242:) descended out of the city walls to surrender to Ge; many soldiers followed Wang out. Liu reacted by sending an emissary to Wang Yanwen to state, "Except for the soldiers you are taking under our plan, do not take any extra ones." He also declared to his own army, "You soldiers who go on your own without having been ordered to follow the deputy military governor will have your families slaughtered!" The soldiers were confused and did not dare to follow Wang in deserting, and the Xuanwu army, believing Wang to be part of a trickery, executed him. The city's defenses held. However, with Wang Shifan's own strength waning, Ge tried to persuade Liu to surrender. Liu pointed out that he was sent by Wang and that he should not surrender unless Wang ordered him to do so. When Wang eventually surrendered to Zhu himself and wrote Liu to tell him to surrender, Liu did.
236:) to attack Wang. Soon thereafter, with aid forces that Wang was trying to send Liu being cut off by Zhu Youning and with Li Maozhen's having sued for peace by surrendering the emperor to Zhu, Ge put Yan Prefecture under siege. Liu had Ge's mother ascend the city walls to inform Ge that Liu had treated her well, and Ge, as a result, slowed down the siege. Liu also reduced the rate of supply attrition by sending the women and the old or weak men out of the city, defending it with the stronger men alone. It was said that during the siege, Liu shared his clothes and food with the men under him and adhered to strict discipline, such that the remaining people were able to continue their livelihoods, untroubled by the soldiers. However, with the outside aid cut off, his deputy Wang Yanwen (
628:) also arrived quickly and cut off Liu's access to food supply. When Zhu Zhen sent messengers to rebuke Liu for not engaging the Jin army quickly and leading to the loss of the soldiers and supplies, Liu requested more food supplies from Zhu Zhen to allow him to slow down the Jin army, causing Zhu Zhen to send back a sarcastic rebuke, "You, General, want this much rice. Is it to defeat the enemy, or to fill your stomach?" With his own officers also clamoring for a confrontation with the Jin army, Liu attacked the camp of the soldiers sent by Zhao and Yiwu, believing that they were more easily defeated than the main Jin army, but the Jin generals
596:). Zhang put He Delun under house arrest and, when his subsequent request to Zhu Zhen that the division be reversed went unheeded, forced He Delun to write to Li Cunxu to submit Tianxiong to Jin. Li Cunxu's army quickly advanced to Tianxiong's capital Wei Prefecture (魏州, not the same prefecture as the prefecture to be under Zhaode's control), as did Liu's, and the two armies initially stalemated outside the city. (In an ambush, Liu nearly captured Li Cunxu when Li Cunxu was out to survey Liu's army, but Li Cunxu fought out of the ambush with the help from his officer Xia Luqi (
256:), and prepared good clothes for Liu. However, Liu, believing that he needed to show humility before Zhu Quanzhong, opted to wear clothes fit for those waiting for punishment and to ride a donkey. When he met Zhu, Zhu gave him good clothes (which he again declined) and invited him to drink. When Liu stated that he did not have the capacity (for alcohol), Zhu responded, "But when you captured Yan Prefecture, what great capacity you showed!" He made Liu the commander of the Yuancong Corps (
689:), believing that Jin army was about to attack south of the Yellow River, defected from Later Liang and submitted to Jin. Zhu Zhen sent Liu Xun to attack Zhang. Liu put Taining's capital Yan Prefecture under siege for more than a year, and Jin was unable to send an army to save Zhang. In winter 919, the city fell. Liu slaughtered Zhang's family. Zhu Zhen made Liu the military governor of Taining and restored him to the honorary
196:) to attack Fengxiang. Zhu put Fengxiang's capital Fengxiang Municipality under siege, and by 903, the city was in desperate straits, with the people resorting to cannibalism. Han had Emperor Zhaozong issue an edict ordering all the regional governors throughout the empire to attack Zhu. When Wang, who had been a long-time vassal of Zhu Quanzhong's, received the edict, he wept, and with the retired chancellor
646:. Liu was surprised, and the Jin army quickly surrounded his. He fought his way out of the trap, but his army, then numbering about 70,000, was nearly completely destroyed. He withdrew to Hua Prefecture (滑州, in modern Anyang, not the same Hua Prefecture Liu had been stationed at years earlier), leaving virtually the entire territory north of the Yellow River in Jin hands.
620:) to warn Taiyuan of the impending attack while sending his cavalry to pursue Liu's army. Meanwhile, Liu's army was impeded by rainstorms and illness, and nearly became stuck in the Taihang Mountains, only fighting its way out when Liu pointed out to the soldiers that there was no escape otherwise. Hearing of Liu's movements, Li Cunxu's general
150:) to take over. Wang instead approached Liu Xun, promising to promote him if he could kill Lu; Liu agreed. At a subsequent feast Wang held for Lu upon Lu's arrival, Liu surprised and killed Lu and several of his key followers. Wang then attacked Di himself and killed Zhang; Cui fled back to the imperial capital
200:
also writing him to urge him to act, he decided to send his officers to various cities throughout Zhu's territory to try to simultaneously rise and try to take control of the cities. However, most of the officers he sent failed in their surprise risings and were captured, except Liu, who was able to
641:
After his defeat by Li
Cunshen and Li Jianji, Liu went back into his defensive posture, hoping to wear out the Jin army. Li Cunxu, in spring 916, pretended to return to Taiyuan to draw Liu's attention. Liu thereafter decided to attack Wei Prefecture to try to capture it. When he reached the city,
364:) captive. With Later Liang forces converging on him, Liu Zhijun fled to Qi, and Yang subsequently recaptured Chang'an. Emperor Taizu made Liu Xun the acting military governor of Youguo Circuit (佑國, headquartered at Chang'an). Soon thereafter, Emperor Taizu renamed the circuit to Yong'an Circuit (
654:
After Liu Xun's defeat by the Jin army, Zhu Zhen summoned him to
Kaifeng, but Liu found excuses not to report, apparently fearful of the consequences and ashamed of his defeat. Zhu Zhen, fearing that he would defect to Jin, made him the military governor of Xuanyi Circuit (宣義, headquartered at Hua
357:
to attack Liu Zhijun, and Liu Xun served under Yang in this campaign. When Liu Xun reached the east side of Tong Pass, he captured Liu Zhijun's sentry soldiers but let them stay free to serve as his guides, and then had them approach Tong Pass. The soldiers Liu Zhijun sent to defend Tong Pass did
726:
After the defeat, Yin and Duan sent accusations to Zhu Zhen, stating their belief that due to the marital connection to Zhu
Youqian, Liu intentionally delayed his attack so that the Jin army could come to Zhu Youqian's aid. Meanwhile, Liu himself claimed to be ill and sought to retire. Zhu Zhen
722:
serving under him. Liu initially sent Zhu
Youqian, to whom he was connected by marriage (one of Liu's children married one of Zhu Youqian's children), a letter urging him to resubmit to Later Liang, but receiving no response, he put Tong Prefecture, which Zhu Youqian had recently seized, under
605:
Believing that he could not defeat Li Cunxu quickly and wanting to catch Jin by surprise, Liu decided to pretend that his army was still in its camp — by putting flags on the backs of donkeys and having the donkeys walk around in the camp — while he took his army and headed straight into the
571:) as its military governor. He further ordered that Tianxiong's army be divided in half, with half of the army and half of the circuit treasury be transferred to Zhaode. In order to try to intimidate the Tianxiong army into complying, he also sent Liu Xun with 60,000 men north of the
262:) of the Xuanwu army — commanding some officers who had followed Zhu for a long time. Liu accepted this post without hesitation, and this impressed Zhu further. Soon thereafter, Zhu made him the acting military governor of Baoda Circuit (保大, headquartered in modern
144:) to attack Zhang, Lu instead turned against Wang and prepared to attack him. Wang pretended to be fearful of Lu and offered to surrender the governorship to Lu if Lu would spare him. Lu believed Wang and prepared to return to the Pinglu capital Qing Prefecture (
453:
the Prince of Jun killed him in a coup and became the new Later Liang emperor (changing his name to Zhu Zhen), and it was said that he trusted Liu Xun even more than Zhu Yougui did. In 914, he recalled Liu from
Yongping and made him the mayor of
312:(as Zhu had forced Emperor Zhaozong to move the capital from Chang'an there). In 906, when Zhu, who had assassinated Emperor Zhaozong, was made the generalissimo of all armed forces by Emperor Zhaozong's son and successor
658:
In fall 917, Liu finally went to
Kaifeng to pay homage to the emperor. The opinion of the imperial officials at that time was to hold him responsible for the losses to Jin. Zhu Zhen thus stripped him of the honorary
537:) thus suggested to him that he divide Tianxiong's six prefectures into two circuits to weaken it, to prevent it slipping out of imperial control again in the future. Zhu Zhen agreed, and he transferred He Delun (
638:) defeated him. (During this, Liu also sent chefs to pretend to surrender to the Jin army, planning to have them poison Li Cunxu to death. This was discovered, however, and the Jin army put the chefs to death.)
137:
as the military governor of Pinglu, and Cui went to Di
Prefecture to join Zhang in a campaign against Wang Shifan; the sides fought for more than a year. In spring 891, when Wang sent the officer Lu Hong
470:. With Jin thereafter making an incursion into Later Liang territory, Zhu Zhen stationed Liu at the northern frontier to assist Yang Shihou in defending against Jin, which then withdrew its army.
91:) served as the Anqiu County magistrate. It was said that Liu Xun was ambitious in his youth, favored the study of military strategies, and studied histories and biographies. Sometime during the
731:, to poison Liu to death. (A slightly different version of the account indicates that Zhang forced Liu to commit suicide.) Despite this, Zhu Zhen still gave Liu posthumous honors. Liu Xun's
358:
not know that the sentry soldiers had turned against them, and opened the pass to welcome them. Liu Xun followed and entered, capturing the pass and taking Liu Zhijun's brother Liu Zhiwan (
436:) on Liu Xun. When Liu's mother died in spring 913 and Liu left governmental service briefly to observe a mourning period for her, Zhu Yougui recalled him back to governmental service.
458:(which Zhu Zhen made the capital), while still maintaining a military governorship — albeit an honorary one, as the military governor of Zhennan Circuit (鎮南, headquartered in modern
655:
Prefecture), stationing him at Liyang (黎陽, in modern Anyang). When Li Cunxu attacked Liyang in spring 917, Liu resisted him, and after several days of attacks, Li Cunxu withdrew.
493:) the Prince of Fu. Wang, who had been commissioned by Zhu Yougui, was fearful and therefore refused to accept the order, instead submitting to Wu. Zhu Zhen ordered Niu Cunjie (
270:). Liu later became Baoda's military governor, but in 904, as part of Zhu's defensive realignment against a potential joint attack by Li Maozhen, Li Maozhen's adoptive son
1207:
590:
Despite Liu's army's presence, the
Tianxiong army, angry and distressed over the order to divide itself, mutinied under the leadership of the officer Zhang Yan (
1212:
1172:
154:. Emperor Zhaozong then commissioned Wang as full military governor, and Wang made Liu the deputy commander of the Pinglu infantry and cavalry.
1192:
333:
with him as its
Emperor Taizu, but was not recognized by several warlords who continued to wage war with him. In 908, when the major general
227:). Liu, after he took over the city, went to greet Ge's mother and treated her, as well as Ge's wife and other family members, with respect.
1222:
614:. Several days later, however, Li Cunxu discovered that Liu's camp had in fact been abandoned, and he sent his adoptive brother Li Si'en (
723:
siege. Soon, however, the Jin army under Li
Cunshen and Li Sizhao arrived and defeated him, forcing him to withdraw with heavy losses.
515:
In 915, Yang Shihou died. At the time of Yang's death, he was the military governor of Tianxiong Circuit (天雄, headquartered in modern
715:
370:) and made Liu Xun its military governor, as well as the mayor of Da'an Municipality (大安, i.e., Chang'an) and the governor (觀察使,
1227:
708:, defected and submitted to Jin. Zhu Zhen commissioned Liu to command an army against Zhu Youqian, with the generals Yin Hao (
31:
172:
were about to slaughter them, forcibly seized Emperor Zhaozong and took him to Fengxiang Circuit (鳳翔, headquartered in modern
349:), Liu Zhijun induced Qi forces to seize Chang'an while he himself quickly seized Hua Prefecture (華州, in modern Weinan) and
215:), to survey the situation, and then made a night time attack, seizing the city. At that time, Taining's military governor
133:(Emperor Xizong's brother and successor) commission a replacement. Emperor Zhaozong thus commissioned the senior official
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however, Li Cunxu was there waiting for him, along with the armies under Li Cunshen and another adoptive brother,
20:
250:
Ge Congzhou held a feast for Liu Xun for him to be prepared to be sent to Xuanwu's capital Bian Prefecture (
330:
35:
1177:
742:(which Li Cunxu would found in 923 as its Emperor Zhuangzong), and therefore, Liu Xun's sons Liu Suining (
308:). In 905, Liu was made a general of the imperial guards and the commander of the police of then-capital
197:
64:
738:
later became a favorite consort of Li Siyuan's after Li Siyuan became emperor (as Emperor Mingzong) of
426:
the Prince of Kang and executing Zhu Youwen, took the throne. Zhu Yougui bestowed the title of acting
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independent of the Tang imperial government for about two centuries. Zhu Zhen's brother-in-law
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337:, then stationed at Tong Prefecture, rebelled against Emperor Taizu and aligned himself with
329:
In 907, Zhu Quanzhong had Emperor Ai yield the throne to him, ending Tang and starting a new
735:
46:, Liu sought retirement, and was subsequently poisoned to death by the Later Liang emperor
8:
1167:
1162:
727:
agreed and had him retire to Luoyang, but then secretly ordered the defender of Luoyang,
503:, trying to save Wang, attacked them, they repelled him. They captured Wuning's capital
338:
390:) on Liu Xun. In 910, Emperor Taizong bestowed the honorary chancellor designation of
387:
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696:
In 920, Later Liang's military governor of Huguo Circuit (護國, headquartered in modern
201:
first send his soldiers disguised as oil merchants into Yan Prefecture (兗州, in modern
607:
467:
316:, Liu was given the additional post of the commander of the generalissimo's guards.
38:. He was a key commander of Later Liang forces in its struggle with its archenemy
28:
543:) the military governor of Pinglu to Tianxiong, but created a new Zhaode Circuit (
830:
422:
the Prince of Ying, who, after blaming the assassination on his adoptive brother
479:) from the military governorship of Wuning Circuit (武寧, headquartered in modern
1113:
813:
683:
In fall 918, Later Liang's military governor of Taining Circuit, Zhang Wanjin (
103:
the military governor of Pinglu Circuit (平盧, headquartered in modern Weifang).
1156:
219:, a major general under Zhu, was stationed at Xing Prefecture (邢州, in modern
111:
In 889, Wang Jianwu died. The Pinglu soldiers supported his 15-year-old son
82:
728:
572:
705:
557:), to include Xiang, Chan (澶州, in modern Anyang), and Wei (衛州, in modern
523:), which had a powerful army and which had thus allowed it to be largely
450:
354:
216:
162:
151:
112:
100:
47:
739:
629:
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423:
419:
181:
134:
286:
the military governor of Xichuan Circuit (西川, headquartered in modern
274:
the military governor of Jingnan Circuit (靜難, headquartered in modern
732:
719:
643:
624:
the military governor of Lulong Circuit (盧龍, headquartered in modern
549:) to be headquartered at Tianxiong's Xiang Prefecture (相州, in modern
504:
350:
263:
230:
Zhu reacted by sending Ge to rendezvous with his nephew Zhu Youning (
188:
the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern
81:) served as a census administrator for the prefectural government of
697:
558:
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275:
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to replace him. However, one of his subordinates, Zhang Chan (
672:
584:
562:
554:
520:
294:), Zhu ordered him to abandon Baoda's capital Fu Prefecture (
224:
193:
173:
632:(also an adoptive brother of Li Cunxu's) and Li Jianji (
663:
title and demoted him to be the military prefect (團練使,
678:
754:) continued to gain the Later Tang emperor's favor.
85:, which Anqiu belonged to, and his father Liu Rong (
466:) as Zhennan then was ruled by Later Liang's rival
487:) and replace Wang with his brother Zhu Youzhang (
418:In 912, Emperor Taizu was assassinated by his son
499:) and Liu to attack Wuning. When the Wu general
95:era (881-885) era of Emperor Xuānzong's grandson
1154:
511:As commander of the Later Liang army against Jin
473:Late in 914, Zhu Zhen tried to recall Wang Yin (
42:, but, after repeated defeats by the Jin prince
27:) (858-June 10, 921) was a major general of the
1208:People executed by Later Liang (Five Dynasties)
324:
579:and Yiwu Circuit (義武, headquartered in modern
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63:Liu Xun was born in 858, during the reign of
1213:Executed Later Liang (Five Dynasties) people
565:) Prefectures, with the official Zhang Yun (
444:
413:
184:. Cui summoned his ally, the major warlord
106:
67:. His family was from Anqiu (安丘, in modern
1046:
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32:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period
1193:Later Liang (Five Dynasties) jiedushi
319:
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610:, intending to attack Jin's capital
1223:Tang dynasty generals from Shandong
449:Later in 913, Zhu Yougui's brother
374:) of Jin Prefecture (金州, in modern
209:), the capital of Taining Circuit (
180:), then ruled by the eunuchs' ally
13:
834:Chinese-Western Calendar Converter
679:Restoration, retirement, and death
667:) of Bo Prefecture (亳州, in modern
14:
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1102:New History of the Five Dynasties
1090:Old History of the Five Dynasties
1073:New History of the Five Dynasties
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661:Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi
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1228:Executed people from Shandong
1036:Edition of the Zizhi Tongjian
58:
325:During Emperor Taizu's reign
7:
246:Service under Zhu Quanzhong
50:, who doubted his loyalty.
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531:and secretary Shao Zan (
65:Emperor Xuānzong of Tang
440:During Zhu Zhen's reign
157:In 901, the powerful
758:Notes and references
748:) and Liu Suiyong (
54:During Tang Dynasty
388:Three Excellencies
320:During Later Liang
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1038:, vol. 66 .
706:Zhu Youzhen
665:Tuanlianshi
451:Zhu Youzhen
355:Yang Shihou
331:Later Liang
217:Ge Congzhou
163:Han Quanhui
113:Wang Shifan
101:Wang Jingwu
36:Later Liang
1168:921 deaths
1163:858 births
1157:Categories
740:Later Tang
716:Wen Zhaotu
630:Li Cunshen
622:Zhou Dewei
424:Zhu Youwen
420:Zhu Yougui
410:) on him.
372:Guanchashi
335:Liu Zhijun
314:Emperor Ai
182:Li Maozhen
167:chancellor
135:Cui Anqian
59:Background
736:Lady Wang
733:concubine
720:Duan Ning
644:Li Siyuan
505:Pengcheng
351:Tong Pass
284:Wang Jian
198:Zhang Jun
1117:, vols.
1055:vol. 270
1021:vol. 269
992:vol. 268
973:vol. 267
957:vol. 266
941:vol. 265
922:vol. 264
903:vol. 261
887:vol. 263
866:vol. 262
850:vol. 258
819:vol. 271
698:Yuncheng
559:Xinxiang
529:Zhao Yan
525:de facto
460:Nanchang
397:同中書門下平章事
347:Li Cunxu
276:Xianyang
272:Li Jihui
207:Shandong
152:Chang'an
127:Shandong
73:Shandong
48:Zhu Zhen
44:Li Cunxu
1107:vol. 22
1095:vol. 23
1078:vol. 22
1034:Bo Yang
794:vol. 23
693:title.
650:Removal
626:Beijing
612:Taiyuan
581:Baoding
501:Zhu Jin
485:Jiangsu
464:Jiangxi
456:Kaifeng
380:Shaanxi
310:Luoyang
306:Shaanxi
292:Sichuan
288:Chengdu
282:), and
280:Shaanxi
268:Shaanxi
221:Xingtai
190:Kaifeng
178:Shaanxi
170:Cui Yin
161:led by
159:eunuchs
123:Binzhou
93:Zhonghe
69:Weifang
29:Chinese
21:Chinese
17:Liu Xun
718:, and
702:Shanxi
669:Bozhou
551:Anyang
517:Handan
481:Xuzhou
402:Taibao
376:Ankang
302:Weinan
264:Yan'an
203:Jining
34:state
23::
673:Anhui
599:夏魯奇).
585:Hebei
563:Henan
555:Henan
521:Hebei
428:Taifu
225:Hebei
194:Henan
174:Baoji
577:Zhao
384:Situ
1147:271
1143:270
1139:269
1135:267
1131:265
1127:264
1123:263
1119:258
751:劉遂雍
745:劉遂凝
714:),
704:),
686:張萬進
675:).
635:李建及
617:李嗣恩
587:).
540:賀德倫
496:牛存節
490:朱友璋
361:劉知浣
343:Jin
259:元從都
239:王彥溫
233:朱友寧
40:Jin
1159::
1145:,
1141:,
1137:,
1133:,
1129:,
1125:,
1121:,
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1053:,
1043:^
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999:^
990:,
980:^
971:,
955:,
939:,
929:^
920:,
910:^
901:,
885:,
873:^
864:,
848:,
817:,
801:^
792:,
766:^
711:尹浩
700:,
671:,
602:)
593:張彥
583:,
568:張筠
561:,
553:,
546:昭德
534:邵贊
519:,
483:,
476:王殷
468:Wu
462:,
433:太傅
407:太保
378:,
367:永安
339:Qi
304:,
297:鄜州
290:,
278:,
266:,
253:汴州
223:,
212:泰寧
205:,
192:,
176:,
147:青州
141:盧弘
125:,
118:張蟾
88:劉融
78:劉綬
71:,
25:劉鄩
1149:.
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1080:.
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