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adults in a household, especially if there are children present, is more likely to keep a household out of poverty than having just one adult in a household. Many scholars and policymakers have used this fact to argue that encouraging people to get married and stay married is an effective way to reduce working poverty (and poverty in general). However, this is easier said than done. Research has shown that low-income people marry less often than higher-income people because they have a more difficult time finding a partner who is employed, which is often seen as a prerequisite for marriage. Therefore, unless the employment opportunity structure is improved, simply increasing the number of marriages among low-income people would be unlikely to lower working poverty rates.
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highest poverty rate are agricultural jobs, such as farming, service sector jobs, such as fast food or retail, and the construction industry, at 9.7%, 9.0% and 7.1% respectively. The largest ethnicity groups of the working poor are
African-American and Hispanics or Latinos, both at 7.9%, with whites at 3.9% and Asian at 2.9%. Women are far more likely than men to be working and in poverty, 10% vs 5.6%. While the majority of the working poor have a high school diploma or less, 5% have some college education, 3.2% have an associate degree, and 1.5% have a bachelor's degree or higher. Families with children are four times as likely as a single person to live in poverty, with families headed by single women making up 16% of all working poor families.
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came out with an "economy food plan" to be used as a temporarily during an emergency or when a family is in need. This plan did not account for any food consumption outside of the home, and while it was considered nutritious, it was limited in variety and monotonous, thus the temporary designation. The US government took this number andâbecause the average family at the time spent one-third of their income on foodâmultiplied it by three. This has remained the standard way to set the poverty thresholds. The food plan has not changed, it has only been adjusted for inflation. One argument is that this is no longer an accurate way to measure poverty because the average lifestyle has changed dramatically since the 1960s.
453:. However, these free options are only available during certain hours, which may limit parents' ability to take jobs that require late-night shifts. The U.S. "average" seems to suggest that for one toddler, in full-time day care, on weekdays, the cost is approximately $ 600.00 per month. But, that figure can rise to well over $ 1000.00 per month in major metro areas, and fall to less than $ 350 in rural areas. The average cost of center-based daycare in the United States is $ 11,666 per year ($ 972 a month), but prices range from $ 3,582 to $ 18,773 a year ($ 300 to $ 1,564 monthly), according to the National Association of Child Care Resource & Referral Agencies.
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there has been, and still is, debate on how accurate using this metric is, the US Census Bureau began publishing a
Supplemental Poverty Measure in 2011. The main difference using this metric is that a person's poverty status is determined after subtracting taxes, food, clothing, shelter, utilities, childcare and work-related expenses, and including government benefits and people living in the home that do not fit the "family" definition (such as an unmarried couple, or dependent foster children). Using the SPM, the poverty rate overall increases, particularly the rate of the working poor. In 2018, the official rate was 5.1% vs the SPM's measure of 7.2%.
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widely. Most assistance is administered through the Child Care and
Development Block Grants. Many subsidies have strict income guidelines and are generally for families with children under 13 (the age limit is often extended if the child has a disability). Many subsidies permit home-based care, but some only accept a day care center, so check the requirements. However, in an academic research, half of the respondents linked aspirations to their tax refunds for financial support, even though they did not ask for specific governmental aid.
284:. This graph measures household, rather than person-level, poverty rates. A household is coded as "poor" if its income is less than 50% of its country's median income. This is a relative, rather than absolute, measure of poverty. A household is classified as "working" if at least one member of the household was employed at the time of the survey. The most important insight contained in this graph is that the US has strikingly higher working poverty rates than European countries.
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Report and looking at everyone in poverty, not just those working, these percentages actually rise to 14.9% with a high school diploma, 9.7% with some college, and 6.2% with a bachelor's degree of higher. Blacks and
Hispanics have higher rates of poverty than Whites and Asians at every education level. Student loan debt in the US can also contribute to poverty due to capitalized interest if the borrower does not earn enough wages keep up with the loan payments.
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387:. These motel rooms tend to cost much more than a traditional rental, but they are accessible to the working poor because they do not require a large deposit. If someone is unable or unwilling to pay for a room in a motel, they might live in their car, in a homeless shelter, or on the street. This is not a marginal phenomenon; in fact, according to the 2008 US Conference of Mayors, one in five homeless people are currently employed.
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225:, classifies a household as poor if its income is less than 60 percent of the country's median household income. According to Eurostat, a relative measure of poverty is appropriate because "minimal acceptable standards usually differ between societies according to their general level of prosperity: someone regarded as poor in a rich developed country might be regarded as rich in a poor developing country."
375:, provide detailed insights into the obstacles that hinder workers' ability to find jobs, keep jobs, and make ends meet. Some of the most common struggles faced by the working poor are finding affordable housing, arranging transportation to and from work, buying basic necessities, arranging childcare, having unpredictable work schedules, juggling two or more jobs, and coping with low-status work.
43:
488:, which happens when one group of people valorize their own social position by comparing themselves to another group, who they perceive to be inferior in some way. For example, Newman (1999) found that fast food workers in New York City cope with the low-status nature of their job by comparing themselves to the unemployed, who they perceive to be even lower-status than themselves.
552:. Cross-national statistical studies on working poverty suggest that generous welfare states have a larger impact on working poverty than strong labor movements. The labor movements in various countries have accomplished this through political parties of their own (labor parties) or strategic alliances with non-labor parties, for instance, when striving to put a meaningful
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particularly salient obstacle. Some working poor people are able to use their social networksâif they have themâto meet their transportation needs. In a study on low-income single mothers, Edin and Lein found that single mothers who had someone to drive them to and from work were much more likely to be able to support themselves without relying on government aid.
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than the US. Furthermore, although
Western European economies' growth rates can be lower than the US's from time to time, their growth rates tend to be more stable, whereas the US's tends to fluctuate relatively severely. Individual states offer financial assistance for child care, but the aid varies
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Working poor people who do not have friends or relatives with whom they can live often find themselves unable to rent an apartment of their own. Although the working poor are employed at least some of the time, they often find it difficult to save enough money for a deposit on a rental property. As
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Cross-national studies have found that
European countries' working poverty rates are much lower than the US's. Most of this difference can be explained by the fact that European countries' welfare states are more generous than the US's. The relationship between generous welfare states and low rates
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without earning more than the official poverty threshold, the US Department of Labor would classify them as "working poor". (Note: The official poverty threshold, which is set by the US Census Bureau, varies depending on the size of a family and the age of the family members.) As of 2021, the poverty
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Many low-wage workers have to work multiple jobs in order to make ends meet. In 1996, 6.2 percent of the workforce held two or more full- or part-time jobs. Most of these people held two part-time jobs or one part-time job and one full-time job, but 4% of men and 2% of women held two full-time jobs
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Using the US Census Bureau's definition of poverty, the working poverty rate seems to have remained relatively stable since 1978. There is some controversy around this measurement, namely how the dollar amounts that make up the poverty threshold are calculated. In 1961, the
Department of Agriculture
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The official poverty threshold is calculated by using the
Consumer Price Index for goods, multiplying the cost of a minimum food diet in 1963 by three, a family's gross income (before tax), and the number of family members. In 2017, there were 6.9 million individuals defined as working poor. Because
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Households with two wage-earners have a significantly lower rate of working poverty than households with only one wage-earner. Also, households with two adults, but only one wage-earner, have lower working poverty rates than households with only one adult. Therefore, it seems clear that having two
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If a job offers an FSA (also known as a
Dependent Care Account), one can put aside up to $ 5,000 in pre-tax dollars to pay for child care expenses. If both you and your spouse have an FSA, the family limit is $ 5,000âbut you could get as much as $ 2,000 in tax savings if your combined contributions
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The issue with education starts many times with the working poor from childhood and follows them into their struggle for a substantial income. Children growing up in families of the working poor are not provided the same educational opportunities as their middle-class counterpart. In many cases the
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In 2018, according to the US Census Bureau's official definition of poverty, 38.1 million US citizens were below the poverty line (11.8% of the population). However this number includes children under 18 years of age, elders over 65, and people with disabilities who cannot work. The poverty rate of
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The grades and credits are not attained in many cases, and the lack of guidance in the schools leaves the children of the working poor with no degree. Also, the lack of funds for continuing education causes these children to fall behind. In many cases, their parents did not continue on into higher
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Higher levels of education generally leads to lower levels of poverty. However, higher education is not a guarantee of escaping poverty. 5.0% of the working poor have some college experience, 3.2% have an associate degree, and 1.5% have a bachelor's degree or higher. Using the
Supplemental Poverty
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force workers to accept irregular schedules. In fact, some employers will not hire someone unless they have "open availability," which means being available to work any time, any day. This makes it difficult for workers to arrange for childcare and to take on a second job. In addition, working
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Like the unemployed poor, the working poor struggle to pay for basic necessities like food, clothing, housing, and transportation. In some cases, however, the working poor's basic expenses can be higher than the unemployed poor's. For instance, the working poor's clothing expenses may be higher
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Women of all races are more likely than men to be classified as working poor, especially if they are single mothers. The overall rate for women in 2017 was 5.3%, compared to 3.8% for men. The rate for Black women and Hispanic women was significantly higher than their male counterparts, at 10% and
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Older workers are less likely to be working and poor than their younger counterparts. The age group with the highest rate of poverty at 8.5% is 20 to 24 year olds, and 16 to 19 year olds at 8.4%. As workers age, the rate of poverty decreases to 5.7% for 25 to 34 year olds and 5% for 35 to 44 year
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Working poor parents with young children, especially single parents, face significantly more childcare-related obstacles than other people. Often, childcare costs can exceed a low-wage earners' income, making work, especially in a job with no potential for advancement, an economically illogical
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Married and cohabiting partners are less likely to experience poverty than individuals and single parents. The percentage of married and cohabiting partners living in poverty in 2018 was 7.7% and 13.9% versus 21.9% for individuals. Single mothers are more likely than single fathers to experience
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According to a 2017 report from the US Bureau of Labor Statistics 4.5% of all people working or looking for work for at least 27 weeks in the previous year had incomes below the poverty level. 10.9% of those were employed part-time, and 2.9% were employed full-time. The occupations that have the
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Many low-wage service sector jobs require a great deal of customer service work. Although not all customer service jobs are low-wage or low-status, many of them are. Some argue that the low status nature of some jobs can have negative psychological effects on workers, but others argue that low
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In the United States, the official measurement of the working poor is controversial. Many social scientists argue that the official measurements used do not provide a comprehensive overview of the number of working poor. One recent study proposed over 100 ways to measure this and came up with a
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Some states distribute funds through social or health departments or agencies (like this one in Washington State). For example, the Children's Cabinet in Nevada can refer families to providers, help them apply for subsidies and can even help families who want to pay a relative for care. North
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Given the fact that many working poor people do not own a car or cannot afford to drive their car, where they live can significantly limit where they are able to work, and vice versa. Given the fact that public transportation in many US cities is sparse, expensive, or non-existent, this is a
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like the US. Countries like Denmark and France have been subject to the same economic pressures, but due to their more "inclusive" (or "egalitarian") labor market institutions, such as centralized and solidaristic collective bargaining and strong minimum wage laws, they have experienced less
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have lower levels of working poverty than countries with less-generous welfare states, even when factors like demography, economic performance, and labor market institutions are taken into account. Having a generous welfare state does two key things to reduce working poverty: it raises the
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There is also controversy surrounding ways that the working poor can be helped. Arguments range from increasing welfare to the poor on one end of the spectrum to encouraging the poor to achieve greater self-sufficiency on the other end, with most arguing varying degrees of both.
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than the unemployed poor's because they must purchase specific clothes or uniforms for their jobs. Also, because the working poor are spending much of their time at work, they may not have the time to prepare their own food. In this case, they may frequently resort to eating
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men or women to be classified as working poor. In the United States, transgender people are three times more likely than the average population have a household income between $ 1 and $ 9,999, and nearly twice as likely to have a household income between $ 10,000 and $ 24,999.
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low income community is filled with schools that are lacking necessities and support needed to form a solid education. This follows students as they continue in education. In many cases this hinders the possibility for America's youth to continue on to higher education.
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Other high-income countries have also experienced declining manufacturing sectors over the past four decades, but most of them have not experienced as much labor market polarization as the United States. Labor market polarization has been the most severe in
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Ultimately, effective solutions to working poverty are multifaceted. Each of the aforementioned proposals could help reduce working poverty in the United States, but they might have a greater impact if at least a few of them were pursued simultaneously.
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or eliminate working poverty. Most of these proposals are directed toward the United States, but they might also be relevant to other countries. The remainder of the section outlines the pros and cons of some of the most commonly proposed solutions.
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a result, many working poor people end up in living situations that are actually more costly than a month-to-month rental. For instance, many working poor people, especially those who are in some kind of transitional phase, rent rooms in week-to-week
199:, the working poor "are persons who spent at least 27 weeks in the labor force (that is, working or looking for work), but whose incomes fell below the official poverty level." In other words, if someone spent more than half of the past year in the
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9.1%, compared to Black men at 5.6% and Hispanic men at 7.0%. The rate for White women was closer to White males, at 4.5% and 3.5%, respectively. Only Asian women had a lower rate of working poverty than Asian males, at 2.5% and 3.2%, respectively.
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education and because of this have a difficult time finding jobs with salaries that can support a family. Today a college degree is a requirement for many jobs, and it is the low skill jobs that usually only require a high school degree or
398:) to help cover their housing expenses. However, these housing subsidies are not available to everyone who meets the Section 8 income specifications. In fact, less than 25% of people who qualify for a housing subsidy receive one.
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In Europe and other non-US, high-income countries, poverty and working poverty are defined in relative terms. A relative measure of poverty is based on a country's income distribution rather than an absolute amount of money.
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The following graph uses data from Brady, Fullerton, and Cross (2010) to show the working poverty rates for a small sample of countries. Brady, Fullerton, and Cross (2010) accessed this data through the
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is that a generous welfare state would not work because it would stagnate the economy, raise unemployment, and degrade people's work ethic. However, as of 2011, most European countries have a lower
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due to low-income jobs and low familial household income. These are people who spend at least 27 weeks in a year working or looking for employment, but remain under the poverty threshold.
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308:. Blacks and Hispanics are twice as likely to be part of the working poor than Whites. In 2017, the rate for Blacks and Hispanics was 7.9%, and 3.9% for Whites, 2.9% for Asians.
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Carolina's Smart Start is a public/private partnership that offers funding for child care. Check the National Women's Law Center for each state's child care assistance policy.
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Sykes, Jennifer; KriĆŸ, Katrin; Edin, Kathryn; Halpern-Meekin, Sarah (April 2015). "Dignity and Dreams: What the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) Means to Low-Income Families".
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that people are willing to accept, and it pulls a large portion of low-wage workers out of poverty by providing them with an array of cash and non-cash government benefits.
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548:(2001), Barbara Ehrenreich argues that Americans need to pressure employers to improve worker compensation. Generally speaking, this implies a need to strengthen the
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Small, Mario Luis; Newman, Katherine (2001). "Urban Poverty after The Truly Disadvantaged: The Rediscovery of the Family, the Neighborhood, and Culture".
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The working poor face many of the same daily life struggles as the nonworking poor, but they also face some unique obstacles. Some studies, many of them
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poor people's working hours can fluctuate wildly from one week to the next, making it difficult for them to budget effectively and save up money.
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Many think that increasing the United States' welfare state generosity would lower the working poverty rate. A critique of this proposal by
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people between the ages of 18 and 64 was 10.7%, or 21.1 million people. Of these, nearly half, 5.1%, were working at least part-time.
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activity. However, some single parents are able to rely on their social networks to provide free or below-market-cost childcare.
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Cross-national studies like Lohmann (2009) and Brady, Fullerton, and Cross (2010) clearly show that countries with generous
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at the same time. This can be physically exhausting and can often lead to short-term as well as long-term health problems.
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olds. Workers ages 45 to 50, 55 to 64 and 65+ had much lower working poor rates, 3.1%, 2.6% and 1.5%, respectively.
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According to the latest data the UK's working poor rate is 10%, with the median income being ÂŁ507 per week in 2018.
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1051:"Welfare States, Labour Market Institutions and the Working Poor: A Comparative Analysis of 20 European Countries"
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in place. The federal government offers a Flexible Spending Account (FSA) that's administered through workplaces.
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status workers come up with coping mechanisms that allow them to maintain a strong sense of self-worth.
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Edin, Katherine; Lein, Laura (1997). "Work, Welfare, and Single Mothers' Economic Survival Strategies".
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1099:"More Than Just Nickels and Dimes: A Cross-National Analysis of Working Poverty in Affluent Democracies"
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Thiede, Brian C., et al. "America's Working Poor: Conceptualization, Measurement, and New Estimates."
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that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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Good Jobs, Bad Jobs: The Rise of Polarized and Precarious Employment Systems in the United States
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901:"Households Below Average Income: An Analysis of the UK Income Distribution: 1994/95 - 2017/18"
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in available education continues the vicious cycle of families entering into the working poor.
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1178:"A profile of the working poor, 2016 : BLS Reports: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics"
995:"Perspective: The official U.S. poverty rate is based on a hopelessly out-of-date metric"
919:"A profile of the working poor, 2017 : BLS Reports: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics"
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Workers with disabilities significantly earn less than their non-disabled counterparts.
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Scholars, policymakers, and others have come up with a variety of proposals for how to
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threshold for a family of four people is $ 27,479 and for a single person $ 13,788.
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The Dignity of Working Men: Morality and Boundaries of Race, Class, and Immigration
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There are also some free childcare options provided by the government, such as the
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figure that ranged between 2% and 19% of the total United States population.
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438:, which is less healthful and more expensive than home-prepared food.
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de Souza Briggs, Xavier; Popkin, Susan J.; Goering, John (2010).
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Brady, David; Fullerton, Andrew; Jennifer Moren Cross (2010).
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deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
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personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
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1465:"New Data on Multiple Jobholding Available from the CPS"
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Fulton, David. 2000. "Teach the Children: Who Decides."
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Working people whose incomes fall below the poverty line
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1552:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
1257:"Low income among persons with a disability in Canada"
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Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2017-08-11).
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are working people whose incomes fall below a given
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Class Acts: service and inequality in luxury hotels
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1282:"2008 Status Report on Hunger & Homelessness"
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1374:Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America
1615:Losing Ground: American Social Policy 1950â1980
944:"Income and Poverty in the United States: 2018"
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1691:william julius wilson the truly disadvantaged.
268:of working poverty is elaborated upon in the "
2609:
2556:The Soul at Work: From Alienation to Autonomy
1714:
1391:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
108:The examples and perspective in this article
3513:
3293:
1679:. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
716:
390:Some working poor people are able to access
1641:
1639:
1572:
504:
2616:
2602:
1986:All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy
1721:
1707:
1370:
1349:
1236:. National Center for Transgender Equality
1044:
1042:
772:, vol. 42, no. 3, Aug. 2015, pp. 267â312,
273:
1311:
1309:
1117:
1074:
1018:
1012:
874:European Working Conditions Observatory.
629:List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita
146:Learn how and when to remove this message
83:Learn how and when to remove this message
3501:
1636:
1402:
1206:"The Supplemental Poverty Measure: 2018"
850:"The Supplemental Poverty Measure: 2018"
821:"What are the poverty thresholds today?"
491:
253:
240:
157:
3912:Measurements and definitions of poverty
1491:
1485:
1462:
1456:
1048:
1039:
710:
232:A profile of the working poor in the US
14:
3879:
2465:In Praise of Idleness and Other Essays
1670:
1647:"7 Sources to Help Pay for Child Care"
1607:
1601:
1545:
1539:
1518:
1512:
1306:
1273:
1172:
1170:
1168:
876:"Income Poverty in the European Union"
789:
787:
785:
366:
306:disproportionately affected by poverty
3500:
2857:
2597:
2409:Anekdote zur Senkung der Arbeitsmoral
1702:
1200:
1198:
1025:. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
796:"A Profile of the Working Poor, 2009"
537:
326:poverty, 25% and 15.1% respectively.
162:Poor women working on a railway track
1728:
1439:"How much you'll spend on childcare"
992:
844:
842:
639:List of countries by employment rate
94:
36:
1322:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1165:
1090:
782:
24:
2859:
2858:
1498:. Berkeley, California: UC Press.
1195:
905:Department for Work & Pensions
25:
3948:
2458:Future Primitive and Other Essays
839:
634:List of countries by average wage
269:
3861:
3860:
2623:
2382:The Working Class Goes to Heaven
396:Section 8 Housing Choice Voucher
287:
221:, the statistical office of the
99:
41:
2542:The Revolution of Everyday Life
1671:Wilson, William Julius (1987).
1431:
1336:
1248:
1223:
1210:The United States Census Bureau
986:
961:
794:US Bureau of Labor Statistics.
542:In the conclusion of her book,
484:One coping mechanism is called
294:
3502:
2493:On the Poverty of Student Life
2357:Swedish Public Freedom Service
2336:Theater, movies, music and art
2144:Occupational safety and health
1959:Terminology and related topics
936:
911:
893:
813:
762:
594:Employment-to-population ratio
185:
13:
1:
2528:The Human Use of Human Beings
1405:American Journal of Sociology
1377:. New York: Holt Paperbacks.
358:
350:persons are more likely than
2500:The Society of the Spectacle
2370:The Future of Work and Death
2038:Extermination through labour
1463:Stinson, John (March 1997).
1371:Ehrenreich, Barbara (2001).
1231:"USTS-Full-Report-Dec17.pdf"
1055:European Sociological Review
728:American Sociological Review
311:
7:
2444:Critique of Economic Reason
1587:10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.23
576:
563:
320:
211:
190:
122:, discuss the issue on the
10:
3953:
2708:Weberian (three-component)
2583:Situationist International
2363:Take This Job and Shove It
2285:Technological unemployment
1575:Annual Review of Sociology
1519:Newman, Katherine (2000).
878:. Eurostat. Archived from
29:
3856:
3797:
3689:
3657:
3624:
3550:
3522:
3509:
3496:
3414:
3371:
3331:
3313:
3232:
3150:
3110:
3019:
3012:
2967:
2870:
2866:
2853:
2716:
2670:
2666:
2637:
2565:
2398:
2335:
2258:Right to rest and leisure
2097:Honeymoon-hangover effect
1981:Aktion Arbeitsscheu Reich
1958:
1877:
1736:
1619:. New York: Basic Books.
1280:US Conference of Mayors.
1049:Lohmann, Henning (2009).
969:"Social Security History"
609:Guaranteed minimum income
589:Employment discrimination
338:
304:Minorities in the US are
3922:Sociological terminology
3830:Pre-industrial East Asia
1546:Lamont, MichĂšle (2000).
1492:Sherman, Rachel (2007).
1128:10.1525/sp.2010.57.4.559
1019:Kalleberg, Arne (2011).
801:. US Department of Labor
778:10.1177/0730888415573635
740:10.1177/0003122414551552
505:Welfare state generosity
261:liberal market economies
3927:United States labor law
2878:Administrative detainee
2416:Bartleby, the Scrivener
2376:The Main Thing Is Work!
1966:996 working hour system
1675:The Truly Disadvantaged
825:www.poverty.ucdavis.edu
299:
282:Luxembourg Income Study
3294:
2479:Manifesto Against Work
2164:Performance punishment
1854:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
1346:. (19 September): A19.
516:minimum level of wages
329:
197:US Department of Labor
163:
63:by rewriting it in an
3835:Pre-industrial Europe
2514:The Abolition of Work
2437:The Conquest of Bread
2389:YamaâAttack to Attack
2201:Protestant work ethic
1631:losing ground murray.
1319:Moving to Opportunity
492:Anti-poverty policies
274:Anti-poverty policies
254:US compared to Europe
241:Prevalence and trends
161:
3692: or countries
3503:By country or region
2741:Class discrimination
2549:The Right to Be Lazy
2472:Inventing the Future
2206:Psychological safety
2191:Productivity theater
2184:Digital presenteeism
2154:Orange S.A. suicides
2139:Occupational burnout
1878:Contemporary persons
1472:Monthly Labor Review
1261:www150.statcan.gc.ca
770:Work and Occupations
711:Notes and references
128:create a new article
120:improve this article
3224:Vanniar (Chieftain)
2327:Workâlife interface
2149:Occupational stress
2092:Happiness economics
2028:Effects of overtime
1996:Bare minimum Monday
1976:Abusive supervision
1915:Claus Peter Ortlieb
1819:Henry David Thoreau
1814:Friedrich Nietzsche
1522:No Shame in My Game
1294:on 18 November 2011
827:. 12 September 2012
614:Income distribution
560:reach the maximum.
367:Obstacles to uplift
3902:Wages and salaries
3805:18th-century Spain
3659:Standard of living
3363:Upper middle class
3358:Lower middle class
2949:Political prisoner
2731:Chattering classes
2703:Spoon class theory
2196:Professional abuse
1910:Maurizio Lazzarato
1754:Alfredo M. Bonanno
1737:Historical persons
1443:www.babycenter.com
1344:The New York Times
1067:10.1093/esr/jcn064
699:Wages and salaries
538:Wages and benefits
451:Head Start Program
164:
65:encyclopedic style
52:is written like a
30:For the book, see
3917:Welfare economics
3874:
3873:
3852:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3685:
3684:
3492:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3386:Lumpenproletariat
2888:illegal immigrant
2849:
2848:
2761:Classless society
2591:
2590:
2344:à Nous la Liberté
2169:Post-work society
2063:Four-day workweek
2043:Career cushioning
2033:Employee ghosting
1930:Penelope Rosemont
1895:Madeleine Bunting
1686:978-0-226-90131-2
1626:978-0-465-04233-3
1559:978-0-674-00306-4
1532:978-0-375-70379-9
1525:. Vintage Books.
1505:978-0-520-24782-6
1384:978-0-8050-8838-0
1329:978-0-19-539371-2
1032:978-0-87154-431-5
993:Fremstad, Shawn.
679:Social safety net
674:Social inequality
619:Income inequality
527:unemployment rate
430:Basic necessities
392:housing subsidies
195:According to the
156:
155:
148:
130:, as appropriate.
93:
92:
85:
16:(Redirected from
3944:
3864:
3863:
3691:
3592:Mexican-American
3520:
3519:
3511:
3510:
3498:
3497:
3299:
3242:Business magnate
3132:Knowledge worker
3017:
3016:
2905:dual or multiple
2868:
2867:
2855:
2854:
2809:Social exclusion
2804:Social cleansing
2718:
2668:
2667:
2657:Economic classes
2618:
2611:
2604:
2595:
2594:
2486:New Escapologist
2263:Sampo generation
2117:Jobless employed
2022:Dolce far niente
2016:Cycle of poverty
1809:Bertrand Russell
1730:Critique of work
1723:
1716:
1709:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1693:
1678:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1643:
1634:
1633:
1618:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1469:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1400:
1389:
1388:
1368:
1347:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1313:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1293:
1287:. Archived from
1286:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1267:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1235:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1202:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1174:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1152:
1146:. Archived from
1121:
1103:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1078:
1046:
1037:
1036:
1016:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1005:
990:
984:
983:
981:
979:
965:
959:
958:
956:
954:
940:
934:
933:
931:
929:
915:
909:
908:
907:. 28 March 2019.
897:
891:
890:
888:
887:
871:
865:
864:
862:
860:
846:
837:
836:
834:
832:
817:
811:
810:
808:
806:
800:
791:
780:
766:
760:
759:
723:
584:Critique of work
545:Nickel and Dimed
291:
151:
144:
140:
137:
131:
103:
102:
95:
88:
81:
77:
74:
68:
45:
44:
37:
32:The Working Poor
21:
3952:
3951:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3892:Labor relations
3877:
3876:
3875:
3870:
3844:
3793:
3681:
3653:
3620:
3604:Underprivileged
3546:
3505:
3504:
3480:
3410:
3367:
3327:
3309:
3228:
3146:
3106:
3008:
2963:
2862:
2861:
2845:
2824:Social position
2814:Social mobility
2712:
2662:
2633:
2632:
2622:
2592:
2587:
2561:
2521:The End of Work
2507:Steal This Book
2423:Bonjour paresse
2394:
2331:
2290:Toxic workplace
2248:Refusal of work
2221:Quiet promotion
1954:
1873:
1824:Herbert Marcuse
1799:Walter Benjamin
1789:Mikhail Bakunin
1732:
1727:
1697:
1687:
1669:
1665:
1655:
1653:
1645:
1644:
1637:
1627:
1609:Murray, Charles
1606:
1602:
1571:
1567:
1560:
1544:
1540:
1533:
1517:
1513:
1506:
1490:
1486:
1476:
1474:
1467:
1461:
1457:
1447:
1445:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1417:10.2307/2657303
1401:
1392:
1385:
1369:
1350:
1341:
1337:
1330:
1314:
1307:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1284:
1278:
1274:
1265:
1263:
1253:
1249:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1214:
1212:
1204:
1203:
1196:
1186:
1184:
1176:
1175:
1166:
1156:
1154:
1153:on 4 April 2012
1150:
1119:10.1.1.188.5389
1106:Social Problems
1101:
1095:
1091:
1081:
1079:
1047:
1040:
1033:
1017:
1013:
1003:
1001:
999:Washington Post
991:
987:
977:
975:
967:
966:
962:
952:
950:
942:
941:
937:
927:
925:
917:
916:
912:
899:
898:
894:
885:
883:
872:
868:
858:
856:
848:
847:
840:
830:
828:
819:
818:
814:
804:
802:
798:
792:
783:
767:
763:
724:
717:
713:
708:
579:
566:
540:
507:
494:
479:
477:Low-status work
471:
459:
444:
432:
424:
404:
381:
369:
361:
341:
332:
323:
314:
302:
297:
256:
243:
234:
214:
193:
188:
152:
141:
135:
132:
117:
104:
100:
89:
78:
72:
69:
61:help improve it
58:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3950:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3868:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3825:Ottoman Empire
3822:
3817:
3812:
3810:Ancient Greece
3807:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3786:
3784:United Kingdom
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3695:
3693:
3687:
3686:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3677:Home-ownership
3674:
3669:
3663:
3661:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3630:
3628:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3611:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3556:
3554:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3532:American Dream
3529:
3523:
3517:
3507:
3506:
3494:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3478:
3473:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3445:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3420:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3377:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3337:
3335:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3319:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3300:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3269:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3238:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3156:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3116:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3025:
3023:
3014:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2975:
2973:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2944:Migrant worker
2941:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2880:
2874:
2872:
2864:
2863:
2860:By demographic
2851:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2840:Status Anxiety
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2794:Ranked society
2791:
2786:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2736:Class conflict
2733:
2728:
2722:
2720:
2719: topics
2714:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2693:Mudsill theory
2690:
2685:
2680:
2674:
2672:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2653:
2646:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2613:
2606:
2598:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2552:
2545:
2538:
2531:
2524:
2517:
2510:
2503:
2496:
2489:
2482:
2475:
2468:
2461:
2454:
2447:
2440:
2433:
2426:
2419:
2412:
2404:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2385:
2378:
2373:
2366:
2359:
2354:
2347:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2287:
2282:
2275:
2270:
2268:Sunday scaries
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2231:Quiet thriving
2228:
2226:Quiet quitting
2223:
2218:
2213:
2211:Quick quitting
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2018:
2013:
2011:Corporatocracy
2008:
2006:Coffee badging
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1920:Roland Paulsen
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1890:L. Susan Brown
1887:
1885:Franco Berardi
1881:
1879:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1864:Renzo Novatore
1861:
1859:Raoul Vaneigem
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1769:GĂŒnther Anders
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1749:Edward Bellamy
1746:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1726:
1725:
1718:
1711:
1703:
1696:
1695:
1685:
1663:
1635:
1625:
1600:
1565:
1558:
1538:
1531:
1511:
1504:
1484:
1455:
1430:
1411:(2): 253â266.
1390:
1383:
1348:
1335:
1328:
1305:
1272:
1247:
1222:
1194:
1164:
1112:(4): 559â585.
1089:
1061:(4): 489â504.
1038:
1031:
1011:
985:
960:
948:www.census.gov
935:
910:
892:
866:
854:www.census.gov
838:
812:
781:
761:
734:(2): 243â267.
714:
712:
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691:
686:
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659:Moonlight clan
656:
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631:
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621:
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611:
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586:
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575:
565:
562:
550:labor movement
539:
536:
523:Charles Murray
511:welfare states
506:
503:
493:
490:
457:Work schedules
422:Transportation
368:
365:
360:
357:
340:
337:
331:
328:
322:
319:
313:
310:
301:
298:
296:
293:
264:polarization.
255:
252:
242:
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230:
223:European Union
213:
210:
192:
189:
187:
184:
154:
153:
114:of the subject
112:worldwide view
107:
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98:
91:
90:
49:
47:
40:
26:
18:Low-paying job
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3949:
3938:
3937:Working class
3935:
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3925:
3923:
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3915:
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3808:
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3796:
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3789:United States
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3690:Other regions
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3515:United States
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3026:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3015:
3011:
3005:
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3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2966:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2954:Socioeconomic
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2933:
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2929:
2928:
2925:
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2873:
2869:
2865:
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2842:
2841:
2837:
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2832:
2830:
2829:Social stigma
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2819:Social orphan
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2778:
2777:Nouveau riche
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2751:Class traitor
2749:
2747:
2746:Class society
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2715:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2683:Gilbert model
2681:
2679:
2676:
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2673:
2669:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2647:
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2640:
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2626:
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2619:
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2607:
2605:
2600:
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2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
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2571:
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2553:
2551:
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2536:
2532:
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2523:
2522:
2518:
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2511:
2509:
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2501:
2497:
2495:
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2474:
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2459:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2430:Bullshit Jobs
2427:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2411:
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2403:
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2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2243:Rage applying
2241:
2237:
2236:Lazy girl job
2234:
2233:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
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2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
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2185:
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2181:
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2177:
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2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
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2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2128:
2127:Loud quitting
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2068:Funemployment
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2058:Forced labour
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
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1974:
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1964:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1925:Jeremy Rifkin
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1905:Michael Hardt
1903:
1901:
1900:David Graeber
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
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1883:
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1880:
1876:
1870:
1867:
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1837:
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1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1804:Antonio Negri
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1794:Paul Lafargue
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1779:Heinrich Böll
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1744:Abbie Hoffman
1742:
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1731:
1724:
1719:
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1704:
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1592:
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1555:
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1515:
1507:
1501:
1497:
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1444:
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1410:
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1399:
1397:
1395:
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1367:
1365:
1363:
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1359:
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1345:
1339:
1331:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1312:
1310:
1290:
1283:
1276:
1262:
1258:
1251:
1232:
1226:
1211:
1207:
1201:
1199:
1183:
1179:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1100:
1093:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1045:
1043:
1034:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1015:
1000:
996:
989:
974:
970:
964:
949:
945:
939:
924:
920:
914:
906:
902:
896:
882:on 2011-10-08
881:
877:
870:
855:
851:
845:
843:
826:
822:
816:
797:
790:
788:
786:
779:
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771:
765:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
722:
720:
715:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
664:Paid time off
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
624:Labour rights
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
581:
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555:
551:
547:
546:
535:
531:
528:
524:
519:
517:
512:
502:
499:
489:
487:
486:boundary work
482:
478:
474:
470:
469:Multiple jobs
466:
463:
462:low-wage jobs
458:
454:
452:
447:
443:
439:
437:
431:
427:
423:
419:
417:
413:
407:
403:
399:
397:
393:
388:
386:
380:
376:
374:
364:
356:
353:
349:
345:
336:
327:
318:
309:
307:
292:
290:
285:
283:
277:
275:
271:
265:
262:
251:
247:
238:
229:
226:
224:
220:
209:
205:
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198:
183:
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175:
173:
169:
160:
150:
147:
139:
129:
125:
121:
115:
113:
106:
97:
96:
87:
84:
76:
73:November 2014
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
3887:Minimum wage
3840:Soviet Union
3815:Ancient Rome
3672:Homelessness
3597:Upper Middle
3469: /
3450: /
3441: /
3406:Working poor
3405:
3302:
3289:Robber baron
3112:Intellectual
3102:Royal family
3066:Ancient Rome
2920:second-class
2838:
2781:
2780: /
2775:
2771:High society
2678:Elite theory
2655:
2648:
2641:
2628:Social class
2554:
2547:
2540:
2533:
2526:
2519:
2512:
2505:
2498:
2491:
2484:
2477:
2470:
2463:
2456:
2449:
2442:
2435:
2428:
2421:
2414:
2407:
2387:
2380:
2368:
2351:Office Space
2349:
2342:
2322:Working poor
2321:
2307:Wage slavery
2277:
2273:Six-hour day
2216:Quiet hiring
2179:Presenteeism
2131:
2107:Job crafting
2020:
2001:Bullshit job
1945:Claire Wolfe
1940:Nick Srnicek
1834:Josef Pieper
1690:
1674:
1666:
1654:. Retrieved
1650:
1630:
1614:
1603:
1578:
1574:
1568:
1548:
1541:
1521:
1514:
1494:
1487:
1475:. Retrieved
1471:
1458:
1446:. Retrieved
1442:
1433:
1408:
1404:
1373:
1343:
1338:
1318:
1296:. Retrieved
1289:the original
1275:
1264:. Retrieved
1260:
1250:
1238:. Retrieved
1225:
1213:. Retrieved
1209:
1185:. Retrieved
1181:
1155:. Retrieved
1148:the original
1109:
1105:
1092:
1080:. Retrieved
1058:
1054:
1021:
1014:
1002:. Retrieved
998:
988:
976:. Retrieved
972:
963:
951:. Retrieved
947:
938:
926:. Retrieved
922:
913:
904:
895:
884:. Retrieved
880:the original
869:
857:. Retrieved
853:
829:. Retrieved
824:
815:
803:. Retrieved
769:
764:
731:
727:
684:Wage slavery
654:Minimum wage
649:Maximum wage
571:
567:
558:
554:minimum wage
543:
541:
532:
520:
508:
495:
483:
476:
475:
468:
467:
456:
455:
448:
441:
440:
429:
428:
421:
420:
408:
401:
400:
389:
378:
377:
370:
362:
346:
342:
333:
324:
315:
303:
295:Risk factors
286:
278:
276:" sections.
270:Risk factors
266:
257:
248:
244:
235:
227:
215:
206:
194:
180:
176:
172:poverty line
168:working poor
167:
165:
142:
133:
109:
79:
70:
51:
3759:New Zealand
3476:Untouchable
3401:Proletariat
3391:Pea-pickers
3341:Bourgeoisie
3029:Aristocracy
2915:naturalized
2910:native-born
2578:CrimethInc.
2566:Communities
2300:Psychopathy
2253:Resenteeism
2112:Job cuffing
2087:Glass cliff
2078:Uberisation
1971:Absenteeism
1950:John Zerzan
1935:Mark Slouka
1844:Max Stirner
1829:Jerry Rubin
1784:Ivan Illich
1477:22 November
1298:22 November
1187:26 November
1182:www.bls.gov
1136:10419/95462
1076:10419/27300
1004:19 November
978:19 November
973:www.ssa.gov
953:19 November
923:www.bls.gov
644:Living wage
604:Family wage
599:Entitlement
394:(such as a
373:qualitative
348:Transgender
201:labor force
186:Measurement
3907:Employment
3881:Categories
3749:Luxembourg
3639:Inequality
3304:Superclass
3095:Hereditary
3071:Post-Roman
3062:Patrician
2932:adolescent
2756:Classicide
2573:R/antiwork
2451:Fight Club
2400:Literature
2317:Workaholic
2312:Work ethic
2295:Narcissism
2082:Gig worker
1991:Autonomism
1774:Guy Debord
1759:André Gorz
1656:8 November
1448:8 November
1266:2024-03-25
1215:2 December
1157:5 November
1082:5 November
928:22 October
886:2011-12-14
859:22 October
805:20 October
689:Wage theft
416:inequality
359:Disability
3932:Injustice
3774:Sri Lanka
3667:Education
3634:Household
3527:Affluence
3462:Rat tribe
3424:Ant tribe
3396:Precariat
3381:Lazzaroni
3323:Bohemians
3284:Overclass
3279:Old money
3215:Spartiate
3190:Kshatriya
3180:Hashashin
3137:Professor
3078:Political
3051:Oligarchy
3041:Hanseaten
2959:Stateless
2939:Convicted
2871:By status
2834:Subaltern
2766:Euthenics
2698:New class
2535:The Idler
2279:Tang ping
2174:Precariat
2102:Hush trip
2073:Ghost job
2048:Careerism
1849:Max Weber
1839:Karl Marx
1764:Bob Black
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1114:CiteSeerX
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748:0003-1224
669:Precariat
442:Childcare
436:fast food
402:Education
352:cisgender
312:Education
136:July 2019
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3866:Category
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3719:Colombia
3709:Cambodia
3644:Personal
3542:Mobility
3471:Freedman
3457:Plebeian
3443:Prisoner
3429:Commoner
3315:Creative
3296:Seigneur
3262:Nobility
3220:Vanniyar
3205:Pendekar
3165:Cossacks
2799:Snobbery
2671:Theories
2159:Overwork
2080: /
2053:Flextime
1869:Zo d'Axa
1651:care.com
1611:(1984).
1144:20976971
831:14 April
577:See also
564:Marriage
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191:Absolute
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3897:Poverty
3769:Romania
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3649:Poverty
3552:Classes
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3373:Working
3353:Burgher
3210:Samurai
3200:OcÄlĆtl
3160:Chhetri
3152:Warrior
3142:Scholar
3056:Russian
3046:Magnate
3034:Aristoi
3013:By type
2900:Citizen
2893:refugee
2789:Poverty
2783:Parvenu
2717:Related
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2650:Stratum
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1159:2011
1140:PMID
1084:2011
1027:ISBN
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980:2019
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930:2019
861:2019
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744:ISSN
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