468:
507:, gulls and egrets may attempt to steal them. Indian cormorants tend to fish communally in larger groups. Like all other cormorants, they will emerge from water and will hold out their wings and stay immobile for a while. The behaviour has been suggested to be for wing-drying, but this interpretation is debated. A study in Sri Lanka found that the time spent with spread wings was always after they had spent some time underwater, and that the duration was related to time spent underwater and inversely related to the temperature and dryness of air. These observations support the theory that the studied behaviour aids drying of the wings.
495:
276:
31:
80:
482:
389:
358:
327:
375:
344:
313:
511:
55:
259:. It forages singly or sometimes in loose groups in lowland freshwater bodies, including small ponds, large lakes, streams and sometimes coastal estuaries. Like other cormorants, it is often found perched on a waterside rock with its wings spread out after coming out of the water. The entire body is black in the breeding season but the plumage is brownish, and the throat has a small whitish patch in the non-breeding season. These birds breed
519:
their wings while holding their head back and bill raised. They then lower the bill, and after pairing the male also provides food to the female in courtship feeding. Both parents take part in building the nest, which is a platform of sticks placed on trees and sometimes even on coconut palms. They may nest beside
535:
turn muddy with age and incubation begins when the first egg is laid. This leads to asynchronous hatching and the chicks in a nest can vary considerably in age. The clutch size can vary from two to six eggs laid at intervals of about two days. The eggs hatch after 15 to 21 days. The downy chicks have
518:
The breeding season of the little cormorant is between July and
September in Pakistan and northern India and between November and February in southern India. In Sri Lanka it is December to May. A study in Bangladesh found them to breed from May to October. Males display at the nest site by fluttering
502:
Little cormorants tend to forage mainly in small loose groups and are often seen foraging alone. They swim underwater to capture their prey, mainly fish. A study in northern India found that the little cormorant fished in water which was less than a metre deep and captured fishes of about 2–8
416:
and face are dark. In the non-breeding bird or juvenile, the plumage is brownish and the bill and gular skin can appear more fleshy. The crest becomes inconspicuous and a small and well-marked white patch on the throat is sometimes visible. Towards the west of the
503:
centimetres (0.79–3.15 in) length. They propel themselves underwater using their webbed feet. Captured fishes are often brought up to the surface to swallow them and during this time other birds including other little cormorants,
429:), which can be difficult to differentiate in the field and are sometimes even considered conspecific. The sexes are indistinguishable in the field, but males tend to be larger. Some abnormal silvery-grey plumages have been described.
456:
The little cormorant is found across India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Pakistan and lowland Nepal. It is also found in parts of
Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and Indonesia. It is not found in the
1126:
Sarker, N. J. Naher, H. (2002). Experimental studies on food habits of the little cormorant, Phalacrocorax Niger (Vieillot). Bangladesh
Journal of Zoology. 30(2):173–182.
408:
which ends in a prominent hook tip, blue iris and a more pointed head profile. The breeding adult bird has a glistening all black plumage with some white spots and
738:
916:
539:
Little cormorants are vocal near their nest and roosts where they produce low roaring sounds. They also produce grunts and groans, a low pitched
1153:
Siriwannichkul, O. (1981). Food Habits and
Breeding Biology of Little Cormorant (Phalacrocorax Niger). Kasetsart Univ. Bangkok. Thailand, 68pp.
2141:
2241:
2221:
791:
Mahendiran, Mylswamy
Mahendiran & Urfi, Abdul J. (2010). "Foraging patterns and kleptoparasitism among three sympatric cormorants (
2089:
2115:
1071:
Sharma, P.N. (1977). "Neocotylotretus udaipurensis n. g., n. sp. (Trematoda: Digenea) from the intestine of little cormorant
2120:
1190:
2146:
767:
400:
The little cormorant is about 50 centimetres (20 in) long and only slightly smaller than the Indian cormorant (
2236:
657:
2006:
941:
2231:
1146:
Patnaik,AK; Samanta,M; Prasad,R (1981): Chromosome complement and banding patterns in a
Pelecaniform bird,
2045:
2040:
1139:
966:
464:. It inhabits wetlands, ranging from small village ponds to large lakes, and sometimes tidal estuaries.
1979:
79:
2019:
1633:
1163:
640:
1768:
1663:
1183:
1094:
Ali, S. M. (1957). "Studies on nematode parasites of fishes and birds found in
Hyderabad States".
467:
1276:
2185:
2027:
1941:
1643:
494:
475:
2133:
982:
Tandan, Bhup
Kishore (1952). "Mallophagan parasites from Indian birds. Part II. Pectinopygus (
853:
2180:
2172:
1849:
1730:
1704:
1638:
1286:
1281:
191:
174:
1993:
2032:
1988:
1818:
1778:
1748:
1168:
306:
8:
2226:
1773:
1740:
1539:
1443:
1176:
1023:"New species of cestodes from Charadriiformes, Ardeiformes, and Pelecaniformes in Ceylon"
440:
literally means water crow. It was later included with the other cormorants in the genus
275:
252:
44:
892:
Naher, Habibon & Sarker NJ. "Display and Sexual
Activities of the Little Cormorant,
368:
337:
1916:
1668:
1296:
822:
743:(Vieillot) (Pelecaniformes: Phalacrocoracidae) at Kallampara backwaters, Kerala, India"
200:
74:
1022:
2167:
2063:
1891:
1735:
1689:
1613:
1413:
1370:
1291:
601:. Washington DC and Barcelona: Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions. p. 52.
520:
2068:
1844:
1648:
1566:
1470:
1390:
1323:
1221:
1003:
931:
869:
831:
804:
757:
672:
244:
2198:
2055:
30:
2154:
1699:
1658:
1529:
1433:
1199:
536:
a bare red head. The young birds are able to leave the nest after about a month.
422:
691:
613:
260:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1709:
1653:
1618:
1534:
1375:
762:
726:. Vol. 1 (2 ed.). New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 41–43.
1007:
936:
808:
2215:
2128:
1885:
1875:
1870:
1798:
1604:
790:
504:
481:
64:
59:
917:"Breeding Biology of the Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger in Bangladesh"
412:
on the face. There is also a short crest on the back of the head. The eyes,
1964:
1865:
1855:
1809:
1628:
1380:
1115:
Chozhiyattel, Zeenath (2009) Behaviour and adaptations of little cormorant
874:
524:
510:
2159:
2102:
1973:
1896:
1880:
1759:
1438:
1395:
1385:
1267:
1217:
418:
38:
In non-breeding plumage. Note whitish throat patch and brownish plumage.
388:
357:
326:
2193:
2094:
1860:
1829:
1680:
1203:
968:
The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Birds. Volume 6
835:
642:
The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Birds. Volume 4
547:
calls. They roost communally often in the company of other waterbirds.
413:
151:
131:
2107:
1216:
374:
343:
312:
1838:
1623:
1562:
559:
551:
528:
457:
444:
but some studies place the smaller "microcormorants" under the genus
409:
264:
236:
141:
91:
2081:
1935:
676:
1958:
532:
240:
111:
1129:
Purandare,Kiran (2001). Nesting colonies of the Little Cormorant (
2014:
1789:
1590:
1524:
1501:
1347:
1319:
1253:
558:, have been described from little cormorant hosts. Endoparasitic
280:
1465:
2001:
1515:
1466:
1424:
461:
101:
2076:
1721:
1579:
1490:
1474:
1361:
1336:
1242:
1225:
1198:
570:
have been described from Sri Lankan birds while others like
971:(2 ed.). London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 280–281.
739:"Foraging behaviour and diving pattern of Little Cormorant
405:
255:
and extends east to Java, where it is sometimes called the
248:
121:
1561:
1318:
596:
914:
485:
In the inland waters of Western Ghats, Southern India
1745:
981:
689:
891:
736:
721:
990:, sp. n. (Ischnocera), from the Little Cormorant,
896:(Ciconiiformes: Phalacrocoracidae) in Captivity".
851:
404:). The Indian cormorant has a narrower and longer
432:The species was described by Vieillot in 1817 as
2213:
858:(Vieillot) in relation to sunlight in captivity"
655:
611:
915:Naher H, Sarker NJ, Rahman MK, Khan SI (2009).
645:. London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 342–343.
614:"Unusual plumage of the Little Cormorant, [
599:Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide. Volume 2
1184:
1044:Burt, DRR (1936). "A new species of Cestode,
700:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society
1070:
638:
263:in trees, often joining other waterbirds at
847:
845:
821:
795:spp.) from the Delhi region, North India".
724:Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan
421:valley, its range can overlap with vagrant
1191:
1177:
1093:
964:
53:
29:
1043:
1020:
935:
873:
761:
597:Rasmussen, PC & Anderton, JC (2005).
531:is built in about two weeks. The whitish
247:it lacks a peaked head and has a shorter
887:
885:
842:
509:
493:
489:
480:
466:
274:
578:have been described from Indian birds.
2214:
1123:. Ph.D. thesis. University of Calicut.
332:415–435 mm (16.3–17.1 in)
318:420–455 mm (16.5–17.9 in)
251:. It is widely distributed across the
1940:
1939:
1560:
1464:
1317:
1215:
1172:
882:
854:"Activities of the little cormorant,
717:
715:
713:
592:
590:
1888:(imperial cormorant, blue-eyed shag)
908:
898:Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences
730:
658:"Phylogeny of the Phalacrocoracidae"
363:125–140 mm (4.9–5.5 in)
349:137–150 mm (5.4–5.9 in)
2242:Taxa named by Louis Pierre Vieillot
2222:IUCN Red List least concern species
722:Ali, S. & Ripley, S.D. (1978).
13:
852:Naher, H & Sarker, NJ (2005).
710:
587:
394:76–77 mm (3.0–3.0 in)
380:79–82 mm (3.1–3.2 in)
14:
2253:
1157:
996:Journal of Natural History Series
737:Zeenath, C; VJ Zacharias (2010).
460:, but vagrants have been seen in
1109:
692:"Occurrence of Little Cormorant
690:Sangha, H. S. & Naoroji, R.
387:
373:
356:
342:
325:
311:
78:
1150:. Journal Hered. 72(6):447–449.
1096:Indian Journal of Helminthology
1087:
1064:
1037:
1014:
975:
958:
498:Wing-spreading (Kolkata, India)
451:
815:
784:
683:
649:
632:
605:
270:
1:
1137:) in Pune city, Maharashtra.
581:
1287:Christmas Island frigatebird
572:Neocotylotretus udaipurensis
243:. Slightly smaller than the
7:
1588:
1499:
1345:
1251:
1164:Photographs and other media
1140:Newsletter for Birdwatchers
1027:Ceylon Journal of Science B
10:
2258:
1048:from the Little Cormorant
924:Journal of Threatened Taxa
763:10.11609/jott.o1819.1382-6
750:Journal of Threatened Taxa
1948:
1827:
1807:
1787:
1757:
1719:
1678:
1602:
1587:
1578:
1574:
1556:
1513:
1498:
1489:
1485:
1460:
1422:
1404:
1359:
1344:
1335:
1331:
1313:
1265:
1250:
1241:
1237:
1211:
1077:Rivista di Parassitologia
1008:10.1080/00222935208654295
937:10.11609/jott.o1790.221-5
809:10.1007/s10750-009-0002-8
656:Siegel-Causey, D (1988).
612:Ripley, S Dillon (1962).
402:Phalacrocorax fuscicollis
301:
296:
289:
206:
199:
180:
173:
75:Scientific classification
73:
51:
42:
37:
28:
23:
1769:Double-crested cormorant
1664:White-breasted cormorant
622:J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc
2237:Birds described in 1817
1712:(long-tailed cormorant)
1277:Magnificent frigatebird
217:Phalacrocorax javanicus
1841:(Magellanic cormorant)
1671:(Temminck's cormorant)
1644:Little black cormorant
1206:(Phalacrocoraciformes)
875:10.3126/eco.v12i0.3200
515:
499:
486:
478:
476:Oussudu Bird Sanctuary
284:
2181:Paleobiology Database
1850:New Zealand king shag
1705:Little pied cormorant
1639:Black-faced cormorant
1282:Ascension frigatebird
1135:Nycticorax nycticorax
639:Blanford, WT (1898).
513:
497:
490:Behaviour and ecology
484:
470:
278:
235:) is a member of the
1819:Red-legged cormorant
1779:Flightless cormorant
1749:Spectacled cormorant
1569:: Phalacrocoracidae)
1473:: Anhingidae ·
1224:: Fregatidae ·
1121:Anhinga melanogaster
1046:Dilepis lepidocolpos
568:Dilepis lepidocolpos
556:Pectinopygus makundi
2232:Birds of Indomalaya
2007:phalacrocorax-niger
1994:Phalacrocorax_niger
1774:Neotropic cormorant
1741:Red-faced cormorant
1540:Australasian darter
1444:Australasian gannet
1320:Gannets and boobies
1148:Phalacrocorax niger
1133:) and Night Heron (
1131:Phalacrocorax niger
1117:Phalacrocorax niger
1073:Phalacrocorax niger
1050:Phalacrocorax niger
992:Phalacrocorax niger
965:Baker, ECS (1929).
894:Phalacrocorax niger
856:Phalacrocorax niger
741:Phalacrocorax niger
694:Phalacrocorax niger
616:Phalacrocorax niger
427:Microcarbo pygmaeus
253:Indian Subcontinent
213:Phalacrocorax niger
45:Conservation status
1917:South Georgia shag
1852:(rough-faced shag)
1731:Brandt's cormorant
1669:Japanese cormorant
1297:Lesser frigatebird
1021:Burt, DRR (1940).
836:10.1007/BF01640163
576:Syncuaria buckleyi
564:Hymenolepis childi
521:Indian pond herons
516:
500:
487:
479:
285:
279:Breeding plumage (
257:Javanese cormorant
2209:
2208:
2168:Open Tree of Life
1942:Taxon identifiers
1933:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1892:Heard Island shag
1736:Pelagic cormorant
1690:Crowned cormorant
1614:Socotra cormorant
1598:
1597:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1509:
1508:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1371:Blue-footed booby
1355:
1354:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1292:Great frigatebird
1261:
1260:
756:(13): 1382–1386.
527:in colonies. The
398:
397:
223:
222:
142:Phalacrocoracidae
68:
24:Little cormorant
2249:
2202:
2201:
2199:Microcarbo-niger
2189:
2188:
2176:
2175:
2163:
2162:
2150:
2149:
2137:
2136:
2124:
2123:
2111:
2110:
2098:
2097:
2085:
2084:
2072:
2071:
2059:
2058:
2049:
2048:
2036:
2035:
2023:
2022:
2020:60EA3FA9B62912A9
2010:
2009:
1997:
1996:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1980:Microcarbo niger
1969:
1968:
1967:
1950:Microcarbo niger
1937:
1936:
1845:Guanay cormorant
1747:
1695:Little cormorant
1649:Indian cormorant
1585:
1584:
1576:
1575:
1558:
1557:
1496:
1495:
1487:
1486:
1462:
1461:
1391:Red-footed booby
1342:
1341:
1333:
1332:
1315:
1314:
1248:
1247:
1239:
1238:
1213:
1212:
1193:
1186:
1179:
1170:
1169:
1104:
1103:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1054:Spolia Zeylanica
1041:
1035:
1034:
1018:
1012:
1011:
984:Philichthyophaga
979:
973:
972:
962:
956:
955:
953:
952:
946:
940:. Archived from
939:
921:
912:
906:
905:
889:
880:
879:
877:
849:
840:
839:
819:
813:
812:
788:
782:
781:
779:
778:
772:
766:. Archived from
765:
747:
734:
728:
727:
719:
708:
707:
687:
681:
680:
662:
653:
647:
646:
636:
630:
629:
618:(Vieillot)]"
609:
603:
602:
594:
472:Little cormorant
434:Hydrocorax niger
423:pygmy cormorants
391:
377:
360:
346:
329:
315:
292:
287:
286:
245:Indian cormorant
232:Microcarbo niger
227:little cormorant
186:
184:Microcarbo niger
83:
82:
62:
57:
56:
33:
21:
20:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2197:
2192:
2184:
2179:
2171:
2166:
2158:
2155:Observation.org
2153:
2145:
2140:
2132:
2127:
2119:
2114:
2106:
2101:
2093:
2088:
2080:
2075:
2067:
2062:
2054:
2052:
2044:
2039:
2031:
2026:
2018:
2013:
2005:
2000:
1992:
1987:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1944:
1934:
1921:
1823:
1803:
1783:
1753:
1715:
1700:Pygmy cormorant
1674:
1659:Great cormorant
1594:
1570:
1544:
1530:Oriental darter
1505:
1481:
1448:
1434:Northern gannet
1418:
1400:
1351:
1327:
1301:
1257:
1233:
1207:
1197:
1160:
1112:
1107:
1092:
1088:
1069:
1065:
1042:
1038:
1019:
1015:
1002:(51): 299–304.
980:
976:
963:
959:
950:
948:
944:
919:
913:
909:
890:
883:
850:
843:
820:
816:
789:
785:
776:
774:
770:
745:
735:
731:
720:
711:
688:
684:
677:10.2307/1368846
660:
654:
650:
637:
633:
610:
606:
595:
588:
584:
492:
454:
290:
273:
215:
211:
195:
188:
182:
169:
77:
69:
58:
54:
47:
17:
16:Species of bird
12:
11:
5:
2255:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2190:
2177:
2164:
2151:
2138:
2125:
2112:
2099:
2086:
2073:
2060:
2050:
2037:
2024:
2011:
1998:
1985:
1970:
1954:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1914:
1912:Macquarie shag
1909:
1907:Kerguelen shag
1904:
1902:Antarctic shag
1899:
1894:
1889:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1847:
1842:
1835:
1833:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1821:
1815:
1813:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1795:
1793:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1765:
1763:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1751:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1727:
1725:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1710:Reed cormorant
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1686:
1684:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1654:Cape cormorant
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1634:Pied cormorant
1631:
1626:
1621:
1619:Bank cormorant
1616:
1610:
1608:
1600:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1582:
1572:
1571:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1535:African darter
1532:
1527:
1521:
1519:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1493:
1483:
1482:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1430:
1428:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1414:Abbott's booby
1410:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1376:Peruvian booby
1373:
1367:
1365:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1339:
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930:(4): 221–225.
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671:(4): 885–905.
648:
631:
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505:painted storks
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1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1886:Imperial shag
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1876:Campbell shag
1874:
1872:
1871:Auckland shag
1869:
1867:
1864:
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1826:
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1799:European shag
1797:
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1605:Phalacrocorax
1601:
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1118:
1114:
1113:
1110:Other sources
1101:
1097:
1090:
1082:
1078:
1075:from India".
1074:
1067:
1060:(2): 193–200.
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1040:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1017:
1009:
1005:
1001:
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994:(Vieillot)".
993:
989:
985:
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969:
961:
947:on 2012-11-01
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829:
826:(in German).
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797:Hydrobiologia
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793:Phalacrocorax
787:
773:on 2012-11-01
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628:(1): 285–286.
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525:little egrets
522:
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442:Phalacrocorax
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205:
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176:
175:Binomial name
172:
168:
167:
166:M. niger
162:
159:
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155:
154:
150:
147:
146:
143:
140:
137:
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100:
97:
96:
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90:
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81:
76:
72:
66:
61:
60:Least Concern
50:
46:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1949:
1866:Chatham shag
1856:Foveaux shag
1828:
1810:Poikilocarbo
1808:
1788:
1758:
1720:
1694:
1679:
1629:Spotted shag
1603:
1589:
1514:
1500:
1477:
1423:
1405:
1381:Masked booby
1360:
1346:
1266:
1252:
1229:
1218:Frigatebirds
1147:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1120:
1116:
1099:
1095:
1089:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1066:
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1045:
1039:
1030:
1026:
1016:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
977:
967:
960:
949:. Retrieved
942:the original
927:
923:
910:
901:
897:
893:
865:
861:
855:
827:
823:
817:
800:
796:
792:
786:
775:. Retrieved
768:the original
753:
749:
740:
732:
723:
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693:
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621:
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607:
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575:
571:
567:
563:
555:
549:
544:
540:
538:
517:
501:
471:
455:
452:Distribution
445:
441:
437:
436:. The genus
433:
431:
426:
401:
399:
291:Measurements
261:gregariously
256:
231:
230:
226:
224:
216:
212:
208:
207:
183:
181:
165:
164:
152:
18:
2103:iNaturalist
1974:Wikispecies
1897:Crozet shag
1881:Bounty shag
1760:Nannopterum
1439:Cape gannet
1396:Brown booby
1386:Nazca booby
1119:and Darter
904:(1): 81–86.
545:kok-kok-kok
419:Indus River
271:Description
2227:Microcarbo
2216:Categories
2194:Xeno-canto
1861:Otago shag
1830:Leucocarbo
1681:Microcarbo
1563:Cormorants
1326:: Sulidae)
1204:Suliformes
1143:. 41(1):9.
1083:: 191–197.
1033:(1): 1–63.
951:2012-08-08
777:2012-08-08
696:in Ladakh"
582:References
550:Parasitic
446:Microcarbo
438:Hydrocorax
414:gular skin
410:filoplumes
239:family of
153:Microcarbo
132:Suliformes
1839:Rock shag
1624:Pitt shag
868:: 65–69.
803:: 21–28.
560:helminths
552:bird lice
458:Himalayas
265:heronries
237:cormorant
160:Species:
98:Kingdom:
92:Eukaryota
2134:22696740
2033:22696740
2028:BirdLife
1959:Wikidata
1406:Papasula
862:Ecoprint
706:(1): 99.
541:ah-ah-ah
514:Swimming
283:, India)
241:seabirds
201:Synonyms
192:Vieillot
138:Family:
112:Chordata
108:Phylum:
102:Animalia
88:Domain:
65:IUCN 3.1
2173:3600680
2147:1517963
2095:6066512
2082:litcor1
2056:litcor1
2015:Avibase
1790:Gulosus
1591:Species
1525:Anhinga
1516:Anhinga
1502:Species
1478:Anhinga
1467:Darters
1348:Species
1268:Fregata
1254:Species
1230:Fregata
1102:: 1–83.
988:Makundi
824:J. Orn.
474:in the
281:Kolkata
194:, 1817)
148:Genus:
128:Order:
118:Class:
63: (
2186:399992
2121:823999
2108:497004
2046:682359
2002:ARKive
1965:Q72260
1567:family
1471:family
1324:family
1222:family
665:Condor
462:Ladakh
307:Length
2160:73413
2077:eBird
2069:42S9G
2053:BOW:
1722:Urile
1580:Genus
1491:Genus
1475:genus
1425:Morus
1337:Genus
1243:Genus
1226:genus
1200:Order
945:(PDF)
920:(PDF)
771:(PDF)
746:(PDF)
661:(PDF)
297:India
2142:NCBI
2129:IUCN
2116:ITIS
2090:GBIF
2041:BOLD
1362:Sula
574:and
566:and
543:and
533:eggs
529:nest
523:and
406:bill
369:Head
338:Tail
249:beak
225:The
122:Aves
2064:CoL
1989:ADW
1052:".
1004:doi
932:doi
870:doi
832:doi
828:124
805:doi
801:638
758:doi
704:102
673:doi
2218::
2196::
2183::
2170::
2157::
2144::
2131::
2118::
2105::
2092::
2079::
2066::
2043::
2030::
2017::
2004::
1991::
1976::
1961::
1228::
1202::
1098:.
1081:37
1079:.
1058:19
1056:.
1031:22
1029:.
1025:.
998:.
986:)
926:.
922:.
902:15
900:.
884:^
866:12
864:.
860:.
844:^
799:.
752:.
748:.
712:^
702:.
698:.
669:90
667:.
663:.
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624:.
620:.
589:^
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448:.
267:.
1746:†
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1192:e
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1178:v
1100:8
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1006::
1000:5
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872::
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807::
780:.
760::
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67:)
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