729:) and Liao Kuangqi against Peng Shichou. They were initially successful, forcing Peng to abandon Xi Prefecture and flee into the mountain caves. However, during the subsequent siege of the caves, Liao died in battle. When Ma sent an emissary to pay respects to Liao, Liao's mother, not crying, stated to his emissary, "The 300 people of the Liao clan were bestowed clothes and food by the Prince. Even if the entire clan were to die, we still cannot repay it, not to mention just one son. May the Prince not be bothered by this." Ma believed that Mother Liao was a wise woman, and richly rewarded her household for Liao Kuangqi's sacrifice. In 940, Liu was finally able to force Peng's submission. Ma relocated the seat for Xi Prefecture to somewhere with easier transportation, and recommissioned Peng as its prefect while commissioning Liu the prefect of Jin Prefecture (錦州, in modern Huaihua). It was said that from this point on, the non-Han of the region submitted to Chu rule. Meanwhile, Ma, claiming descent from the
624:) and Gui (桂州, Jingjiang's capital) Prefectures, Ma Xifan decided to leave his full younger brother Ma Xiguang temporarily in charge at Changsha, and he headed to the frontline himself with 5,000 soldiers. This caused Ma Xigao to become apprehensive. His mother Lady Hua decided to rendezvous with Ma Xifan at Mount Quanyi (全義嶺, in modern Guilin), and she stated, "Xigao ruled the circuit poorly, such that bandits invaded and that Your Royal Highness had to climb over dangerous mountains. This is all the fault of your servant . I am willing to have you strip him of his land, and I am willing to be a cleaner in the palace, to pay for Xigao's crimes." Ma Xifan responded, "I have not seen Xigao for quite some time. I heard that his governance was exceptional, and therefore decided to come to see for myself." The Southern Han army soon withdrew, but Ma Xifan moved Ma Xigao to be the acting prefect of Lang.
779:
with eight elaborate dragon statutes therein — i.e., being the ninth dragon himself. To pay for these expenses, he taxed the people heavily, and further sold political offices to merchants. He also encouraged people who committed crimes to pay fines or to carry out military service, in lieu of punishment, such that only the poor and the weak actually get punished. When his official Tuoba Heng (
785:) tried to discourage him from this behavior, he refused to listen, causing Tuoba to lament and comment, "The Prince is excessive in his desires and refuses to listen to corrections. I see his clan's 1,000 people becoming vagrants with no home." Hearing of Tuoba's comment, Ma became incensed, and refused to see Tuoba for the rest of his life.
359:, and was not yet fully in control of Wu'an Circuit (武安, headquartered at Tan Prefecture), which would eventually become the central circuit for the Chu state, but was in the process of gradually consolidating his control. Ma Xifan's mother was a Lady Chen, who was Ma Yin's concubine, not his wife — as Ma Yin's first son, Ma Xizhen (
788:
In 945, Ma again suspected Ma Xigao, then at Lang, of having drawn the favor of the people. He sent emissaries to monitor Ma Xigao. Ma Xigao, in fear, claimed illness and requested to leave his post to return to
Changsha. Ma Xifan refused, and sent doctors to see Ma Xigao. The doctors, apparently
778:
threads in the fall and winter. By 943, it was said that Chu was so wealthy, and Ma's taste for luxury so great, such that he used gold to cover the spears for decoration such that they became useless as weapons. His expenditures were innumerable. He built a
Jiulong Hall (九龍殿, "Nine Dragons Hall")
665:
In 938, Ma's wife Lady Peng died. It was said that Lady Peng was ugly in appearance, but capable in governing the household; while she was alive, Ma was respectful and fearful of her. After she died, Ma became to overexert in entertainment and licentiousness, spending much of his nights drinking.
564:
Through the years, Ma Xifan still bore grudges against Ma
Xisheng and Consort Yuan for Ma Xisheng's failure to make any efforts to appear to be open to yield his heirship to other brothers. Once he came into power, he was disrespectful to Consort Yuan, and he often rebuked her younger son Ma Xiwang
491:
By this point, Ma Yuan's sons were struggling among each other to become his successor. While Ma Xizhen would have been considered the legitimate heir under the traditional
Chinese principles (as his mother was Ma Yin's wife and he was the oldest), Ma Yin eventually chose Ma Xisheng on the basis
496:, was his favorite, and Ma Xisheng accepted the designation without at least showing some signs of willingness to yield. This drew resentment from both Ma Xifan and his mother Lady Chen, as Ma Xifan was born on the same day as Ma Xisheng. Ma Yin would die in 930, and Ma Xisheng succeeded him.
449:, made the comment, "I had long heard that the Ma state would be seized by Gao Yu. With a son like you, how could Gao steal the state?" (Ma Yin, however, was not swayed by this comment, and continued to trust Gao, although Gao would eventually be killed by Ma Xisheng in 929.)
575:
monk. Ma Xifan declined, but stripped Ma Xiwang of his command, made him live in a bamboo house, and denied him permission to attend gatherings of the brothers. After
Consort Yuan's death — implied to be in or shortly after 933 — Ma Xiwang also died, in anger and fear.
551:). In 933, Li Siyuan gave him the additional title of military governor of a new Wuping Circuit (武平, headquartered at Lang Prefecture) — thus establishing the Wuping command as subordinate but separate to the Wu'an command — as well as the honorary chancellor title
837:
Office, and military governor of
Zhennan, as well as making him in charge of the headquarters. In 947, Ma Xifan died suddenly. After deliberations between staff members, the majority wanted to support Ma Xiguang to succeed Ma Xifan — even though another brother,
822:(尚父, "imperial father"). Ma was very pleased. (Eventually, though, facing Han resistance, Emperor Taizong withdrew, and died on the way back to Liao territory; Later Jin territory eventually came under the sovereignty of the Later Jin general
482:) personally went on the frontline and challenged Ma Xifan to a duel, offering to let their personal duel serve as a substitute for the battle between the armies. Ma Xifan apparently did not respond, but the Chu officer Liao Kuangqi (
373:, were born on the same day, but Ma Xisheng was born earlier on that day. (Another brother, unnamed in historical sources, was therefore likely born on the same day of a different mother, between Ma Xisheng's and Ma Xifan's births.)
681:
Office. Ma Xifan thus established a number of office titles within that office, which he bestowed on his brothers and officers. He also, imitating
Emperor Taizong, commissioned 18 staff members to serve as scholars at the
796:, who was emperor of Later Jin by this point, had a liking for precious items, Ma Xifan repeatedly offered such items in tribute to the emperor, and requested to be given the title of generalissimo of all circuits (
773:
Office. It was said that even its window sills and thresholds were adorned with gold and jade, while its walls were painted with cinnabar. Its floors were covered with bamboo mats in the spring and summer, and
850:), was older, despite opposition from Tuoba Heng and Zhang Shaodi. Ma Xiguang thus was declared the new ruler, eventually precipitating a civil war between him and Ma Xi'e that would bring down the Chu state.
666:
There was a time when he killed a merchant so that he could seize the merchant's beautiful wife, but the merchant's wife refused to accede to his designs on her, and committed suicide.
1402:
2126:
571:), who then served as a commander of the headquarters guards. Consort Yuan, fearful of what might happen to Ma Xiwang, offered to have him stripped of all titles and be made a
537:), to Changsha. Ma Xifan thereafter assumed the reins of the Chu state. Shortly after, Li Siyuan commissioned him the military governor of Wu'an, and gave him the honorary
719:, not the same prefecture that Ma's father-in-law Peng Gan once governed) and Li (澧州, in modern Changde) Prefectures, and sought reinforcements from Later Shu's emperor
606:) secretly submitted accusations to Ma Xifan that Ma Xigao was trying to ingratiate the people. This caused suspicion in Ma Xifan's mind. In summer 936, when
365:), was said to be born of his wife, who was not named in historical sources. (Lady Chen later bore at least one younger son among Ma Yin's at least 35 sons,
1395:
833:
Over the years, Ma Xifan had greatly trusted his younger full brother Ma
Xiguang, making him the deputy military governor of Wu'an, the commandant of the
445:, both because he was impressed by Ma Xifan's alertness and intelligence, and because he wanted to try to alienate Ma Yin's trust in his chief strategist
2195:
2200:
460:, had turned against Later Tang over territorial and material disputes, and Gao Jixing submitted instead to Wu as a vassal. Later Tang's emperor
2090:
1388:
2180:
2122:
1244:
974:
700:
404:
was able to defeat and capture Wei, and when Wu forces then approached one of Wei's four prefectures, Ji
Prefecture (吉州, in modern
1411:
324:
2106:
529:— an honorary title as at that time, Zhennan was a Wu possession) and who was the defender of Lang Prefecture (朗州, in modern
2078:
2074:
810:
Meanwhile, Shi
Chonggui had taken a confrontational posture against Liao Dynasty over the years, eventually leading Liao's
418:) fled to Chu and submitted to Ma. Ma made Peng the prefect of one of his own prefectures, Chen Prefecture (郴州, in modern
2066:
2155:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1225:
1209:
1190:
1171:
1155:
1139:
1118:
1099:
1083:
1067:
1046:
1030:
925:
882:
521:), welcomed Ma Xifan, who then carried the title of military governor of Zhennan Circuit (鎮南, headquartered in modern
1237:
1232:
1220:
952:
947:
752:), rebelled against Later Jin. Shi ordered that both Chu and Jingnan assist the operations of the imperial general
737:, made a huge pillar of bronze, with inscriptions of mutual oaths of governance/submission on it, at Xi Prefecture.
2070:
2062:
842:, who then carried the titles of military governor of Wuping and acting prefect of Yong Prefecture (永州, in modern
723:. Meng, believing that this campaign was too far from Later Shu proper, refused. Ma sent his generals Liu Qing (
677:
and his father Ma Yin. The bestowment included a seal bearing that title, and permission for him to establish a
592:), born of Lady Hua, had been serving as the military governor of Jingjiang Circuit (靜江, headquartered in modern
2210:
818:, and claimed to also be the emperor of China. He sent an emissary to Chu, giving Ma Xifan the great title of
427:
279:
153:
2102:
287:
814:
to launch a major attack on Later Jin in 946, destroying it. Emperor Taizong entered the Later Jin capital
2175:
2160:
1477:
1429:
381:
1981:
1467:
488:) stepped out and battled Gao Congsi, killing him. In fear, Gao Jixing sued for peace, and Xu withdrew.
356:
2185:
1603:
1553:
1507:
1487:
827:
641:
538:
468:
to do so, with Ma Xifan serving as Xu's army monitor. When the Chu army reached Shatou (沙頭, in modern
205:
2215:
2170:
464:(Li Cunxu's adoptive brother and successor) ordered Ma to attack Jingnan. Ma sent his major general
344:
2190:
2054:
1941:
1858:
1853:
336:
673:(天策上將軍, "Grand General of Heavenly Strategies") — a title formerly held by the great Tang emperor
2165:
2046:
1914:
1593:
1588:
811:
674:
1380:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2098:
2094:
2086:
2050:
1848:
1843:
1716:
1643:
2205:
2082:
2058:
2042:
1919:
734:
493:
1249:
995:
979:
1014:
437:. Ma Yin submitted to Later Tang as a vassal, and sent Ma Xifan to the Later Tang capital
376:
In 909 — by which time Tang had fallen, and Ma was ruling his own domain as the Prince of
8:
2150:
2145:
1473:
744:, the Later Jin military governor of Shannan East Circuit (山南東道, headquartered in modern
654:
In 937, Shi gave Ma the additional titles of generalissimo of the circuits south of the
1929:
1327:
377:
385:
160:
1311:
901:
600:), and governed the circuit well. However, Ma Xigao's army monitor Pei Renzhao (
476:), it encountered the Jingnan army. Gao Jixing's nephew and officer Gao Congsi (
393:
312:
218:
1256:
877:
392:, who controlled four prefectures centered around Fu Prefecture (撫州, in modern
2139:
2022:
2012:
1987:
1901:
1739:
1463:
655:
645:
305:
2017:
1946:
1886:
1835:
1721:
1648:
1630:
1620:
1579:
1566:
1561:
793:
775:
753:
648:
637:
607:
389:
130:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1876:
1782:
1772:
1767:
1685:
1615:
1447:
823:
757:
730:
690:
1971:
1966:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1805:
1762:
1744:
1708:
1667:
1653:
1534:
1498:
1483:
1442:
1371:
1337:
1320:
839:
741:
720:
580:
453:
434:
370:
366:
191:
101:
71:
1777:
1731:
1680:
1638:
1539:
1529:
1513:
745:
708:
633:
461:
699:), who carried the title of prefect of Xi Prefecture (溪州, in modern
2027:
2007:
1524:
843:
522:
469:
465:
442:
419:
405:
401:
348:
126:
79:
1909:
1891:
1881:
1868:
1754:
1675:
1437:
1410:
815:
712:
621:
597:
530:
526:
457:
438:
409:
397:
244:
234:
636:(Li Siyuan's adoptive son) was overthrown by his brother-in-law
1800:
1792:
904:
707:), technically under the sovereignty of Chu's western neighbor
617:
593:
572:
446:
340:
320:
295:
259:
249:
143:
59:
39:
384:— there was a time when forces of Chu's northeastern neighbor
1999:
847:
749:
716:
704:
534:
509:
In 932, Ma Xisheng died. The officers, headed by Yuan Quan (
473:
423:
352:
1346:
Ruler of China (Southeastern Hunan/Northeastern Guangxi) (
756:, whom he sent against An. Both Ma and Jingnan's prince
426:), and, either at that time or later, had Ma Xifan marry
662:) and overseer of the armies of Wuping and Jingjiang.
355:) following the assassination of Ma Yin's predecessor
789:
at Ma Xifan's direction, poisoned Ma Xigao to death.
802:). Shi Chonggui bestowed that title on him in 946.
452:
In 928, Ma's erstwhile fellow vassal of Later Tang,
651:. Ma Xifan continued to be a vassal to Later Jin.
760:did so, with Ma sending the general Zhang Shaodi (
369:.) Ma Xifan and his brother, Ma Yin's second son
343:. At that time, Ma Yin had just taken control of
792:Knowing that Shi Jingtang's nephew and successor
2137:
586:Meanwhile, Ma Xifan's younger brother Ma Xigao (
766:) and supplying Gao Xingzhou's army with food.
830:, although this news never reached Ma Xifan.)
769:By 942, Ma had built a grand building for the
335:Ma Xifan was born in 899, during the reign of
225:Prince Wénzhāo (文昭王, "civil and accomplished")
1396:
797:
780:
761:
724:
694:
611:
601:
587:
566:
556:
546:
516:
510:
483:
477:
413:
360:
1245:Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms
1011:Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms
992:Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms
975:Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms
701:Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture
441:to offer tributes. The Later Tang emperor
1403:
1389:
1201:
1199:
1182:
1180:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1110:
1108:
1059:
1057:
1055:
616:) intruded into Chu's Meng (蒙州, in modern
917:
915:
913:
872:
870:
868:
866:
864:
862:
826:, who claimed imperial title and founded
805:
1006:
1004:
969:
967:
965:
963:
961:
942:
940:
938:
936:
934:
669:In 939, Shi bestowed on Ma the title of
388:were battling the forces of the warlord
380:, as a vassal to Tang's successor state
2201:Liao dynasty jiedushi of Wuping Circuit
1196:
1177:
1161:
1145:
1124:
1105:
1089:
1052:
853:
2196:Liao dynasty jiedushi of Wu'an Circuit
2138:
1412:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period
1020:
910:
859:
579:In 934, Li Siyuan's son and successor
325:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period
1384:
1359:Ruler of China (Northwestern Hunan) (
1001:
985:
958:
931:
711:, attacked Chu's Chen (辰州, in modern
433:In 923, Later Liang was conquered by
897:
895:
893:
891:
583:created Ma Xifan the Prince of Chu.
504:
2181:Later Jin (Five Dynasties) jiedushi
905:Chinese-Western Calendar Convereter
627:
339:, as the fourth son of the warlord
319:(楚文昭王), was the third ruler of the
13:
1506:
14:
2227:
1233:New History of the Five Dynasties
948:New History of the Five Dynasties
888:
165:One or more sons, name(s) unknown
632:In 936, then-Later Tang emperor
1073:
1036:
798:
762:
725:
612:
588:
567:
484:
478:
361:
300:
291:
283:
1:
2091:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms
1221:History of the Five Dynasties
330:
93:14 September 932 – 30 May 947
7:
1422:(and other northern states)
693:tribal chief Peng Shichou (
49:7 February 934 – 30 May 947
10:
2232:
492:that Ma Xisheng's mother,
412:), Ji's prefect Peng Gan (
2156:Politicians from Changsha
2040:
1998:
1980:
1937:
1928:
1900:
1867:
1834:
1791:
1753:
1730:
1707:
1701:(other than Northern Han)
1698:
1666:
1629:
1611:
1602:
1575:
1552:
1520:
1497:
1456:
1428:
1419:
1368:
1357:
1344:
1334:
1325:
1317:
1310:
781:
695:
602:
557:
547:
517:
511:
414:
265:
255:
243:
233:
224:
217:
204:Adopted the era names of
190:Adopted the era names of
188:
183:
178:
173:
169:
159:
149:
136:
119:
115:
107:
97:
89:
77:
67:
53:
45:
37:
30:
23:
644:with the support of the
499:
337:Emperor Zhaozong of Tang
311:(寶規), also known by his
1594:Emperor Shizong of Liao
1589:Emperor Taizong of Liao
675:Emperor Taizong of Tang
197:Changxing (長興): 930–932
806:After Later Jin's fall
660:Jiangnan Zhudao Dutong
610:'s general Sun Dewei (
2211:Writers from Changsha
689:Also in 939, the non-
317:Prince Wenzhao of Chu
304:; 899 – 30 May 947),
201:Qingtai (清泰): 934–936
24:Prince Wenzhao of Chu
854:Notes and references
671:Tiance Shangjiangjun
323:of China during the
213:Kaiyun (開運): 944–947
211:Tianfu (天福): 936–944
2176:Later Tang jiedushi
2161:Generals from Hunan
1457:Concurrent warlords
400:). The Wu general
280:traditional Chinese
640:, who established
288:simplified Chinese
199:Yingshun (應順): 934
2133:
2132:
2036:
2035:
1994:
1993:
1694:
1693:
1662:
1661:
1548:
1547:
1379:
1378:
1374:(Prince Gongxiao)
1369:Succeeded by
1335:Succeeded by
505:During Later Tang
273:
272:
229:
228:
2223:
2216:Poets from Hunan
2171:Zhennan jiedushi
1935:
1934:
1705:
1704:
1609:
1608:
1504:
1503:
1426:
1425:
1405:
1398:
1391:
1382:
1381:
1318:Preceded by
1312:Chinese nobility
1308:
1307:
1213:
1203:
1194:
1184:
1175:
1165:
1159:
1149:
1143:
1133:
1122:
1112:
1103:
1093:
1087:
1077:
1071:
1061:
1050:
1040:
1034:
1024:
1018:
1008:
999:
989:
983:
971:
956:
944:
929:
919:
908:
899:
886:
874:
801:
800:
784:
783:
765:
764:
728:
727:
698:
697:
628:During Later Jin
615:
614:
605:
604:
591:
590:
570:
569:
560:
559:
550:
549:
520:
519:
514:
513:
487:
486:
481:
480:
417:
416:
364:
363:
302:
293:
285:
171:
170:
83:of Wu'an Circuit
21:
20:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2191:Wuping jiedushi
2136:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2032:
1990:
1976:
1924:
1896:
1863:
1830:
1787:
1749:
1726:
1700:
1690:
1658:
1625:
1598:
1577:
1571:
1544:
1516:
1493:
1452:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1375:
1365:
1352:
1340:
1331:
1323:
1216:
1204:
1197:
1185:
1178:
1166:
1162:
1150:
1146:
1134:
1125:
1113:
1106:
1094:
1090:
1078:
1074:
1062:
1053:
1041:
1037:
1025:
1021:
1009:
1002:
990:
986:
972:
959:
945:
932:
920:
911:
902:Academia Sinica
900:
889:
875:
860:
856:
812:Emperor Taizong
808:
630:
515:) and Pan Yue (
507:
502:
428:Peng's daughter
333:
313:posthumous name
219:Posthumous name
212:
210:
202:
200:
198:
196:
141:
124:
84:
62:as King of Chu)
25:
19:
12:
11:
5:
2229:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2186:Wu'an jiedushi
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2166:Ma Chu princes
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2131:
2130:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2004:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1906:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1873:
1871:
1865:
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1862:
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1856:
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1840:
1838:
1832:
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1803:
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1635:
1633:
1627:
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1624:
1623:
1618:
1612:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1585:
1583:
1573:
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1570:
1569:
1564:
1558:
1556:
1550:
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1537:
1532:
1527:
1521:
1518:
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1512:
1510:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1481:
1471:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1434:
1432:
1423:
1420:Five Dynasties
1417:
1416:
1408:
1407:
1400:
1393:
1385:
1377:
1376:
1370:
1367:
1355:
1354:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1333:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1306:
1305:
1257:Zizhi Tongjian
1253:
1241:
1229:
1215:
1214:
1206:Zizhi Tongjian
1195:
1187:Zizhi Tongjian
1176:
1168:Zizhi Tongjian
1160:
1152:Zizhi Tongjian
1144:
1136:Zizhi Tongjian
1123:
1115:Zizhi Tongjian
1104:
1096:Zizhi Tongjian
1088:
1080:Zizhi Tongjian
1072:
1064:Zizhi Tongjian
1051:
1043:Zizhi Tongjian
1035:
1027:Zizhi Tongjian
1019:
1000:
984:
957:
930:
922:Zizhi Tongjian
909:
887:
878:Zizhi Tongjian
857:
855:
852:
807:
804:
629:
626:
506:
503:
501:
498:
345:Tan Prefecture
332:
329:
321:Ma Chu dynasty
271:
270:
267:
263:
262:
257:
253:
252:
247:
241:
240:
237:
231:
230:
227:
226:
222:
221:
215:
214:
186:
185:
181:
180:
179:Mǎ Xīfàn (馬希範)
176:
175:
167:
166:
163:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
138:
134:
133:
121:
117:
116:
113:
112:
109:
105:
104:
99:
95:
94:
91:
87:
86:
75:
74:
69:
65:
64:
55:
51:
50:
47:
43:
42:
35:
34:
28:
27:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2228:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2039:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2023:Qian Hongzong
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2013:Qian Yuanguan
2011:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1989:
1988:Wang Yanzheng
1985:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1902:Southern Tang
1899:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
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1842:
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1837:
1833:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
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1784:
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1779:
1776:
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1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1740:Meng Zhixiang
1738:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1703:
1697:
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1523:
1522:
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1511:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1464:Liu Shouguang
1462:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1418:
1413:
1406:
1401:
1399:
1394:
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1387:
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1373:
1364:
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1356:
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1343:
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1330:
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1322:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1303:
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1263:
1259:
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1234:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1200:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1173:
1169:
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1157:
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1148:
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1137:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1005:
997:
993:
988:
981:
977:
976:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
954:
950:
949:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
927:
923:
918:
916:
914:
906:
903:
898:
896:
894:
892:
884:
880:
879:
873:
871:
869:
867:
865:
863:
858:
851:
849:
845:
841:
836:
831:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
803:
795:
790:
786:
777:
772:
767:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
740:In late 941,
738:
736:
732:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
692:
687:
685:
680:
676:
672:
667:
663:
661:
657:
656:Yangtze River
652:
650:
647:
643:
639:
635:
625:
623:
619:
609:
599:
595:
584:
582:
577:
574:
562:
554:
553:Zhongshu Ling
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
497:
495:
489:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
456:the ruler of
455:
450:
448:
444:
440:
436:
431:
430:as his wife.
429:
425:
421:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
374:
372:
368:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
307:
306:courtesy name
303:
297:
289:
281:
277:
268:
264:
261:
258:
254:
251:
248:
246:
242:
238:
236:
232:
223:
220:
216:
208:
207:
194:
193:
187:
182:
177:
172:
168:
164:
162:
158:
155:
152:
148:
145:
139:
135:
132:
128:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
103:
100:
96:
92:
88:
82:
81:
76:
73:
70:
66:
63:
61:
56:
52:
48:
44:
41:
36:
33:
32:Prince of Chu
29:
22:
18:Prince of Chu
16:
2206:Ma Chu poets
2079:N. Dynasties
2075:S. Dynasties
2018:Qian Hongzuo
1947:Wang Shenzhi
1887:Yang Longyan
1836:Southern Han
1810:
1722:Wang Zongyan
1699:Ten Kingdoms
1644:Liu Chengjun
1631:Northern Han
1621:Liu Chengyou
1567:Shi Chonggui
1562:Shi Jingtang
1360:
1358:
1347:
1345:
1328:Ruler of Chu
1326:
1255:
1243:
1231:
1219:
1205:
1186:
1167:
1163:
1151:
1147:
1135:
1114:
1095:
1091:
1079:
1075:
1063:
1042:
1038:
1026:
1022:
1010:
991:
987:
973:
946:
921:
876:
834:
832:
819:
809:
794:Shi Chonggui
791:
787:
776:Bombax ceiba
770:
768:
754:Gao Xingzhou
739:
688:
683:
678:
670:
668:
664:
659:
653:
649:Liao Dynasty
638:Shi Jingtang
631:
608:Southern Han
585:
578:
563:
552:
542:
508:
494:Consort Yuan
490:
451:
432:
390:Wei Quanfeng
375:
357:Liu Jianfeng
334:
316:
308:
299:
275:
274:
203:
189:
78:
57:
31:
15:
2071:16 Kingdoms
1962:Wang Jipeng
1957:Wang Yanjun
1952:Wang Yanhan
1877:Yang Xingmi
1783:Gao Jichong
1773:Gao Baorong
1768:Gao Conghui
1686:Guo Zongxun
1616:Liu Zhiyuan
1582:occupation)
1576:Interregnum
1448:Zhu Youzhen
1430:Later Liang
824:Liu Zhiyuan
758:Gao Conghui
731:Han Dynasty
382:Later Liang
347:(in modern
98:Predecessor
54:Predecessor
2151:947 deaths
2146:899 births
2140:Categories
2063:3 Kingdoms
1972:Zhu Wenjin
1967:Wang Yanxi
1826:Ma Xichong
1816:Ma Xiguang
1806:Ma Xisheng
1763:Gao Jixing
1745:Meng Chang
1709:Former Shu
1668:Later Zhou
1654:Liu Jiyuan
1535:Li Conghou
1499:Later Tang
1484:Li Maozhen
1443:Zhu Yougui
1338:Ma Xiguang
1321:Ma Xisheng
742:An Congjin
721:Meng Chang
581:Li Conghou
539:chancellor
454:Gao Jixing
435:Later Tang
371:Ma Xisheng
367:Ma Xiguang
331:Background
192:Later Tang
142:Changsha,
140:30 May 947
111:Ma Xiguang
102:Ma Xisheng
72:Ma Xiguang
38:Prince of
1942:Wang Chao
1859:Liu Chang
1854:Liu Sheng
1778:Gao Baoxu
1732:Later Shu
1717:Wang Jian
1681:Chai Rong
1649:Liu Ji'en
1639:Liu Chong
1604:Later Han
1554:Later Jin
1540:Li Congke
1530:Li Siyuan
1514:Li Keyong
1474:Wang Rong
828:Later Han
746:Xiangyang
709:Later Shu
658:(江南諸道都統,
642:Later Jin
634:Li Congke
462:Li Siyuan
269:Lady Chen
206:Later Jin
184:Era dates
154:Lady Peng
108:Successor
68:Successor
2028:Qian Chu
2008:Qian Liu
1811:Ma Xifan
1525:Li Cunxu
1366:932–947
1361:de facto
1353:932–947
1348:de facto
1332:932–947
1260:, vols.
1226:vol. 133
1210:vol. 286
1191:vol. 285
1172:vol. 284
1156:vol. 283
1140:vol. 282
1119:vol. 281
1100:vol. 280
1084:vol. 277
1068:vol. 276
1047:vol. 272
1031:vol. 267
926:vol. 287
883:vol. 278
844:Yongzhou
733:general
686:Office.
543:Shizhong
523:Nanchang
470:Jingzhou
466:Xu Dexun
443:Li Cunxu
420:Chenzhou
402:Zhou Ben
349:Changsha
301:Mǎ Xīfàn
276:Ma Xifan
127:Changsha
85:(武安軍節度使)
80:Jiedushi
58:Vacant (
1915:Li Jing
1910:Li Bian
1892:Yang Pu
1882:Yang Wo
1849:Liu Bin
1844:Liu Yan
1821:Ma Xi'e
1755:Jingnan
1676:Guo Wei
1438:Zhu Wen
1372:Ma Xi'e
1250:vol. 68
1238:vol. 66
1015:vol. 71
996:vol. 69
980:vol. 68
953:vol. 66
840:Ma Xi'e
820:Shangfu
816:Kaifeng
799:諸道兵馬都元帥
735:Ma Yuan
713:Huaihua
622:Guangxi
598:Guangxi
531:Changde
527:Jiangxi
458:Jingnan
439:Luoyang
410:Jiangxi
398:Jiangxi
315:as the
245:Dynasty
125:likely
2103:W. Xia
1801:Ma Yin
1414:rulers
835:Tiance
771:Tiance
684:Tiance
679:Tiance
646:Khitan
618:Wuzhou
594:Guilin
573:Taoist
541:title
447:Gao Yu
394:Fuzhou
341:Ma Yin
309:Baogui
298::
296:pinyin
290::
282::
266:Mother
260:Ma Yin
256:Father
250:Ma Chu
90:Tenure
60:Ma Yin
46:Tenure
2047:Shang
2000:Wuyue
1920:Li Yu
848:Hunan
750:Hubei
717:Hunan
705:Hunan
535:Hunan
500:Reign
474:Hubei
424:Hunan
406:Ji'an
353:Hunan
235:House
174:Names
161:Issue
2119:Qing
2115:Ming
2111:Yuan
2099:Song
2095:Liao
2087:Tang
2051:Zhou
1580:Liao
1478:Zhao
150:Wife
137:Died
131:Tang
120:Born
26:楚文昭王
2127:PRC
2123:ROC
2107:Jīn
2083:Sui
2067:Jìn
2059:Han
2055:Qin
2043:Xia
1982:Yin
1930:Min
1793:Chu
1508:Jin
1468:Yan
1302:287
1298:285
1294:284
1290:283
1286:282
1282:281
1278:280
1274:279
1270:278
1266:276
1262:267
782:拓拔恆
763:張少敵
696:彭士愁
691:Han
613:孫德威
603:裴仁照
589:馬希杲
568:馬希旺
561:).
558:中書令
485:廖匡齊
479:高從嗣
378:Chu
362:馬希振
292:马希范
284:馬希範
144:Chu
123:899
40:Chu
2142::
2125:/
2121:→
2117:→
2113:→
2109:→
2105:/
2101:/
2097:/
2093:→
2089:→
2085:→
2081:→
2077:/
2073:→
2069:/
2065:→
2061:→
2057:→
2053:→
2049:→
2045:→
1869:Wu
1488:Qi
1363:)
1350:)
1300:,
1296:,
1292:,
1288:,
1284:,
1280:,
1276:,
1272:,
1268:,
1264:,
1248:,
1236:,
1224:,
1208:,
1198:^
1189:,
1179:^
1170:,
1154:,
1138:,
1126:^
1117:,
1107:^
1098:,
1082:,
1066:,
1054:^
1045:,
1029:,
1013:,
1003:^
994:,
978:,
960:^
951:,
933:^
924:,
912:^
890:^
881:,
861:^
846:,
748:,
726:劉勍
715:,
703:,
620:,
596:,
548:侍中
533:,
525:,
518:潘約
512:袁詮
472:,
422:,
415:彭玕
408:,
396:,
386:Wu
351:,
327:.
294:;
286:;
239:Ma
129:,
1578:(
1490:)
1486:(
1480:)
1476:(
1470:)
1466:(
1404:e
1397:t
1390:v
1304:.
1252:.
1240:.
1228:.
1212:.
1193:.
1174:.
1158:.
1142:.
1121:.
1102:.
1086:.
1070:.
1049:.
1033:.
1017:.
998:.
982:.
955:.
928:.
907:.
885:.
565:(
555:(
545:(
278:(
209::
195::
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