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and thus relatively high efficiency. This reaction yields Pb isotope which has a long lifetime of 15.4 million years; it is induced not only by neutrinos, but also by other cosmic particles. They all have different penetration depths in the Earth's crust, and thus analysis of the Pb content in a
582:
thallium-containing ore taken from different depths brings information on the neutrinos of the past millennia. Thus, the LORandite EXperiment (LOREX), is running between 2008 and 2010 and is based in one of the largest source of lorandite, the
475:
and is kept at elevated temperature (~250 °C) for several days. This procedure yields deep-red prismatic crystals elongated along the crystal axis, which are similar to the mineral in appearance and crystallographic structure details.
520:
tetrahedra oriented to the crystal axis. The chains are covalently interlinked by irregularly coordinated Tl atoms (chain interconnections not shown in the picture), and breaking of these links is responsible for crystal cleavage.
785:
Safilov, Trajcče; Angelov, Nikola; Jaćimović, Radojko; Stibilj, Vekoslava (2005). "Determination of Trace
Elements in Arsenic and Antimony Minerals by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry and k
751:
Pavicevic, M (2004). "AMS measurements of Al in quartz to assess the cosmic ray background for the geochemical solar neutrino experiment LOREX".
293:. Though rare, it is the most common thallium-bearing mineral. Lorandite occurs in low-temperature hydrothermal associations and in
985:
76:
403:
Apart from the
Allchar deposit in North Macedonia, lorandite is also found at the Dzhizhikrut Sb–Hg deposit in
175:
208:
980:
975:
965:
970:
488:
Crystal structure of lorandite. Violet atoms are arsenic, yellow are sulfur and brown are thallium.
443:. In the US, it is present at the New Rambler Cu–Ni mine in Wyoming; at the Jerritt Canyon mines,
691:
Anthony, John W.; Bideaux, Richard A.; Bladh, Kenneth W.; Nichols, Monte C. (eds.). "Lorandite".
690:
66:
444:
165:
388:
363:
involving thallium. It has a monoclinic crystal structure consisting of spiral chains of AsS
921:
756:
648:
912:
Pavicevic, M.K. (1988). "Lorandite from
Allchar – A low energy solar neutrino dosimeter".
8:
460:
198:
188:
925:
760:
692:
652:
806:
666:
416:
367:
tetrahedra interconnected by thallium atoms, and can be synthesized in the laboratory.
155:
933:
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670:
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In 1976, it was proposed to use a thallium-rich mineral, lorándite, for detection of
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298:
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554:
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337:
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440:
250:
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661:
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789:-Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis After Removal of As and Sb".
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420:
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404:
341:
107:
91:
735:
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516:= 0.6101 nm and β = 104.5 °. It consists of spiral chains of AsS
484:
472:
428:
392:
380:
329:
286:
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and andesite contacts enabling the formation of lorandite deposits.
467:), elemental arsenic and sulfur in concentrated aqueous solution of
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700:. Vol. 1. Chantilly, VA, US: Mineralogical Society of America
593:
577:,e)Pb reaction, which has a relatively low threshold energy of 52
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321:
309:
283:
349:
333:
950:
784:
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Nuclear
Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B
549:
Period. During the mineralization processes, the presence of
459:
Single crystals of lorandite can be grown from a mixture of
432:
294:
824:
Yang, Z; Pertlik, F (1994). "The thallium sulfarsenites Tl
578:
301:
263:
Tenacity: flexible, forming cleavage lamellae and fibers
419:, Russia. As an ore mineral, it is encountered at the
447:
district and Carlin Gold mine in Nevada; and at the
914:
868:"The crystal structure and bonding of lorandite, Tl
545:structure originating from sediments of the upper
541:where lorandite was originally discovered, is an
957:
911:
836:: structural characterization and syntheses".
823:
355:The mineral is being used for detection of
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27:
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150:Prismatic tabular striated parallel to
958:
504:/a, Z = 4, with the lattice constants
492:The crystal structure of lorandite is
375:Lorándite was first discovered at the
304:deposits. Associated minerals include
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780:
778:
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744:
637:"IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols"
634:
255:Weak; Y = purple-red; Z = orange-red
861:
859:
13:
14:
997:
944:
775:
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951:Spectroscopic data for lorandite
887:Zeitschrift für Kristallographie
856:
289:with the chemical formula: TlAsS
838:Journal of Alloys and Compounds
573:. The method relies on the Tl(ν
564:
398:
905:
817:
712:
628:
605:, US. Size 1.8 × 1.8 × 0.4 cm.
471:. The mixture is placed in an
1:
899:10.1524/zkri.1973.138.138.147
621:
524:
431:gold deposit in northeastern
140:Red to carmine-red, lead gray
934:10.1016/0168-9002(88)90171-4
850:10.1016/0925-8388(94)91058-8
479:
7:
609:
10:
1002:
986:Minerals in space group 14
769:10.1016/j.nimb.2004.04.122
553:rocks caused movements of
387:) in 1894 and named after
370:
16:Thallium arsenic sulfosalt
803:10.1007/s00604-004-0295-2
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193:Sub-metallic – adamantine
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391:, a prominent Hungarian
694:Handbook of Mineralogy
641:Mineralogical Magazine
606:
489:
451:gold deposit in Utah.
445:Independence Mountains
411:uranium deposit, near
601:matrix, Mercur Mine,
597:Lorándite crystal on
596:
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260:Other characteristics
77:Strunz classification
755:. 223–224: 660–667.
557:solutions along the
455:Laboratory synthesis
981:Monoclinic minerals
926:1988NIMPA.271..287P
761:2004NIMPB.223..660P
662:10.1180/mgm.2021.43
653:2021MinM...85..291W
635:Warr, L.N. (2021).
461:thallium(I) nitrate
976:Sulfosalt minerals
866:Fleet M E (1973).
607:
490:
417:Caucasus Mountains
228:Optical properties
160:perfect, distinct
966:Thallium minerals
791:Microchimica Acta
512:= 1.130 nm,
508:= 1.228 nm,
437:Lengenbach Quarry
274:
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44:Sulfosalt mineral
993:
971:Arsenic minerals
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427:, China; at the
425:Guizhou Province
361:nuclear reaction
237:Refractive index
219:Specific gravity
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103:Prismatic (2/m)
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54:(repeating unit)
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588:North Macedonia
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539:North Macedonia
535:Allchar deposit
533:setting of the
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423:Hg–Tl deposit,
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385:North Macedonia
377:Allchar deposit
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945:External links
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920:(2): 287–296.
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571:solar neutrino
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359:via a certain
357:solar neutrino
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132:Identification
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87:Crystal system
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616:Hutchinsonite
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435:; and at the
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389:Loránd Eötvös
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351:
347:
343:
340:, antimonian
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99:Crystal class
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893:(138): 147.
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797:(3–4): 229.
794:
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738:. Mindat.org
721:. Webmineral
714:
702:. Retrieved
693:
644:
640:
630:
603:Mercur, Utah
586:in southern
568:
565:Applications
555:hydrothermal
528:
513:
509:
505:
491:
458:
402:
399:Distribution
374:
354:
338:tetrahedrite
276:
275:
121:
704:December 5,
498:space group
441:Switzerland
415:, northern
407:and at the
251:Pleochroism
231:Biaxial (+)
209:Diaphaneity
117:Space group
960:Categories
844:(1): 155.
622:References
547:Cretaceous
525:Occurrence
494:monoclinic
421:Lanmuchang
413:Pyatigorsk
405:Tajikistan
342:sphalerite
268:References
203:Cherry-red
176:Mohs scale
170:Conchoidal
108:H-M symbol
92:Monoclinic
67:IMA symbol
832:and TlAsS
736:Lorandite
719:Lorandite
671:235729616
543:anticline
480:Structure
473:autoclave
429:Zarshuran
393:physicist
381:Kavadarci
330:marcasite
287:sulfosalt
277:Lorándite
22:Lorándite
811:97055868
610:See also
559:dolomite
551:andesite
531:tectonic
326:greigite
318:cinnabar
314:orpiment
306:stibnite
281:thallium
179:hardness
166:Fracture
156:Cleavage
41:Category
922:Bibcode
757:Bibcode
649:Bibcode
599:calcite
469:ammonia
409:Beshtau
379:, near
371:History
346:arsenic
322:vrbaite
310:realgar
299:mercury
284:arsenic
245:= 2.720
183:2.0–2.5
81:2.HD.05
50:Formula
36:General
809:
669:
449:Mercur
350:barite
334:pyrite
199:Streak
189:Luster
106:(same
883:(PDF)
807:S2CID
698:(PDF)
667:S2CID
463:(TlNO
383:(now
279:is a
137:Color
58:TlAsS
706:2011
529:The
433:Iran
348:and
297:and
295:gold
223:5.53
930:doi
918:271
895:doi
891:138
846:doi
842:216
828:AsS
799:doi
795:149
765:doi
657:doi
579:keV
439:in
302:ore
71:Lor
962::
928:.
916:.
889:.
885:.
872:As
858:^
840:.
805:.
793:.
777:^
763:.
743:^
726:^
679:^
665:.
655:.
645:85
643:.
639:.
590:.
537:,
500:P2
496:,
395:.
352:.
344:,
336:,
332:,
328:,
324:,
320:,
316:,
312:,
308:,
127:/a
122:P2
936:.
932::
924::
901:.
897::
880:"
878:4
876:S
874:2
870:2
852:.
848::
834:2
830:3
826:3
813:.
801::
787:0
771:.
767::
759::
708:.
673:.
659::
651::
575:e
518:3
514:c
510:b
506:a
502:1
465:3
365:3
291:2
243:α
241:n
125:1
110:)
60:2
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