182:) under siege. By winter 919, the city was in desperate situation, but as the Jin and Later Liang forces were battling intensely on the Yellow River border, Jin was unable to send a relief force deep into Later Liang territory to save Zhang. Zhang sent Liu Churang to Li Cunxu's camp to beg relief. Li initially did not agree. Liu Churang went to the threshold of Li's tent and cut off one of his own ears, wailing, "If my request is not listened to, to live is worse than to die!" Li was impressed and was set to, despite the dangers, launch an army to try to save Zhang, but news arrived at that time that Liu Xun had already captured Yan and slaughtered Zhang's household, so the Jin army was never launched. Still, impressed with Liu Churang, Li made him a general in the Jin army. Shortly after, he was made the deputy protocol officer.
335:. Further, while Liu served as chief of staff, most of his proposals were not to Shi's liking. In 939, when Liu took leave from governmental service to observe a mourning period for his stepmother, Shi took the opportunity to disband the office of chief of staff, transferring its authority to the office of the chancellors. Liu spent a mourning period of over a year before being recalled to governmental service to serve as the military governor of Zhangde Circuit (彰德, headquartered in modern
359:), Liu, whose Zhangde Circuit was nearby, expended the resources of his circuit to make sure that the imperial army was well-supplied. He was subsequently recalled to the imperial government, and he initially thought that he would be given a prominent position given his seniority and experience, but was only made the general of the imperial guards, which he was not pleased about.
378:, he was drunk and complained about them. It was said that Feng laughed the criticism off, although it was not stated what the other chancellors' reactions were. After a month, he claimed to be ill and apparently took a leave from his general position. When Shi Chonggui returned from Yedu to Daliang in 943, Liu accompanied him, and took residence at Fengshan Temple (
189:(as, he claimed, the legitimate successor to Tang), and shortly after conquered Later Liang. Liu received an honorary minister title, and was often put in charge of delivering orders to major generals on Li Cunxu's behalf. He continued to serve in that role after Li Cunxu's death and succession by his adoptive brother
327:
assume those positions. This displeased Liu (who had design on the position himself) and the eunuchs. During the
Guangjin siege, when Sang often rejected Yang's requests, Yang complained to Liu. Liu told Yang that this was all decided by the chancellors (and not by the emperor). Once Fan surrendered,
164:, and was steadily losing territory to Jin. It was also said that Zhu Youzhen's close associates often demanded bribes from regional governors, including Zhang Wanjin. In fall 918, when Zhang heard (incorrectly) that there was going to be a major Jin invasion into Later Liang territory south of the
313:) under siege. Fan considered surrendering, as Shi promised him that he would live, but was still hesitating. Liu entered the city to persuade him, and he subsequently surrendered. For the time being, Yang, who was in charge of the operations, left Liu temporarily in charge of Tianxiong.
328:
Yang, who was then the preeminent general of the realm, submitted a secret list of policy proposals in which he severely criticized Sang and Li. Not wanting to alienate Yang, Shi removed Sang and Li from their chiefs of staff positions, making Liu the chief of staff instead.
346:
It was said that while serving at
Zhangde, Liu was diligent in carrying out his duties, and was not overly harsh in dealing with subordinates and the people. When Shi visited Yedu (鄴都, i.e., Guangjin) in 941 in anticipation of reacting to a rebellion by
232:, Liu was recalled to the capital in 935 to continue to serve as a general of the imperial guards. In 936, when Li Congke was facing two rebellions — one by his brother-in-law (Li Siyuan's son-in-law)
108:, was serving as the commander of the army of Yan's Yichang Circuit (義昌, headquartered at Cang Prefecture) as, in 912, Zhang, angry over the violence and licentiousness of Yichang's military governor (
136:) and commissioned Zhang as its military governor. It also appeared likely that Liu Churang then followed Zhang when he was transferred by Later Liang to Pinglu Circuit (平盧, headquartered in modern
366:. After Shi Chonggui became emperor, Liu went to see the chancellors and, citing his contributions, sought higher position, but was not given such position. One day when visiting the chancellors
286:. Finding the situation hopeless, Li Congke committed suicide, ending Later Tang. Liu Churang returned to Luoyang and submitted to Shi. Shi made him one of the directors of palace affairs (宣徽使,
331:
However, this ran against Shi's own wishes, as he had long been averse to the idea of a powerful general serving as chief of staff, remembering the example of Li Siyuan's chief of staff
118:) — including Liu Jiwei's (likely forcible) sexual relations with women at Zhang's household — killed Liu Jiwei and then submitted petitions of submission to Yan's rival states
266:
to attack the
Tianxiong mutineers and commissioned Liu Churang as the director of supplies for the army north of the Yellow River, to aid Fan's campaign.
316:
Meanwhile, Shi had turned away from the Later Tang tradition of having generals serve in the powerful positions of chief of staff, and had his civilian
209:) having cut off communications with the imperial government, Li Siyuan sent Liu on a mission to Xichuan to persuade Meng to at least nominally submit.
713:
708:
693:
703:
688:
104:), it appeared likely that he first came under Zhang's service around the time that Zhang, then a general of the post-Tang state of
282:, shortly after defeated, with Khitan aid, the Later Tang forces sent against him, and then headed toward the Later Tang capital
293:
In 937, Fan
Yanguang, who had initially submitted to Shi, rebelled against him at Tianxiong. Initially, Liu was to serve under
41:
307:), Liu was diverted to attack Zhang instead. After Zhang was defeated, the Later Jin forces put Tianxiong's capital Guangjin (
197:). In 932, he was given an imperial guard general title in addition to being director of protocol. In 933, with the warlord
168:(which, then, served as the rough boundary of the two states), he sent messengers to Jin, offering to submit to its prince
678:
652:
648:
644:
604:
588:
567:
546:
530:
514:
498:
479:
632:
627:
620:
615:
446:
430:
425:
20:
698:
683:
119:
152:). While Zhang served as the military governor of Taining, Liu Churang became a close associate of his.
317:
275:
123:
53:
49:
224:) as well as the director of the military storage on the northwest front, to help defend against the
279:
86:), but all that is known about his family background were the names of his grandfather Liu Xin (
75:
173:
324:
105:
8:
673:
668:
38:
458:
297:
in attacking Fan, but when shortly after, under Fan's inducement, Zhang
Congbin (
228:. However, after Li Conghou was shortly after overthrown by his adoptive brother
639:
474:
294:
172:, and seeking aid. When this became known to Zhu Youzhen, he sent the general
98:). Based on his geographic origin and subsequent service under Zhang Wanjin (
662:
198:
127:
115:
363:
352:
348:
263:
233:
225:
165:
63:
332:
320:
161:
384:). While there, he became ill and died. He was given posthumous honors.
303:) also rebelled at Luoyang (by this point, Shi had moved the capital to
274:
Shi
Jingtang, who thereafter was declared the emperor of a new state of
212:
In 934, by which point Li Siyuan had died and been succeeded by his son
259:
213:
186:
45:
351:
the military governor of
Chengde Circuit (成德, headquartered in modern
201:
the military governor of
Xichuan Circuit (西川, headquartered in modern
160:
As of 918, Later Liang was ruled by Zhu
Quanzhong's son and successor
371:
236:
the military governor of Hedong
Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern
229:
190:
176:
against Zhang. Liu Xun quickly put Taining's capital Yan Prefecture (
367:
169:
149:
144:) in 913, and then to Taining Circuit (泰寧, headquartered in modern
141:
110:
79:
58:
375:
304:
283:
237:
217:
206:
202:
137:
185:
In 923, Li Cunxu declared himself the emperor of a new state of
461:
336:
245:
241:
221:
145:
78:. It is known that he was from Cang Prefecture (滄州, in modern
356:
340:
249:
193:, and soon was given the title of director of protocol (引進使,
126:(which were archrivals of each other). Later Liang's emperor
83:
216:, Liu was made the prefect of Xin Prefecture (忻州, in modern
244:) and the Tianxiong Circuit (天雄, headquartered in modern
258:) (who had mutinied and expelled the military governor
62:) during the reign of Later Jin's founding emperor
74:Liu Churang was born in 881, during the reign of
660:
362:Shi died in 942 and was succeeded by his nephew
130:subsequently changed Yichang's name to Shunhua (
379:
308:
298:
253:
177:
131:
99:
93:
87:
32:
155:
580:
578:
576:
48:(including Later Tang's predecessor state
559:
557:
555:
490:
488:
114:) Liu Jiwei (劉繼威, a son of Yan's emperor
420:
418:
416:
573:
414:
412:
410:
408:
406:
404:
402:
400:
398:
396:
387:
661:
552:
504:
485:
42:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period
393:
27:) (881-April 6, 943), courtesy name
714:Later Jin (Five Dynasties) jiedushi
709:Later Jin (Five Dynasties) shumishi
694:Jin (Later Tang precursor) generals
269:
13:
704:Political office-holders in Shanxi
689:Yan (Five Dynasties period) people
462:Chinese-Western Calendar Converter
14:
725:
628:New History of the Five Dynasties
616:Old History of the Five Dynasties
452:
443:Old History of the Five Dynasties
426:Old History of the Five Dynasties
594:
56:, serving as a chief of staff (
536:
520:
467:
436:
309:
299:
262:), Li Congke sent the general
254:
100:
94:
88:
24:
1:
69:
7:
10:
730:
252:) officer Zhang Lingzhao (
679:Politicians from Cangzhou
380:
178:
156:During Jin and Later Tang
132:
33:
37:), was a general of the
278:by his ally, Khitan's
76:Emperor Xizong of Tang
92:) and father Liu Yu (
388:Notes and references
699:Later Tang generals
684:Generals from Hebei
721:
608:
598:
592:
582:
571:
561:
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492:
483:
471:
465:
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312:
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270:During Later Jin
257:
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180:
135:
134:
103:
102:
97:
96:
91:
90:
36:
35:
26:
729:
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718:
659:
658:
611:
599:
595:
583:
574:
562:
553:
541:
537:
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521:
509:
505:
493:
486:
472:
468:
459:Academia Sinica
457:
453:
441:
437:
423:
394:
390:
374:, Li Song, and
280:Emperor Taizong
272:
158:
72:
12:
11:
5:
727:
717:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
657:
656:
640:Zizhi Tongjian
636:
624:
610:
609:
601:Zizhi Tongjian
593:
585:Zizhi Tongjian
572:
564:Zizhi Tongjian
551:
543:Zizhi Tongjian
535:
527:Zizhi Tongjian
519:
511:Zizhi Tongjian
503:
495:Zizhi Tongjian
484:
475:Zizhi Tongjian
466:
451:
435:
391:
389:
386:
295:Yang Guangyuan
271:
268:
157:
154:
71:
68:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
726:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
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690:
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629:
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579:
577:
569:
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560:
558:
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548:
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226:Khitan Empire
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210:
208:
204:
200:
199:Meng Zhixiang
196:
192:
188:
183:
175:
171:
167:
163:
153:
151:
147:
143:
139:
129:
128:Zhu Quanzhong
125:
121:
117:
116:Liu Shouguang
113:
112:
107:
85:
81:
77:
67:
65:
61:
60:
55:
51:
47:
43:
40:
30:
22:
18:
638:
626:
614:
600:
596:
584:
563:
542:
538:
526:
522:
510:
506:
494:
473:
469:
454:
442:
438:
424:
364:Shi Chonggui
361:
353:Shijiazhuang
349:An Chongrong
345:
330:
315:
292:
287:
273:
264:Fan Yanguang
234:Shi Jingtang
211:
194:
184:
166:Yellow River
159:
109:
73:
64:Shi Jingtang
57:
28:
16:
15:
333:An Chonghui
321:Sang Weihan
318:chancellors
162:Zhu Youzhen
120:Later Liang
17:Liu Churang
674:943 deaths
669:881 births
663:Categories
288:Xuanhuishi
260:Liu Yanhao
214:Li Conghou
187:Later Tang
70:Background
46:Later Tang
372:Zhao Ying
276:Later Jin
230:Li Congke
195:Yinjinshi
191:Li Siyuan
54:Later Jin
643:, vols.
605:vol. 283
589:vol. 282
568:vol. 281
547:vol. 280
531:vol. 272
515:vol. 271
499:vol. 270
480:vol. 268
368:Feng Dao
170:Li Cunxu
150:Shandong
142:Shandong
111:Jiedushi
80:Cangzhou
59:Shumishi
633:vol. 47
621:vol. 94
447:vol. 81
431:vol. 94
376:He Ning
325:Li Song
305:Daliang
284:Luoyang
238:Taiyuan
218:Xinzhou
207:Sichuan
203:Chengdu
174:Liu Xun
138:Weifang
44:states
39:Chinese
21:Chinese
337:Anyang
246:Handan
242:Shanxi
222:Shanxi
146:Jining
52:) and
29:Deqian
23::
357:Hebei
341:Henan
250:Hebei
84:Hebei
323:and
122:and
653:282
649:281
645:271
381:封禪寺
343:).
300:張從賓
290:).
255:張令昭
124:Jin
106:Yan
101:張萬進
50:Jin
25:劉處讓
665::
651:,
647:,
631:,
619:,
603:,
587:,
575:^
566:,
554:^
545:,
529:,
513:,
497:,
487:^
478:,
445:,
429:,
395:^
370:,
355:,
339:,
310:廣晉
248:,
240:,
220:,
205:,
179:兗州
148:,
140:,
133:順化
95:劉喻
89:劉信
82:,
66:.
34:德謙
655:.
635:.
623:.
607:.
591:.
570:.
549:.
533:.
517:.
501:.
482:.
464:.
449:.
433:.
31:(
19:(
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