391:
375:
923:
646:
939:
449:
883:
731:
407:
214:
864:
22:
113:
345:
360:
464:
657:
37:
903:
762:
497:
782:
685:
There are four three-storey porches, already up two flights of steps. The interior of the temple is "unsurpassed for its spatial complexity", with the sanctuary at the centre of the compound surrounded by many mandapas of two or three storeys, with all levels very open between the supporting columns allowing views in several directions inside the compound. Even the shikhara has balconies at three levels. The carving on the interior is in most areas as lavish as ever.
513:
421:
747:
128:
845:
which it is adopted varies greatly. Some buildings mix Māru-Gurjara elements with those of local temple styles and modern international ones. Generally, where there is elaborate carving, often still done by craftsmen from
Gujarat or Rajasthan, this has more ornamental and decorative work than small figures. A similar mix is seen in many modern Hindu temples in India and abroad, for example those of the
697:
dates back before the 16th century. The temples are packed tightly together in a number of high-walled compounds called "tuks" or "tonks". Michell calls them "characteristic of the final phase of
Western Indian temple architecture", with traditional shikharas, double storey porches, often on three or four sides, and miniature-urn roofs to the main mandapas. But there are influences from
481:
205:. However, Hegewald suggests "This change in terminology appears to have been suggested first by A. Ghosh during a symposium in Delhi in 1967". She notes that the change was an "attempt to avoid dynastic terms", and that both "Māru-Gurjara" and "Maru-Gurjara" are used by different writers, and that the Jain community mostly continues to call the style "Solanki".
809:. It uses the Māru-Gurjara style, with many similarities to Bhadreshwar and Ranakpur. There is a good deal of "sharply sculpted" decoration, "but figures appear only at the brackets". There are three sanctuaries in a row, and so three shikharas, but the porch and the outer mandapa each have three domes.
124:
horizontal beam above in the centre, and elaborately carved. These have no structural function, and are purely decorative. The style developed large pillared halls, many open at the sides, with Jain temples often having one closed and two pillared halls in sequence on the main axis leading to the shrine.
584:(r. 1143 – 1172 CE) of the Solanki/Chaulukya dynasty, who was the most favourable towards Jains of the dynasty. According to Jain sources he converted to Jainism towards the end of his life; at the least he was influenced by the religion. His reign marked the height of Jain power and influence; his son
696:
hills in
Gujarat are another very important Jain pilgrimage site, with temples numbering into the hundreds (most very small, and all but one Svetambara). Though many were founded much earlier, the site was so thoroughly destroyed by Muslim armies, starting in 1311, that there is little surviving that
684:
in
Rajasthan is a major construction for a merchant, built between 1439 and 1458 or 1496. It is a thorough-going, but not strict, revival of Māru-Gurjara style, on the same broad model as Bhadreshwar, with a high outside wall of the back of shrines, but also a number of Islamic-style corbelled domes.
610:
are considered excellent examples of
Chaulukyan architecture. Mahavira, Shantinatha, and Parshvanatha temples are some of the most renowned temples in India. These five marble temples vary in size and architecture details, but every temple is surrounded by a protective walled courtyard with elaborate
123:
Interiors are if anything even more lavishly decorated, with elaborate carving on most surfaces. In particular, Jain temples often have small low domes carved on the inside with a highly intricate rosette design. Another distinctive feature is "flying" arch-like elements between pillars, touching the
572:
style higher up, where the miniature towers are of varying lengths, and overlap. Over the mandapa, the lowest level continues the regular miniature tower clusters over the sanctuary, above which shallow pitched planes of roof are studded with miniature towers, with rows of beasts and urns along the
844:
communities in many parts of the world. In India there has been much construction of large temples and complexes, and the smaller diaspora communities have constructed buildings on a somewhat smaller scale. In both cases use of the Māru-Gurjara style is very common, although the thoroughness with
94:
On the exteriors, the style of Māru-Gurjara architecture is distinguished from other North Indian temple styles of the period in "that the external walls of the temples have been structured by increasing numbers of projections and recesses, accommodating sharply carved statues in niches. These are
966:
are very largely in the same style as their Hindu companions, which were mostly built between 950 and 1050. They share many features with the Māru-Gurjara style: high plinths with many decorated bands on the walls, lavish figurative and decorative carving, balconies looking out on multiple sides,
672:
conquered the region. Temple building then largely ceased in the original areas of the style for a considerable time, although a trickle of repairs and additions to existing temples are recorded, and some small new buildings. However, Solanki rule came to be seen by Jains as something of a
146:
by 1298. But, unusually for an Indian temple style, it continued to be used by Jains there and elsewhere, with a notable "revival" in the 15th century. Since then it has continued in use in Jain and some Hindu temples, and from the 20th century has spread to temples built outside India. These
543:
that adds greatly to their effect, and remain in use. The oldest and largest two have large amounts of intricate carving even by the standards of the style, reaching a peak in the Luna Vasahi temple. The main buildings of the first three named are surrounded by "cloister" screens of
330:, once the Chaulukya capital. With a very different architectural form and function, "throughout, the ornamentation of the architectural elements is sumptuous" in the contemporary temple style, including very many Hindu figures. Another non-temple example is the 80 foot
560:, was constructed in 1161, and is a fine example of the style, which remains largely intact, and in religious use. The shikhara and the much lower superstructure over the mandapa are both among the "most complicated" in the style. The former begins with three rows of
548:
shrines, and are fairly plain on the outer walls of these; in the case of the Vimal Vasahi this screen was a later addition, around the time of the second temple. These three have an axis from the sanctuary through a closed, then an open mandapa to an open
249:
in Jagat, Rajasthan. The earliest inscription here records a repair in 961 (well before the
Solankis came to power). For George Mitchell, in the Jagat temple (and others he names) "the Pratihara style was fully evolved in its Western Indian expression".
938:
922:
633:, with a magnificent mountain-top position, are mostly in the style, with the major temples ranging in date (of basic construction) from 1128, 1231, 1453 and another 15th century example. Other temples, like the large example at the
274:
in a raid in 1024–1025 CE. It was then rebuilt, but sacked again when the Delhi
Sultanate conquered the area at the end of the 13th century. The ruins have recently been restored and rebuilt in what is intended as the Solanki style.
796:
There was a considerable number of new Jain temples in the 19th century, as the Jain community continued to grow and prosper. Temples were built by wealthy Jains, often individually, or by community trusts. The large
197:, who also coined the terms "Surāṣṭra", "Mahā-Māru", and "Mahā-Gurjara" to describe other historical styles of Western Indian architecture. The Māru-Gurjara style is a synthesis of the Mahā-Māru style of
553:, or larger hall for dance or drama. Surrounding the main temple with a curtain of shrines was to become a distinctive feature of the Jain temples of West India, still employed in some modern temples.
301:
Gujarat, mostly destroyed under Muslim rule. The main temple was surrounded by a screen of subsidiary shrines (partly surviving as a mosque), and the porches, parts of which remain, and a stand-alone
390:
882:
307:
were exceptionally grand. The mandapa had three storeys. It was completed in 1140, ending a long period of construction. Two groups of smaller ruined temples of similar date are the two
374:
618:, mostly constructed for a merchant in 1248, just at the end of the Solanki dynasty, is surrounded by the high walls of a curtain of subsidiary shrines, each with a shikhara in
290:
between the main sanctuary building and the tank, which is slightly later. The carving of all parts is "extremely luxuriant and exquisitely refined in the rendering of detail".
677:
wing of the religion. The style began to re-appear in Jain temples in the same area in the 15th century, and then spread elsewhere in India, initially moving eastwards.
539:. The Vimal Vasahi is much the earliest, constructed by 1031, with the Luna Vasahi by 1230, and the others at intervals between 1459 and 1582. All are in a very white
863:
183:
The name of the Māru-Gurjara style is a 20th-century invention; previously, and still by many, it is called the "Solanki style". The ancient name of
Rajasthan was
958:
The Māru-Gurjara style did not represent a radical break with earlier styles. The previous styles in north-west India are mentioned above, and the group of
857:(built 2001-2011). Sometimes the Māru-Gurjara influence is limited to the "flying arches" and mandapa ceiling rosettes, and a preference for white marble.
730:
282:, Gujarat, was built in 1026–27 CE, just after Mahmud's raid. The shikhara is now missing, but the lower levels are well-preserved, and there is a large
245:. Many of the broad features of this earlier style are continued in the Māru-Gurjara style. The beginnings of the new style can be seen in the small
967:
ceiling rosettes, and others, but at
Khajuraho the great height of the shikharas is given more emphasis. There are similarities with the contemporary
95:
normally positioned in superimposed registers, above the lower bands of moldings. The latter display continuous lines of horse riders, elephants, and
626:
in the domes and arches. The main temple, in a courtyard considerably above ground level, is comparable to the earlier examples described above.
1586:
142:
The style mostly fell from use in Hindu temples in its original regions by the 13th century, especially as the area had fallen to the Muslim
1475:
824:
foundation, and the
Digambar wing of Jainism always favoured the Māru-Gurjara style rather less, at least in India itself. The large
598:
built between 1062 - 1231 CE. The five temples are famous for their elaborate architecture. The Jain temples, Kumbhariya along with
645:
338:, Rajasthan, built for a Jain merchant, mostly in the early 13th century, with the pavilion at the top a 15th-century restoration.
344:
902:
761:
1437:
1071:
135:
1946:
152:
1790:
1579:
1961:
987:
Hegewald, note 3. Mitchell (1977) uses "Solanki style", while Harle is reluctant to tie the style to a specific name.
588:, something of a villain in Jain chronicles, was much less favourable, although there continued to be Jain ministers.
1556:
1536:
1516:
1496:
406:
828:, which devotes itself to temple-building and renovation, has played a role in promoting the Māru-Gurjara style, at
1951:
595:
420:
308:
448:
1925:
1882:
1572:
1465:
1451:
1388:
581:
1396:"The International Jaina Style? Māru-Gurjara Temples Under the Solaṅkīs, throughout India and in the Diaspora"
716:(completed 1651) is an example of a Hindu temple using the style at a late date; in this case a commission of
673:"golden age", and the Māru-Gurjara style evidently became something of a standard for Jains, specifically the
1861:
1732:
585:
315:; both have their lowest storeys fairly intact, and some of the Kiradu group retain part of their shikharas.
1727:
1710:
963:
359:
234:
1856:
1836:
1609:
817:
746:
701:
in the domes, often fluted, over porches and second mandapas, "arches with petalled fringes, parapets of
1395:
109:
subsidiary spirelets on it, and two smaller side-entrances with porches are common in larger temples.
1956:
1851:
1619:
1966:
1897:
1866:
1846:
1826:
1761:
1752:
959:
698:
623:
230:
76:
709:
in Gujarat has groups of Hindu and Jain ruined temples of various dates, but mostly 15th century.
213:
1907:
1887:
1821:
1783:
1695:
1614:
768:
713:
615:
469:
222:
148:
25:
1912:
1902:
1831:
1816:
1722:
1686:
1676:
850:
825:
798:
785:
591:
567:
502:
1546:
1482:
1470:
Singh, Kavita, "The Temple's Eternal Return: Swaminarayan Akshardham Complex in Delhi", 2010,
1892:
1705:
1681:
1646:
1636:
1595:
1061:
397:
294:
577:
decoration, the figures "characterized by lively poses and sharply cut faces and costumes".
1841:
1742:
1737:
1661:
968:
909:
681:
649:
117:
1528:
A Thousand Petalled Lotus: Jain Temples of Rajasthan : Architecture & Iconography
8:
1778:
1771:
1766:
1747:
1700:
1153:
Michell (1990), 295–296 (Kiradu, which he sees as mostly "late Pratihara"; Harle, 223–227
737:
630:
622:
style, except for a much later two-storey porch at the entrance, which has elements from
607:
603:
557:
454:
381:
279:
971:
from much further south. In both of these styles architecture is treated sculpturally.
1717:
1651:
1641:
350:
246:
156:
1086:
Hegewald, note 3, citing "Pramod Chandra "The Study of Indian Tempe Architecture", in
573:
edges of the planes. The surfaces are heavily decorated with figures and "honeycomb"
233:, and the local dynasties under it. The most famous monuments of this period are the
112:
1800:
1552:
1532:
1512:
1492:
1461:
1447:
1433:
1417:
1384:
1067:
813:
806:
72:
1488:
1407:
840:
The 20th and 21st centuries, especially from about 1950, have seen increasing Jain
753:
689:
271:
194:
21:
1412:
229:
The style developed from that of the dynasties preceding the Solankis, mainly the
155:(1995) an early example, and smaller ones built by the Jain diaspora, such as the
1526:
1506:
1090:, ed. Pramod Chandra (New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies, 1975), 36"
674:
669:
665:
599:
528:
487:
143:
463:
948:, Hertfordshire, which "recreates a general Māru-Gurjara aesthetic". Side view.
932:, England. A facade "clad with Māru-Gurjara ornamentation" on a former church.
874:
656:
634:
430:
412:
327:
312:
259:
36:
96:
1940:
1421:
721:
717:
517:
331:
1444:
The Penguin Guide to the Monuments of India, Volume 1: Buddhist, Jain, Hindu
1656:
846:
521:
335:
132:
75:(also called Solaṅkī dynasty). Although originating as a regional style in
781:
286:
tank of the same period in front of the temple. There is a large detached
1795:
1629:
1624:
945:
706:
693:
536:
496:
426:
319:
193:. The term "Māru-Gurjara" was coined by art and architectural historian
189:
168:
80:
1564:
512:
266:, was the most famous in Gujarat, but was very largely destroyed by the
105:
1135:
Rowland, 294–296, 296 quoted; Michell (1990), 299–300; Harle, 223–227
929:
802:
789:
532:
267:
172:
127:
68:
63:, is the style of West Indian temple architecture that originated in
49:
664:
The Solanki dynasty finally fell around 1244, replaced by the Hindu
1671:
870:
841:
829:
821:
574:
323:
298:
283:
238:
100:
88:
580:
The Ajitanatha Temple was built under, and very probably by, King
556:
The Ajitanatha Temple, the largest and earliest of the cluster of
913:
854:
562:
287:
202:
164:
160:
99:. Hardly any segment of the surface is left unadorned." The main
64:
45:
29:
241:
dynasty between 950 and 1050. These are famous for their erotic
1383:, 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art,
889:
702:
540:
303:
242:
218:
198:
869:
Entrance fronting an essentially modern Jain temple building,
893:
365:
263:
566:-style miniature towers in clusters, before turning to the
84:
41:
1430:
The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to its Meaning and Forms
480:
1458:
The Art and Architecture of India: Buddhist, Hindu, Jain
1508:
The Stepwells of Gujarat: In Art-historical Perspective
1063:
The Stepwells of Gujarat: In Art-historical Perspective
888:
The Bounter Jinalaya (or "72 Jinalaya") Jain temple at
660:
Detailed carvings on the pillar of Ranakpur Jain temple
322:("Queen's Stepwell", probably 1063–83) is a very grand
1201:
1460:, 1967 (3rd edn.), Pelican History of Art, Penguin,
1381:
The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent
1364:
The legacy of G.S. Ghurye: a centennial festschrift
1237:
1225:
1213:
1059:
87:patronage later spread across India, then later to
201:region in Rajasthan and the Mahā-Gurjara style of
1938:
812:But the style is not invariably used: the large
1366:, By Govind Sadashiv Ghurye, A. R. Momin, p-205
52:, 1230 and later, with typical "flying arches".
1580:
1336:Hegewald; Singh, 49-50, 56-57, 59-60, 73-75
637:("mound"), have been completely destroyed.
71:from the 11th to 13th centuries, under the
1587:
1573:
1594:
1411:
1053:
225:, built by Maharana Jagat Singh I in 1651
16:Style of north Indian temple architecture
1504:
1393:
1207:
816:(1864–1895) in Rajasthan uses a kind of
780:
655:
644:
511:
212:
147:include many large temples built by the
126:
111:
35:
20:
1171:Michell (1990), 274–276; Harle, 226–227
1939:
1318:Michell (1990), 278 (quoted); Hegewald
253:
1568:
1524:
1432:, 1977, University of Chicago Press,
1219:
1088:Studies in Indian Temple Architecture
594:is a complex of five Jain temples in
438:
178:
1544:
1480:
1243:
1231:
1108:Harle, 220–221; Mitchell (1990), 288
1291:Michell (1990), 308–310, 308 quoted
1189:Michell (1990), 310–311, 311 quoted
1162:Michell (1990), 283; Harle, 227–228
1144:Michell (1990), 300; Harle, 227–228
668:for some decades before the Muslim
13:
944:Jain Temple at the Oshwal Centre,
396:Outside face of screen shrines at
79:, it became especially popular in
14:
1978:
1548:Faith & Philosophy of Jainism
1484:Gujarat–Daman–Diu: A Travel Guide
1282:Michell (1990), 305–306; Hegewald
167:(completed 2010), and temples in
937:
921:
901:
881:
862:
760:
745:
729:
640:
596:Kumbhariya, Banaskantha district
495:
479:
462:
447:
419:
405:
389:
373:
358:
343:
309:Rama Lakshamana temples, Baradia
1748:Thantra-Samuchayam/Shilparatnam
1357:
1348:
1339:
1330:
1321:
1312:
1303:
1294:
1285:
1276:
1267:
1258:
1249:
1192:
1183:
1174:
1165:
1156:
1147:
1138:
1129:
1120:
1111:
1102:
1093:
1080:
835:
776:
1926:Category:Architecture in India
1394:Hegewald, Julia A. B. (2011).
1044:
1035:
1026:
1017:
1008:
999:
996:Mitchell (1977), 123; Hegewald
990:
981:
208:
91:communities around the world.
1:
1505:Neubauer, Jutta Jain (1981),
1413:10.3998/ars.13441566.0045.005
1373:
1309:Michell (1990), 311; Hegewald
1264:Michell (1990), 294; Hegewald
1255:Michell (1990), 280; Hegewald
962:, forming part of the famous
953:
1066:. Abhinav. pp. xiv–xv.
1060:Jutta Jain-Neubauer (1981).
964:Khajuraho Group of Monuments
805:, Gujarat, was built by the
705:", and other features. The
235:Khajuraho Group of Monuments
149:Hindu Swaminarayan tradition
7:
353:in Jagat, Rajasthan, by 960
10:
1983:
535:are among the most famous
455:Ajitanatha Temple, Taranga
57:Māru-Gurjarat architecture
1962:Hindu temple architecture
1947:Māru-Gurjara architecture
1921:
1875:
1809:
1602:
1551:, Gyan Publishing House,
1545:Jain, Arun Kumar (2009),
960:Jain temples of Khajuraho
699:Indo-Islamic architecture
624:Indo-Islamic architecture
503:Kumbharia Mahavira temple
380:Wall below the shikhara,
231:Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty
187:while Gujarat was called
77:Hindu temple architecture
1531:, Abhinav Publications,
1511:, Abhinav Publications,
1442:Michell, George (1990),
1428:Michell, George, (1977)
1032:Harle, 239–240; Hegewald
1023:Hegewald; Harle, 219–220
974:
221:on the base wall of the
153:Neasden temple in London
136:temple in Houston, Texas
1952:Rajasthani architecture
1446:, 1990, Penguin Books,
769:Jagdish Temple, Udaipur
714:Jagdish Temple, Udaipur
629:The clustered group of
616:Bhadreshwar Jain Temple
470:Bhadreshwar Jain Temple
297:was a large complex in
223:Jagdish Temple, Udaipur
116:Mandapa ceiling in the
103:tower usually has many
26:Navlakha Temple, Ghumli
1525:Kumar, Sehdev (2001),
896:, Gujarat, begun 1982
851:Prem Mandir, Vrindavan
826:Anandji Kalyanji Trust
799:Hutheesing Jain Temple
793:
786:Hutheesing Jain Temple
661:
653:
592:Kumbharia Jain temples
524:
226:
139:
120:
53:
44:Luna Vasahi temple at
33:
1596:Architecture of India
1481:Ward, Philip (1998),
784:
740:, 12th-15th centuries
659:
648:
515:
398:Rudra Mahalaya Temple
295:Rudra Mahalaya Temple
216:
130:
115:
39:
24:
1117:Mitchell (1990), 263
969:Hoysala architecture
910:Jain temple, Antwerp
682:Ranakpur Jain temple
650:Ranakpur Jain temple
558:Taranga Jain temples
472:, 1248, rebuilt 2010
368:on the Jagat temple
118:Ranakpur Jain Temple
1456:Rowland, Benjamin,
1300:Michell (1990), 273
738:Girnar Jain temples
688:The large group of
631:Girnar Jain temples
608:Taranga Jain temple
604:Girnar Jain temples
516:Detail of the Jain
382:Sun Temple, Modhera
280:Sun Temple, Modhera
254:Early Hindu temples
83:, and mainly under
820:style. This is a
794:
662:
654:
611:arched gateways.
525:
439:Early Jain temples
351:Ambika Mata temple
247:Ambika Mata temple
227:
179:Origin of the name
140:
121:
54:
34:
1957:Jain architecture
1934:
1933:
1474:, Vol 70, no. 1,
1438:978-0-226-53230-1
1073:978-0-391-02284-3
928:The Jain Centre,
814:Ajmer Jain temple
807:Hutheesing family
131:Devotions in the
73:Chaulukya dynasty
1974:
1967:Gujarati culture
1589:
1582:
1575:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1541:
1521:
1501:
1489:Orient Blackswan
1487:, vol. 22,
1425:
1415:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1352:
1346:
1343:
1337:
1334:
1328:
1325:
1319:
1316:
1310:
1307:
1301:
1298:
1292:
1289:
1283:
1280:
1274:
1271:
1265:
1262:
1256:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1196:
1190:
1187:
1181:
1178:
1172:
1169:
1163:
1160:
1154:
1151:
1145:
1142:
1136:
1133:
1127:
1126:Rowland, 293–294
1124:
1118:
1115:
1109:
1106:
1100:
1099:Hegewald, note 3
1097:
1091:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1057:
1051:
1050:Hegewald, note 3
1048:
1042:
1039:
1033:
1030:
1024:
1021:
1015:
1012:
1006:
1003:
997:
994:
988:
985:
941:
925:
916:, completed 2010
905:
885:
866:
771:(completed 1651)
764:
754:Palitana temples
752:View across the
749:
733:
690:Palitana temples
499:
483:
466:
451:
423:
409:
393:
377:
362:
347:
237:built under the
195:Madhusudan Dhaky
1982:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1917:
1871:
1805:
1728:Badami Chalukya
1598:
1593:
1559:
1539:
1519:
1499:
1376:
1371:
1370:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1250:
1242:
1238:
1230:
1226:
1218:
1214:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1085:
1081:
1074:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1000:
995:
991:
986:
982:
977:
956:
949:
942:
933:
926:
917:
906:
897:
886:
877:
867:
838:
832:in particular.
779:
772:
765:
756:
750:
741:
734:
670:Delhi Sultanate
666:Vaghela dynasty
643:
600:Dilwara temples
529:Dilwara Temples
510:
509:
508:
507:
506:
500:
492:
491:
488:Dilwara temples
484:
475:
474:
473:
467:
459:
458:
452:
441:
434:
424:
415:
410:
401:
394:
385:
378:
369:
363:
354:
348:
262:, dedicated to
256:
211:
181:
144:Delhi Sultanate
17:
12:
11:
5:
1980:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1791:Indo-Saracenic
1788:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1718:Hindu-southern
1715:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1669:
1664:
1652:Hindu-northern
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1617:
1612:
1610:Ancient Indian
1606:
1604:
1600:
1599:
1592:
1591:
1584:
1577:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1542:
1537:
1522:
1517:
1502:
1497:
1478:
1468:
1454:
1440:
1426:
1400:Ars Orientalis
1391:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1356:
1347:
1338:
1329:
1320:
1311:
1302:
1293:
1284:
1275:
1266:
1257:
1248:
1246:, p. 171.
1236:
1234:, p. 283.
1224:
1212:
1200:
1191:
1182:
1173:
1164:
1155:
1146:
1137:
1128:
1119:
1110:
1101:
1092:
1079:
1072:
1052:
1043:
1034:
1025:
1016:
1007:
998:
989:
979:
978:
976:
973:
955:
952:
951:
950:
943:
936:
934:
927:
920:
918:
907:
900:
898:
887:
880:
878:
875:Andhra Pradesh
868:
861:
837:
834:
778:
775:
774:
773:
766:
759:
757:
751:
744:
742:
735:
728:
652:, 15th century
642:
639:
635:Rajgadhi Timbo
501:
494:
493:
486:Vimal Vasahi,
485:
478:
477:
476:
468:
461:
460:
453:
446:
445:
444:
443:
442:
440:
437:
436:
435:
433:, 11th century
431:Patan, Gujarat
425:
418:
416:
413:Kiradu temples
411:
404:
402:
395:
388:
386:
379:
372:
370:
364:
357:
355:
349:
342:
328:Patan, Gujarat
313:Kiradu temples
260:Somnath temple
255:
252:
210:
207:
180:
177:
32:, 12th century
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1979:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1862:Uttar Pradesh
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1760:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1590:
1585:
1583:
1578:
1576:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1560:
1558:9788178357232
1554:
1550:
1549:
1543:
1540:
1538:9788170173489
1534:
1530:
1529:
1523:
1520:
1518:9780391022843
1514:
1510:
1509:
1503:
1500:
1498:9788125013839
1494:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1472:Artibus Asiae
1469:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1379:Harle, J.C.,
1378:
1377:
1365:
1360:
1351:
1342:
1333:
1324:
1315:
1306:
1297:
1288:
1279:
1270:
1261:
1252:
1245:
1240:
1233:
1228:
1222:, p. 67.
1221:
1216:
1210:, p. 15.
1209:
1208:Neubauer 1981
1204:
1195:
1186:
1177:
1168:
1159:
1150:
1141:
1132:
1123:
1114:
1105:
1096:
1089:
1083:
1075:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1056:
1047:
1038:
1029:
1020:
1011:
1002:
993:
984:
980:
972:
970:
965:
961:
947:
940:
935:
931:
924:
919:
915:
911:
904:
899:
895:
891:
884:
879:
876:
872:
865:
860:
859:
858:
856:
852:
849:sect, or the
848:
843:
833:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
810:
808:
804:
800:
791:
787:
783:
770:
763:
758:
755:
748:
743:
739:
736:Seven of the
732:
727:
726:
725:
723:
719:
718:Jagat Singh I
715:
710:
708:
704:
700:
695:
691:
686:
683:
680:The Adinatha
678:
676:
671:
667:
658:
651:
647:
641:Later temples
638:
636:
632:
627:
625:
621:
617:
612:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
587:
583:
578:
576:
571:
570:
565:
564:
559:
554:
552:
547:
542:
538:
534:
530:
523:
519:
518:Kirti Stambha
514:
504:
498:
489:
482:
471:
465:
456:
450:
432:
428:
422:
417:
414:
408:
403:
399:
392:
387:
383:
376:
371:
367:
361:
356:
352:
346:
341:
340:
339:
337:
333:
332:Kirti Stambha
329:
325:
321:
316:
314:
311:and the five
310:
306:
305:
300:
296:
291:
289:
285:
281:
276:
273:
269:
265:
261:
251:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
224:
220:
215:
206:
204:
200:
196:
192:
191:
186:
176:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
145:
137:
134:
129:
125:
119:
114:
110:
108:
107:
102:
98:
92:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
61:Solaṅkī style
58:
51:
47:
43:
38:
31:
27:
23:
19:
1762:Indo-Islamic
1753:Vijayanagara
1667:Māru-Gurjara
1666:
1547:
1527:
1507:
1483:
1476:academia.edu
1471:
1457:
1443:
1429:
1406:(20220203).
1403:
1399:
1380:
1363:
1359:
1350:
1341:
1332:
1323:
1314:
1305:
1296:
1287:
1278:
1269:
1260:
1251:
1239:
1227:
1215:
1203:
1194:
1185:
1176:
1167:
1158:
1149:
1140:
1131:
1122:
1113:
1104:
1095:
1087:
1082:
1062:
1055:
1046:
1037:
1028:
1019:
1010:
1001:
992:
983:
957:
847:Swaminarayan
839:
836:20th century
811:
795:
777:19th century
711:
687:
679:
663:
628:
619:
613:
590:
579:
568:
561:
555:
551:rangamandapa
550:
545:
537:Jain temples
526:
522:Chittor Fort
336:Chittor Fort
317:
302:
292:
277:
257:
228:
188:
184:
182:
175:in England.
141:
133:Swaminarayan
122:
104:
97:kīrttimukhas
93:
81:Jain temples
60:
56:
55:
40:Interior of
18:
1883:Bhubaneswar
1857:Uttarakhand
1837:Maharashtra
946:Potters Bar
720:, ruler of
707:Polo Forest
694:Shatrunjaya
427:Rani ki vav
320:Rani ki vav
209:Development
169:Potters Bar
157:Jain temple
151:, with the
1941:Categories
1852:Tamil Nadu
1784:Qutb Shahi
1696:Hemadpanti
1466:0140561021
1452:0140081445
1389:0300062176
1374:References
1220:Kumar 2001
1180:Harle, 228
954:Background
818:Neo-Mughal
801:(1848) in
788:(1848) in
767:The Hindu
675:Śvetāmbara
582:Kumarapala
546:devakulikā
190:Gurjaratra
106:urushringa
1898:Hyderabad
1867:Telangana
1847:Rajasthan
1827:Karnataka
1723:Dravidian
1422:2328-1286
1244:Ward 1998
1232:Jain 2009
930:Leicester
803:Ahmedabad
792:, Gujarat
790:Ahmedabad
586:Ajayapala
533:Mount Abu
527:The five
400:, by 1140
334:tower in
268:Ghaznavid
217:Bands of
173:Leicester
69:Rajasthan
50:Mount Abu
1810:By state
1733:Chalukya
1711:Rock-cut
1706:Nilachal
1672:Shikhara
1647:Harappan
1637:Buddhist
1354:Hegewald
1345:Hegewald
1327:Hegewald
1273:Hegewald
1198:Hegewald
1041:Hegewald
1014:Hegewald
1005:Hegewald
871:Kakinada
842:diaspora
830:Palitana
822:Digambar
575:gavaksha
384:, 1020s
324:stepwell
299:Siddhpur
284:stepwell
239:Chandela
185:Marudesh
101:shikhara
89:diaspora
1908:Lucknow
1888:Chennai
1876:By city
1822:Gujarat
1743:Kadamba
1738:Hoysala
1687:Sekhari
1677:Bhumija
1662:Kalinga
914:Belgium
855:Mathura
703:merlons
692:on the
620:sekhari
569:sekhari
563:bhumija
520:tower,
288:mandapa
243:reliefs
203:Gujarat
165:Belgium
161:Antwerp
65:Gujarat
46:Dilwara
30:Gujarat
1913:Mumbai
1903:Jaipur
1842:Odisha
1832:Kerala
1817:Bengal
1779:Sharqi
1772:Akbari
1767:Mughal
1701:Meitei
1682:Latina
1657:Nagara
1620:Bengal
1555:
1535:
1515:
1495:
1464:
1450:
1436:
1420:
1387:
1070:
890:Mandvi
541:marble
505:, 1062
490:, 1031
457:, 1161
304:torana
272:Mahmud
270:ruler
219:relief
199:Marwar
138:(2004)
1893:Delhi
1642:Dzong
1630:Ratna
1625:Chala
1615:Assam
1603:Types
975:Notes
894:Kutch
853:near
722:Mewar
366:Durga
264:Shiva
1801:Sikh
1796:Jain
1553:ISBN
1533:ISBN
1513:ISBN
1493:ISBN
1462:ISBN
1448:ISBN
1434:ISBN
1418:ISSN
1385:ISBN
1068:ISBN
908:The
712:The
614:The
606:and
318:The
293:The
278:The
258:The
171:and
85:Jain
67:and
42:Jain
1408:doi
531:on
326:in
59:or
1943::
1491:,
1416:.
1404:45
1402:.
1398:.
912:,
892:,
873:,
724:.
602:,
429:,
163:,
159:,
48:,
28:,
1588:e
1581:t
1574:v
1424:.
1410::
1076:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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