19:
106:
Assert describes a predicate (a true–false statement) placed in a Java program to indicate that the developer thinks that the predicate is always true at that place. If an assertion evaluates to false at run-time, an assertion failure results, which typically causes execution to abort. Assertions are
1244:
Used in field declarations to guarantee visibility of changes to variables across threads. Every read of a volatile variable will be read from main memory, and not from the CPU cache, and that every write to a volatile variable will be written to main memory, and not just to the CPU cache. Methods,
536:
Define an entity once that cannot be changed nor derived from later. More specifically: a final class cannot be subclassed, a final method cannot be overridden, and a final variable can occur at most once as a left-hand expression on an executed command. All methods in a final class are implicitly
1125:
keyword to handle an assignment compatible exception type. If no such exception handler is found in the current method, then the method returns and the process is repeated in the calling method. If no exception handler is found in any method call on the stack, then the exception is passed to the
88:
A method with no definition must be declared as abstract and the class containing it must be declared as abstract. Abstract classes cannot be instantiated. Abstract methods must be implemented in the sub classes. The abstract keyword cannot be used with variables or constructors. Note that an
520:
Used in a class declaration to specify the superclass; used in an interface declaration to specify one or more superinterfaces. Class X extends class Y to add functionality, either by adding fields or methods to class Y, or by overriding methods of class Y. An interface Z extends one or more
1163:
form of an object. When an object is serialized, only the values of its non-transient instance fields are included in the default serial representation. When an object is deserialized, transient fields are initialized only to their default value. If the default form is not used, e.g. when a
862:), though it serves two purposes: it enables the existence of different namespace for methods and class names, it defines statically and locally that a fresh object is indeed created, and of what runtime type it is (arguably introducing dependency into the code).
1085:. Guarantees that at most one thread at a time operating on the same object executes that code. The mutex lock is automatically released when execution exits the synchronized code. Fields, classes and interfaces cannot be declared as
119:
Defines a boolean variable for the values "true" or "false" only. By default, the value of boolean primitive type is false. This keyword is also used to declare that a method returns a value of the primitive type
1138:
Used in method declarations to specify which exceptions are not handled within the method but rather passed to the next higher level of the program. All uncaught exceptions in a method that are not instances of
633:, the block of statements associated with the loop are executed, and then the incrementation is performed. The boolean expression is then evaluated again; this continues until the expression evaluates to
54:. Of these 68 keywords, 17 of them are only contextually reserved, and can sometimes be used as an identifier, unlike standard reserved words. Due to their special functions in the language, most
1002:
Inheritance basically used to achieve dynamic binding or run-time polymorphism in java. Used to access members of a class inherited by the class in which it appears. Allows a subclass to access
830:
keyword is used to declare a variable that can hold a 64-bit signed two's complement integer. This keyword is also used to declare that a method returns a value of the primitive type
782:
keyword is used to declare a variable that can hold a 32-bit signed two's complement integer. This keyword is also used to declare that a method returns a value of the primitive type
962:
keyword is used to declare a field that can hold a 16-bit signed two's complement integer. This keyword is also used to declare that a method returns a value of the primitive type
163:
keyword is used to declare a field that can hold an 8-bit signed two's complement integer. This keyword is also used to declare that a method returns a value of the primitive type
1527:
is obsolete, and no longer has any function. Previously this keyword was used to restrict the precision and rounding of floating point calculations to ensure portability.
978:
Used to declare a field, method, or inner class as a class field. Classes maintain one copy of class fields regardless of how many instances exist of that class.
910:
keyword is used in the declaration of a method, field, or inner class; protected members can only be accessed by members of their own class, that class's
629:, and an incrementation. The variable initialization is performed first, and then the boolean expression is evaluated. If the expression evaluates to
2230:
1121:
Causes the declared exception instance to be thrown. This causes execution to continue with the first enclosing exception handler declared by the
934:
keyword is used in the declaration of a class, method, or field; public classes, methods, and fields can be accessed by the members of any class.
521:
interfaces by adding methods. Class X is said to be a subclass of class Y; Interface Z is said to be a subinterface of the interfaces it extends.
894:
keyword is used in the declaration of a method, field, or inner class; private members can only be accessed by other members of their own class.
924:
900:
884:
107:
disabled at runtime by default, but can be enabled through a command-line option or programmatically through a method on the class loader.
946:
Used to finish the execution of a method. It can be followed by a value required by the method definition that is returned to the caller.
846:
Used in method declarations to specify that the method is not implemented in the same Java source file, but rather in another language.
762:
that takes an object reference as its first operand and a class or interface as its second operand and produces a boolean result. The
996:
911:
514:
38:
that have a predefined meaning in the language. Because of this, programmers cannot use keywords in some contexts, such as names for
1996:
858:
Used to create an instance of a class or array object. Using keyword for this end is not completely necessary (as exemplified by
766:
operator evaluates to true if and only if the runtime type of the object is assignment compatible with the class or interface.
2250:
2214:
2284:
2279:
986:
to the class instead of to a specific instance, and can only operate on class fields. Classes and interfaces declared as
664:
object; each iteration of the loop executes the associated block of statements using a different element in the array or
601:
IEEE 754 floating-point number. This keyword is also used to declare that a method returns a value of the primitive type
393:, which executes a block of statements associated with the loop and then tests a boolean expression associated with the
660:
55:
722:
that are implemented by the current class. A class inherits the types and abstract methods declared by the interfaces.
293:
2062:
1153:
814:
is not allowed in Java, interfaces are used to circumvent it. An interface can be defined within another interface.
696:, the block of statements associated with the if statement is executed. This keyword can also be used to create an
504:
95:
1003:
1109:
keyword is also used to forward a call from one constructor in a class to another constructor in the same class.
569:
clauses regardless of whether an exception was thrown or caught, or execution left method in the middle of the
2125:
2111:
1372:
A sealed class or interface can only be extended or implemented by classes and interfaces permitted to do so.
288:
1664:
1628:
859:
284:
1325:
Used to declare that a class or interface which extends a sealed class can be extended by unknown classes.
1178:
1132:
1115:
547:
221:
1957:
27:
2087:
1784:
1576:
1557:
261:
1829:
1725:
772:
2018:
255:
Defines a character variable capable of holding any character of the java source file's character set.
1915:
1078:
940:
697:
458:
441:
276:
268:
43:
1872:
272:
76:
Added in Java 9, the underscore has become a keyword and cannot be used as a variable name anymore.
47:
1982:
798:
Used to declare a special type of class that only contains abstract or default methods, constant (
267:
A type that defines the implementation of a particular kind of object. A class definition defines
1184:
Defines a block of statements that have exception handling. If an exception is thrown inside the
1420:
Used to set a value for a switch expression, when using labelled statement groups (for example,
740:
to be referred to later without including their package names in the reference. Since J2SE 5.0,
1983:"Nested Classes (The Java™ Tutorials > Learning the Java Language > Classes and Objects)"
1476:
759:
39:
321:
Used to resume program execution at the end of the current loop body. If followed by a label,
2043:
1302:
The following identifiers are contextual keywords, and are only restricted in some contexts:
1273:
and executes the block of statements associated with the loop if the expression evaluates to
1010:
keyword is also used to forward a call from a constructor to a constructor in the superclass.
840:
428:
249:
811:
431:. This keyword is also used to declare that a method returns a value of the primitive type
874:
Java package is a group of similar classes and interfaces. Packages are declared with the
291:
of the class. If the superclass is not explicitly specified, the superclass is implicitly
203:
statement evaluates its expression, then executes all statements that follow the matching
8:
59:
1605:
1584:
1270:
806:
interfaces. It can later be implemented by classes that declare the interface with the
689:
626:
462:
852:
2246:
2242:
2210:
1343:
The permits clause specifies the classes that are permitted to extend a sealed class.
1238:
122:
113:
1105:
can be used to access class members and as a reference to the current instance. The
2235:
1067:
1042:
1019:
792:
719:
598:
587:
422:
411:
367:
keyword can be used to allow an interface to provide an implementation of a method.
340:
173:
1537:
972:
655:
499:
487:
360:
315:
132:
2200:
401:, the block is executed again; this continues until the expression evaluates to
2206:
301:
to get a Class object without needing an instance of that class. For example,
2273:
2184:
1282:
1255:
1160:
952:
390:
373:
82:
35:
18:
2196:
1459:
983:
915:
868:
820:
737:
685:
674:
553:
Used to define a block of statements for a block defined previously by the
530:
239:
block specify what to do if a specific type of exception is thrown by the
1486:
is not used and has no function. For defining constants in Java, see the
1447:
1435:
1095:
990:
members of another class or interface are behaviorally top-level classes.
733:
280:
1395:
A special identifier that cannot be used as a type name (since Java 10).
1081:
executes the code. For static methods, the object locked is the class's
2192:
1266:
51:
22:
A snippet of Java code with keywords highlighted in blue and bold font
1222:
1196:
block can be declared that will be executed when execution exits the
982:
also is used to define a method as a class method. Class methods are
2165:
524:
Also used to specify an upper bound on a type parameter in
Generics.
2188:
1517:
1512:
1232:
keyword is used to declare that a method does not return any value.
1013:
Also used to specify a lower bound on a type parameter in
Generics.
643:
622:
611:
492:
425:
100:
62:
to display keywords in a different colour for easy identification.
1073:
Used in the declaration of a method or code block to acquire the
651:
1999:. Sun/Oracle. 2004. 1.5 Defining Serializable Fields for a Class
1204:
clauses, regardless of whether an exception is thrown or not. A
1101:
Used to represent an instance of the class in which it appears.
325:
resumes execution at the end of the enclosing labeled loop body.
89:
abstract class isn't required to have an abstract method at all.
1045:, which evaluates a variable, matches its value to a specific
1192:
block can handle declared exception types. Also, an optional
1074:
597:
keyword is used to declare a variable that can hold a 32-bit
421:
keyword is used to declare a variable that can hold a 64-bit
1895:
1893:
1852:
1850:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1049:, and executes the block of statements associated with that
1762:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1496:
1159:
Declares that an instance field is not part of the default
153:
2166:"JEP 306: Restore Always-Strict Floating-Point Semantics"
2148:
2146:
1933:
1890:
1847:
1802:
1743:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
359:
keyword can also be used to declare default values in a
1997:"Java Object Serialization Specification version 1.5.0"
718:
Included in a class declaration to specify one or more
2183:
2143:
297:. The class keyword can also be used in the form Class
2036:
1682:
1577:"Java Language Specification - Section 3.9: Keywords"
1558:"Java Platform, Standard Edition Java API Reference"
1428:
343:
to label a block of statements to be executed if no
1277:; this continues until the expression evaluates to
138:
Used to end the execution in the current loop body.
2234:
2025:. O'Reilly Media. Declaring serialPersistentFields
1057:matches the value, the optional block labelled by
1006:methods and hidden members of its superclass. The
2271:
650:keyword can also be used to create a so-called "
1623:
1621:
1619:
1245:classes and interfaces thus cannot be declared
625:, which specifies a variable initialization, a
2112:"Chapter 14. Blocks, Statements, and Patterns"
1168:table is declared in the class hierarchy, all
477:, the block of statements associated with the
469:, the block of statements associated with the
1616:
1281:. This keyword can also be used to create a
561:block is executed after execution exits the
1824:
1822:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
2010:
1989:
1964:. Sun Microsystems, Inc. February 14, 2008
1958:"Controlling Access to Members of a Class"
1922:. Sun Microsystems, Inc. February 14, 2008
1879:. Sun Microsystems, Inc. February 14, 2008
1867:
1865:
1836:. Sun Microsystems, Inc. February 14, 2008
1791:. Sun Microsystems, Inc. February 14, 2008
1732:. Sun Microsystems, Inc. February 14, 2008
1671:. Sun Microsystems, Inc. February 14, 2008
1571:
1569:
1567:
2057:
2055:
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1952:
1950:
1948:
1873:"The if-then and if-then-else Statements"
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1939:
1899:
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1819:
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1777:
1775:
1766:
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1718:
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1699:
1646:
1523:Although reserved as a keyword in Java,
1502:Although reserved as a keyword in Java,
1482:Although reserved as a keyword in Java,
1249:, nor can local variables or parameters.
65:
17:
1862:
1564:
1297:
287:the class implements and the immediate
2272:
2050:
2016:
1945:
1910:
1908:
185:block can be labeled with one or more
2017:Grosso, William (November 21, 2001).
1772:
1705:
1077:lock for an object while the current
502:. Enumerations extend the base class
1126:thread's uncaught exception handler.
1029:keyword is used in conjunction with
451:keyword is used in conjunction with
383:keyword is used in conjunction with
339:keyword can optionally be used in a
1905:
1830:"The while and do-while Statements"
56:integrated development environments
13:
1403:used as an additional check for a
498:A Java keyword used to declare an
473:are evaluated; if it evaluates to
14:
2296:
2176:
1726:"Returning a Value from a Method"
1429:Reserved words for literal values
692:; if the expression evaluates to
465:; if the expression evaluates to
397:. If the expression evaluates to
347:matches the specified value; see
1506:is not used and has no function.
2158:
2118:
2104:
2080:
1975:
1581:The Java Language Specification
2088:"Chapter 3. Lexical Structure"
1598:
1550:
1:
1543:
1208:block must have at least one
736:to specify classes or entire
684:keyword is used to create an
305:can be used instead of doing
235:block. The statements in the
1265:keyword is used to create a
1037:
621:keyword is used to create a
193:
7:
2285:Programming language syntax
2280:Java (programming language)
2202:Java Language Specification
1531:
1143:must be declared using the
732:Used at the beginning of a
363:. From Java 8 onwards, the
350:
227:Used in conjunction with a
211:
199:
181:
143:
10:
2303:
1606:"Treatment of underscores"
1465:A reference literal value.
385:
283:as well as specifying the
2019:"Java RMI: Serialization"
1610:JEP 302: Lambda Leftovers
1469:
1061:is executed, if included.
1031:
914:or classes from the same
703:
565:block and any associated
205:
187:
28:Java programming language
1629:"Java Language Keywords"
1453:A boolean literal value.
1441:A boolean literal value.
2044:"Java Volatile Keyword"
1635:. Sun Microsystems, Inc
1288:
453:
307:new String().getClass()
141:Used to break out of a
1785:"The switch Statement"
1665:"Primitive Data Types"
1166:serialPersistentFields
744:statements can import
654:", which specifies an
231:block and an optional
23:
1172:keywords are ignored.
429:floating-point number
355:. Alternatively, the
66:List of Java keywords
21:
2132:. Oracle Corporation
2126:"Switch Expressions"
2069:. Oracle Corporation
1298:Reserved Identifiers
812:multiple inheritance
1916:"The for Statement"
1188:block, an optional
748:members of a class.
179:A statement in the
60:syntax highlighting
2241:(Fifth ed.).
2237:Java in a Nutshell
2205:(Third ed.).
1962:The Java Tutorials
1920:The Java Tutorials
1877:The Java Tutorials
1834:The Java Tutorials
1789:The Java Tutorials
1730:The Java Tutorials
1669:The Java Tutorials
1633:The Java Tutorials
1271:boolean expression
690:boolean expression
627:boolean expression
463:boolean expression
50:, or as any other
24:
2252:978-0-596-00773-7
2216:978-0-321-24678-3
1942:, pp. 50–54.
1902:, pp. 44–46.
1859:, pp. 48–49.
1816:, pp. 46–48.
1769:, pp. 66–67.
698:if-else statement
652:enhanced for loop
577:blocks using the
459:if-else statement
34:is any one of 68
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2063:"Sealed Classes"
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2185:Gosling, James
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2256:. Retrieved
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1961:
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1833:
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1587:. 2018-08-21
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1212:clause or a
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1068:synchronized
1041:to create a
810:keyword. As
800:static final
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686:if statement
389:to create a
348:
306:
303:String.class
302:
298:
197:labels. The
31:
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2193:Steele, Guy
1407:statement.
734:source file
209:label; see
2274:Categories
2258:2010-03-03
2222:2008-12-03
2136:2020-12-27
2097:2018-12-25
2073:2021-08-07
2029:2010-09-16
2003:2010-09-16
1968:2008-12-03
1926:2008-12-03
1883:2008-12-03
1840:2008-12-03
1795:2014-12-18
1736:2008-12-03
1675:2008-12-03
1639:2017-07-24
1591:2018-12-25
1544:References
1516:(added in
1381:transitive
1321:non-sealed
1267:while loop
1200:block and
1161:serialized
1004:overridden
912:subclasses
808:implements
764:instanceof
754:instanceof
720:interfaces
714:implements
491:(added in
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285:interfaces
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2189:Joy, Bill
1170:transient
1154:transient
908:protected
901:protected
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1532:See also
1525:strictfp
1518:J2SE 1.2
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1490:keyword.
1361:requires
1349:provides
1247:volatile
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1053:. If no
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666:Iterable
661:Iterable
644:J2SE 5.0
623:for loop
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493:J2SE 5.0
426:IEEE 754
323:continue
316:continue
269:instance
101:J2SE 1.4
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2023:ONJava
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1145:throws
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642:As of
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72:_
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