3193:
3066:
2987:
2082:
1902:
1436:
1400:
1388:
1207:{\displaystyle \Delta \ {\text{Unemployment}}=\beta _{0}+\beta _{1}{\text{Growth}}+\varepsilon .}
982:
970:
535:
343:
333:
293:
283:
190:
113:
2957:
2937:
2836:
McCloskey (May 1985). "The Loss
Function has been mislaid: the Rhetoric of Significance Tests".
1828:
1666:
1541:
In the absence of evidence from controlled experiments, econometricians often seek illuminating
1340:
1301:
1274:
1247:
1220:
1099:
1072:
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3586:
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3198:
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3083:
3056:
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2072:
2047:
1894:
1808:
1408:
1038:
705:
550:
288:
228:
185:
132:
31:
1531:
1511:. These methods are analogous to methods used in other areas of science, such as the field of
1333:
as to whether an increase in GDP growth is associated with a decrease in the unemployment, as
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4013:
3696:
3671:
3656:
3630:
3569:
3248:
3188:
3168:
3163:
2760:
2006:
1983:
1964:
1852:
identifiable. An overview of econometric methods used to study this problem were provided by
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1512:
839:
520:
495:
480:
338:
278:
258:
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2110:
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3396:
3322:
3273:
3238:
3178:
3143:
3078:
3061:
2231:
2092:
2042:
1530:. Regression methods are important in econometrics because economists typically cannot use
1496:
1469:
1404:
1396:
1006:
986:
978:
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412:
363:
328:
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137:
127:
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8:
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816:
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447:
388:
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200:
108:
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1963:
Like other forms of statistical analysis, badly specified econometric models may show a
485:
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4018:
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3490:
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3438:
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3347:
3327:
3278:
3218:
3208:
3153:
3148:
2980:
2906:
2607:
2412:
Wooldridge, Jeffrey (2012). "Chapter 1: The Nature of
Econometrics and Economic Data".
2052:
1913:
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142:
98:
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2451:
2402:
2335:
2321: • Aris Spanos (2008), "statistics and economics",
2312:
2181:
2170:
1999:
1987:
1794:
is uncorrelated with years of education, then the equation can be estimated with
1428:
1326:
879:
790:
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1520:
810:
795:
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695:
515:
432:
122:
118:
3721:
1994:; some economists fail to report estimates of the size of effects (apart from
545:
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3941:
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3856:
3851:
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3826:
3816:
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2014:
1991:
1979:
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59:
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3029:
2968:
The interview with Clive
Granger – Nobel winner in 2003, about econometrics
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891:
805:
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645:
635:
630:
555:
3956:
3946:
3736:
3615:
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to evaluate and develop econometric methods. Econometricians try to find
973:
to evaluate and develop econometric methods. Econometricians try to find
780:
770:
560:
195:
2800:
https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=lecr20
2582:
2490:(1969). "Econometrics as Pioneering in Nonexperimental Model Building",
3866:
3666:
3443:
2910:
2897:
Leamer, Edward (March 1983). "Let's Take the Con out of
Econometrics".
2572:
2555:
2116:
1853:
1484:
942:
934:
690:
490:
2967:
2932:
2002:, especially for deciding which variables to include in a regression.
1526:
One of the fundamental statistical methods used by econometricians is
3716:
3646:
3003:
2659:
2097:
2010:
1569:
A simple example of a relationship in econometrics from the field of
1392:
974:
540:
471:
51:
2495:
2315:, citing Ragnar Frisch (1936), "A Note on the Term 'Econometrics'",
1499:. Consequently, the field of econometrics has developed methods for
3495:
2527:
Edward E. Leamer (2008). "specification problems in econometrics",
1934:, which includes reviews on econometric books and software as well.
2798:
Econometric
Reviews Print ISSN: 0747-4938 Online ISSN: 1532-4168
2514:
For an overview of a linear implementation of this framework, see
2246:"1969 - Jan Tinbergen: Nobelprijs economie - Elsevierweekblad.nl"
1972:
1096:), a given value of GDP growth multiplied by a slope coefficient
2927:
2861:(2004). "Size Matters: The Standard Error of Regressions in the
2216:
22(2), p. 142. , as described and cited in
Pesaran (1987) above.
954:, also coined the term in the sense in which it is used today.
950:
is one of the two founding fathers of econometrics. The other,
874:
2962:
2684:
2289:
International
Migration in Europe: Data, Models and Estimates.
2972:
2416:(5th ed.). South-Western Cengage Learning. p. 2.
1479:
to study economic questions, but most often they are with
2456:
1864:
The main journals that publish work in econometrics are:
1926:, which applies econometrics to a wide various problems.
2942:
2388:(7th ed.). Pearson Education. pp. 34, 41–42.
2188:
revision by J. Geweke, J. Horowitz, and H. P. Pesaran).
1549:
to draw credible causal inference. The methods include
2009:, often using data sets with many strongly associated
1728:
1831:
1811:
1780:
1760:
1754:
under specific assumptions about the random variable
1716:
1696:
1669:
1582:
1395:
that have desirable statistical properties including
1343:
1304:
1277:
1250:
1223:
1152:
1129:
1102:
1075:
1047:
977:
that have desirable statistical properties including
2411:
2356:(7th ed.). Pearson Education. pp. 47–48.
2352:Greene, William (2012). "Chapter 1: Econometrics".
2606:
1844:
1817:
1786:
1766:
1747:{\displaystyle \beta _{0}{\mbox{ and }}\beta _{1}}
1746:
1702:
1682:
1648:
1356:
1317:
1290:
1263:
1236:
1206:
1135:
1115:
1088:
1061:
1012:
27:Empirical statistical testing of economic theories
4084:
2208:(1954). "Report of the Evaluative Committee for
2892:
2890:
2383:
2351:
2550:
1062:{\displaystyle \Delta \ {\text{Unemployment}}}
2988:
1952:
1940:Journal of Business & Economic Statistics
1456:uses theoretical econometrics and real-world
993:uses theoretical econometrics and real-world
911:
2887:
2465:Introductory Econometrics, A modern approach
2414:Introductory Econometrics: A Modern Approach
1460:for assessing economic theories, developing
997:for assessing economic theories, developing
2638:. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 1801–1863.
2151:The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics
2995:
2981:
2609:Causality: Model, Reasoning, and Inference
2462:
918:
904:
2835:
2581:
2571:
2278:in: 'Econometric Theory 3, 1987, 117–142.
1429:Estimators that incorporate prior beliefs
2685:"The Review of Economics and Statistics"
2529:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
2441:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
2324:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
2300:• H. P. Pesaran (1990), "Econometrics",
2276:The ET Interview: Professor J. Tinbergen
2274:Magnus, Jan & Mary S. Morgan (1987)
1024:
30:For broader coverage of this topic, see
2627:
2598:
2291:New Jersey. John Wiley & Sons: 117.
2154:, v. 2, p. 8 . Reprinted in J. Eatwell
14:
4085:
2963:The Society for Financial Econometrics
2896:
2139:
2088:Single-equation methods (econometrics)
2063:Important publications in econometrics
1971:concluded that some economists report
1906:, which also publishes the supplement
1882:The Review of Economics and Statistics
2976:
2604:
1329:. The model could then be tested for
1022:independent and dependent variables.
1017:A basic tool for econometrics is the
957:A basic tool for econometrics is the
2633:
2554:; Pischke, Jörn-Steffen (May 2010).
2111:Econometric Theory book on Wikibooks
3072:Agent-based computational economics
2716:from the original on 6 October 2011
2467:. South-Western, Cengage learning.
24:
2104:
1431:are advocated by those who favour
1153:
1048:
937:to economic data in order to give
25:
4104:
2928:Journal of Financial Econometrics
2921:
2782:"Journal of Applied Econometrics"
2118:Understanding Economic Statistics
1917:, which is a theoretical journal.
1069:) is a function of an intercept (
3530:neoclassical–Keynesian synthesis
2560:Journal of Economic Perspectives
1946:American Statistical Association
885:
873:
58:
2958:Applied Econometric Association
2848:
2829:
2804:
2792:
2786:Journal of Applied Econometrics
2774:
2753:
2728:
2702:
2677:
2652:
2544:
2521:
2508:
2481:
2430:
2256:from the original on 1 May 2018
1923:Journal of Applied Econometrics
1893:, which was established by the
1551:regression discontinuity design
1435:over traditional, classical or
1013:Basic models: linear regression
160:Concepts, theory and techniques
2613:. Cambridge University Press.
2302:Econometrics: The New Palgrave
2294:
2281:
2268:
2238:
2235:. 18th ed., McGraw-Hill, p. 5.
2219:
2191:
2160:Econometrics: The New Palgrave
1885:, which is over 100 years old.
1659:This example assumes that the
1634:
1626:
1597:
1589:
1475:Econometrics may use standard
13:
1:
3466:Critique of political economy
3002:
2132:
1509:simultaneous equations models
1421:generalized method of moments
1417:maximum likelihood estimation
2463:Wooldridge, Jeffrey (2013).
2078:Methodological individualism
2028:Augmented Dickey–Fuller test
1787:{\displaystyle \varepsilon }
1767:{\displaystyle \varepsilon }
1703:{\displaystyle \varepsilon }
1298:is estimated to be 0.83 and
1136:{\displaystyle \varepsilon }
7:
2636:Handbook of Labor Economics
2020:
1859:
1449:Methodology of econometrics
10:
4109:
3604:Real business-cycle theory
2867:Journal of Socio-Economics
2710:"The Econometrics Journal"
2664:www.econometricsociety.org
1990:) and neglect concerns of
1959:Criticisms of econometrics
1956:
1953:Limitations and criticisms
1944:which is published by the
1845:{\displaystyle \beta _{1}}
1683:{\displaystyle \beta _{1}}
1564:
1547:quasi-experimental methods
1446:
1442:
1376:
1357:{\displaystyle \beta _{1}}
1327:other things held constant
1318:{\displaystyle \beta _{1}}
1291:{\displaystyle \beta _{0}}
1264:{\displaystyle \beta _{1}}
1237:{\displaystyle \beta _{0}}
1116:{\displaystyle \beta _{1}}
1089:{\displaystyle \beta _{0}}
1019:multiple linear regression
959:multiple linear regression
29:
4044:
4002:
3644:
3378:
3127:
3092:
3010:
2736:"Journal of Econometrics"
2538:23 September 2015 at the
2287:Willlekens, Frans (2008)
2121:, OECD Publishing, 2008,
1818:{\displaystyle \epsilon }
1559:difference-in-differences
1489:exploratory data analysis
1425:generalized least squares
1372:
2938:The Econometrics Journal
2899:American Economic Review
2863:American Economic Review
2838:American Economic Review
2384:Greene, William (2012).
2148:(1987). "Econometrics",
1996:statistical significance
1890:The Econometrics Journal
1873:, which is published by
1437:"frequentist" approaches
1383:Econometric theory uses
1367:polynomial least squares
1331:statistical significance
148:JEL classification codes
3244:Industrial organization
3067:Computational economics
2439:(2008). "forecasting",
2083:Predetermined variables
1908:Annals of Econometrics.
1903:Journal of Econometrics
1389:mathematical statistics
1271:can be estimated. Here
1217:The unknown parameters
971:mathematical statistics
334:Industrial organization
191:Computational economics
3449:Modern monetary theory
3114:Experimental economics
3084:Pluralism in economics
3057:Mathematical economics
2501:24 August 2017 at the
2225:Paul A. Samuelson and
2073:Mathematical sociology
2048:Financial econometrics
1895:Royal Economic Society
1846:
1819:
1796:ordinary least squares
1788:
1768:
1748:
1704:
1684:
1650:
1555:instrumental variables
1532:controlled experiments
1495:hypothesized to be in
1485:controlled experiments
1409:Ordinary least squares
1358:
1319:
1292:
1265:
1238:
1208:
1137:
1117:
1090:
1063:
1033:For example, consider
1030:
186:Experimental economics
32:Mathematical economics
2948:Teaching Econometrics
2605:Pearl, Judea (2000).
2311:15 March 2023 at the
2169:15 March 2023 at the
2007:observational studies
1984:tests of significance
1965:spurious relationship
1847:
1820:
1789:
1769:
1749:
1705:
1685:
1651:
1536:omitted-variable bias
1513:system identification
1483:data, rather than in
1359:
1337:. If the estimate of
1320:
1293:
1266:
1239:
1209:
1138:
1118:
1091:
1064:
1028:
933:is an application of
3323:Social choice theory
3079:Behavioral economics
3062:Complexity economics
2876:25 June 2010 at the
2859:Deirdre N. McCloskey
2386:Econometric Analysis
2354:Econometric Analysis
2093:Spatial econometrics
2043:Econometric software
1829:
1809:
1778:
1758:
1714:
1694:
1667:
1580:
1454:Applied econometrics
1341:
1302:
1275:
1248:
1221:
1150:
1127:
1100:
1073:
1045:
991:Applied econometrics
413:Social choice theory
3407:American (National)
3107:Economic statistics
2933:Econometric Society
2450:18 May 2012 at the
2334:18 May 2012 at the
2252:. 12 October 2015.
2250:elsevierweekblad.nl
2227:William D. Nordhaus
2180:18 May 2012 at the
2115:Giovannini, Enrico
2068:Macroeconomic model
1931:Econometric Reviews
1875:Econometric Society
1543:natural experiments
1528:regression analysis
1433:Bayesian statistics
1123:and an error term,
935:statistical methods
880:Business portal
201:Operations research
181:National accounting
2573:10.1257/jep.24.2.3
2552:Angrist, Joshua D.
2053:Financial modeling
1914:Econometric Theory
1842:
1815:
1784:
1774:. For example, if
1764:
1744:
1732:
1700:
1680:
1646:
1631:years of education
1477:statistical models
1462:econometric models
1385:statistical theory
1354:
1315:
1288:
1261:
1234:
1204:
1133:
1113:
1086:
1059:
1031:
999:econometric models
967:statistical theory
963:Econometric theory
211:Industrial complex
206:Middle income trap
4080:
4079:
3611:New institutional
2952:Economics Network
2943:Econometric Links
2855:Stephen T. Ziliak
2740:www.scimagojr.com
2516:linear regression
2474:978-1-111-53104-1
2146:M. Hashem Pesaran
2127:978-92-64-03312-2
2058:Granger causality
2038:Cowles Foundation
1731:
1661:natural logarithm
1632:
1595:
1493:supply and demand
1379:Estimation theory
1193:
1162:
1158:
1057:
1053:
928:
927:
18:Macroeconometrics
16:(Redirected from
4100:
3284:Natural resource
3119:Economic history
3045:Mechanism design
2997:
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2033:Choice modelling
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1571:labour economics
1517:systems analysis
1466:economic history
1363:
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1037:, which relates
1003:economic history
920:
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892:Money portal
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374:Natural resource
166:Economic systems
62:
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21:
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4073:Business portal
4040:
4039:
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3998:
3762:von Böhm-Bawerk
3650:
3649:
3640:
3412:Ancient thought
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3389:
3383:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3123:
3088:
3040:Contract theory
3025:Decision theory
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2878:Wayback Machine
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2486:
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2452:Wayback Machine
2443:, 2nd Edition.
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2336:Wayback Machine
2327:, 2nd Edition.
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2198:P. A. Samuelson
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2182:Wayback Machine
2171:Wayback Machine
2158:, eds. (1990).
2144:
2140:
2135:
2107:
2105:Further reading
2102:
2023:
2000:model selection
1988:null-hypotheses
1978:(following the
1961:
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586:von Böhm-Bawerk
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224:
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171:Economic growth
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92:classifications
35:
28:
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15:
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3476:Disequilibrium
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3289:Organizational
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3052:Macroeconomics
3049:
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3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3020:Microeconomics
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2971:
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2965:
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2955:
2950:(Index by the
2945:
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2935:
2930:
2923:
2922:External links
2920:
2917:
2916:
2886:
2847:
2828:
2803:
2791:
2773:
2752:
2727:
2701:
2689:direct.mit.edu
2676:
2651:
2645:978-0444822895
2644:
2626:
2620:978-0521773621
2619:
2597:
2543:
2520:
2507:
2488:Herman O. Wold
2480:
2473:
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2422:
2401:
2394:
2373:
2362:
2339:
2319:, 4(1), p. 95.
2293:
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2206:J. R. N. Stone
2202:T. C. Koopmans
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1992:type II errors
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1521:control theory
1501:identification
1447:Main article:
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379:Organizational
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223:By application
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3808:
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3800:
3798:
3795:
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3785:
3783:
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3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3657:de Mandeville
3655:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3643:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3599:New classical
3597:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3555:Malthusianism
3553:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3531:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3516:Institutional
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
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3489:
3487:
3484:
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3329:
3326:
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3320:
3319:Public choice
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3294:Participation
3292:
3290:
3287:
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3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3254:Institutional
3252:
3250:
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3237:
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3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
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3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3204:Expeditionary
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3194:Environmental
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
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2015:Edward Leamer
2012:
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1982:tradition of
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948:Jan Tinbergen
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481:de Mandeville
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284:Environmental
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114:International
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90:Branches and
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68:
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61:
57:
56:
53:
50:
49:
45:
41:
40:
37:
33:
19:
4093:Econometrics
4068:Publications
4024:Publications
3991:
3587:Neoclassical
3577:Mercantilism
3486:Evolutionary
3348:Sociological
3321: /
3219:Geographical
3199:Evolutionary
3174:Digitization
3139:Agricultural
3102:Econometrics
3101:
3030:Price theory
2905:(1): 31–43.
2902:
2898:
2881:
2866:
2862:
2850:
2841:
2837:
2831:
2819:. Retrieved
2815:
2806:
2794:
2785:
2776:
2764:. Retrieved
2755:
2743:. Retrieved
2739:
2730:
2718:. Retrieved
2704:
2692:. Retrieved
2688:
2679:
2667:. Retrieved
2663:
2654:
2635:
2629:
2608:
2600:
2583:1721.1/54195
2563:
2559:
2546:
2528:
2523:
2510:
2492:Econometrica
2491:
2483:
2464:
2458:
2440:
2432:
2413:
2385:
2367:
2353:
2322:
2317:Econometrica
2316:
2301:
2296:
2288:
2283:
2275:
2270:
2258:. Retrieved
2249:
2240:
2230:
2221:
2214:Econometrica
2213:
2210:Econometrica
2209:
2193:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2141:
2117:
2004:
1973:
1962:
1938:
1929:
1921:
1912:
1907:
1901:
1888:
1880:
1870:Econometrica
1868:
1863:
1804:
1800:
1658:
1568:
1540:
1525:
1474:
1464:, analysing
1453:
1452:
1413:Gauss-Markov
1397:unbiasedness
1382:
1335:hypothesized
1216:
1161:Unemployment
1056:Unemployment
1032:
1016:
1001:, analysing
990:
979:unbiasedness
962:
956:
931:Econometrics
930:
929:
850:Publications
815:
438:Sociological
411: /
309:Geographical
289:Evolutionary
264:Digitization
229:Agricultural
133:Mathematical
104:Econometrics
103:
36:
3862:von Neumann
3631:Supply-side
3616:Physiocracy
3560:Marginalism
3249:Information
3189:Engineering
3169:Development
3164:Demographic
3035:Game theory
3012:Theoretical
2821:14 February
2745:14 February
2694:14 February
2669:14 February
2566:(2): 3–30.
1497:equilibrium
1470:forecasting
1405:consistency
1007:forecasting
987:consistency
686:von Neumann
339:Information
279:Engineering
259:Development
254:Demographic
196:Game theory
138:Methodology
4019:Economists
3892:Schumacher
3797:Schumpeter
3767:von Wieser
3687:von Thünen
3647:Economists
3546:Circuitism
3511:Humanistic
3506:Historical
3481:Ecological
3471:Democratic
3444:Chartalism
3434:Behavioral
3397:Mainstream
3358:Statistics
3353:Solidarity
3274:Managerial
3239:Humanistic
3234:Historical
3179:Ecological
3144:Behavioral
2812:"Journals"
2133:References
2011:covariates
1957:See also:
1505:estimation
1427:are used.
1401:efficiency
1393:estimators
1377:See also:
1035:Okun's law
983:efficiency
975:estimators
845:Economists
716:Schumacher
621:Schumpeter
591:von Wieser
511:von Thünen
472:economists
448:Statistics
443:Solidarity
364:Managerial
329:Humanistic
324:Historical
269:Ecological
234:Behavioral
128:Mainstream
3937:Greenspan
3902:Samuelson
3882:Galbraith
3852:Tinbergen
3792:von Mises
3787:Heckscher
3747:Edgeworth
3626:Stockholm
3621:Socialist
3521:Keynesian
3501:Happiness
3461:Classical
3422:Mutualism
3417:Anarchist
3402:Heterodox
3299:Personnel
3259:Knowledge
3224:Happiness
3214:Financial
3184:Education
3159:Democracy
3094:Empirical
3004:Economics
2720:8 October
2592:0895-3309
2533:Abstract.
2445:Abstract.
2329:Abstract.
2232:Economics
2098:Unit root
1986:of point
1980:Fisherian
1969:McCloskey
1834:β
1813:ϵ
1782:ε
1762:ε
1736:β
1719:β
1698:ε
1672:β
1641:ε
1618:β
1605:β
1587:
1545:or apply
1346:β
1307:β
1280:β
1253:β
1226:β
1199:ε
1182:β
1169:β
1154:Δ
1131:ε
1105:β
1078:β
1049:Δ
943:phenomena
939:empirical
761:Greenspan
726:Samuelson
706:Galbraith
676:Tinbergen
616:von Mises
611:Heckscher
571:Edgeworth
389:Personnel
349:Knowledge
314:Happiness
304:Financial
274:Education
249:Democracy
143:Political
109:Heterodox
52:Economics
4087:Category
4048:Category
4028:journals
4014:Glossary
3967:Stiglitz
3932:Rothbard
3912:Buchanan
3897:Friedman
3887:Koopmans
3877:Leontief
3857:Robinson
3742:Marshall
3592:Lausanne
3496:Georgism
3491:Feminist
3439:Buddhist
3429:Austrian
3328:Regional
3304:Planning
3279:Monetary
3209:Feminist
3154:Cultural
3149:Business
2874:Archived
2766:14 March
2714:Archived
2536:Archived
2499:Archived
2448:Archived
2332:Archived
2309:Archived
2254:Archived
2229:, 2004.
2178:Archived
2175:Abstract
2167:Archived
2021:See also
1860:Journals
1856:(1999).
854:journals
840:Glossary
791:Stiglitz
756:Rothbard
736:Buchanan
721:Friedman
711:Koopmans
701:Leontief
681:Robinson
566:Marshall
470:Notable
418:Regional
394:Planning
369:Monetary
299:Feminist
244:Cultural
239:Business
44:a series
42:Part of
4063:Outline
4034:Schools
4026: (
3987:Piketty
3982:Krugman
3847:Kuznets
3837:Kalecki
3812:Polanyi
3702:Cournot
3697:Bastiat
3682:Ricardo
3672:Malthus
3662:Quesnay
3565:Marxian
3456:Chicago
3386:history
3381:Schools
3368:Welfare
3338:Service
3129:Applied
2911:1803924
2880:(press
2816:Default
1976:-values
1565:Example
1443:Methods
961:model.
860:Schools
852: (
811:Piketty
806:Krugman
671:Kuznets
661:Kalecki
636:Polanyi
526:Cournot
521:Bastiat
506:Ricardo
496:Malthus
486:Quesnay
458:Welfare
428:Service
99:Applied
75:Outline
70:History
3972:Thaler
3952:Ostrom
3947:Becker
3942:Sowell
3922:Baumol
3827:Myrdal
3822:Sraffa
3817:Frisch
3807:Knight
3802:Keynes
3777:Fisher
3772:Veblen
3757:Pareto
3737:Menger
3732:George
3727:Jevons
3722:Walras
3712:Gossen
3636:Thermo
3314:Public
3309:Policy
3264:Labour
3229:Health
2909:
2871:527-46
2761:"Home"
2660:"Home"
2642:
2617:
2590:
2471:
2420:
2392:
2360:
2204:, and
2156:et al.
2125:
1557:, and
1468:, and
1403:, and
1373:Theory
1192:Growth
1157:
1052:
1005:, and
985:, and
796:Thaler
776:Ostrom
771:Becker
766:Sowell
746:Baumol
651:Myrdal
646:Sraffa
641:Frisch
631:Knight
626:Keynes
601:Fisher
596:Veblen
581:Pareto
561:Menger
556:George
551:Jevons
546:Walras
536:Gossen
404:Public
399:Policy
354:Labour
319:Health
176:Market
4058:Lists
4053:Index
4004:Lists
3977:Hoppe
3962:Lucas
3927:Solow
3917:Arrow
3907:Simon
3872:Lange
3867:Hicks
3842:Röpke
3832:Hayek
3782:Pigou
3752:Clark
3667:Smith
3582:Mixed
3541:Post-
3363:Urban
3343:Socio
3333:Rural
2954:(UK))
2907:JSTOR
2505:-381.
2260:1 May
1423:, or
965:uses
833:Lists
801:Hoppe
786:Lucas
751:Solow
741:Arrow
731:Simon
696:Lange
691:Hicks
666:Röpke
656:Hayek
606:Pigou
576:Clark
491:Smith
453:Urban
433:Socio
423:Rural
123:Macro
119:Micro
80:Index
3993:more
3717:Marx
3707:Mill
3692:List
3570:Neo-
3526:Neo-
2857:and
2844:(2).
2823:2024
2768:2024
2747:2024
2722:2013
2696:2024
2671:2024
2640:ISBN
2615:ISBN
2588:ISSN
2469:ISBN
2418:ISBN
2390:ISBN
2358:ISBN
2306:p. 2
2262:2018
2186:2008
2164:p. 1
2123:ISBN
1937:The
1920:The
1900:The
1854:Card
1594:wage
1573:is:
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1387:and
1244:and
995:data
969:and
817:more
541:Marx
531:Mill
516:List
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3677:Say
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3269:Law
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2568:doi
2496:369
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2173:.
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1515:in
1507:of
1039:GDP
781:Sen
501:Say
359:Law
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