204:. This intensive study on advanced human traveling has been in progress since 2003. Designed for fluid movement in downtown cores, the concept car research is designed for passengers to navigate the city intelligently and ecologically. This project comprises the testing and making of a vehicle which re-invents the car as an object, and redefines the user's relationship to metropolitan patterns. The intention was to take the design process "out of the box" of
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systems operate at multiple levels. The car's folding mechanism also provides space for crash-deceleration systems. Its electronic sensing and wireless communications contribute to reduce the likelihood of crashes. And if a crash occurs, the low mass and relatively low speed reduce the energy involved in a crash with a similar vehicle. Seat belts and airbags will still be needed.
92:
399:
The entire project was shut down and its participants laid off, some of which are now suing for severance pay. The project's assets were frozen in 2015, and some former employees have revealed that some parts of the car debuted in 2012 were glued with Velcro and superglue. In the end only one car was
266:
four-wheel ultra-small vehicle (USV) for two passengers, and drive-by-wire driver interface. Each wheel is independently digitally controlled, with its own wheel motor, which enables them to move in different direction and speed, and allows the wheels to rotate up to 120 degrees, allowing for turning
244:
The CityCar concept was developed as the cleanest, economical and sustainable solution to meet the demand for personal urban mobility in densely populated cities, and was designed for cities as opposed to the conventional automobile, which shaped the city layout and landscape during the 20th century.
274:
This wheel arrangement allows entry and exit at four points around the vehicle's perimeter. The CityCar was designed for front entry, which is feasible because there is no engine in the way. Baggage and emergency entry and exit are at the rear, and there is no side entry and exit. This configuration
278:
The CityCar was designed with a collapsible frame through a four-bar linkage that enables the vehicle to fold up for more compact parking, making possible to stack three or four CityCars in the length of a traditional parking bay, a particularly efficient feature in crowded urban settings. Safety
287:
The CityCar will be driven with a joystick or optionally an electronic steering wheel. The prototype is 2.5 metres (8 ft 2 in) long and folds to 1.5 metres (4 ft 11 in) when parked, and weighs less than 1,000 pounds (450 kg). The top speed is 50 kilometres per hour
253:
fleets located near public transport hubs. This operational scheme is called "Mobility on Demand" system. The CityCar could also be used for short trips in government and corporate urban fleets to provide services such as mail and commercial deliveries, police patrolling, etc.
275:
allows nose-in parking to the curb, and passenger embarkation from the sidewalk rather than from the road, which allows the elimination of the need for side clearance between parked vehicles. It also simplifies the vehicle, which does not need to accommodate door openings.
400:
ever completed and two were left semi-finished. MIT team leader Kent Larson said that in the time it took to try to manufacture Hiriko, its technology had already become "obsolete". He sees the niche covered by self driving vehicles.
235:
has been responsible for much of the support and resources as well as the MIT Design Lab, Smart Cities Group. Research developed for the concept vehicle is divided into four main groups: CityCar, Athlete, Zero Car, and
Transology.
396:), and the consortium's plan was to sell the Hiriko to municipalities, including Barcelona, Berlin and San Francisco. The company also planned to promote the cars to cities across Europe to expand their carsharing programs.
783:
267:
on a dime or 0-degree turn radius, thus giving the vehicle more precise maneuverability. This feature makes the CityCar suitable for urban conditions, as it can perform sideways motions for
153:
Hiriko
Driving Mobility, a Basque consortium, created a commercial version based on the CityCar and began manufacturing of test pre-production cars in 2012. The production car, called
867:
1137:, Patrik KĂĽnzler, Peter Schmidt, "Development of an Articulated Vehicle Chassis the H-type". Game Set and Match II, Kas Oosterhuis & Lukas Feireiss(ed.), Episode, NL, 2006.
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353:. The first demonstration trial was scheduled to begin In Vitoria-Gasteiz by late July 2012. The trial was to begin with 6 Hirikos as part of a
1066:
345:
The
Spanish consortium Hiriko Driving Mobility, which included the MIT Media Lab Smart Cities Group, was to build a commercial model called
655:
536:"Vitoria dejará de recoger las basuras los sábados para ahorrar - El servicio de alquiler de coches eléctricos arrancará este mismo mes"
871:
594:
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based on the concept of the CityCar for testing in several
European cities. Production of 20 test pre-production cars began in 2012 in
296:
pack is located in the floor and can be recharged in 12 minutes. The electric car will be capable of climbing grades up to 20 percent.
58:
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program run by the city, with two pick up/drop off points, and the service will be available to all citizens at a cost of
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The Hiriko Fold, one of the three models planned for production, was scheduled to go on sale in 2013 for around
249:, providing mobility for the first and last part of a trip, which means that ideal deployment would be in urban
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177:, and the Hiriko Fold, one of the three models planned for production, is scheduled to go on sale in 2013.
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1210:"City-Car: optimizing vehicle and urban efficiencies through a shared adaptive platform"
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Mitchell, William J.; Borroni-Bird, Christopher; Burns, Lawrence D. (2010). "4".
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intercontinental challenge (driving from Italy to China with autonomous vehicles)
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project conceived at the MIT Media Lab, for the purpose of exploring the idea of
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Mitchell, William J.; Borroni-Bird, Christopher; Burns, Lawrence D. (2010).
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961:"How a Folding Electric Vehicle Went from Car of the Future to 'Obsolete'"
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868:"Grupo español y el MIT presentan el proyecto del coche eléctrico Hiriko"
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288:(31 mph) and to which it can accelerate from rest in 3 seconds. The
250:
228:
118:
1222:"Just Build It! A Fully Functional Concept Vehicle Using Robotic Wheels"
1172:
Dipesh Gadher (August 15, 2004). "Padded cars hail crunch-free future".
992:
Reinventing the
Automobile: Personal Urban Mobility for the 21st Century
784:"MIT's radical proposal for an ultra-compact, foldable electric vehicle"
734:
Reinventing the
Automobile: Personal Urban Mobility for the 21st Century
150:
magazine choose the CityCar to be one of the "Best
Inventions of 2007".
414:
354:
162:
940:"The failed electric car that cost the Spanish government €17 million"
540:
208:
alone. The prototype will be designed from a new perspective: that of
30:
This article is about the concept car. For urban cars in general, see
1238:
448:, first proposed in a 2013 paper based on a case study of the CityCar
112:
1165:
Bradford McKee (August 5, 2004). "Gehry and MIT: Click and Drive".
429:
185:
31:
1198:"Design exploration through bidirectional modeling of constraints"
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pack is expected to deliver the equivalent of 150 to 200 mpg
213:
38:
49:
456:
382:
374:
366:
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170:
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870:(in Spanish). PortalAutomotriz.com. 2010-04-15. Archived from
91:
1216:"Product grammar: construction and exploring solution spaces"
370:
271:, and O-turns instead of the conventional three-point turns.
140:. The project came into reality in 2003 under the support of
95:
Sketch of the CityCar, the ultra-small vehicle developed by
566:"Hiriko EV Car Will Help The Environment And Lousy Parkers"
460:
333:
1243:
1142:"City Car: A New Design Approach Enabling Urban Mobility"
988:
730:
1149:"MIT Moves Forward with Smart Cities and Stackable Cars"
1026:"MIT Moves Forward with Smart Cities and Stackable Cars"
365:) per hour. Other trials were expected to take place in
136:, Director of the Changing Places Research Group at the
1051:
Joachim, M., Kilian, A., & Mitchell, W. J. (2005).
337:
Hiriko Fold pre-production model at a demonstration in
132:
and his Smart Cities
Research Group. It is now led by
1204:"Ecotransology: integrated design for urban mobility"
1179:
Tom
Chiarella (Dec. 2006). "The Future of Driving".
839:"Redesigning the Concept and Role of the Automobile"
560:
558:
311:(1.2 to 1.6 L/100 km; 180 to 240 mpg
1117:"The Guru of Impossible Engineering Creates a Car"
555:
1250:
1088:"The Best Inventions Of The Year: Compacted Car"
1046:"The Best Inventions Of The Year: Compacted Car"
817:"MIT's CityCar Concept Will Be Tested Next Year"
165:program. Other trials are expected to follow in
1187:"The Car, From An Urban Designer's Perspective"
836:
919:"EU Fails to Make Car of the Future A Reality"
781:
777:
775:
773:
1067:"At M.I.T., Rethinking the Car for City Life"
891:
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724:
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693:
691:
689:
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589:
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529:
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501:"The Best Inventions Of 2007: Car, Compacted"
245:The main purpose of the car is to supplement
1097:Geeta Dayal (2006). "A Sheep at the Wheel".
618:
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649:
647:
533:
1140:Ryan Chin, Patrick KĂĽnzler, William Lark.
857:
805:
715:
686:
584:
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227:The project was formally led by architect
1144:. SAE Technical Papers, No. 2006-21-0076.
613:
440:Personal Urban Mobility and Accessibility
644:
332:
184:
90:
74:of all important aspects of the article.
896:. The Energy Collective. Archived from
262:The CityCar concept was designed as an
14:
1251:
70:Please consider expanding the lead to
1048:. (2007). Retrieved October 24, 2009.
1040:"A Carbon-Free, Stackable Rental Car"
595:"Folding car moves closer to reality"
239:
123:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1104:Douglas Belkin (January 2, 2005).
1033:"MIT offers City Car for the masses"
656:"Shrink-to-Fit Car for City Parking"
292:is 120 kilometres (75 mi). The
43:
1053:"Transology: Reinventing The Wheel"
885:
157:, is scheduled to begin a trial in
24:
25:
1285:
1227:
1115:Jessie Scanlon (September 2004).
1065:Phil Patton (September 6, 2004).
299:The CityCar is 60% the size of a
282:
257:
894:"MIT's green car of the future?"
322:
48:
1193:#59, MIT Newsletter, Fall 2004.
1042:. Retrieved September 28, 2009.
1035:. Retrieved September 28, 2009.
953:
932:
911:
830:
161:by late July 2012 as part of a
128:. The project was conceived by
62:may be too short to adequately
837:Alice Rawsthorn (2010-03-07).
675:
654:Steven Ashley (13 July 2012).
493:
410:Alternatives to the automobile
72:provide an accessible overview
13:
1:
1106:"2050 Future Shock: Soft Car"
1062:. Retrieved October 24, 2009.
1028:. Retrieved October 24, 2009.
982:
782:Heather Clancy (2010-09-24).
624:"Electric cars - Hiriko vert"
467:Folding Zaschka Three-wheeler
247:public transportation systems
1147:Sean Snyder (May 15, 2007).
1076:Jeff Byles (April 6, 2008).
892:Rich Maltzman (2010-09-26).
815:Zach McDonald (2010-10-12).
509:. 2007-11-01. Archived from
7:
682:Transology at archinode.com
403:
10:
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534:Ania Elorza (2012-07-05).
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180:
36:
29:
1110:The Boston Globe Magazine
1078:"Taking Back the Streets"
486:
446:Product ecosystem theory
37:Not to be confused with
1244:Hiriko driving mobility
1082:New York Times Magazine
1234:MIT Smart Cities Group
1038:Gibson, M. P. (2007).
701:. Smart Cities Group,
342:
189:
100:
1031:Lombardi, C. (2007).
472:Suzuki's Pixy concept
336:
188:
94:
1183:. pp. 180, 244.
765:Chapter 4, pp. 65-72
1130:. pp. 105–109.
1024:Snyder, S. (2007).
699:"Mobility: CityCar"
513:on November 4, 2007
425:General Motors EN-V
305:lithium-ion battery
294:lithium-ion battery
130:William J. Mitchell
1269:Electric city cars
1167:The New York Times
1154:2007-09-30 at the
1122:2008-10-10 at the
1101:(3) p. 78-79.
1071:The New York Times
1058:2007-10-07 at the
844:The New York Times
661:The New York Times
452:Renault Twizy Z.E.
343:
317:tailpipe emissions
290:all-electric range
240:Mobility on demand
190:
101:
27:Concept automobile
1202:Mitchell Joachim
1006:978-0-262-01382-6
748:978-0-262-01382-6
737:(1st. ed.).
632:. 27 January 2012
601:. 23 January 2012
572:. 31 January 2012
206:automotive design
89:
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16:(Redirected from
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1174:The Sunday Times
1135:Mitchell Joachim
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969:. Retrieved
967:. 2015-11-05
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942:. 2015-04-09
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921:. 2015-11-05
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898:the original
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574:. Retrieved
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546:. Retrieved
544:(in Spanish)
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515:. Retrieved
511:the original
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459:, and their
420:Electric car
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264:all-electric
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210:architecture
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59:lead section
1169:. Page D3.,
1160:Design News
788:SmartPlanet
481:Tesla, Inc.
435:Nissan Pivo
251:car sharing
229:Frank Gehry
198:concept car
194:MIT CityCar
134:Kent Larson
119:concept car
109:MIT CityCar
1253:Categories
1214:Ryan Chin
1017:2010-10-16
983:References
971:2016-03-26
946:2016-05-27
925:2016-03-26
904:2010-10-18
878:2010-10-18
850:2010-10-18
823:2010-10-16
798:2010-10-16
759:2010-10-16
708:2010-10-18
605:1 February
576:1 February
548:2012-07-15
517:2010-10-18
442:(P.U.M.A.)
415:Bubble car
394:US$ 16,400
377:, US, and
355:carsharing
315:) with no
303:, and its
212:, energy,
163:carsharing
1274:City cars
599:Telegraph
476:Q-Concept
301:Smart Car
138:Media Lab
126:Media Lab
64:summarize
1152:Archived
1120:Archived
1073:. p. D9.
1056:Archived
430:Microcar
404:See also
341:, Spain.
32:City car
1239:LabCast
1181:Esquire
1094:. 2007.
965:NPR.org
667:14 July
636:15 July
541:El PaĂs
390:€12,500
214:ecology
181:History
105:CityCar
39:Citicar
18:MIT Car
1176:. U.K.
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