Live action role-playing game

1856:

etwa 90% am weitaus stärksten vertreten ... Seit dem Jahr 2001 gibt es des Weiteren zwei Veranstalter, welche etwa einmal im Jahr so genannte Groß-Cons veranstalten, bei denen keine Maximalbegrenzung der Teilnehmerzahl besteht und in der Regel zwischen drei- bis siebentausend Live-Rollenspieler teilnehmen und auch Teilnehmer aus dem europäischen Ausland anzutreffen sind. (The first official LARP event in Germany most likely took place in 1994 under the name Dracon. Since then a steady rise in LARPs offered in Germany is recorded ... Also LARP events based in the fantasy genre are by far the largest here with about 90% representation ... Since the year 2001 there are two organisers who hold about once a year the so-called "big Cons" where there are no maximum limits to the number of participants and in which there are usually between three and seven thousand live action role-players including people from around Europe.)

1283:(Tychsen et al. 2006:255) "LARPs can be viewed as forming a distinct category of RPG because of two unique features: (a) The players physically embody their characters, and (b) the game takes place in a physical frame. Embodiment means that the physical actions of the player are regarded as those of the character. LARP participants may dress in the costume of their character and carry appropriate physical props (e.g., an 18th century militia LARP participant may wear a military uniform and carry a musket). Whereas in a RPG played by a group sitting around a table, players describe the actions of their characters (e.g., "I run to stand beside my friend"); in an equivalent situation in a LARP, a player would physically run to the appropriate point within the game space." 416:) determine the rules and setting of a LARP, and may also influence an event and act as referees while it is taking place. The GMs may also do the logistical work, or there may be other arrangers who handle details such as advertising the event, booking a venue, and financial management. Unlike the GM in a tabletop role-playing game, a LARP GM seldom has an overview of everything that is happening during play because numerous participants may be interacting at once. For this reason, a LARP GM's role is often less concerned with tightly maintaining a narrative or directly entertaining the players, and more with arranging the structure of the LARP before play begins and facilitating the players and crew to maintain the fictional environment during play. 2466:(Falk & Davenport 2004:129) "All LRP games of our definition take place within an agreed upon theme or narrative setting that provides the context for players' actions and character roles. This theme can be pretty much anything you can imagine; the possibilities are inexhaustible. To give some obvious and common examples, it may be fantasy and involve magic, heroes, and fantastic creatures, much like the game world settings of the classic tabletop role-playing games. Or, it may be realistic, based on historic events or contemporary life. Or it can be futuristic post apocalyptic environments, involving mutants and cyborgian characters dwelling in deserted cities. Or, it can be any combination of these" 326:. The activity spread internationally during the 1980s and has diversified into a wide variety of styles. Play may be very game-like or may be more concerned with dramatic or artistic expression. Events can also be designed to achieve educational or political goals. The fictional genres used vary greatly, from realistic modern or historical settings to fantastic or futuristic eras. Production values are sometimes minimal, but can involve elaborate venues and costumes. LARPs range in size from small private events lasting a few hours, to large public events with thousands of players lasting for days. 1066: 1476:(Tresca 2010:188) "Where LARPs differ most from tabletop games is in the handling of non-player characters (NPCs). The physical performance necessary to pull off a performance in a LARP makes it impractical for a single person to handle many NPC roles. As a result, there is often a cast of characters who take on the roles of other NPCs. Unlike the players, the NPCs usually know the game's plot and have some idea of the narrative. NPCs, then, are a form of pseudo-player. They play the game, their characters have somewhat more limited goals, but they are ultimately constrained by the plot." 664: 970: 690:, meaning they are being themselves. Some LARPs encourage players to stay consistently in character except in emergencies, while others accept players being out-of-character at times. In a LARP, it is usually assumed that players are speaking and acting in character unless otherwise noted, which is the opposite of normal practice in tabletop role-playing games. Character knowledge is usually considered to be separate from player knowledge, and acting upon information a character would not know may be viewed as cheating. 808: 938: 388:. This is distinct from tabletop role-playing games, where character actions are described verbally. LARPs may be played in a public or private area and may last for hours or days. There is usually no audience. Players may dress as their character and carry appropriate equipment, and the environment is sometimes decorated to resemble the setting. LARPs can be one-off events or a series of events in the same setting, and events can vary in size from a handful of players to several thousand. 783: 45: 3112:

Konzack implies counter-culture, as characterized by The Lord of the Rings and Star Trek fan culture, Live-Action Role Playing Games (LARPs), MUDs and MOOs; he further points out that women are actively contributing to the third culture as both authors and participants, notably in LARPs, cosplay, fan fiction communities, as well as establishing the Game Grrls phenomenon and female fan networks. Conversely, mainstream gamer culture has been commoditized and commercialized...

1384:(Falk & Davenport 2004:131) "The LRP player, like a stage actor, is a person who under-goes a transformation into a character. The character's costume and accessories, or kit, aids this transformation ... Physical structures may be used as game locations, and sometimes even purposely constructed to enhance the game world ... Players frequently use physical artifacts as props and tools in their role-play, primarily to back up their character roles." 1127:, but also treated affectionately as a "constructive social outlet". In the Nordic countries, LARP has achieved a high level of public recognition and popularity. It is often shown in a positive light in mainstream media, with an emphasis on the dramatic and creative aspects. However, even in Norway, where LARP has greater recognition than in most other countries, it has still not achieved full recognition as a cultural activity by government bodies. 1057:. Players are given different script options and are assigned characters to play through the murder mystery; these games often occur at dedicated gaming stores where players pay to participate. The style become popularized in 2015 "when reality shows with names like 'Lying Man,' 'Dinner Party Seduction,' and later 'Who's The Murderer,' showed celebrities playing whodunits" which led to the development of jubensha clubs that run games in this style. 2448:(Young 2003:7-8) "Live combat... requires the players' abilities to perform an action. You want to hit someone with a sword? You have to actually hit the player with a prop representing a sword, usually a padded weapon. ... Simulated combat is more abstract. It uses an external method that does not rely on player ability. For example, if you want to hit the other person with a sword, you may have to make a rock-paper-scissors challenge." 492: 1911:(Tychsen et al. 2006:258) "Today, LARPing is a widespread hobby, especially within the United States and Europe, and caters to at least 100,000 players worldwide ... Professional, full-time LARP sites also exist ... a small industry has grown-up supplying latex weapons, costumes, theater props, and special effects, and numerous special effects and make-up artists work in the LARP environment for training purposes." 242: 718: 1084:, as opposed to traditional spectator arts. Participants in a LARP cast off the role of passive observer and take on new roles that are often outside of their daily life and contrary to their culture. The arrangers of a LARP and the other participants act as co-creators of the game. This collaborative process of creating shared fictional worlds may be associated with a broader burgeoning " 283: 1503:(Tychsen et al. 2006:256) "LARPs ... appear to have developed based on inspiration from tabletop RPGs such as Dungeons & Dragons, more or less simultaneously in North America, Europe, and Australia in the early 80s. Players from all of these continents claim to have hosted the oldest LARP, however, it appears that LARPs developed independently and with marked cultural differences." 985:) have hundreds or thousands of participants who are usually split into competing character factions camped separately around a large venue. There are only a few fests in the world, all based in Europe and Canada; however, their size means that they have a significant influence on local LARP culture and design. At the other end of the size scale, some small events known as 3299:(Fatland 2005) "The popularity of larp has recently made it a feature of 'common knowledge', so that a Swedish journalist may refer to something unrelated as 'larp-like', Finnish TV produces a teen soap opera about fantasy larpers, and a Norwegian professor of theatre history routinely ends his course by mentioning larp as the 'new theatre'." 3203:

outside observers, thus standing on the less acceptable side of the divide "between the people who do these things and the people who live these things", as phrased by one of my interviewees... The LARPers may seem, as some of my interviewees would suggest, too geeky (i.e., too freely creative and immersed in media, too focused on use-value)

437:) who fill out the setting. Crew typically receive more information about the setting and more direction from the GMs than players do. In a tabletop role-playing game, a GM usually plays all the NPCs, whereas in a LARP, each NPC is typically played by a separate crew member. Sometimes players are asked to play NPCs for periods of an event. 953:, LARP is characterised by a focus on interaction between characters that are written by the gamemasters, not using simulated weapons for combat, and an eclectic approach to genre and setting. Events in this style typically only last a few hours and require relatively little preparation by players and are sometimes played at 921:

scenarios that are only run once and those that are designed to be repeatable. While some LARPs are open to participants of all ages, others have a minimum age requirement. There are also youth LARPs, specifically intended for children and young people. Some are run through institutions such as schools, churches, or the

1444:(Tychsen et al. 2005:218) " forced to let go of the game and let it take on a life of its own outside his or her control. While based on similar principles, the requirements therefore very different in practice from GMs in PnP RPGs... The GM is generally, unless the LARP is small in terms of number of participants, 1165:, Østerskov Efterskole uses LARP as an educational method of teaching subjects to high school boarding students through interactivity and simulation. LARP groups are also using simulations of current and historical events and topics like refugees and the AIDS crisis to roleplay and explore these subjects. 2219:

system forbids certain sorts of physical action, and recommends against realistic-looking weapons: "A participant should never have to run, climb, or jump over anything... Participants should never, ever use real weapons, even as props. They should be extremely cautious about anything that looks like

2214:

system forbids realistic looking weapons and contact. From the "Basic Rules" section: "#1 - No Touching. This means none whatsoever, even with consent ... #2 - No weapons as props ... real weapons or anything that even looks like a real weapon ... are a definite no-no." (Dansky 1996:136). Similarly,

1855:

Die erste offizielle LARP-Veranstaltung in Deutschland, fand hochstwahrscheinlich 1994 unter dem Namen Dracon statt. Seit dem ist ein stetiger Anstieg der LARP-Veranstalungen in Deutschland zu verzeichnen...Auch hierbei sind die LARP-veranstaltungen, welche im Genre des Fantasy angesiedelt sind, mit

674:

During a LARP, player actions in the real world represent character actions in an imaginary setting. Game rules, physical symbols and theatrical improvisation are used to bridge differences between the real world and the setting. For example, a rope could signify an imaginary wall. Realistic-looking

646:

uses LARP to teach most of its classes. Language classes can be taught by immersing students in a role-playing scenario in which they are forced to improvise speech or writing in the language they are learning. Politically-themed LARP events may attempt to awaken or shape political thinking within a

580:

which is still played internationally and is probably the most commercially successful published LARP. The first German events were in the early 1990s, with fantasy LARP in particular growing quickly there, so that since 2001, two major German events have been run annually that have between 3000 and

3202:

Many of those with whom I spoke said that they have a number of different geeky interests, but draw the line at cosplay or live-action role-playing games (LARPs), hobbies in which players might dress in costume and act as a character... too closely resemble a child's game of "let's play pretend" to

2135:(Montola, Stenros & Waern 2009) "Some pervasive larps seek to engage in active dialogue with their social environment. The purpose of such dialogue can be politically or artistically motivated. These games have a message that is aimed either at the players, at bystanders, or society as a whole." 1211:

commented that "a report on China National Radio last month voiced fears that too many of the scripts relied on murders, violent plots and sexual content, but others see the games as a way to get young people off their smartphones and back interacting with each other in real life". In October 2021,

604:

Most LARPs are intended as games for entertainment. Enjoyable aspects can include the collaborative creation of a story, the attempt to overcome challenges in pursuit of a character's objectives, and a sense of immersion in a fictional setting. LARPs may also include other game-like aspects such as

3111:

is characterized by an adolescent male sensibility that transcends physical age and embraces highly stylized graphical violence, male fantasies of power and domination, hyper-sexualized, objectified depictions of women, and rampant racial stereotyping and discrimination ... The "Geek" described by

1218:

reported that "advertisements for script-killing are prominent in China. The fact that it is a new industry is precisely the problem in the eyes of the authorities. Since the Covid-19 case that brought 'script-killing' to national attention, the game has been getting mainstream traction, inviting

1149:

role-playing conventions. The broader academic community has recently begun to study LARP as well, both to compare it to other media and other varieties of interactive gaming, and also to evaluate it in its own right. In 2010, William Bainbridge speculated that LARP may one day evolve into a major

1104:

culture in general has become increasingly mainstream in developed countries, LARP has often not achieved the same degree of cultural acceptability. This may be due to intolerance of the resemblance to childhood games of pretend, a perceived risk of over-identification with the characters, and the

1301:(Fatland 2005:1) "The non-Nordic reader should, however, keep in mind that there are some differences between the Nordic and Anglo-American uses of English when talking about larp. Most importantly, we treat 'larp' as a word in its own right, not an acronym (L.A.R.P.), and it is spelt lower-case." 1240:

was beginning to draft regulations for script murder games and "soliciting public opinions". The draft regulations state that "the contents of such games must not smear the traditional Chinese culture or contain inappropriate materials involving obscenity, gambling, drugs, and other elements that

1225:

commented that Chinese "regulators are beginning to take notice of the genre's mature content. A story published Wednesday indicates that municipal and provincial authorities have now begun regulating content and demanding that some retailers remove certain materials from sale. As a result, some

744:

to determine whether characters succeed in hitting one another in combat situations. In Russian LARP events, weapons made of hard plastic, metal or wood are used. The alternative to using simulated weapons is to pause role-play and determine the outcome of an action symbolically, for example by

920:

LARP events have a wide variety of styles that often overlap. Simple distinctions can be made regarding the genre used, the presence of simulated weapons or abstract rules, and whether players create their own characters or have them assigned by gamemasters. There is also a distinction between

1448:

responsible for keeping the narrative flow. The GM can however oversee the progress of the game and help or influence where needed... Establishing a hierarchy of GMs and NPCs to monitor the game and ensure everyone is entertained and activated within the shared game space is a typical way of

1092:

that is in turn associated with prolonged education, high uptake of information technology and increased leisure time. In comparison to the mainstream video-game industry, which is highly commercialized and often marketed towards a male audience, LARP is less commoditized, and women actively

728:

Many LARPs have game rules that determine how characters can affect each other and the setting. The rules may be defined in a publication or created by the gamemasters. These rules may define characters' capabilities, what can be done with various objects that exist in the setting, and what

455:

LARP does not have a single point of origin, but was invented independently by groups in North America, Europe, and Australia. These groups shared an experience with genre fiction or tabletop role-playing games, and a desire to physically experience such settings. In addition to tabletop

1007:

Nordic larp emphasises a collaborative "play to lose" strategy, keeping rules unobtrusive, and often explores emotionally complex issues. The style emerged in Finland and Scandinavia during the 1990s with a focus on "collaborative storytelling around intense human experiences".

3459:

With ubiquitous Internet connectivity, and mobile access through cellphones or PDAs, it is possible this genre could grow into a major industry, possibly integrated with traditional activities such as history-oriented tourism, nature trail hiking, or stock market

1685:

In 1982, Walt Frietag and some friends at Harvard University "invented" what they called "interactive literature."... Frietag called his group the "Harvard Society for Interactive Literature", which was shortened to "Society for Interactive Literature" the next

3390:

That Lord of the Rings-induced stereotypical image of LARP started to crumble in the 90s as LARP based on anything from science fiction to Jane Austen began to emerge, taking gameplay from forests and castles into industrial halls, idyllic villas and city

440:

Much of play consists of interactions between characters. Some LARP scenarios primarily feature interaction between PCs. Other scenarios focus on interaction between PCs and aspects of the setting, including NPCs, that are under the direction of the GMs.

650:

Because LARP involves a controlled artificial environment within which people interact, it has sometimes been used as a research tool to test theories in social fields such as economics or law. For example, LARP has been used to study the application of

1458:(Bestul 2006:26) "Finally, a person may also participate as a type of stagehand. Though not all games will require them, it is occasionally necessary to have a support staff to help coordinate events and NPCs as a stage manager or running crew might." 1241:

could go against moral standards". The regulations also include additional rules for minors such as not allowing "underage customers on school days" and that "children under the age of 14 must be accompanied by their parents or other guardians".

405:) that the players may create themselves or be given by the gamemasters. Players sometimes play the same character repeatedly at separate events, progressively developing the character and its relations with other characters and the setting. 595:

is far more commercially successful and influential than anything we have seen before even in Nordic countries – and there is a good chance it might change our perception of what live-action roleplaying games are capable of in the future".

1792:...in the pioneering freeform tournament at Canberra Games Convention '83 participating players were members of the crew of the ship 'Sarten Valador'... rather than sitting around a table... the players move about the game environment... 584:

Today, LARP is a widespread activity internationally. Games with thousands of participants are run by for-profit companies, and a small industry exists to sell costume, armour and foam weapons intended primarily for LARP. In 2023,

1194:

reported that following the easing of pandemic restrictions in China, "more than 45,000 shops" opened with "nearly 10 million active players. It is estimated that soon the Jubensha market will reach 23.89 billion Chinese Yuan".

2334:(Tychsen et al. 2005:216) "Rules in RPGs ... focus on 1) How the fictional world operates; 2) How the players interact with the fictional world and its inhabitants and; 3) How the players interact with each other and the GM." 2475:(Tychsen et al. 2006:261) "The world setting or framework for the fictional world in which the game takes place varies greatly in LARPs. Generally, these can be divided into either real-world settings or fictional settings." 1206:

The popularization of script murder games and industry growth in China has led to both national and governmental attention with the Chinese government considering formal regulation of the industry. In September 2020, the

3735: 3402:(Waern, Montola & Stenros 2009:1550) "The community is well documented through annual self-reflective books published by the annual "Nodal Point" events where theorists and practitioners meet to discuss larp" 310:

represented by real-world environments while interacting with each other in character. The outcome of player actions may be mediated by game rules or determined by consensus among players. Event arrangers called

1941: 1014:

commented that this style adds "distinct challenges, including the possibility of real emotional harm. To work out issues of how to keep players safe and push the limits of the form, the community gathers at

2247:(Tresca 2010:190) "Generally speaking, players in a larp are usually expected to be in character first and then signal their desire to speak or act out-of-character second, the reverse of a tabletop game." 1874:

1991 fand mit dem Draccon I der erste deutsche LARP-Con statt, womit unsere Zeitreise ein Ende hat. (In 1991 Draccon I, the first german LARP convention took place, which ends our journey through time.)

752:

There are also LARPs that do without rules, instead relying on players to use their common sense or feel for dramatic appropriateness to cooperatively decide what the outcome of their actions will be.

1622:, in 1981 the International Fantasy Gaming Society (IFGS) was formed, and it published a set of rules for an outdoor, fantasy role-playing game similar to the medieval-fantasy environment of D&D. 2891: 1178:

reported that in 2021 "the number of scripted murder enterprises registered in China totaled about 6,500, a more than 60 percent increase from the prior year, according to state-run media". The

2229:(Bestul 2006:28) "All of this, with the occasional exceptions, takes place in real-time, with the idea of game-time only invoked in certain situations (combat or emergencies, for example). " 1494:(Tychsen et al. 2005:216) "LARP scenarios can likewise vary from detailed scripts of each participating character, to a loose association of GM-controlled NPCs in a fictional world setting." 2800: 679:, which may be much faster or slower than the time passing for players, LARPs are different in that they usually run in real-time, with game-time only being used in special circumstances. 2539: 1237: 3686: 1142:

setting in the 1990s. Like many subcultures, LARP groups often have a common context of shared experience, language, humour, and clothing that can be regarded by some as a lifestyle.

3481: 790:

LARPs set in the modern day may explore everyday concerns, or special interests such as espionage or military activity. Such LARPs sometimes resemble an Alternate Reality Game, an

701:. Bystanders who are unaware that a game is taking place may be treated as part of the fictional setting, and in-character materials may be incorporated into the real world. This 563:, was the first recorded LARP game in the UK and influenced the fantasy LARPs that followed there. The first recorded LARP in Australia was run in 1983, using the science fiction 2356: 3746: 3542: 1053:), are murder mystery LARP games that emerged in China. Typically, script murder games can be experienced in a tabletop game format or a format which combines larping and 815:

Fantasy is one of the most common LARP genres internationally and is the genre that the largest events use. Fantasy LARPs are set in pseudo-historical worlds inspired by

760:

LARPs can have any genre, although many use themes and settings derived from genre fiction. Some LARPs borrow a setting from an established work in another medium (e.g.,

3512: 2484:(Tychsen et al. 2006:258) "Exclusively, the large LARPs with hundreds or more players are set in fantasy/medieval world settings, which is the historic genre for LARPs." 733:

between LARP events. Because referees are often not available to mediate all character actions, players are relied upon to be honest in their application of the rules.

1184:

reported that "the live action murder mystery market appears to have captured the imagination of China's urban youth before the Covid-19 pandemic emerged". During the

675:

weapon props and risky physical activity are sometimes discouraged or forbidden for safety reasons. While the fictional timeline in a tabletop RPG often progresses in

3310: 1931: 3374:

Montola, Marcus (2007). "Urban Role-Play: The Next Generation of Role-Playing in Urban Space". In von Borries, Friedrich; Walz, Steffen P; Böttger, Matthias (eds.).

2146: 906:, a series of short events held at regular intervals, and are also popular at conventions. An international chronicle is run by White Wolf's official fan club, the 636: 2760: 993:

LARPs feature a small group of PCs facing a series of challenges from NPCs and are often more tightly planned and controlled by GMs than other styles of LARP.

635:

In addition to entertainment and artistic merit, LARP events may be designed for educational or political purposes. For example, the Danish secondary school

1145:

LARP has been a subject of academic research and theory. Much of this research originates from role-players, especially from the publications of the Nordic

384:

The participants in a LARP physically portray characters in a fictional setting, improvising their characters' speech and movements somewhat like actors in

2926: 1411:(Tychsen et al. 2005:216) "In order to play, the players must have a fictional setting... In essence, the GM creates the magical circle around the game." 2883: 2493:

While many of these science fiction LARPs use rules created by the event arrangers, official LARP rules have been published for the popular space opera

1591: 1429:(Tychsen et al. 2005:218) "The GM may or may not be responsible for enforcing the rules between players... The GM can also be responsible of [ 3580: 2457:(Tychsen et al. 2006:255) "...a LARP can be very similar to improvisational theater, with only a few guidelines for rules and a very low-powered GM." 3273: 3245: 2857: 1310:(Kilgallon et al. 2001:1) "A live action roleplaying game is a cross between a traditional 'tabletop' roleplaying game and improvisational theatre." 2382:(Tychsen et al. 2005:218) "In PnP RPGs and LARPs, the GMs can be responsible for creating the rules, if an existing RPG rules system is not used." 1096:

LARP is not well known in most countries and is sometimes confused with other role-playing, reenactment, costuming, or dramatic activities. While

350:. Some of these terms are still in common use; however, LARP has become the most commonly accepted term. It is sometimes written in lowercase, as 2788: 2548: 1203:, script murder games are "the third most popular form of entertainment for Chinese people, after watching movies and participating in sports". 3697: 2517: 1963: 1348:

Widing, Gabriel (2008). "We Lost Our World and Made New Ones: Live Role-Playing in Modern Times". In Markus Montola, Jaakko Stenros (ed.).

1818: 804:

markers. LARPs can also be set in historical eras or have semi-historical settings with mythological or fantastical aspects incorporated.

4694: 3473: 2594: 2023: 624:

contexts such as festivals or art museums. The themes of avant-garde events often include politics, culture, religion, sexuality and the

3020: 3010:"Consequences of Co-Creation in Fantasy-Based Consumption Communities: Netnographic Analysis of a Live Action Role Playing Organization" 1138:-like fantasy, but it later broadened to include appreciation of other genres, especially the horror genre with the rapid uptake of the 4679: 4155: 3908:

Waern, Annika; Montola, Markus; Stenros, Jaakko (2009-04-08). "The three-sixty illusion: designing for immersion in pervasive games".

2397: 2345: 2238:(Waern, Montola & Stenros 2009:1550) " the players stay in character continuously (unlike American larp as reported by Lancaster)" 1188:, "Murder Mystery Game" (MMG) apps allowed people to play jubensha digitally and were "available to millions of people across" China. 4765: 3220: 2948: 2371:

While player enaction is emphasised, formal rule systems are commonly used for determination of the outcome of many character actions

450: 2983:

Werkman, Rachel (2001). "Vampire: The Masquerade - a countercultural performance". In Lancaster, Kurt; Mikotowicz, Thomas J (eds.).

1665: 852: 245: 4968: 3893: 3534: 3176: 1255: 198: 3654: 2182: 3314: 3045: 1514: 548: 3504: 4432: 3926: 3822: 3803: 3780: 3724: 3669: 3639: 3383: 3145: 2992: 2702: 2269: 2097: 1848: 1357: 1329: 3232:

It's to the film's credit that LARPing comes across as both completely ridiculous and as a valid, constructive social outlet

1746: 1707: 1420:(Montola, Stenros & Waern 2009) "Runtime game mastering is the process of influencing the flow of a game in real time." 2157: 1550: 4689: 3085: 2064: 1886: 523:

in 1976, rudimentary live role-playing games based on the movie were run at US science fiction conventions. In 1981, the

228: 211: 74: 3339: 2297: 827:, and limited technology. Many fantasy LARPs focus on adventure or on conflict between character factions. In contrast, 2428: 2646: 2323:

Alternate reality gaming is the most widely established subgenre of pervasive gaming, but others are evolving as well.

2284:

LARPs blur the line between larp and life as the game spills onto the streets. The whole world becomes a playground...

2009: 1740: 1393:(Tychsen et al. 2006:259) "Most LARPs are either scenarios (or single-shots) or campaigns (also known as chronicles)" 206: 2744: 3979: 1768: 485: 115: 2591:"According to the survey, 8% of children had participated in role-playing events in nature during the last month" 2088:

Hyltoft, Malik (2008). "The Role-Players' School: Østerskov Efterskole". In Markus Montola, Jaakko Stenros (ed.).

3130: 4674: 4638: 1134:

that crosses over with role-playing, fan, reenactment, and drama subcultures. Early LARP subculture focused on

177: 157: 3947: 2918: 1467:(Tychsen et al. 2005:216) "The environment needs to be filled out with non-player controlled characters (NPCs) 4758: 4102: 1643: 1130:

Communities have formed around the creation, play and discussion of LARP. These communities have developed a

902:, which is a set of LARP rules also published by White Wolf. World of Darkness LARPs are usually played in a 565: 269: 100: 3570: 1583: 4179: 2671: 908: 3279: 3251: 961:

where players are assigned characters and encouraged to roleplay freely also resemble theatre-style LARP.

2841: 1336:

Live-Action Role-Playing Games can take place in indoor or outdoor settings, in private or public spaces.

319: 4684: 4662: 4244: 2821: 2726: 2115: 2076:

Nordic art larp is more about exploring a particular emotion, or taking a journey into your own psyche.

1868:

Jahnke, Alex (2009), "Gelebte Träume - eine (Vor-)Geschichte des LARPs", in Dombrowski, Karsten (ed.),

1485:(Young 2003:11) "The focus of interaction of larp... can be player to player or player to environment." 1200: 950: 519: 223: 216: 110: 59: 641: 608:

Some LARPs stress artistic considerations such as dramatic interaction or challenging subject matter.

4626: 4336: 3664:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 3166. Springer Berlin / Heidelberg. pp. 127–138. 1614:

Warlocks and Warpdrive: Contemporary Fantasy Entertainments With Interactive and Virtual Environments

779:, together with rulesets, are often the principal creative asset of LARP groups and LARP publishers. 193: 3872: 2578: 4751: 2796: 1214: 122: 105: 1449:

controlling large fantasy LARPS. This structure is usually established before the game commences."

4808: 2260:

Markus, Montola; Jaakko Stenros (2008). "Introduction". In Markus Montola, Jaakko Stenros (ed.).

1974: 1233: 385: 143: 69: 1375:(Falk & Davenport 2004:128) "...live role-playing games are devoid of the audience concept." 693:

While most LARPs maintain a clear distinction between the real world and the fictional setting,

4973: 4861: 4410: 4172: 4149: 4063: 4040: 4019: 3867: 3854:"Live Action Role-Playing Games: Control, Communication, Storytelling, and MMORPG Similarities" 2509: 1808: 698: 481: 2605: 1999: 1065: 4983: 4978: 4633: 3631: 2211: 898: 877: 832: 762: 575: 570: 529: 469: 423:

may help the GMs to set up and maintain the environment of the LARP during play by acting as

20: 3606: 3009: 2393: 772:), while others use settings based on the real world or designed specifically for the LARP. 4901: 4851: 4820: 4645: 4465: 4400: 3972: 3081: 2792: 1292:(Tychsen et al. 2006:255) "LARP ... is the commonly accepted term in the gaming community." 1226:

store owners are now curating their selection to fall in line with government regulation".

1180: 1155: 429: 172: 3216: 2959: 8: 4881: 4593: 4425: 3650: 1673: 1402:(Tychsen et al. 2006:258) "Games range in size from a handful to more than 4,000 players" 1151: 958: 888:

horror setting in which players usually portray secretive supernatural creatures such as

746: 477: 465: 307: 3833: 3413: 3311:"We play an important role: Role play-writers are losing the battle for cultural assets" 2421:"Larp instead of communism: history and evolution of live-action role-playing in Russia" 4732: 4552: 4351: 3885: 2720: 2566: 1174: 816: 95: 3910:

Proceedings of the 27th international conference on Human factors in computing systems

3853: 3454: 3187: 835:. This describes a broad array of LARPs, including politically themed LARPs depicting 605:

intellectual puzzles, and sport-like aspects such as fighting with simulated weapons.

4942: 4911: 4825: 4669: 4657: 4569: 4460: 4298: 4133: 4126: 4119: 3922: 3858: 3851: 3831: 3818: 3799: 3776: 3720: 3665: 3635: 3421: 3379: 3141: 2988: 2849: 2815: 2752: 2708: 2698: 2638: 2265: 2190: 2093: 2015: 2005: 1844: 1736: 1579: 1353: 1325: 1221: 1185: 1089: 1081: 954: 863: 768: 560: 299: 262: 36: 3889: 3056: 1525: 969: 4871: 4793: 4652: 4621: 3877: 3450: 2697:. Jaakko Stenros, Markus Montola (1st print ed.). Stockholm: Fea Livia. 2010. 1196: 1135: 1010: 776: 629: 397: 303: 167: 90: 1364:...the participants sustain these temporary worlds for a few hours or several days 4798: 4529: 4420: 4378: 4213: 4186: 3965: 3951: 3852:

Tychsen, Anders; Hitchens, Michael; Brolund, Thea; Kavakli, Manolya (July 2006).

3340:"Connecting Worlds. Fantasy Role-Playing Games, Ritual Acts and the Magic Circle" 2059: 1932:"Jubensha: the mix of Cluedo, Werewolf and LARP that became a Chinese phenomenon" 1841:

Live Action Role Playing. Die Entwicklung realer Kompetenzen in virtuellen Welten

1730: 1699: 881: 828: 807: 792: 702: 686:, meaning they are actively representing their character, and when the player is 625: 132: 831:

LARPs take place in futuristic settings with high technology and sometimes with

4937: 4932: 4774: 4727: 4613: 4395: 4366: 4249: 4234: 4202: 4009: 3795: 3623: 2054: 1558: 1019:, an annual meeting that is as much hardcore game jam as academic conference". 937: 867: 859: 824: 706: 3414:"Player talk—the functions of communication in multiplayer role-playing games" 3096: 1890: 709:

where bystanders are an audience which can remain apart from the performance.

4962: 4891: 4373: 3881: 3768: 3425: 3350: 2853: 2756: 2712: 2642: 2308: 2019: 1107: 942: 885: 555: 461: 323: 3954:

has extensive documentation of this style of playing, and of specific larps.

3832:

Tychsen, Anders; Hitchens, Michael; Brolund, Thea; Kavakli, Manolya (2005).

3608:

Cthulhu Lives!: A Descriptive Study of the H.P. Lovecraft Historical Society

2420: 1780: 591:

reported that "China has developed its own LARP phenomenon in recent years.

4927: 4896: 4803: 4788: 4477: 4442: 4356: 4254: 4192: 4058: 4045: 4014: 2630: 1113: 1097: 872: 782: 617: 457: 255: 44: 3376:

Space Time Play. Computer Games, Architecture and Urbanism: the Next Level

2919:"China's version of the Satanic Panic has the government regulating LARPs" 2692: 663: 4856: 4722: 4717: 4544: 4504: 4293: 4108: 4096: 4024: 3764: 3575: 1936: 1228: 1190: 1119: 1080:

Roleplaying may be seen as part of a movement in Western culture towards

1070: 1054: 1002: 848: 741: 737: 721: 652: 609: 587: 500: 473: 360: 152: 3571:"China plans to prohibit murder mystery games for minors on school days" 4830: 4815: 4588: 4303: 4166: 4080: 4050: 3447:

Synthesis Lectures on Information Concepts, Retrieval, and Services #13

3079: 1146: 1131: 1016: 535: 312: 162: 127: 3717:

Rules to Live by: A Live Action Roleplaying Conflict Resolution System

3151: 4906: 4876: 4835: 4712: 4514: 4486: 4405: 4346: 4068: 2495: 1219:

official concerns and possible future regulations". In October 2022,

974: 844: 801: 797: 668: 424: 365: 364:

used in film and video to differentiate works with human actors from

4265: 3347:

Proceedings of DiGRA 2005 Conference: Changing Views--Worlds in Play

2884:"China's youth flock to murder role-playing to escape everyday life" 2842:"China's Latest Craze: Scripted Murders, With Real Tears and Piracy" 1105:

absence of mass marketing. In US films such as the 2006 documentary

4886: 4578: 4564: 4539: 4524: 4519: 4509: 4499: 4390: 4341: 4239: 4197: 4113: 3944: 1169: 1124: 1028: 893: 836: 773: 621: 509: 496: 491: 4743: 3177:"The Well-Dressed Geek: Media Appropriation and Subcultural Style" 1635: 4598: 4583: 4559: 4494: 4437: 4385: 4361: 4278: 4259: 4207: 4144: 4139: 2425:

Larp graffiti: preistoria e presente dei giochi di ruolo dal vivo

1250: 1162: 1074: 926: 889: 697:

LARPs mingle fiction with modern reality in a fashion similar to

514: 3714: 2667: 2469: 1387: 717: 513:, which was founded in 1977 in the United States and focuses on 4947: 4471: 4313: 4308: 3988: 3838:

The Second Australasian Conference on Interactive Entertainment

1870:

LARP: Hinter den Kulissen. Aufsatzsammlung zum MittelPunkt 2009

1813: 922: 840: 796:

game, or a military simulation using live combat with airsoft,

2789:"China youth escape reality in 'Whodunnit?' role-playing boom" 2220:

a real weapon - police get nervous." (Kilgallon et al. 2001:2)

1809:"A Brief History of Game #11: WHITE WOLF, PART ONE: 1986-1995" 736:

Some LARP rules call for the use of simulated weapons such as

16:

Form of role-playing game where participants act out the roles

4534: 4318: 4288: 4161: 4075: 3445:

Bainbridge, William Sims (2010). "Online Multiplayer Games".

1101: 315:

decide the setting and rules to be used and facilitate play.

3655:"Live Role-Playing Games: Implications for Pervasive Gaming" 3505:"Beyond Dungeons and Dragons: can role play save the world?" 3349:. Digital Games Research Association (DiGRA). Archived from 3293: 3095:. Digital Games Research Association (DiGRA). Archived from 3055:. Digital Games Research Association (DiGRA). Archived from 3008:

Baker, Andrew; Curasi, Carolyn (2008). Baker, Andrew (ed.).

282: 4603: 4283: 4273: 3474:"At This Danish School, LARPing Is the Future of Education" 2307:. The University of Tokyo. pp. 178–185. Archived from 2004:. Dissertation. Maastricht University: Zauberfeder Verlag. 1085: 533:. IFGS was named after a fictional group in the 1981 novel 3957: 3840:. Creativity and Cognition Studios Press. pp. 215–222 581:

7000 players each and attract players from around Europe.

3687:"Knutepunkt and Nordic Live Role-playing: a crash course" 3535:"China Trying to Snuff Murder Mystery Role-Playing Games" 2631:"New Book Investigates the Wide, Wonderful World of LARP" 1431: 3912:. Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM. 3734:

Montola, Markus; Stenros, Jaakko; Waern, Annika (2009).

3648: 3367: 2460: 1369: 318:

The first LARPs were run in the late 1970s, inspired by

3186:. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Archived from 2418: 1378: 1279: 1277: 1275: 3736:"Philosophies and strategies of pervasive larp design" 1123:, fantasy LARP is depicted as somewhat ridiculous and 2255: 2253: 2116:"Student perceptions of interactive drama activities" 1199:

commented that, per the Chinese market research firm

2259: 2055:"Fantasy dressing up for live-action roleplay games" 1802: 1800: 1435:] hunting down cheaters or other rule breakers." 1396: 1319: 1272: 3907: 3763: 3733: 3715:Kilgallon, John; Sandy Antunes; Mike Young (2001). 3093:

Proceedings of DiGRA 2007 Conference: Situated Play

3019:. Vol. 35. Association for Consumer Research. 2451: 2337: 616:events have especially experimental approaches and 456:role-playing, LARP is rooted in childhood games of 3789: 2478: 2305:Proceedings of DiGRA 2007 Situated Play conference 2250: 2037: 3449:. Vol. 1. Morgan & Claypool. p. 3. 3124: 3122: 3120: 1905: 1797: 1497: 1313: 981:Some very large events known as fests (short for 539:, which described futuristic LARPs. In 1982, the 4960: 2144: 1657: 682:There is a distinction between when a player is 302:where the participants physically portray their 3597: 2391: 2343: 2189:. Hamilton: McMaster University. Archived from 1728: 1542: 3438: 3117: 2412: 2385: 2298:"Tangible Pleasures of Pervasive Role-Playing" 2174: 2145:Andersen, Anita Myhre; Aarebrot, Erik (2009). 1470: 1295: 1286: 929:has an especially high number of youth LARPs. 306:. The players pursue goals within a fictional 4759: 3973: 3333: 3331: 1663: 1605: 517:battles. Soon after the release of the movie 286:Players dressed in character for a LARP event 263: 3412:Drachen, Anders; Smith, Jonas Heide (2008). 3411: 3313:(in Norwegian). Klassekampen. Archived from 1722: 941:A theatre-style LARP in a decorated room at 3815:The Evolution of Fantasy Role-Playing Games 3502: 3136:. In Markus Montola, Jaakko Stenros (ed.). 3037: 3007: 2956:Interacting Arts - International Issue 2005 2840:Paybarah, Azi; Niu, Isabelle (2021-10-16). 2839: 2344:Hitchens, Michael; Drachen, Anders (2009). 2289: 2183:"The Role of Detection in Rule Enforcement" 2081: 1929: 1627: 1168:In China, the script murder game industry ( 1038: 876:rules. The World of Darkness, published by 19:"Larp" redirects here. For other uses, see 4766: 4752: 3980: 3966: 3444: 3420:. Vol. 6, no. 4. New York: ACM. 3328: 3128: 3082:Jacquelyn Ford Morie, Jacquelyn Ford Morie 2745:"My 4 Days in Fake Gay-Conversion Therapy" 2585: 2537: 2419:Kann, Taisia; Rozhkov, Viacheslav (2010). 1861: 1832: 1806: 1515:"Larps and their Cousins through the Ages" 1506: 270: 256: 43: 3871: 2427:. Larp Symposium 2010. pp. 171–182. 2125:. Vol. 2, no. 3. pp. 1–26. 2106: 2052: 1697: 1611: 1341: 620:aspirations and are occasionally held in 527:(IFGS) started, with rules influenced by 451:History of live action role-playing games 391:Events are put on for the benefit of the 3243: 3073: 2670:. International Fantasy Gaming Society. 2628: 1760: 1618:As a likely result of the popularity of 1572: 1093:contribute as authors and participants. 1073:tournament during the Tracon 9 event in 1064: 1060: 968: 936: 806: 781: 716: 662: 490: 281: 3684: 3373: 3275:Monster Camp: The Story Of Nero Seattle 3214: 3046:"Geek Culture: The 3rd Counter-Culture" 3043: 2982: 2946: 2803:from the original on September 18, 2020 2742: 2442: 2276:The third and youngest design ideal is 2180: 2087: 1961: 1666:"Theatre Style Live Roleplaying Events" 1479: 1322:Rules of Play: Game Design Fundamentals 1256:List of live action role-playing groups 823:. These settings typically have magic, 819:and fantasy role-playing games such as 4961: 3812: 3790:Russo, Anthony; Heinig, Scott (1996). 3622: 3604: 3337: 3308: 3271: 2592: 2346:"The many faces of role-playing games" 2295: 1997: 1867: 1838: 1520:. In Donnis, Gade & Thorup (ed.). 1512: 1347: 1320:Salen, Katie; Zimmerman, Eric (2003). 1236:, reported in April 2023 that China's 1022: 658: 547:(LARPA), formed as the first recorded 4747: 4433:Organization for Transformative Works 3961: 3916: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3471: 3174: 3131:"About the Community of Role-Players" 2912: 2910: 2908: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2738: 2736: 2353:International Journal of Role-Playing 2113: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1917: 2916: 2894:from the original on October 5, 2021 2743:Anthony, Jason (September 1, 2022). 1548: 1172:) has continued to grow since 2015. 667:A medieval LARP venue, the Duchy of 655:to the development of criminal law. 525:International Fantasy Gaming Society 507:The earliest recorded LARP group is 419:Participants sometimes known as the 4773: 3662:Entertainment Computing – ICEC 2004 2541:Notes on designing repeatable larps 2394:"How To Become a Real Space Marine" 1710:from the original on April 19, 2022 1033:Script murder games, also known as 973:A battle with 2000 participants at 896:. This setting can be played using 843:societies and settings inspired by 749:or comparing character attributes. 545:Live Action Roleplayers Association 241: 13: 3556: 2958:. Interacting Arts. Archived from 2905: 2871: 2828: 2774: 2733: 2510:"Interview with Robert McLaughlin" 1930:Ghorbanpour, Kamiab (2023-03-23). 1914: 1807:Appelcline, Shannon (2007-02-01). 1766: 541:Society for Interactive Literature 334:LARP has also been referred to as 14: 4995: 3937: 3745:. Knutepunkt 2009. Archived from 3743:Larp, the Universe and Everything 3696:. Knudepunkt 2005. Archived from 3455:10.2200/S00232ED1V01Y200912ICR013 2949:"Postmodernity and participation" 2604:. Knudepunkt 2005. Archived from 2547:. Knutepunkt 2009. Archived from 2392:Ed Grabianowski (June 27, 2008). 2156:. Knutepunkt 2009. Archived from 2154:Larp, the Universe and Everything 1973:. Knudepunkt 2003. Archived from 1524:. Knudepunkt 2007. Archived from 368:. Playing a LARP is often called 358:in LARP is analogous to the term 4892:Augmented reality tabletop games 3792:Star Wars Live-Action Adventures 3503:Reith-Banks, Tash (2018-03-26). 3418:Computers in Entertainment (CIE) 3080:Fron, Janine; Fullerton, Tracy; 2954:. In Haggren, Kristoffer (ed.). 2629:Gilsdorf, Ethan (May 11, 2012). 1633: 1578: 932: 870:, sometimes using the published 486:Society for Creative Anachronism 379: 240: 3896:from the original on 2010-06-17 3583:from the original on 2023-04-15 3545:from the original on 2023-04-14 3527: 3515:from the original on 2021-04-20 3496: 3484:from the original on 2020-01-31 3465: 3405: 3396: 3302: 3265: 3237: 3223:from the original on 2021-02-24 3208: 3168: 3026:from the original on 2021-03-02 3001: 2976: 2940: 2929:from the original on 2022-10-14 2860:from the original on 2023-05-15 2763:from the original on 2023-06-09 2685: 2674:from the original on 2021-02-28 2660: 2649:from the original on 2023-05-19 2622: 2531: 2520:from the original on 2021-02-25 2502: 2499:, see (Russo & Heinig 1996) 2487: 2431:from the original on 2021-02-24 2400:from the original on 2010-06-04 2376: 2362:from the original on 2021-06-19 2328: 2241: 2232: 2223: 2204: 2138: 2129: 2067:from the original on 2016-08-02 2046: 2026:from the original on 2021-03-08 1991: 1955: 1944:from the original on 2023-04-24 1879: 1821:from the original on 2007-05-23 1749:from the original on 2024-05-10 1735:. Routledge. pp. 194–196. 1691: 1646:from the original on 2021-06-26 1594:from the original on 2021-04-12 1488: 1461: 1452: 1438: 1423: 1414: 1405: 1238:Ministry of Culture and Tourism 628:. Such LARPs are common in the 4969:Live-action role-playing games 4867:Live action role-playing games 3624:Dansky, Richard E. (Developer) 3309:Müller, Olav Brostrup (2008). 3184:Proceedings of MiT5 conference 2296:Markus, Montola (2007-09-24). 2053:Bressanin, Anna (2012-05-02). 1664:Olmstead-Dean, Gordon (1998). 1304: 996: 329: 1: 4416:Live action role-playing game 3017:Advances in Consumer Research 2538:Harviainen, J Tuomas (2009). 1998:Bienia, Rafael (2016-04-11). 1872:, Braunschweig: Zauberfeder, 1261: 1232:, a publication owned by the 858:Horror LARPs are inspired by 786:LARP with a Victorian setting 729:characters can do during the 724:are sometimes used for combat 592: 292:live action role-playing game 3598:General and cited references 2917:Hall, Charlie (2022-10-14). 2123:Journal of Interactive Drama 1843:(in German). Tectum Verlag. 1266: 862:. Popular subgenres include 632:but also present elsewhere. 7: 3987: 3605:Bestul, J. Michael (2006). 3175:Tocci, Jason (2007-04-29). 1244: 705:makes LARPs different from 472:, improvisational theatre, 395:, who take on roles called 372:, and one who does it is a 320:tabletop role-playing games 10: 5000: 4245:Celebrity worship syndrome 3472:Pearl, Mike (2015-10-07). 3129:Leppälahti, Merja (2004). 2423:. In A. Castellani (ed.). 2355:. No. 1. p. 11. 1026: 1000: 599: 448: 444: 18: 4920: 4844: 4781: 4705: 4612: 4451: 4337:Amateur press association 4327: 4227: 4089: 4033: 4002: 3995: 3917:Young, Mike, ed. (2003). 3278:. Variety. Archived from 3250:. Variety. Archived from 2147:"Larp in Kamensky forest" 1773:Arcanacon I - 83 Handbook 1616:. McFarland. p. 34. 1588:John Kenneth Muir website 1584:"Logan's Run: The Series" 1551:"The Origins of Dagorhir" 915: 755: 4695:by date of establishment 3882:10.1177/1555412006290445 3813:Tresca, Michael (2010). 3338:Copier, Marinka (2005). 3244:Cockrell, Eddie (2006). 3084:; Pearce, Celia (2007). 2888:South China Morning Post 2797:South China Morning Post 2595:"Danish larp by numbers" 2303:. In Baba, Akira (ed.). 1962:Bøckman, Petter (2003). 1887:"Drakon I (August 1992)" 1769:"Free Form Role-Playing" 1729:Ian Livingstone (1982). 1700:"Treasure Trap and LARP" 1612:Lancaster, Kurt (1999). 1215:South China Morning Post 1150:industry in the form of 964: 712: 4862:Alternate reality games 3921:. Interactivities Ink. 3719:. Interactivities Ink. 3685:Fatland, Eirik (2005). 3272:Harvey, Dennis (2007). 3215:Coffman, Jason (2008). 2114:Cheng, Michael (2007). 1839:Balzer, Myriel (2008). 1234:Chinese Communist Party 1111:, the 2007 documentary 699:alternate reality games 543:, a predecessor of the 386:improvisational theatre 4680:Professional wrestling 4411:Historical reenactment 4103:A Song of Ice and Fire 4064:Disneyland social club 4041:Anime and manga fandom 4020:Science fiction fandom 3086:"The Hegemony of Play" 3044:Konzack, Lars (2006). 2947:Larsson, Elge (2005). 2820:: CS1 maint: others ( 2725:: CS1 maint: others ( 2001:Role Playing Materials 1513:Morton, Brian (2007). 1117:, and the 2008 comedy 1077: 978: 946: 821:Dungeons & Dragons 812: 787: 745:rolling dice, playing 725: 671: 551:LARP group in the US. 530:Dungeons & Dragons 504: 482:historical reenactment 348:free form role-playing 344:interactive literature 287: 3632:White Wolf Publishing 2593:Morten, Gade (2005). 2181:Cantine, Tom (1996). 1964:"The Three Way Model" 1636:"History of the IFGS" 1068: 1061:Cultural significance 972: 940: 878:White Wolf Publishing 833:extraterrestrial life 810: 785: 763:The Lord of the Rings 720: 666: 571:White Wolf Publishing 494: 430:non-player characters 285: 21:Larp (disambiguation) 4882:Location-based games 4821:Ubiquitous computing 4466:Autograph collecting 3651:Davenport, Glorianna 3378:. Birkhäuser Basel. 3219:. Film Monthly.com. 3138:Beyond Role and Play 2985:Performing the force 2793:Agence France-Presse 2396:. io9/Gawker Media. 1779:: 10. Archived from 1620:Dungeons and Dragons 1209:Agence France-Presse 1181:Agence France-Presse 1156:ubiquitous computing 1152:location-based games 1023:Script murder games 959:murder mystery games 637:Østerskov Efterskole 559:, formed in 1982 at 478:military simulations 466:roleplay simulations 173:Non-player character 4594:Real person fiction 4426:Harley Owners Group 4090:Production-specific 3775:. Phantasia Press. 3217:"Role Models(2008)" 1893:on January 17, 2016 1732:Dicing with Dragons 1090:developed societies 880:, is a widely used 747:rock paper scissors 659:Fiction and reality 484:groups such as the 31:Part of a series on 4733:Shipping discourse 3950:2022-02-07 at the 3053:Fun 'n' Games 2006 2846:The New York Times 2212:Mind's Eye Theatre 1767:Cowell, Nicholas. 1580:Muir, John Kenneth 1175:The New York Times 1082:participatory arts 1078: 979: 955:gaming conventions 949:Theatre-style, or 947: 899:Mind's Eye Theatre 817:fantasy literature 813: 788: 726: 672: 576:Mind's Eye Theatre 569:setting. In 1993, 505: 470:Commedia dell'arte 288: 96:Character creation 37:Role-playing games 4956: 4955: 4912:Transreality game 4826:Context awareness 4741: 4740: 4461:Anime music video 4223: 4222: 3928:978-0-9708356-8-0 3859:Games and Culture 3834:"The Game Master" 3824:978-0-7864-5895-0 3805:978-0-87431-283-6 3782:978-0-932096-09-8 3726:978-0-9708356-0-4 3671:978-3-540-22947-6 3641:978-1-56504-506-4 3628:Laws of the Night 3385:978-3-7643-8415-9 3147:978-952-91-6843-9 2994:978-0-7864-0895-5 2704:978-91-633-7856-0 2271:978-952-92-3579-7 2262:Playground Worlds 2210:For example, the 2099:978-952-92-3579-7 2090:Playground Worlds 1850:978-3-8288-9816-5 1359:978-952-92-3579-7 1350:Playground Worlds 1331:978-0-262-24045-1 1324:. The MIT Press. 1186:COVID-19 pandemic 1140:World of Darkness 864:zombie apocalypse 777:campaign settings 769:World of Darkness 561:Peckforton Castle 460:, play fighting, 408:Arrangers called 398:player characters 336:live role-playing 300:role-playing game 280: 279: 194:Campaign settings 4991: 4872:Affective gaming 4852:Ubiquitous games 4768: 4761: 4754: 4745: 4744: 4000: 3999: 3982: 3975: 3968: 3959: 3958: 3945:Nordic Larp Wiki 3932: 3919:The Book of LARP 3913: 3904: 3902: 3901: 3875: 3848: 3846: 3845: 3828: 3809: 3786: 3760: 3758: 3757: 3751: 3740: 3730: 3711: 3709: 3708: 3702: 3691: 3681: 3679: 3678: 3659: 3645: 3619: 3617: 3616: 3592: 3591: 3589: 3588: 3567: 3554: 3553: 3551: 3550: 3531: 3525: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3500: 3494: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3469: 3463: 3462: 3442: 3436: 3435: 3433: 3432: 3409: 3403: 3400: 3394: 3393: 3371: 3365: 3364: 3362: 3361: 3355: 3344: 3335: 3326: 3325: 3323: 3322: 3306: 3300: 3297: 3291: 3290: 3288: 3287: 3269: 3263: 3262: 3260: 3259: 3241: 3235: 3234: 3229: 3228: 3212: 3206: 3205: 3199: 3198: 3192: 3181: 3172: 3166: 3165: 3163: 3162: 3156: 3150:. Archived from 3135: 3126: 3115: 3114: 3108: 3107: 3101: 3090: 3077: 3071: 3070: 3068: 3067: 3061: 3050: 3041: 3035: 3034: 3032: 3031: 3025: 3014: 3005: 2999: 2998: 2980: 2974: 2973: 2971: 2970: 2964: 2953: 2944: 2938: 2937: 2935: 2934: 2914: 2903: 2902: 2900: 2899: 2880: 2869: 2868: 2866: 2865: 2837: 2826: 2825: 2819: 2811: 2809: 2808: 2785: 2772: 2771: 2769: 2768: 2740: 2731: 2730: 2724: 2716: 2689: 2683: 2682: 2680: 2679: 2668:"About the IFGS" 2664: 2658: 2657: 2655: 2654: 2626: 2620: 2619: 2617: 2616: 2610: 2599: 2589: 2583: 2582: 2576: 2572: 2570: 2562: 2560: 2559: 2553: 2546: 2535: 2529: 2528: 2526: 2525: 2506: 2500: 2491: 2485: 2482: 2476: 2473: 2467: 2464: 2458: 2455: 2449: 2446: 2440: 2439: 2437: 2436: 2416: 2410: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2389: 2383: 2380: 2374: 2373: 2368: 2367: 2361: 2350: 2341: 2335: 2332: 2326: 2325: 2320: 2319: 2313: 2302: 2293: 2287: 2286: 2257: 2248: 2245: 2239: 2236: 2230: 2227: 2221: 2217:Rules to Live By 2208: 2202: 2201: 2199: 2198: 2178: 2172: 2171: 2169: 2168: 2162: 2151: 2142: 2136: 2133: 2127: 2126: 2120: 2110: 2104: 2103: 2085: 2079: 2078: 2073: 2072: 2050: 2044: 2043:(Fatland 2005:5) 2041: 2035: 2034: 2032: 2031: 1995: 1989: 1988: 1986: 1985: 1979: 1971:As Larp Grows Up 1968: 1959: 1953: 1952: 1950: 1949: 1927: 1912: 1909: 1903: 1902: 1900: 1898: 1889:. Archived from 1883: 1877: 1876: 1865: 1859: 1858: 1836: 1830: 1829: 1827: 1826: 1804: 1795: 1794: 1789: 1788: 1764: 1758: 1757: 1755: 1754: 1726: 1720: 1719: 1717: 1715: 1695: 1689: 1688: 1682: 1681: 1672:. Archived from 1670:LARP Writing.org 1661: 1655: 1654: 1652: 1651: 1631: 1625: 1624: 1609: 1603: 1602: 1600: 1599: 1576: 1570: 1569: 1567: 1566: 1557:. Archived from 1555:Dagorhir website 1546: 1540: 1539: 1537: 1536: 1530: 1519: 1510: 1504: 1501: 1495: 1492: 1486: 1483: 1477: 1474: 1468: 1465: 1459: 1456: 1450: 1442: 1436: 1427: 1421: 1418: 1412: 1409: 1403: 1400: 1394: 1391: 1385: 1382: 1376: 1373: 1367: 1366: 1345: 1339: 1338: 1317: 1311: 1308: 1302: 1299: 1293: 1290: 1284: 1281: 1197:Voice of America 1075:Tampere, Finland 1052: 1049: 1046: 1043: 1040: 853:post-apocalyptic 688:out-of-character 645: 630:Nordic countries 272: 265: 258: 244: 243: 168:Player character 91:Campaign setting 47: 28: 27: 4999: 4998: 4994: 4993: 4992: 4990: 4989: 4988: 4959: 4958: 4957: 4952: 4916: 4840: 4799:Performing arts 4777: 4775:Pervasive games 4772: 4742: 4737: 4701: 4685:Science fiction 4608: 4530:Fan translation 4453: 4447: 4421:Motorcycle club 4379:Supercar Season 4329: 4323: 4219: 4173:Sherlock Holmes 4085: 4034:Medium-specific 4029: 3991: 3986: 3952:Wayback Machine 3940: 3935: 3929: 3899: 3897: 3873:10.1.1.496.1896 3843: 3841: 3825: 3806: 3783: 3755: 3753: 3749: 3738: 3727: 3706: 3704: 3700: 3694:Dissecting larp 3689: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3657: 3649:Falk, Jennica; 3642: 3614: 3612: 3600: 3595: 3586: 3584: 3569: 3568: 3557: 3548: 3546: 3533: 3532: 3528: 3518: 3516: 3501: 3497: 3487: 3485: 3470: 3466: 3443: 3439: 3430: 3428: 3410: 3406: 3401: 3397: 3386: 3372: 3368: 3359: 3357: 3353: 3342: 3336: 3329: 3320: 3318: 3307: 3303: 3298: 3294: 3285: 3283: 3270: 3266: 3257: 3255: 3242: 3238: 3226: 3224: 3213: 3209: 3196: 3194: 3190: 3179: 3173: 3169: 3160: 3158: 3154: 3148: 3133: 3127: 3118: 3105: 3103: 3099: 3088: 3078: 3074: 3065: 3063: 3059: 3048: 3042: 3038: 3029: 3027: 3023: 3012: 3006: 3002: 2995: 2981: 2977: 2968: 2966: 2962: 2951: 2945: 2941: 2932: 2930: 2915: 2906: 2897: 2895: 2882: 2881: 2872: 2863: 2861: 2838: 2829: 2813: 2812: 2806: 2804: 2787: 2786: 2775: 2766: 2764: 2741: 2734: 2718: 2717: 2705: 2691: 2690: 2686: 2677: 2675: 2666: 2665: 2661: 2652: 2650: 2627: 2623: 2614: 2612: 2608: 2602:Dissecting larp 2597: 2590: 2586: 2574: 2573: 2564: 2563: 2557: 2555: 2551: 2544: 2536: 2532: 2523: 2521: 2508: 2507: 2503: 2492: 2488: 2483: 2479: 2474: 2470: 2465: 2461: 2456: 2452: 2447: 2443: 2434: 2432: 2417: 2413: 2403: 2401: 2390: 2386: 2381: 2377: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2348: 2342: 2338: 2333: 2329: 2317: 2315: 2311: 2300: 2294: 2290: 2272: 2258: 2251: 2246: 2242: 2237: 2233: 2228: 2224: 2209: 2205: 2196: 2194: 2179: 2175: 2166: 2164: 2160: 2149: 2143: 2139: 2134: 2130: 2118: 2111: 2107: 2100: 2086: 2082: 2070: 2068: 2060:BBC News Online 2051: 2047: 2042: 2038: 2029: 2027: 2012: 1996: 1992: 1983: 1981: 1977: 1966: 1960: 1956: 1947: 1945: 1928: 1915: 1910: 1906: 1896: 1894: 1885: 1884: 1880: 1866: 1862: 1851: 1837: 1833: 1824: 1822: 1817:. Skotos Tech. 1805: 1798: 1786: 1784: 1765: 1761: 1752: 1750: 1743: 1727: 1723: 1713: 1711: 1698:Conor Kostick. 1696: 1692: 1679: 1677: 1662: 1658: 1649: 1647: 1632: 1628: 1610: 1606: 1597: 1595: 1577: 1573: 1564: 1562: 1547: 1543: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1517: 1511: 1507: 1502: 1498: 1493: 1489: 1484: 1480: 1475: 1471: 1466: 1462: 1457: 1453: 1443: 1439: 1428: 1424: 1419: 1415: 1410: 1406: 1401: 1397: 1392: 1388: 1383: 1379: 1374: 1370: 1360: 1346: 1342: 1332: 1318: 1314: 1309: 1305: 1300: 1296: 1291: 1287: 1282: 1273: 1269: 1264: 1247: 1063: 1050: 1048:scripted murder 1047: 1044: 1041: 1031: 1025: 1005: 999: 977:, Quebec (2005) 967: 935: 918: 829:science fiction 758: 715: 703:interactive art 661: 639: 626:human condition 602: 462:costume parties 453: 447: 382: 332: 298:) is a form of 276: 239: 133:Threefold model 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4997: 4987: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4954: 4953: 4951: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4938:Jane McGonigal 4935: 4933:Eric Zimmerman 4930: 4924: 4922: 4918: 4917: 4915: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4902:Treasure hunts 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4848: 4846: 4842: 4841: 4839: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4812: 4811: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4785: 4783: 4779: 4778: 4771: 4770: 4763: 4756: 4748: 4739: 4738: 4736: 4735: 4730: 4728:Odagiri effect 4725: 4720: 4715: 4709: 4707: 4703: 4702: 4700: 4699: 4698: 4697: 4692: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4666: 4665: 4655: 4650: 4643: 4642: 4641: 4631: 4630: 4629: 4618: 4616: 4610: 4609: 4607: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4575: 4574: 4573: 4572: 4557: 4556: 4555: 4550: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4491: 4490: 4483: 4468: 4463: 4457: 4455: 4454:and activities 4449: 4448: 4446: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4429: 4428: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4396:Fan convention 4393: 4388: 4383: 4382: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4370: 4369: 4367:Kustom Kulture 4359: 4354: 4349: 4339: 4333: 4331: 4325: 4324: 4322: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4270: 4269: 4257: 4252: 4250:Cult following 4247: 4242: 4237: 4231: 4229: 4225: 4224: 4221: 4220: 4218: 4217: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4183: 4176: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4130: 4123: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4099: 4093: 4091: 4087: 4086: 4084: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4072: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4055:Disney fandom 4053: 4048: 4043: 4037: 4035: 4031: 4030: 4028: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4010:Fantasy fandom 4006: 4004: 3997: 3993: 3992: 3985: 3984: 3977: 3970: 3962: 3956: 3955: 3939: 3938:External links 3936: 3934: 3933: 3927: 3914: 3905: 3866:(3): 252–275. 3849: 3829: 3823: 3810: 3804: 3796:West End Games 3787: 3781: 3769:Barnes, Steven 3761: 3731: 3725: 3712: 3682: 3670: 3646: 3640: 3620: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3593: 3579:. 2023-04-14. 3555: 3541:. 2021-11-07. 3526: 3495: 3464: 3437: 3404: 3395: 3384: 3366: 3327: 3301: 3292: 3264: 3236: 3207: 3167: 3146: 3140:. Ropecon ry. 3116: 3072: 3036: 3000: 2993: 2975: 2939: 2904: 2890:. 2021-10-05. 2870: 2827: 2799:. 2020-09-15. 2773: 2732: 2703: 2684: 2659: 2621: 2584: 2530: 2501: 2486: 2477: 2468: 2459: 2450: 2441: 2411: 2384: 2375: 2336: 2327: 2288: 2278:pervasive larp 2270: 2264:. Ropecon ry. 2249: 2240: 2231: 2222: 2203: 2187:Masters Thesis 2173: 2137: 2128: 2105: 2098: 2092:. Ropecon ry. 2080: 2045: 2036: 2010: 1990: 1954: 1913: 1904: 1878: 1860: 1849: 1831: 1796: 1759: 1741: 1721: 1690: 1656: 1626: 1604: 1571: 1541: 1505: 1496: 1487: 1478: 1469: 1460: 1451: 1437: 1422: 1413: 1404: 1395: 1386: 1377: 1368: 1358: 1352:. Ropecon ry. 1340: 1330: 1312: 1303: 1294: 1285: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1259: 1258: 1253: 1246: 1243: 1062: 1059: 1027:Main article: 1024: 1021: 1001:Main article: 998: 995: 966: 963: 934: 931: 917: 914: 868:Cthulhu Mythos 860:horror fiction 757: 754: 714: 711: 707:street theatre 660: 657: 601: 598: 449:Main article: 446: 443: 381: 378: 331: 328: 278: 277: 275: 274: 267: 260: 252: 249: 248: 236: 235: 234: 233: 232: 231: 221: 220: 219: 214: 209: 201: 196: 188: 187: 183: 182: 181: 180: 175: 170: 165: 160: 155: 147: 146: 140: 139: 138: 137: 136: 135: 130: 120: 119: 118: 116:Generic system 113: 103: 98: 93: 85: 84: 80: 79: 78: 77: 72: 67: 62: 54: 53: 49: 48: 40: 39: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4996: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4974:Combat sports 4972: 4970: 4967: 4966: 4964: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4925: 4923: 4919: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4897:Serious games 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4849: 4847: 4843: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4810: 4807: 4806: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4769: 4764: 4762: 4757: 4755: 4750: 4749: 4746: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4710: 4708: 4704: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4687: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4664: 4661: 4660: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4637: 4636: 4635: 4632: 4628: 4625: 4624: 4623: 4620: 4619: 4617: 4615: 4611: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4571: 4568: 4567: 4566: 4563: 4562: 4561: 4558: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4543: 4542: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4489: 4488: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4476: 4475: 4474: 4473: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4458: 4456: 4450: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4427: 4424: 4423: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4374:Lowrider Club 4372: 4368: 4365: 4364: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4344: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4334: 4332: 4328:Organizations 4326: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4268: 4267: 4263: 4262: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4232: 4230: 4226: 4216: 4215: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4188: 4184: 4182: 4181: 4177: 4175: 4174: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4157: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4135: 4131: 4129: 4128: 4124: 4122: 4121: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4104: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4094: 4092: 4088: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4059:Disney adults 4057: 4056: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4038: 4036: 4032: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4007: 4005: 4001: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3983: 3978: 3976: 3971: 3969: 3964: 3963: 3960: 3953: 3949: 3946: 3942: 3941: 3930: 3924: 3920: 3915: 3911: 3906: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3839: 3835: 3830: 3826: 3820: 3817:. McFarland. 3816: 3811: 3807: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3788: 3784: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3752:on 2016-03-04 3748: 3744: 3737: 3732: 3728: 3722: 3718: 3713: 3703:on 2016-03-10 3699: 3695: 3688: 3683: 3673: 3667: 3663: 3656: 3652: 3647: 3643: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3610: 3609: 3603: 3602: 3582: 3578: 3577: 3572: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3530: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3499: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3468: 3461: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3441: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3408: 3399: 3392: 3387: 3381: 3377: 3370: 3356:on 2006-10-10 3352: 3348: 3341: 3334: 3332: 3317:on 2016-03-11 3316: 3312: 3305: 3296: 3282:on 2009-09-05 3281: 3277: 3276: 3268: 3254:on 2009-09-05 3253: 3249: 3248: 3240: 3233: 3222: 3218: 3211: 3204: 3193:on 2016-08-24 3189: 3185: 3178: 3171: 3157:on 2010-09-11 3153: 3149: 3143: 3139: 3132: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3113: 3102:on 2021-03-05 3098: 3094: 3087: 3083: 3076: 3062:on 2007-01-22 3058: 3054: 3047: 3040: 3022: 3018: 3011: 3004: 2996: 2990: 2987:. McFarland. 2986: 2979: 2965:on 2008-05-14 2961: 2957: 2950: 2943: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2823: 2817: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2739: 2737: 2728: 2722: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2700: 2696: 2695: 2688: 2673: 2669: 2663: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2625: 2611:on 2007-06-10 2607: 2603: 2596: 2588: 2580: 2568: 2554:on 2016-03-05 2550: 2543: 2542: 2534: 2519: 2515: 2514:Flames Rising 2511: 2505: 2498: 2497: 2490: 2481: 2472: 2463: 2454: 2445: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2415: 2399: 2395: 2388: 2379: 2372: 2358: 2354: 2347: 2340: 2331: 2324: 2314:on 2011-09-27 2310: 2306: 2299: 2292: 2285: 2283: 2279: 2273: 2267: 2263: 2256: 2254: 2244: 2235: 2226: 2218: 2213: 2207: 2193:on 2010-05-19 2192: 2188: 2184: 2177: 2163:on 2016-03-10 2159: 2155: 2148: 2141: 2132: 2124: 2117: 2109: 2101: 2095: 2091: 2084: 2077: 2066: 2062: 2061: 2056: 2049: 2040: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2011:9783938922620 2007: 2003: 2002: 1994: 1980:on 2011-07-19 1976: 1972: 1965: 1958: 1943: 1939: 1938: 1933: 1926: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1918: 1908: 1892: 1888: 1882: 1875: 1871: 1864: 1857: 1852: 1846: 1842: 1835: 1820: 1816: 1815: 1810: 1803: 1801: 1793: 1783:on 2007-09-04 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1763: 1748: 1744: 1742:9780710094667 1738: 1734: 1733: 1725: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1694: 1687: 1676:on 2008-06-07 1675: 1671: 1667: 1660: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1630: 1623: 1621: 1615: 1608: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1575: 1561:on 2007-06-29 1560: 1556: 1552: 1545: 1531:on 2009-02-05 1527: 1523: 1516: 1509: 1500: 1491: 1482: 1473: 1464: 1455: 1447: 1441: 1434: 1433: 1426: 1417: 1408: 1399: 1390: 1381: 1372: 1365: 1361: 1355: 1351: 1344: 1337: 1333: 1327: 1323: 1316: 1307: 1298: 1289: 1280: 1278: 1276: 1271: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1248: 1242: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1230: 1224: 1223: 1217: 1216: 1210: 1204: 1202: 1198: 1193: 1192: 1187: 1183: 1182: 1177: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1164: 1159: 1157: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1128: 1126: 1122: 1121: 1116: 1115: 1110: 1109: 1103: 1099: 1094: 1091: 1088:" culture in 1087: 1083: 1076: 1072: 1067: 1058: 1056: 1036: 1030: 1020: 1018: 1013: 1012: 1004: 994: 992: 988: 984: 976: 971: 962: 960: 956: 952: 944: 943:COSI Columbus 939: 933:Theatre-style 930: 928: 924: 913: 911: 910: 905: 901: 900: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 874: 869: 865: 861: 856: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 825:fantasy races 822: 818: 809: 805: 803: 799: 795: 794: 784: 780: 778: 775: 771: 770: 765: 764: 753: 750: 748: 743: 739: 734: 732: 723: 719: 710: 708: 704: 700: 696: 691: 689: 685: 680: 678: 670: 665: 656: 654: 648: 643: 638: 633: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 606: 597: 594: 590: 589: 582: 579: 577: 572: 568: 567: 562: 558: 557: 556:Treasure Trap 552: 550: 549:theatre-style 546: 542: 538: 537: 532: 531: 526: 522: 521: 516: 512: 511: 502: 499:fighters use 498: 493: 489: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 452: 442: 438: 436: 432: 431: 426: 422: 417: 415: 411: 406: 404: 400: 399: 394: 389: 387: 380:Play overview 377: 375: 371: 367: 363: 362: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 327: 325: 324:genre fiction 321: 316: 314: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 284: 273: 268: 266: 261: 259: 254: 253: 251: 250: 247: 238: 237: 230: 227: 226: 225: 222: 218: 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 204: 202: 200: 197: 195: 192: 191: 190: 189: 185: 184: 179: 176: 174: 171: 169: 166: 164: 161: 159: 156: 154: 151: 150: 149: 148: 145: 142: 141: 134: 131: 129: 126: 125: 124: 121: 117: 114: 112: 109: 108: 107: 104: 102: 99: 97: 94: 92: 89: 88: 87: 86: 82: 81: 76: 73: 71: 68: 66: 63: 61: 58: 57: 56: 55: 51: 50: 46: 42: 41: 38: 35: 34: 30: 29: 26: 22: 4984:Role-playing 4979:Nerd culture 4928:Blast Theory 4866: 4857:Mobile games 4804:Storytelling 4789:Role-playing 4646: 4545: 4485: 4478: 4470: 4452:Publications 4443:Stan Twitter 4415: 4401:Fandom names 4357:Import scene 4264: 4228:Demographics 4212: 4185: 4178: 4171: 4154: 4132: 4125: 4118: 4101: 4046:Bibliophilia 4015:Furry fandom 3918: 3909: 3898:. Retrieved 3863: 3857: 3842:. Retrieved 3837: 3814: 3791: 3772: 3765:Niven, Larry 3754:. Retrieved 3747:the original 3742: 3716: 3705:. Retrieved 3698:the original 3693: 3675:. Retrieved 3661: 3627: 3613:. Retrieved 3607: 3585:. Retrieved 3574: 3547:. Retrieved 3538: 3529: 3517:. Retrieved 3509:The Guardian 3508: 3498: 3486:. Retrieved 3477: 3467: 3458: 3446: 3440: 3429:. Retrieved 3417: 3407: 3398: 3389: 3375: 3369: 3358:. Retrieved 3351:the original 3346: 3319:. Retrieved 3315:the original 3304: 3295: 3284:. Retrieved 3280:the original 3274: 3267: 3256:. Retrieved 3252:the original 3246: 3239: 3231: 3225:. Retrieved 3210: 3201: 3195:. Retrieved 3188:the original 3183: 3170: 3159:. Retrieved 3152:the original 3137: 3110: 3104:. Retrieved 3097:the original 3092: 3075: 3064:. Retrieved 3057:the original 3052: 3039: 3028:. Retrieved 3016: 3003: 2984: 2978: 2967:. Retrieved 2960:the original 2955: 2942: 2931:. Retrieved 2922: 2896:. Retrieved 2887: 2862:. Retrieved 2845: 2805:. Retrieved 2765:. Retrieved 2748: 2693: 2687: 2676:. Retrieved 2662: 2651:. Retrieved 2634: 2624: 2613:. Retrieved 2606:the original 2601: 2587: 2556:. Retrieved 2549:the original 2540: 2533: 2522:. Retrieved 2513: 2504: 2494: 2489: 2480: 2471: 2462: 2453: 2444: 2433:. Retrieved 2424: 2414: 2402:. Retrieved 2387: 2378: 2370: 2364:. Retrieved 2352: 2339: 2330: 2322: 2316:. Retrieved 2309:the original 2304: 2291: 2281: 2277: 2275: 2261: 2243: 2234: 2225: 2216: 2206: 2195:. Retrieved 2191:the original 2186: 2176: 2165:. Retrieved 2158:the original 2153: 2140: 2131: 2122: 2108: 2089: 2083: 2075: 2069:. Retrieved 2058: 2048: 2039: 2028:. Retrieved 2000: 1993: 1982:. Retrieved 1975:the original 1970: 1957: 1946:. Retrieved 1935: 1907: 1895:. Retrieved 1891:the original 1881: 1873: 1869: 1863: 1854: 1840: 1834: 1823:. Retrieved 1812: 1791: 1785:. Retrieved 1781:the original 1776: 1772: 1762: 1751:. Retrieved 1731: 1724: 1712:. Retrieved 1703: 1693: 1684: 1678:. Retrieved 1674:the original 1669: 1659: 1648:. Retrieved 1640:IFGS website 1639: 1629: 1619: 1617: 1613: 1607: 1596:. Retrieved 1587: 1574: 1563:. Retrieved 1559:the original 1554: 1544: 1533:. Retrieved 1526:the original 1521: 1508: 1499: 1490: 1481: 1472: 1463: 1454: 1445: 1440: 1430: 1425: 1416: 1407: 1398: 1389: 1380: 1371: 1363: 1349: 1343: 1335: 1321: 1315: 1306: 1297: 1288: 1227: 1220: 1213: 1208: 1205: 1189: 1179: 1173: 1167: 1160: 1144: 1139: 1129: 1118: 1114:Monster Camp 1112: 1106: 1095: 1079: 1055:escape rooms 1034: 1032: 1009: 1006: 990: 986: 982: 980: 948: 919: 907: 903: 897: 873:Cthulhu Live 871: 857: 820: 814: 811:Fantasy LARP 791: 789: 767: 761: 759: 751: 742:airsoft guns 738:foam weapons 735: 730: 727: 722:Foam weapons 694: 692: 687: 684:in character 683: 681: 676: 673: 649: 634: 618:high culture 613: 607: 603: 586: 583: 574: 564: 554: 553: 544: 540: 534: 528: 524: 518: 508: 506: 501:foam weapons 458:make believe 454: 439: 434: 428: 420: 418: 413: 409: 407: 402: 396: 392: 390: 383: 373: 369: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 333: 317: 295: 291: 289: 64: 25: 4794:Persistence 4723:Fan service 4718:Fan loyalty 4614:Conventions 4505:Fan fiction 4362:Hot rodding 4109:Beatlemania 4025:Yaoi fandom 3611:(MA thesis) 3576:China Daily 2694:Nordic larp 2575:|work= 1937:Dicebreaker 1229:China Daily 1191:Dicebreaker 1120:Role Models 1003:Nordic LARP 997:Nordic LARP 991:line-course 849:space opera 774:Proprietary 653:game theory 640: [ 610:Avant-garde 588:Dicebreaker 520:Logan's Run 474:psychodrama 427:or playing 410:gamemasters 361:live action 356:live action 330:Terminology 313:gamemasters 246:WikiProject 203:Production 199:LARP groups 153:Actual play 144:Terminology 65:Live action 4963:Categories 4921:Developers 4907:Flash mobs 4877:Smart toys 4831:Crossmedia 4816:Gamemaster 4809:transmedia 4675:Multigenre 4634:Comic book 4589:Filk music 4330:and events 4167:Parrothead 4150:Moonwalker 4134:James Bond 4127:EarthBound 4120:Doctor Who 4081:Sports fan 4051:Cinephilia 3900:2007-11-04 3844:2008-12-03 3773:Dream Park 3756:2009-05-08 3707:2007-07-29 3677:2008-10-28 3615:2023-04-05 3587:2023-06-15 3549:2023-06-16 3431:2009-04-25 3360:2009-04-26 3321:2009-04-24 3286:2009-08-14 3258:2009-04-25 3227:2009-04-25 3197:2009-04-24 3161:2009-04-24 3106:2009-09-20 3066:2009-09-20 3030:2009-09-17 2969:2008-04-24 2933:2022-10-15 2898:2022-10-15 2864:2023-06-15 2807:2022-10-15 2767:2023-06-16 2678:2007-12-08 2653:2023-06-16 2615:2007-07-29 2558:2009-05-05 2524:2011-01-26 2435:2013-10-11 2366:2009-09-12 2318:2008-06-04 2197:2009-12-22 2167:2009-05-05 2071:2012-05-03 2030:2019-04-15 1984:2011-01-23 1948:2023-06-15 1825:2007-11-03 1787:2007-10-21 1753:2017-12-31 1680:2008-05-29 1650:2007-07-29 1598:2007-10-19 1565:2007-07-28 1549:Dagorhir. 1535:2008-05-21 1262:References 1147:Knutepunkt 1132:subculture 1017:Knutepunkt 894:werewolves 536:Dream Park 425:stagehands 304:characters 217:Publishers 163:Gamemaster 128:GNS theory 70:Video game 4887:Exergames 4836:Emergence 4713:Autograph 4647:Doujinshi 4515:Fan labor 4487:Doujinshi 4406:Game club 4347:Boy racer 4180:Star Wars 4069:Donaldism 3868:CiteSeerX 3426:1544-3574 2854:0362-4331 2757:1059-1028 2721:cite book 2713:733223799 2643:1059-1028 2577:ignored ( 2567:cite book 2496:Star Wars 2282:pervasive 2020:981122410 1897:April 25, 1267:Citations 1201:iResearch 975:Bicolline 909:Camarilla 904:chronicle 855:fiction. 845:cyberpunk 837:dystopian 802:paintball 798:laser tag 695:pervasive 677:game-time 669:Bicolline 647:culture. 573:released 566:Traveller 366:animation 212:Designers 178:Statistic 158:Adventure 4782:Concepts 4579:Fanspeak 4565:Fan wiki 4540:Fan game 4525:Fan rice 4520:Fan mail 4510:Fan film 4500:Fan edit 4391:Fan club 4352:Cruising 4342:Car club 4240:Anti-fan 4214:Twilight 4187:Stargate 4156:MLP: FIM 4114:Deadhead 3948:Archived 3894:Archived 3890:12180996 3771:(1981). 3653:(2004). 3626:(1996). 3581:Archived 3543:Archived 3513:Archived 3482:Archived 3460:trading. 3391:streets. 3221:Archived 3021:Archived 2927:Archived 2892:Archived 2858:Archived 2816:cite web 2801:Archived 2761:Archived 2672:Archived 2647:Archived 2518:Archived 2516:. 2003. 2429:Archived 2398:Archived 2357:Archived 2280:. These 2065:Archived 2024:Archived 1942:Archived 1819:Archived 1747:Archived 1714:July 15, 1708:Archived 1704:Level Up 1644:Archived 1592:Archived 1522:Lifelike 1245:See also 1170:jubensha 1125:escapist 1035:jubensha 1029:Jubensha 983:festival 951:freeform 890:vampires 793:Assassin 731:downtime 622:fine art 593:Jubensha 510:Dagorhir 497:Dagorhir 229:Tabletop 111:Diceless 60:Tabletop 4943:Niantic 4599:Vidding 4584:Fanzine 4560:Fansite 4495:Fan art 4438:Railfan 4386:Cosplay 4299:Shipper 4294:Sasaeng 4279:Groupie 4208:Trekkie 4203:Tolkien 4198:Swiftie 4145:Juggalo 4140:Janeite 3996:By type 3989:Fandoms 2923:Polygon 2404:29 July 1251:Cosplay 1222:Polygon 1163:Denmark 1136:Tolkien 1042: 957:. Some 927:Denmark 884:– 841:utopian 766:or the 614:arthaus 600:Purpose 515:fantasy 503:to duel 445:History 393:players 370:larping 308:setting 207:Artists 101:History 4948:Mojang 4845:Genres 4706:Topics 4670:Horror 4658:Gaming 4546:Doujin 4479:Doujin 4472:Doujin 4314:Ultras 4309:Tifosi 4266:Kemonā 4235:Anorak 3925: 3888: 3870: 3821: 3802: 3779: 3723: 3668: 3638: 3519:17 May 3488:17 May 3424: 3382: 3247:Darkon 3144: 2991: 2852: 2755: 2711: 2701: 2641: 2268: 2096: 2018: 2008: 1847: 1814:RPGnet 1739: 1634:IFGS. 1356: 1328: 1154:using 1108:Darkon 1071:boffer 987:linear 945:(2007) 923:Scouts 916:Styles 756:Genres 480:, and 374:larper 354:. The 346:, and 123:Theory 106:System 83:Topics 4653:Furry 4622:Anime 4535:Fanac 4481:music 4319:Waifu 4289:Otaku 4260:Furry 4193:Shrek 4162:MST3K 4076:Gamer 4003:Genre 3886:S2CID 3750:(PDF) 3739:(PDF) 3701:(PDF) 3690:(PDF) 3658:(PDF) 3354:(PDF) 3343:(PDF) 3191:(PDF) 3180:(PDF) 3155:(PDF) 3134:(PDF) 3100:(PDF) 3089:(PDF) 3060:(PDF) 3049:(PDF) 3024:(PDF) 3013:(PDF) 2963:(PDF) 2952:(PDF) 2749:Wired 2635:Wired 2609:(PDF) 2598:(PDF) 2552:(PDF) 2545:(PDF) 2360:(PDF) 2349:(PDF) 2312:(PDF) 2301:(PDF) 2161:(PDF) 2150:(PDF) 2119:(PDF) 1978:(PDF) 1967:(PDF) 1686:year. 1529:(PDF) 1518:(PDF) 1102:gamer 1069:Open 1011:Wired 965:Fests 800:, or 713:Rules 644:] 224:Games 186:Lists 75:Forum 52:Types 4690:list 4663:list 4639:list 4627:list 4604:Zine 4570:list 4548:soft 4304:Stan 4284:Nerd 4274:Geek 4097:AFOL 3943:The 3923:ISBN 3819:ISBN 3800:ISBN 3777:ISBN 3721:ISBN 3666:ISBN 3636:ISBN 3521:2019 3490:2019 3478:Vice 3422:ISSN 3380:ISBN 3142:ISBN 2989:ISBN 2850:ISSN 2822:link 2753:ISSN 2727:link 2709:OCLC 2699:ISBN 2639:ISSN 2579:help 2406:2010 2266:ISBN 2215:the 2094:ISBN 2016:OCLC 2006:ISBN 1899:2014 1845:ISBN 1737:ISBN 1716:2022 1354:ISBN 1326:ISBN 1212:the 1100:and 1086:geek 1039:lit. 892:and 886:punk 882:goth 866:and 851:and 495:Two 435:NPCs 421:crew 352:larp 322:and 296:LARP 4553:Mod 4255:Fan 3878:doi 3539:VOA 3451:doi 1446:not 1432:sic 1161:In 1098:fan 989:or 839:or 740:or 612:or 414:GMs 403:PCs 342:), 340:LRP 4965:: 3892:. 3884:. 3876:. 3862:. 3856:. 3836:. 3798:. 3794:. 3767:; 3741:. 3692:. 3660:. 3634:. 3630:. 3573:. 3558:^ 3537:. 3511:. 3507:. 3480:. 3476:. 3457:. 3416:. 3388:. 3345:. 3330:^ 3230:. 3200:. 3182:. 3119:^ 3109:. 3091:. 3051:. 3015:. 2925:. 2921:. 2907:^ 2886:. 2873:^ 2856:. 2848:. 2844:. 2830:^ 2818:}} 2814:{{ 2795:. 2791:. 2776:^ 2759:. 2751:. 2747:. 2735:^ 2723:}} 2719:{{ 2707:. 2645:. 2637:. 2633:. 2600:. 2571:: 2569:}} 2565:{{ 2512:. 2369:. 2351:. 2321:. 2274:. 2252:^ 2185:. 2152:. 2121:. 2074:. 2063:. 2057:. 2022:. 2014:. 1969:. 1940:. 1934:. 1916:^ 1853:. 1811:. 1799:^ 1790:. 1775:. 1771:. 1745:. 1706:. 1702:. 1683:. 1668:. 1642:. 1638:. 1590:. 1586:. 1582:. 1553:. 1362:. 1334:. 1274:^ 1158:. 925:. 912:. 847:, 642:dk 488:. 476:, 468:, 464:, 376:. 290:A 4767:e 4760:t 4753:v 3981:e 3974:t 3967:v 3931:. 3903:. 3880:: 3864:1 3847:. 3827:. 3808:. 3785:. 3759:. 3729:. 3710:. 3680:. 3644:. 3618:. 3590:. 3552:. 3523:. 3492:. 3453:: 3434:. 3363:. 3324:. 3289:. 3261:. 3164:. 3069:. 3033:. 2997:. 2972:. 2936:. 2901:. 2867:. 2824:) 2810:. 2770:. 2729:) 2715:. 2681:. 2656:. 2618:. 2581:) 2561:. 2527:. 2438:. 2408:. 2200:. 2170:. 2112:" 2102:. 2033:. 1987:. 1951:. 1901:. 1828:. 1777:1 1756:. 1718:. 1653:. 1601:. 1568:. 1538:. 1051:' 1045:' 1037:( 578:, 433:( 412:( 401:( 338:( 294:( 271:e 264:t 257:v 23:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Live action role-playing game

Index