524:'s ethnographic observation, he described the role of kinship as: "Kinship obligations include caring for the children of one’s kin and neighbors. He also observed that, "The network of kinship ties which links members of local communities is brought about by the operation of exogamous rules, often stated in terms of cattle." This is never thought to be the sole responsibility of the child's parents." Cattle are judged by how much milk they can produce which is a necessity in their culture. If possible they create the excess of milk into cheese. But if a family’s herd cannot produce the amount of milk a family needs then they turn to others around them to give them what they need. It’s seen as their responsibility to step in and help the family since it’s not really their fault on how much their cattle can produce. The entire Nuer society is basically watching after each other, for example, as Evans-Pritchard noted that,"When one household has a surplus, it is shared with neighbors. Amassing wealth is not an aim. Although a man who owns a large herd of cattle may be envied, his possession of numerous animals does not garner him any special privilege or treatment". In this tribe there is no special treatment for how one is treated because of their abundance in cattle. Just because one might have more cattle than another doesn't mean they have a higher prestige. If one might have more than enough to provide for themselves then they also provide that to other kin that are in need, as it is a part of their role in kinship.
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dances, or songs before and after they slaughter the cattle. Never do they just kill cattle for the fun of it. "Never do Nuer slaughter animals solely because of the desire to eat meat. There is the danger of the ox’s spirit visiting a curse on any individual who would slaughter it without ritual intent, aiming only to use it for food. Any animal that dies of natural causes is eaten". Many times it may not even just be cattle that they consume, it could be any animal they have scavenged upon that has died because of natural causes. There are a few other food sources that are available for the Nuer to consume. The Nuer diet primarily consists of fish and millet. "Their staple crop is millet."
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542:, "...the Nuer observe few restrictions in their treatment of neighboring Dinka tribes: they regularly raid the Dinka, steal Dinka livestock, kill Dinka men, and take home some Dinka women and children as captives while killing the others. But Nuer hostilities against other Nuer tribes consist only of sporadic cattle raids, killing of just a few men, and no killing or kidnapping of women and children."
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clothing, spears, shields, containers, and leather goods. Even daily essentials like toothpaste and mouthwash are created from the cattle's dung and urine. The dung is chopped into pieces and left out to harden, then used for containers, toothpaste, or even to protect the cattle themselves by burning it to produce more smoke, keeping insects away to prevent disease.
383:, a group of armed youths often autonomous from tribal elders' authority, refused to lay down their weapons, which led SPLA soldiers to confiscate Nuer cattle, destroying their economy. The White Army was finally put down in mid-2006, though a successor organisation self-styling itself as a White Army formed in 2011 to fight the
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given by a husband's lineage to his wife's lineage. This exchange of cattle ensures that the children will be considered to belong to the husband's lineage. The classical Nuer institution of ghost marriage, in which a man can "father" children after his death, is based on this definition of relations of
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Oil exploration and drilling began in 1975 and 1976 by companies such as
Chevron. In 1979 the first oil production took place in the southern regions of Darfur. In the early 1980s when the north–south war was happening, Chevron was interested in the reserves in the south. In 1984 guerrillas of SPLA
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The Nuer refugees in the United States and those in Africa continue to observe their social obligations to one another. They use different means ranging from letters to new technologically advanced communication methods in order to stay connected to their families in Africa. Nuer in the United States
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Nuer Online indicates that, "Nuer (Nuäär) believes that God is the spirit of the sky or the spirit who is in the sky" Kuoth Nhial" (God in Heaven) the creator, but Nuers believe in the coming of God through rain, lightning and thunder, and that the rainbow is the necklace of God. The sun and the moon
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Nuer girls usually marry at 17 or 18. If a young girl gets engaged at an early age, the wedding and consummation ceremonies are essentially delayed. Women generally give birth to their first children when they are mature enough to bear them. As long as a girl marries a man with cattle, she is able to
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around cattle and still have what they need. Before development, the Nuer used every single piece of cattle to their advantage. According to Evans-Pritchard, cattle helped evolve the Nuer culture into what it is today. They shaped the Nuer's daily duties, as they dedicate themselves to protecting the
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The spirits of the air above are believed to be the most powerful of the lesser spirits, while there are also spirits associated with clan-spears names such as WiW, a spirit of war, associated with thunder. Nuers believe that when a man or a woman dies, the flesh, the life and the soul separate. The
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The Nuer people never eat cattle just because they want to. Cattle are very sacred to them, therefore when they do eat cattle they honor its ghost. They typically just eat the cattle that are up in age or dying because of sickness. But even if they do so, they all gather together to perform rituals,
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as well, especially when their cattle are threatened by disease. Due to seasonal harsh weather, the Nuer move around to ensure that their livelihood is safe. They tend to travel when heavy seasons of rainfall come to protect the cattle from hoof disease, and when resources for the cattle are scarce.
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varies within specific subgroups. The most common initiation pattern among males consists of six parallel horizontal lines which are cut across the forehead with a razor, often with a dip in the lines above the nose. Dotted patterns are also common (especially among the Bul Nuer and among females).
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In the 1940s, missionaries began to attempt to evangelize the Nuer. The book of
Genesis was translated and published in 1954, with the whole New Testament following in 1968. By the 1970s, there were nearly 200 Nuer congregations established. However, reporting indicates that only around 1% of Nuer
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To a Nuer individual, his parents and siblings are not considered mar (blood relatives) kin. He doesn't refer to them as kin. To him they are considered gol which is far more intimate and significant. There are kinship categories in the Nuer society. Those categories depend on the payment to them.
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There are different accounts of the origin of the conflict between the Nuer and the Dinka, South Sudan's two largest ethnic groups. Anthropologist Peter J. Newcomer suggests that the Nuer and Dinka are actually similar. He argues that hundreds of years of population growth created expansion, which
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by cattle exchange. In their turn, cattle given over to the wife's patrilineage enable the male children of that patrilineage to marry and thereby ensure the continuity of her patrilineage. An infertile woman can even take a wife of her own, whose children, biologically fathered by men from other
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The Nuer people have historically been undercounted because of the semi-nomadic lifestyle. They also have a culture of counting only older members of the family. For example, the Nuer believe that counting the number of cattle one has could result in misfortune and prefer to report fewer children
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Many Nuer have been exposed to missionaries and carry a
Christian first name. Their second name is a given name and always in Nuer. The father's given name follows the child's given name, which is then followed by the grandfather's name, and so on. Many Nuer can easily recount ten generations of
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Evans-Pritchard wrote, "I have already indicated that this obsession—for such it seems to an outsider is due not only to the great economic value of cattle but also to the fact that they are links in numerous social relationships." All their raw materials come from cattle, including drums, rugs,
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Cattle have historically been of the highest symbolic, religious and economic value to the Nuer. Sharon
Hutchinson writes that "among Nuer people the difference between people and cattle was continually underplayed." Cattle are particularly important in their role as bride wealth, where they are
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to update E.E. Evans-Pritchard's account. She found that the Nuer had placed strict limits on the convertibility of money and cattle in order to preserve the special status of cattle as objects of bride wealth exchange and as mediators to the divine. She also found that as a result of endemic
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After the civil war, the Nuer began accepting cash currency into their economy, changing the dynamics of their cattle and how they were viewed. Each type of cattle is titled according to how they are acquired such as: "the cattle of money" (purchased with cash currency) and "the cattle of
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in the United States throughout different locations such as South Dakota, Tennessee and
Minnesota. In particular, 4,288 refugees from Sudan were resettled among 36 different states between 1990 and 1997 with the highest number in Texas at 17 percent of the refugee population from Sudan.
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because they are restricted from producing primary resources that families need to survive. Evans-Pritchard wrote, "The importance of cattle in Nuer life and thought is further exemplified in personal names." They form their children's names from the biological features of the cattle.
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flesh is committed to the earth, while the breath or life goes back to God (Kuoth). The soul that signifies the human individuality and personality remains alive as a shadow or a reflection, and departs together with the ox sacrificed, to the place of the ghosts.".
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Most Nuer people are nicknamed after their cattle. The boys usually chose the name of their favorite cattle based on the form and color of the ox. The girls are named after the cows that they milk. Sometimes the cow names are passed down.
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When a Nuer comes to the
Western world, which wants a first and last name, it is their custom to give their name as their first name followed by their father's name as their middle name and their grandfather's name as their last
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The Nuer-Dinka struggle in oil fields continued in late 1990s into the early 2000s. The struggle for oil production was not only manifested in north–south fight, but also in Nuer-Dinka and many internal conflicts among Nuer.
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or beer. The Nuer turn to this staple product in seasons of rainfall when they move their cattle up to the higher ground. They might also turn to millet when the cattle are performing well enough to support their family.
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provide assistance for family members' paperwork to help their migration process to the United States. Furthermore, Nuer in the United States observe family obligations by sending money for those still in Africa.
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As part of
Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA), 50 percent of net revenues of southern oil fields were given to the government of southern Sudan as a solution to one of the sources of decades of civil conflict.
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and the largest ethnic group in
Gambella, Ethiopia. The Nuer people are pastoralists who herd cattle for a living. Their cattle serve as companions and define their lifestyle. The Nuer call themselves "
747:(Sudan People's Liberation Army) attacked the drilling site of the north at Bentiu. In return, Chevron cleared Nuer and Dinka people in the oil fields area to ensure security for their operations.
692:; he was killed in 1985 by the current president of Sudan. Commander Ruai and Liah Diu Deng were responsible for the attack that forced Chevron to suspend activities in the oil field around 1982.
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after being assimilated or partially assimilated in other ethnic groups. The Nuer are not historically known to circumcise, but sometimes circumcise people who have engaged in incest.
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among the Nuer is very important to them, they refer to their blood relatives as "gol". Kinship within the Nuer is formed off of one's neighbors or their entire culture. During
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unions, then become members of her patrilineage, and she is legally and culturally their father, allowing her to metaphorically participate in reproduction.
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meaning "fire or gun" given to a child born during times of war or from another man in the name of the deceased father who legally married the mother ).
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in one of three forms: "ko̱p" finely ground, handled until balled and boiled, "walwal" ground, lightly balled and boiled to a solid porridge, and
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cattle. For example, each month they blow air into their cattle's rectums to relieve or prevent constipation. Cattle are no good to the Nuer if
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who was the first Nuer, and South Sudan
Politician from 1947 followed by Gai Tut. In the Military is Bol Nyawan who fought against the
338:. Centuries of isolation and influence from Luo peoples caused them to be a distinct ethnic group from the Naath. The arrival of the
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There is a balance between the mother and father's side that is acknowledged through particular formal occasions such as marriage.
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in the region during the 19th century greatly halted the Nuers' aggressive territorial expansion against the Dinka and Anyuak.
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NUER: a description of the modes of livelihood and political institutions of a nilotic people ... (classic reprint)
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Johnson, Douglas H. "On the
Nilotic frontier: imperial Ethiopia in the southern Sudan, 1898-1936." (1986): 219-245.
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wrote, "They depend on the herds for their very existence...Cattle are the thread that runs through Nuer
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The Nuer people are said to have originally been a section of the Dinka people that migrated out of the
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as well as other material entities are also manifestation or sign of God, who after all is a spirit.
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Newcomer, Peter J. (1972). "The Nuer Are Dinka: An Essay on Origins and Environmental Determinism".
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Hutchinson, Sharon (1992). "The Cattle of Money and the Cattle of Girls among the Nuer, 1930-83".
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Dianna J. Shandy, 2007, "Nuer-American Passages: Globalizing Sudanese Migration," Gainesville:
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studied the Nuer and made very detailed accounts of his interactions. He also describes Nuer
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than they have. Their South Sudan counterparts are the Horn peninsula's westernmost Horners.
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and their subsequent slave raids in the late 1700s caused the Nuer to migrate from southern
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Children are commonly given names to mark historical events ("Dɔmaac" meaning "bullet", or
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Sudan's Blood Memory: The Legacy of War, Ethnicity, and Slavery in Early South Sudan
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Summary and Statistical Report of the 2007 Population and Housing Census Results
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freely choose her husband, however her parents may choose a spouse for her.
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The Nuer Conquest: The Structure and Development of an Expansionist System
702:(Nya) Nyadä meaning my daughter "And all females name begin with (Nya) of"
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south into a barren dry land that they called "Kwer Kwong", which was in
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Wechtuor, Kuajien Lual, Yual Doctor Chiek and Peter Gai Manyuon (2016),
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The World Until Yesterday: What Can We Learn from Traditional Societies?
1003:"Ethnic Conflicts in Gambella Region, Ethiopia: The Causes and Remedies"
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Typical foods eaten by the Nuer tribe include beef, goat, cow's milk,
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1982:
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1488:"Supplementary file 1. DGRP line means and African samples CHC data"
1368:"Conflict between Dinka and Nuer in South Sudan | Climate-Diplomacy"
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Jon D. Holtzman, 2000 (2nd ed. 2007), "Nuer Journeys, Nuer Lives",
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625:) as part of their initiation into adulthood. The pattern of Nuer
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as they battle for grazing ground for their animals. According to
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966:"Table 2.2 Percentage Distribution of Major Ethnic Groups: 2007"
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Kuajien Lual Wechtuor, Yual Doctor Chiek and Peter Gai Manyuon,
317:, the Nuer are primarily located in the northeast of the country
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975:. United Nations Population Fund. p. 16. Archived from
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Evans-Pritchard, E. E. (1948). "Nuer Marriage Ceremonies".
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paternal lineage because they carry those names themselves.
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For the anthropological study by E.E. Evans-Pritchard, see
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Gender, identity home: Nuer repatriation to Southern Sudan
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Nuer Journeys, Nuer Lives: Sudanese Refugees in Minnesota
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means "sky", and is a common name for males and females.
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United Nations Emergencies Unit for Ethiopia (UN-EUE),
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Africa: Journal of the International African Institute
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Nuer-American Passages: Globalizing Sudanese Migration
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In the early 1990s about 25,000 African refugees were
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and eastwards all the way into the western fringes of
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Images of Nuer in the village of Leal, Southern Sudan
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815:, 2016, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform,
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71:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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887:Breaking the Cycle of Conflict in Gambella Region
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1650:(6th ed.). Dubuque, Iowa: The McGraw-Hill.
704:, is the standard prefix used for female names.
375:In 2006 the Nuer and Murle were the tribes that
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1648:Culture sketches: case studies in anthropology
1212:"The White Army: An Introduction and Overview"
293:. They are the second-largest ethnic group in
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577:In the 1990s, Sharon Hutchinson returned to
461:The Nuer are able to structure their entire
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281:. They also live in the Ethiopian region of
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621:The Nuer receive facial markings (called
131:Learn how and when to remove this message
1237:"Sudan youth 'planning to attack tribe'"
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964:Central Statistical Agency, Ethiopia.
680:Some important Nuer politicians were,
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1677:. Gainesville, Florida: U of Florida.
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534:have been happening between Nuer and
29:Nilotic ethnic group from South Sudan
389:2011–2012 South Sudan tribal clashes
171:Regions with significant populations
69:adding citations to reliable sources
40:
1318:Kinship and Marriage among the Nuer
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676:Nuer military and political leaders
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377:resisted disarmament most strongly
372:eventually led to raids and wars.
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273:ethnic group concentrated in the
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1147:. University of Michigan Press.
857:, Headline Book Publishing Ltd,
633:Some Nuer have begun practicing
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1637:Lobban, Richard Andrew (2010).
1610:Evans-Pritchard, E.E. (2016) .
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733:girls/daughters" (bridewealth).
56:needs additional citations for
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1113:. University Rochester Press.
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844:University of California Press
13:
1:
2678:Ethnic groups in North Africa
1646:Peters-Golden, Holly (2012).
1641:. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger.
1639:Global Security Watch - Sudan
1602:
1316:Evans-Pritchard, E.E (1951).
1056:10.1525/ae.1992.19.2.02a00060
240:(syncretistic or otherwise),
2688:Ethnic groups in South Sudan
2286:Ethnic groups in South Sudan
1141:Kelly, Raymond Case (1985).
391:), as well as the Dinka and
7:
1414:"Traditional scarification"
1107:Beswick, Stephanie (2004).
944:Central Intelligence Agency
919:Central Intelligence Agency
880:University Press of Florida
758:
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557:and religion in his books.
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304:
10:
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1673:Shandy, Dianna J. (2006).
1320:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
1243:. News24. 27 December 2011
893:• Katarzyna Grabska 2014 "
800:Sudanese nomadic conflicts
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417:Nuer life revolves around
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366:British colonial expansion
362:and Burun in the process.
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31:
2693:Ethnic groups in Ethiopia
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2001:
1914:
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1791:Ethnic groups in Ethiopia
1439:"Nuer | Encyclopedia.com"
1210:Young, John (June 2007).
897:," James Currey: Oxford.
867:Deborah Scroggins, 2004,
838:Sharon Hutchinson, 1996,
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1580:Jon D. Holtzman (2007).
900:
652:, a large, pancake-like
596:Nuer language / Thoknath
483:is formally consumed as
1497:10.7554/elife.09861.040
1385:Diamond, Jared (2012).
855:Till The Sun Grows Cold
569:identify as Christian.
430:British anthropologist
291:Nilotic language family
289:, which belongs to the
2683:Ethnic groups in Sudan
1532:Evans-Pritchard (2016)
1513:Cite journal requires
1331:Evans-Pritchard (2016)
1289:Evans-Pritchard (2016)
1277:Evans-Pritchard (2016)
1018:Cite journal requires
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501:
421:, which has made them
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1372:climate-diplomacy.org
827:E. E. Evans-Pritchard
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598:which belongs to the
594:The people speak the
551:E. E. Evans-Pritchard
522:E. E. Evans-Pritchard
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432:E. E. Evans-Pritchard
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285:. The Nuer speak the
248:Related ethnic groups
1443:www.encyclopedia.com
1355:Peters-Golden (2012)
1343:Peters-Golden (2012)
1301:Peters-Golden (2012)
1265:Peters-Golden (2012)
1044:American Ethnologist
1001:Shedrak, Dr Ambala.
853:Maggie McCune 1999,
65:improve this article
1956:Soddo Gurage people
1614:. Forgotten Books.
1267:, pp. 164–165.
1217:. Small Arms Survey
940:"The Word Factbook"
915:"The Word Factbook"
835:, Inc., Boston, MA.
406:kinship and descent
148:
1750:Strategyleader.org
780:Lost Boys of Sudan
696:Naming conventions
619:
530:over pastures and
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275:Greater Upper Nile
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2103:
1657:978-0-07811-702-2
1621:978-1-33380-312-4
1077:Gardner, Robert.
833:Pearson Education
582:warfare with the
500:Nuer People, 1906
379:; members of the
346:into what is now
336:southern Kordofan
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73:
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41:
21:
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1569:
1568:Shandy (2006)
1564:
1557:
1556:Lobban (2010)
1552:
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1544:Lobban (2010)
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1471:
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1464:
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1412:Deng, Malek.
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627:scarification
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541:
540:Jared Diamond
537:
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513:Kinship roles
510:
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476:
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287:Nuer language
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242:Nuer religion
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121:February 2008
113:
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92:
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82: –
81:
80:"Nuer people"
77:
76:Find sources:
70:
66:
60:
59:
54:This article
52:
48:
43:
42:
39:
35:
27:
19:
2561:
2437:Jur Mananger
2342:Balanda Boor
2172:
2110:Nilo-Saharan
1961:Chebo people
1939:Beta Abraham
1799:Afro-Asiatic
1708:(1): 29–40.
1705:
1701:
1686:
1682:
1674:
1647:
1638:
1611:
1581:
1575:
1563:
1551:
1539:
1527:
1506:cite journal
1482:
1470:
1458:
1446:. Retrieved
1442:
1433:
1421:. Retrieved
1417:
1407:
1387:
1380:
1371:
1362:
1350:
1338:
1326:
1317:
1296:
1284:
1272:
1245:. Retrieved
1240:
1231:
1219:. Retrieved
1205:
1180:
1176:
1170:
1158:. Retrieved
1143:
1136:
1124:. Retrieved
1109:
1102:
1093:
1084:
1072:
1047:
1043:
1011:cite journal
996:
986:30 September
984:. Retrieved
977:the original
972:
959:
949:30 September
947:. Retrieved
943:
934:
924:30 September
922:. Retrieved
918:
909:
892:
868:
854:
848:Berkeley, CA
839:
812:
790:Anuak people
753:
749:
745:
736:
718:
712:
705:
701:
679:
670:
662:
639:
635:circumcision
632:
622:
620:
600:Nilo-Saharan
593:
576:
567:
563:
559:
549:
532:cattle raids
526:
516:
507:
503:
477:
473:
460:
436:institutions
427:horticulture
416:
402:
374:
370:
364:
329:
320:
298:
266:
264:
241:
238:Christianity
227:(Thok Naath)
143:Ethnic group
127:
118:
108:
101:
94:
87:
75:
63:Please help
58:verification
55:
38:
26:
2417:Jikany Nuer
1944:Falash Mura
1934:Beta Israel
1391:. Penguin.
1247:30 December
1221:30 December
1183:(1): 5–11.
785:Dinka tribe
468:constipated
456:allegiances
423:pastoralist
387:tribe (see
315:South Sudan
295:South Sudan
279:South Sudan
267:Nuer people
196:1.8 million
192:South Sudan
147:Nuer people
2667:Categories
2377:Dār Fertit
1687:Amazon.com
1603:References
1241:News24.com
1160:12 January
1154:0472080563
1126:12 January
1080:"The Nuer"
875:, New York
869:Emma's War
277:region of
91:newspapers
2577:Nyangwara
2572:Nyangatom
2392:Dongotona
2244:Jamaicans
2188:Shanqella
2178:Nyangatom
2086:Wolaitans
1836:Daasanach
1730:144927252
1666:716069710
1630:980437822
1418:The Niles
1087:. Kanopy.
682:Böth Diew
665:resettled
658:flatbread
555:cosmology
219:Languages
166:2 million
2557:Ngulgule
2522:Morokodo
2517:Mangayat
2512:Makaraka
2432:Jur Beli
2307:Angakuei
2239:Italians
2224:Armenian
2081:Shinasha
1983:Tigrayan
1866:Kambaata
1808:Cushitic
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759:See also
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617:Nuer boy
590:Language
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528:Conflict
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440:language
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2322:Avukaya
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2138:Kichepo
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1929:Argobba
1916:Semitic
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1197:2799852
656:-risen
646:sorghum
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399:Culture
340:Baggara
326:History
271:Nilotic
105:scholar
2642:Toposa
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2003:Omotic
1978:Wolane
1973:Silt'e
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1988:Werji
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1586:ISBN
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