698:
31:
853:
1048:
841:
829:
575:
587:
1232:
568:
is sometimes called "alligatorwood". The bark is a light brown tinged with red and sometimes gray with dark streaks and has a density of 590 kg/m (37 lb/cu ft). It is deeply fissured with scaly ridges. The branches carry layers of cork. The branchlets are pithy, many-angled, winged, and at first covered with rusty hairs, finally becoming red brown, gray or dark brown. As an ornamental tree, the species has a drawback—the branches may have ridges or "wings" that cause more surface area, increasing weight of snow and ice accumulation on the tree. However, the wood is heavy and hard with an interlocking grain, but is difficult to season.
1413:
869:
735: in) in diameter and are covered with rusty hairs. The flowers are unisexual and greenish in color. Staminate flowers in terminal racemes 5–8 cm (2–3 in) long, the pistillate in a solitary head on a slender peduncle borne in the axil of an upper leaf. Staminate flowers destitute of calyx and corolla, but are surrounded by hairy bracts. Stamens indefinite; filaments short; anthers introrse. Pistillate flowers with a two-celled, two-beaked ovary, the carpels produced into a long, recurved, persistent style. The ovaries all more or less cohere and harden in fruit. There are many ovules but few mature.
204:
881:
686:
1224:
714:
75:
490:. However, the first mention of any use of the amber is described by Juan de Grijalva, the nephew of the governor of Cuba, in the year 1517. Juan de Grijalva tells of gift exchanges with the Mayas "who presented them with, among other things, hollow reeds of about a span long filled with dried herbs and sweet-smelling liquid amber which, when lighted in the way shown by the natives, diffused an agreeable odour." The species was introduced into Europe in 1681 by
50:
1498:(a type of biomolecule found in trees to protect it from fire, insects, and bacteria) have been reported to occur in healthy tissue of a variety of plants including sweetgum. They may prevent pathogen invasion by inhibiting fungal enzyme activity. Although cells of healthy sweetgum tissue appear rich in tannins, these materials apparently were not effective in preventing fungal colonization by
1040:
1105:. The wood is very compact and fine-grained, the heartwood being reddish, and, when cut into planks, marked transversely with blackish belts. Sweetgum is used principally for lumber, veneer, plywood, slack cooperage, fuel, and pulpwood. The lumber is made into boxes and crates, furniture, cabinets for radios, televisions, and phonographs, interior trim, and
567:
Another distinctive feature of the tree is the peculiar appearance of its small branches and twigs. The bark attaches itself to these in plates edgewise instead of laterally, and a piece of the leafless branch with the aid of a little imagination readily takes on a reptilian form; indeed, the tree
558:
is a medium-sized to large tree, growing anywhere from 15–20 m (50–70 ft) in cultivation and up to 45 m (150 ft) in the wild, with a trunk up 60–90 cm (2–3 ft) in diameter, on average. Trees may live to 400 years. The tree is a symmetrical shape and crowns into an egg
643:
or semi-evergreen, with negligible fall color. The leaves are 8–18 cm (3–7 in) broad with glandular serrate teeth. The base is truncate or slightly heart-shaped. They come out of the bud plicate, downy, pale green, when full grown are bright green, smooth, shining above, paler beneath.
1303:
became popular in the urban landscapes of
California because of their pleasing appearance, striking fall colors, and ability to grow quickly and thrive; however, as the trees matured, the damage caused by surface roots and the increased production of seed balls led to the tree being considered a
623:–4 in) petiole. The rich dark green, smooth, shiny, star-shaped leaves generally turn brilliant yellow, orange, red, and purple colors in the autumn. This autumnal coloring has been characterized as not simply a flame, but a conflagration. Its reds and yellows compare to those of the
1304:
nuisance and a liability. Thousands of trees would be removed and repairs had to be conducted on nearby structures damaged by roots. The
Western Arborist published a study that concluded that Sweetgums accounted for the greatest number of trees causing damage; in the city of
1308:
alone it was found that 69% of
Liquidambars planted in the city were either damaging or beginning to damage nearby structures. It is now recommended that the trees be planted at least 15 to 20 feet from structures and that they should not be used as street trees.
785: in) thick, winged, and wind-dispersed. Goldfinches, purple finches, squirrels, and chipmunks eat the seeds of the tree. The seeds stratify within 30–90 days at 1–5 °C (33–41 °F) or soaked in water for 15–20 days. The long-stemmed fruit balls of
801:
disintegrate upon seed dispersal. The long-persisting fallen spiked fruits can be unpleasant to walk on; sweet gum is banned in some places for this reason. In abundance, they can leave a lawn lumpy. The winter buds are yellow brown, 6 mm
2294:: a renewable source of shikimic acid. Liza B. Enrich, Margaret L. Scheuermann, Ashley Mohadjer, Kathryn R. Matthias, Chrystal F. Eller, M. Scott Newman, Michael Fujinaka and Thomas Poon, Tetrahedron Letters, 2008, volume 49, pages 2503–2505,
2311:
Pozzobon, Rafaela G.; Rutckeviski, Renata; Carlotto, Juliane; Schneider, Vanessa S.; Cordeiro, Lucimara M. C.; Mancarz, Graziele
Francine Franco; Souza, Lauro M. de; Mello, Rosiane Guetter; Smiderle, Fhernanda Ribeiro (1 January 2023).
1478:
can penetrate leaf tissue directly, thus having the ability to initiate infection on both upper and lower leaf surfaces. In other regions of the U.S., sweetgum populations may not be as susceptible to local populations of this fungus.
639:). However, in the northern part of its range, and where planted in yet colder areas, the leaves are often killed by frost while still green. On the other hand, in the extreme southern or tropical parts of its range, some trees are
1109:. The veneer and plywood, (typically backed with some other kind of wood which shrinks and warps less) are used for boxes, pallets, crates, baskets, and interior woodwork. It was formerly used in the interior finish of
1156:. As the resin ages, it solidifies, the form in which it was historically exported in barrels. The resin is produced by stripping, boiling, and pressing the tree's bark. The gum was used both medicinally and to make
2371:
769:, has a pair of terminal spikes (for a total of 80–120 spikes). When the fruit opens and the seeds are released, each capsule is associated with a small hole (40–60 of these) in the compound fruit.
775:
The fruit is a multicapsular spherical head and hangs on the branches during the winter. The woody capsules are mostly filled with abortive seeds resembling sawdust. The seeds are about 6 mm (
772:
Fallen, opened fruits are often abundant beneath the trees; these have been popularly nicknamed "burr (or bir) balls", "gum balls", "space bugs", "sticker balls", "spike balls", or "monkey balls".
1663:
Manual of the southeastern flora: being descriptions of the seed plants growing naturally in
Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, eastern Louisiana, Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia
1296:
1085:
In the carpentry industry, the timber is referred to as satin walnut and is one of the most important materials for plywood manufacturers. It is used for furniture, interior trim,
852:
1245:
and forestal tree, cultivated for its distinctive foliage and intense autumn colors. It is commonly grown throughout its native North
American range as well as many other
606:
usually have five (but sometimes three or seven) sharply pointed palmate lobes. They are 8–13 cm (3–5 in) wide on average and have three distinct bundle scars.
697:
2040:
2375:
1633:
975:
The US government distribution maps for this species are incorrect concerning the southern limit of distribution in
Florida. This species occurs abundantly at
574:
2223:
474:
published posthumously in 1615, in which he describes the species as a large tree producing a fragrant gum resembling liquid amber, whence the genus name
1940:
3286:
2718:
2990:
721:
The flowers typically appear in spring and persist into autumn/fall, sometimes persisting into winter. They are typically about 25–40 mm (1–
452:, only distantly related, with which the sweetgum overlaps broadly in range. The species is also known as the "redgum", for its reddish bark.
1466:, each surrounded by a reddish halo. The lesions tended to merge resulting in large areas of dead tissue. Infection and fungal development of
3276:
3078:
1079:; it is heavy, straight, satiny, and close-grained, but not strong. It takes a beautiful polish, but warps badly in drying. The wood has a
3256:
1280:
can develop on alkaline soil, especially where organic matter is low. Also, the
American sweetgum tree does not grow well in shady areas.
30:
3311:
586:
3176:
840:
828:
2938:
1339:'Clydesform' – columnar or narrowly pyramidal; slow growth to 9 meters; yellow-orange fall colors; also sold as 'Emerald Sentinel'
3291:
3003:
2951:
2637:
1612:
1603:
2245:
3281:
3101:
2680:
2532:
3316:
3044:
1455:
on several different genera of forest trees were 2–5 mm diameter with regular margins. During the summer of 1994 in the
868:
3155:
2172:
3271:
3008:
2397:
3301:
1720:
1283:
During the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s, Sweetgums were a popular landscaping and street tree. Three varieties,
1474:
infection on sweetgum has been associated with the disease red leaf spot. Results of this investigation indicate that
3306:
3266:
2811:
2699:
2559:
2502:
2276:
2096:
1798:
1670:
2611:
2477:
2216:
1047:
1128:
for the East Asian market, as it has a naturally light color with appeal to certain segments of the Asian market.
471:
3083:
2977:
1052:
3106:
2619:
2056:
1342:'Festival' – columnar; pale green summer leaves; bright fall hues of yellow, pink and red; less hardy than most
3194:
3065:
1944:
1608:
2930:
2646:
2633:
2314:"Chemical Evaluation of Liquidambar styraciflua L. Fruits Extracts and Their Potential as Anticancer Drugs"
1140:, for which the tree is named, exudes from the bark of the tree when wounded. It has many names, including
1106:
976:
972:, growing at middle elevations in various mountainous areas where the climate is humid and more temperate.
2855:
3202:
2845:
2840:
2664:
2152:
1325:
2715:
74:
3189:
2956:
1594:
1571:
1231:
1068:
491:
1564:
685:
3296:
3145:
3093:
3039:
2660:
984:
880:
2917:
1444:
is a leaf parasite reported to occur on a wide range of host plants, including species of sweetgum (
2752:
2423:
1543:
1420:
The organizers of the
September 11th Memorial in New York donated a grove of sweetgum trees to the
3057:
1875:
1634:"hazel pine Liquidambar styraciflua American sweetgum – Dizionario inglese-italiano WordReference"
1249:
parts of the world, including moderately high elevations in the tropics. It is highly regarded in
3181:
2881:
2684:
2234:. Agriculture Handbook 654. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, D.C. 1965
1412:
391:('amber'), in allusion to the fragrant terebinthine juice or gum which exudes from the tree. Its
2995:
2925:
2773:
2004:
Trees of the
Central Hardwood Forests of North America: An Identification and Cultivation Guide
1268:
soil, and tolerates poor drainage. It typically grows with other coastal plain species such as
495:
404:
1459:
area of Texas, a prominent leaf spot on sweetgum was widespread. Infected leaves had numerous
1345:'Firehouse' - pyramidal; bright red fall color; defoliates early; little to no seed production
812: in) long, acute. The inner scales enlarge with the growing shoot, becoming 13 mm (
1329:
1300:
929:
178:
2398:"What's Blooming: Sweet Gum's Bittersweet Horticultural Legacy - The ArboretumThe Arboretum"
2119:
1922:. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Department of Forests and Waters. pp. 168–169.
1195:. Today, sweet gum is still being used for its many medicinal purposes. The plant possesses
3261:
3132:
3021:
2889:
1023:
676:
344:. It is recognizable by the combination of its five-pointed star-shaped leaves (similar to
2448:
402:" has long been confusingly applied to the aromatic gum or resin of this species, that of
8:
3140:
2176:
1305:
797:), but are spiny and remain intact after their seeds are dispersed; the softer fruits of
39:
3168:
2822:
1869:
1394:'Rotundiloba' – sterile cultivar with rounded lobes on leaves, originally discovered in
3228:
2707:
2587:
2348:
2313:
2144:
1470:
were investigated on leaves of sweetgum using a combination of microscopic techniques.
1456:
1019:
999:
444:
The common name "sweetgum" refers to the species' "sweetish gum", contrasting with the
219:
69:
2084:
The Book of Seeds : A Lifesize Guide to Six Hundred Species from Around the World
203:
3127:
2863:
2729:
2659:. Vol. 3. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org,
2353:
2335:
2272:
2092:
1794:
1716:
1666:
1520:
1437:
1273:
1246:
1196:
1003:
790:
2654:
1378:'Moraine' – upright, rounded form, fast growth, red fall color, hardy to −30 °C
3233:
2868:
2747:
2629:
2579:
2343:
2325:
2295:
1538:
1212:
1184:
1080:
1015:
980:
349:
1482:
Environmental stress factors may also be involved, as reports have indicated that
3207:
3114:
3031:
2722:
2299:
2227:
2082:
1788:
1242:
1011:
1007:
988:
965:
762:
468:
445:
333:
112:
3070:
1384:'Parasol' – develops rounded crown; mature height 10 meters; deep red fall color
1223:
713:
559:
shape when the branches get too heavy after its first two years of cultivation.
398:
is an old generic name meaning 'flowing with storax' (a plant resin). The name "
3163:
2832:
1395:
1121:
668:
392:
356:
341:
99:
2330:
3250:
3016:
2796:
2738:
2339:
1529:
1348:'Goduzam' – variegated; pink to red-purple in autumn; also called 'Gold Dust'
1204:
1172:
1094:
969:
901:
409:
399:
376:
348:
leaves) and its hard, spiked fruits. It is currently classified in the plant
337:
325:
194:
59:
54:
1351:'Grazam' – pyramidal, with glossy leaves. Orange, red and purple fall colors
941:
534:, and the mid-continental plateau of North America, much further north than
3220:
2357:
1113:
1086:
933:
352:
145:
135:
2727:
1688:"Sweetgum Trees (Gumball Tree): Types, Leaves - Identification (Pictures)"
1518:
3119:
3052:
2964:
2805:
1687:
1200:
1157:
1098:
953:
905:
320:
155:
336:. Sweetgum is one of the main valuable forest trees in the southeastern
2943:
2591:
2269:
The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Eastern Region
1737:
1269:
1192:
1149:
1137:
1125:
1336:'Burgundy' – dark red to purple fall colors may persist through winter
2969:
2902:
2088:
1487:
1483:
1421:
1277:
1208:
1153:
1090:
1076:
957:
949:
897:
672:
640:
531:
312:
2767:
2583:
2310:
3215:
2790:
2708:
University of Michigan – Dearborn: Native American Ethnobotany of
1460:
1452:
1313:
1254:
1188:
1110:
1064:
961:
921:
917:
859:
632:
631:), and in addition it has the dark purples and smoky browns of the
523:
479:
125:
2982:
2907:
1152:. It may be clear, reddish, or yellow, with a pleasant smell like
2876:
1258:
1102:
1072:
945:
909:
539:
507:
422:
644:
They contain tannin and when bruised give a resinous fragrance.
2894:
2372:"Las 20 especies de árboles para plantar en el espacio público"
1495:
1463:
1381:'Palo Alto' – various shades of red in fall; best in California
1250:
937:
527:
503:
499:
414:
329:
1354:'Gumball' – dwarf shrubby cultivar seldom more than 2 m (
1451:). Limber and Cash reported that leaf spots produced by this
1117:
925:
744:
652:
624:
465:
368:
345:
86:
1408:) – cutleaf cultivar with orange, red and purple fall colors
1116:. Being readily dyed black, it is sometimes substituted for
1821:. New York: The Macmillan Company. pp. xviii + 398 pp.
1819:
Some American Trees: An intimate study of native Ohio trees
1512:
1265:
1261:
1039:
913:
766:
667:
by its glossy, leathery leaves that are positioned singly (
603:
315:
2203:
McGraw-Hill Concise Encyclopedia of Science and Technology
1715:. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136.
1097:, barrels, woodenware, and wood pulp. It is also used for
904:, where it occurs naturally in lowlands from southwestern
2728:
Beech, E.; Crowley, D.; Rivers, M.C.; Wilson, B. (2018).
1665:. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press.
1519:
Beech, E.; Crowley, D.; Rivers, M.C.; Wilson, B. (2018).
1490:
caused by iron deficiency may increase susceptibility of
429:, which translates to 'tree that gives pine resin' from
2695:. Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team.
2653:. In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.).
1427:
441:('tree'), which refers to the use of the tree's resin.
1148:. It is a kind of native balsam, or resin, resembling
1836:. london: George G. Harrap & Co. Ltd. p. 44.
1083:
of 0.5910. It is too liable to decay for outdoor use.
2618:. In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.).
2429:. Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 60
2182:
2057:"US National Arboretum Picture of the Week Answer -"
761: in) in diameter, composed of numerous (40–60)
386:
2558:Taylor, Josephine; Shane Clark (July–August 1996).
1686:Nolan, Jessica; Expert, Gardening (14 April 2021).
2557:
2028:Trees of Pennsylvania: A Complete Reference Guide
3248:
1401:'Slender Silhouette' – very narrow columnar form
2533:"Flight 93 Memorial Still $ 10M Short on Funds"
2243:
1776:. New York: Harper & Row. pp. 153–154.
2753:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T33966A67700725.en
2716:Landscaping.about.com: American Sweetgum Trees
1874:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp.
1544:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T33966A67700725.en
1075:nearly white) and may have black grain in the
609:They are long and broad, with a 6–10 cm (
355:, but was formerly considered a member of the
2640:(USDA) – via Southern Research Station.
2006:. Portland, Oregon: Timber. pp. 235–237.
1970:, South Yarra: The Macquarie Library Pty Ltd.
1943:. Cal Poly Plant Conservatory. Archived from
1941:"Liquidambar styraciflua: American sweet gum"
1071:. Its wood is bright reddish brown (with the
538:now grows. A similar plant is also found in
2656:Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA)
2232:Silvics of North America: Volume 2:Hardwoods
1988:. New York: Knickerbocker. pp. 130–131.
1968:The Macquarie Dictionary of Trees and Shrubs
765:. Each capsule, containing one to two small
747:is hard, dry, and globose, 25–40 mm (1–
408:of Turkey, and to the resin better known as
2145:"Liquidambar styraciflua – Species Details"
2030:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.
1979:
1977:
1959:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1812:
1810:
1685:
1660:
580:Small branches with edgewise plates of bark
380:
2679:
2246:"Chopsticks Carry 'Made in America' Label"
1997:
1995:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1863:
1368: ft) tall, with purple-red fall color
1183:Traditionally, sweet gum has been used in
994:Grown as an ornamental tree in Australia,
498:, who planted it in the palace gardens at
324:native to warm temperate areas of eastern
202:
48:
29:
2751:
2347:
2329:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1898:. Buffalo, NY: Firefly. pp. 116–117.
1871:Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them
1861:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1542:
671:), not in pairs (opposite) on the stems.
412:from various tropical trees in the genus
3287:Least concern flora of the United States
2609:
2194:
2188:
1983:
1974:
1926:
1893:
1816:
1807:
1575:, Kew Science. Accessed 9 February 2023.
1411:
1230:
1222:
1063:is one of the most important commercial
1046:
1038:
712:
647:While the starry five-pointed leaves of
2638:United States Department of Agriculture
2001:
1992:
1882:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1656:
1654:
1613:United States Department of Agriculture
1604:Germplasm Resources Information Network
1424:Memorial in Shanksville, Pennsylvania.
1211:action, certain enzyme inhibition, and
822: in) long, green tipped with red.
494:, the missionary collector sent out by
460:The earliest known published record of
3249:
2551:
2285:
2266:
2124:University of Delaware Botanic Gardens
2025:
2010:
1917:
1902:
1867:
1840:
1787:Austin, Daniel F. (29 November 2004).
1786:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1295:, introduced in the late 1950s by the
340:, and is a popular ornamental tree in
2772:
2771:
2693:The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov)
2644:
2560:"Infection and Fungal Development of
2530:
2080:
1831:
1771:
1713:RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants
3277:Least concern flora of North America
3094:5e1ad59b-9416-4ebd-bfcb-b1666fc79893
1756:
1735:
1705:
1651:
562:
542:deposits of the Tertiary of Europe.
3257:IUCN Red List least concern species
2739:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1578:
1558:
1530:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1257:. The species grows best in moist,
1227:A group of young sweetgum in autumn
1171:seeds may be a renewable source of
928:, but not colder highland areas of
896:Sweetgum is one of the most common
858:American sweetgum tree ball (spiny
13:
3312:Flora of the Sierra Madre Oriental
2054:
1986:The Trees of North-eastern America
1276:. Its salt tolerance is moderate.
968:, it is a characteristic plant of
14:
3328:
2700:Interactive Distribution Map for
2673:
1297:Saratoga Horticultural Foundation
679:caterpillars feed on the leaves.
3195:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:430718-1
2531:Moore, Martha (10 August 2011).
2271:. New York: Knopf. p. 454.
2244:Philip Graitcer (17 July 2011).
1416:Sweetgum (red) in a natural park
1163:
1124:. The wood is also used to make
879:
867:
851:
839:
827:
696:
684:
585:
573:
513:
328:and tropical montane regions of
73:
2602:
2524:
2495:
2470:
2441:
2416:
2390:
2364:
2304:
2260:
2237:
2209:
2166:
2137:
2112:
2074:
2048:
2034:
1825:
1780:
1053:Richland County, South Carolina
891:
3292:Garden plants of North America
1729:
1679:
1626:
1218:
1207:properties. It has also shown
545:
1:
3282:Least concern biota of Mexico
2179:. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
2081:Smith, Paul (February 2018).
1896:Firefly Encyclopedia of Trees
1817:Werthner, William B. (1935).
1609:Agricultural Research Service
1505:
1120:for such uses as inexpensive
936:. The species also occurs in
663:is easily distinguished from
3317:Cloud forest flora of Mexico
2645:Meyer, Frederick G. (1997).
2634:United States Forest Service
2300:10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.02.140
1178:
1018:, and all the way up to the
977:Highlands Hammock State Park
7:
3272:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
2665:Harvard University Herbaria
2153:University of South Florida
2041:Missouri Botanical Garden:
1966:"Liquidambar styraciflua",
1868:Keeler, Harriet L. (1900).
1326:Royal Horticultural Society
387:
10:
3333:
2610:Kormanik, Paul P. (1990).
2267:Little, Elbert L. (1980).
1984:New-Hall, Charles (1890).
1793:. CRC Press. p. 407.
1572:Plants of the World Online
1069:Southeastern United States
708:
455:
3302:Trees of Northern America
2780:
2661:Missouri Botanical Garden
2424:"AGM Plants – Ornamental"
2331:10.3390/molecules28010360
2120:"Liquidambar styraciflua"
1774:Familiar Trees of America
1061:(Liquidambar styraciflua)
985:Highlands County, Florida
743:The distinctive compound
597:
385:('fluid') and the Arabic
225:
218:
210:
201:
184:
177:
70:Scientific classification
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
3307:Trees of Central America
3267:Plants described in 1753
2626:Silvics of North America
2002:Leopold, Donald (1998).
1894:Cafferty, Steve (2005).
1744:. Natural History Museum
1187:to treat issues such as
1131:
987:, and even southwest of
738:
362:
3146:Liquidambar styraciflua
2812:Liquidambar styraciflua
2782:Liquidambar styraciflua
2732:Liquidambar styraciflua
2721:27 October 2007 at the
2710:Liquidambar styraciflua
2702:Liquidambar styraciflua
2687:Liquidambar styraciflua
2649:Liquidambar styraciflua
2614:Liquidambar styraciflua
2566:Liquidambar styraciflua
2505:Liquidambar styraciflua
2480:Liquidambar styraciflua
2451:Liquidambar styraciflua
2292:Liquidambar styraciflua
2219:Liquidambar styraciflua
2205:, New York: McGraw-Hill
2149:Atlas of Florida Plants
2043:Liquidambar styraciflua
1918:Illick, Joseph (1928).
1772:Grimm, William (1967).
1597:Liquidambar styraciflua
1566:Liquidambar styraciflua
1523:Liquidambar styraciflua
1446:Liquidambar styraciflua
1430:Liquidambar styraciflua
1318:Liquidambar styraciflua
1239:Liquidambar styraciflua
1034:
1029:
996:Liquidambar styraciflua
651:resemble those of some
556:Liquidambar styraciflua
550:
520:Liquidambar styraciflua
462:Liquidambar styraciflua
379:in 1753 from the Latin
272:Liquidambar styraciflua
254:Liquidambar tuberculata
246:Liquidambar macrophylla
188:Liquidambar styraciflua
2663:, St. Louis, MO &
2503:"RHS Plant Selector –
2449:"RHS Plant Selector –
1417:
1235:
1228:
1056:
1044:
998:has a distribution on
789:resemble those of the
718:
381:
2746:: e.T33966A67700725.
1832:Corti, Count (1931).
1537:: e.T33966A67700725.
1435:The imperfect fungus
1415:
1330:Award of Garden Merit
1301:Palo Alto, California
1234:
1226:
1051:Harvesting redgum in
1050:
1042:
874:Mature fruit and seed
795:Platanus occidentalis
716:
229:Liquidambar gummifera
2226:11 July 2015 at the
2026:Rhoads, Ann (2005).
1834:A History of Smoking
1742:Encyclopedia of Life
1661:Small, J.K. (1933).
1024:far North Queensland
900:in the southeastern
486:(1686) it is called
2478:"RHS Plantfinder –
1790:Florida Ethnobotany
1169:L. styraciflua
1020:Atherton Tablelands
846:Leaf buds and fruit
472:Francisco Hernández
421:The sweetgum has a
375:was first given by
238:Liquidambar barbata
170:L. styraciflua
40:Conservation status
2539:. Gannett Co., Inc
2404:. 14 December 2009
2378:on 6 December 2021
2215:Kormanik, Paul P.
1920:Pennsylvania Trees
1457:Nacogdoches County
1418:
1320:are (those marked
1236:
1229:
1057:
1045:
1002:from southwestern
1000:mainland Australia
912:, through central
719:
717:Flower of sweetgum
592:Deeply ridged bark
484:Historia Plantarum
405:L. orientalis
342:temperate climates
24:American sweetgum
3244:
3243:
3128:Open Tree of Life
2774:Taxon identifiers
2562:Dicarpella dryina
1736:Cafferty, Steve.
1638:Wordreference.com
1450:
1443:
1438:Dicarpella dryina
1274:sweetbay magnolia
1197:anti-inflammatory
1004:Western Australia
934:Midwestern states
908:south to central
791:American sycamore
563:Bark and branches
526:-aged fossils in
275:), also known as
267:American sweetgum
264:
263:
258:
250:
242:
233:
211:Natural range of
63:
3324:
3297:Ornamental trees
3237:
3236:
3224:
3223:
3211:
3210:
3198:
3197:
3185:
3184:
3172:
3171:
3159:
3158:
3149:
3148:
3136:
3135:
3123:
3122:
3110:
3109:
3097:
3096:
3087:
3086:
3074:
3073:
3071:NBNSYS0500000235
3061:
3060:
3048:
3047:
3035:
3034:
3025:
3024:
3012:
3011:
2999:
2998:
2986:
2985:
2973:
2972:
2960:
2959:
2947:
2946:
2934:
2933:
2921:
2920:
2911:
2910:
2898:
2897:
2885:
2884:
2872:
2871:
2859:
2858:
2849:
2848:
2836:
2835:
2826:
2825:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2755:
2696:
2668:
2667:, Cambridge, MA.
2641:
2630:Washington, D.C.
2596:
2595:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2499:
2493:
2492:
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2474:
2468:
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2465:
2463:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2428:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2374:. Archived from
2368:
2362:
2361:
2351:
2333:
2308:
2302:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2241:
2235:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2198:
2192:
2186:
2180:
2177:Burke's Backyard
2170:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2052:
2046:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2023:
2008:
2007:
1999:
1990:
1989:
1981:
1972:
1971:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1947:on 28 March 2012
1937:
1924:
1923:
1915:
1900:
1899:
1891:
1880:
1879:
1865:
1838:
1837:
1829:
1823:
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1814:
1805:
1804:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1769:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1658:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1591:
1576:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1546:
1516:
1486:application and
1448:
1441:
1407:
1390:
1374:
1371:'Lane Roberts' (
1367:
1366:
1362:
1359:
1324:have gained the
1323:
1213:hepatoprotective
1185:Chinese medicine
1081:specific gravity
964:. In Mexico and
948:, as well as in
883:
871:
855:
843:
831:
821:
820:
816:
811:
810:
806:
784:
783:
779:
760:
759:
755:
752:
734:
733:
729:
726:
700:
688:
622:
621:
617:
614:
589:
577:
464:is in a work by
393:specific epithet
390:
384:
256:
248:
240:
231:
206:
190:
78:
77:
57:
52:
51:
33:
21:
20:
3332:
3331:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3232:
3227:
3219:
3214:
3206:
3201:
3193:
3188:
3180:
3175:
3167:
3162:
3154:
3152:
3144:
3139:
3131:
3126:
3118:
3115:Observation.org
3113:
3105:
3100:
3092:
3090:
3082:
3077:
3069:
3064:
3056:
3051:
3043:
3038:
3030:
3029:MichiganFlora:
3028:
3020:
3015:
3007:
3002:
2994:
2989:
2981:
2976:
2968:
2963:
2955:
2950:
2942:
2937:
2929:
2924:
2916:
2914:
2906:
2901:
2893:
2888:
2880:
2875:
2867:
2862:
2854:
2852:
2844:
2839:
2831:
2829:
2821:
2819:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2776:
2758:
2756:
2723:Wayback Machine
2676:
2671:
2628:. Vol. 2.
2605:
2600:
2599:
2584:10.2307/3761156
2574:. Search Wise.
2556:
2552:
2542:
2540:
2529:
2525:
2515:
2513:
2511:Apps.rhs.org.uk
2501:
2500:
2496:
2486:
2484:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2461:
2459:
2457:Apps.rhs.org.uk
2453:'Lane Roberts'"
2447:
2446:
2442:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2407:
2405:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2381:
2379:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2309:
2305:
2290:
2286:
2279:
2265:
2261:
2251:
2249:
2242:
2238:
2228:Wayback Machine
2214:
2210:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2187:
2183:
2171:
2167:
2157:
2155:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2128:
2126:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2091:. p. 253.
2079:
2075:
2065:
2063:
2055:Jordan, Ramon.
2053:
2049:
2039:
2035:
2024:
2011:
2000:
1993:
1982:
1975:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1950:
1948:
1939:
1938:
1927:
1916:
1903:
1892:
1883:
1866:
1841:
1830:
1826:
1815:
1808:
1801:
1785:
1781:
1770:
1757:
1747:
1745:
1734:
1730:
1723:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1696:
1694:
1684:
1680:
1673:
1659:
1652:
1642:
1640:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1617:
1615:
1593:
1592:
1579:
1563:
1559:
1549:
1547:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1433:
1405:
1388:
1372:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1321:
1312:Among the many
1221:
1181:
1166:
1136:The tree's gum
1134:
1084:
1037:
1032:
1012:New South Wales
1008:South Australia
989:Lake Okeechobee
966:Central America
894:
887:
884:
875:
872:
863:
856:
847:
844:
835:
832:
818:
814:
813:
808:
804:
803:
793:or buttonwood (
781:
777:
776:
757:
753:
750:
748:
741:
731:
727:
724:
722:
711:
704:
701:
692:
689:
619:
615:
612:
610:
600:
593:
590:
581:
578:
565:
553:
548:
518:An ancestor of
516:
458:
448:Nyssa sylvatica
365:
334:Central America
297:star-leaved gum
277:American storax
197:
192:
186:
173:
72:
64:
53:
49:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3330:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3234:wfo-0000364015
3225:
3212:
3199:
3186:
3173:
3160:
3150:
3137:
3124:
3111:
3098:
3088:
3075:
3062:
3049:
3036:
3026:
3013:
3000:
2987:
2974:
2961:
2948:
2935:
2922:
2912:
2899:
2886:
2873:
2860:
2850:
2837:
2827:
2817:
2802:
2786:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2766:
2765:
2725:
2713:
2705:
2697:
2675:
2674:External links
2672:
2670:
2669:
2642:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2578:(4): 613–618.
2564:on Sweet Gum (
2550:
2523:
2494:
2469:
2440:
2415:
2389:
2363:
2303:
2284:
2277:
2259:
2236:
2221:L. – Sweetgum"
2208:
2193:
2181:
2165:
2136:
2111:
2097:
2073:
2047:
2033:
2009:
1991:
1973:
1958:
1925:
1901:
1881:
1839:
1824:
1806:
1799:
1779:
1755:
1728:
1722:978-1405332965
1721:
1704:
1678:
1671:
1650:
1625:
1577:
1557:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1500:D. dryina
1476:D. dryina
1472:D. dryina
1468:D. dryina
1432:
1426:
1410:
1409:
1404:'Worplesdon' (
1402:
1399:
1396:North Carolina
1392:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1369:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1220:
1217:
1191:, coughs, and
1180:
1177:
1165:
1162:
1133:
1130:
1122:picture frames
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
940:from southern
924:, and eastern
893:
890:
889:
888:
885:
878:
876:
873:
866:
864:
857:
850:
848:
845:
838:
836:
833:
826:
740:
737:
710:
707:
706:
705:
703:Autumn foliage
702:
695:
693:
691:Summer foliage
690:
683:
677:promethea moth
599:
596:
595:
594:
591:
584:
582:
579:
572:
564:
561:
552:
549:
547:
544:
522:is known from
515:
512:
496:Bishop Compton
488:Styrax liquida
457:
454:
427:Ocotzocuahuitl
364:
361:
357:Hamamelidaceae
262:
261:
260:
259:
251:
243:
235:
223:
222:
216:
215:
213:L. styraciflua
208:
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66:
65:
47:
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38:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3329:
3318:
3315:
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3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
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3278:
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2828:
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2818:
2813:
2807:
2803:
2798:
2792:
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2787:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2770:
2754:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2733:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2688:
2682:
2678:
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2666:
2662:
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2657:
2652:
2650:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2615:
2608:
2607:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2554:
2538:
2534:
2527:
2512:
2508:
2507:'Worplesdon'"
2506:
2498:
2483:
2481:
2473:
2458:
2454:
2452:
2444:
2425:
2419:
2403:
2402:The Arboretum
2399:
2393:
2377:
2373:
2367:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2307:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2280:
2278:0-394-50760-6
2274:
2270:
2263:
2248:. Voanews.com
2247:
2240:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2212:
2204:
2197:
2190:
2189:Kormanik 1990
2185:
2178:
2174:
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2154:
2150:
2146:
2140:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2100:
2098:9781782406815
2094:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2077:
2062:
2061:Usna.usda.gov
2058:
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2044:
2037:
2029:
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2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2005:
1998:
1996:
1987:
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1962:
1946:
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1800:9780203491881
1796:
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1674:
1672:0-02-852410-1
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1497:
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1485:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1440:
1439:
1431:
1428:Infection on
1425:
1423:
1414:
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1400:
1397:
1393:
1386:
1383:
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1377:
1370:
1353:
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1327:
1319:
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1281:
1279:
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1263:
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1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1241:is a popular
1240:
1233:
1225:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1205:antimicrobial
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1176:
1174:
1173:shikimic acid
1170:
1164:Shikimic acid
1161:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1146:copalm balsam
1143:
1139:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1114:sleeping cars
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1087:railroad ties
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1054:
1049:
1041:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
992:
990:
986:
982:
978:
973:
971:
970:cloud forests
967:
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951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
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915:
911:
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903:
902:United States
899:
882:
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870:
865:
861:
854:
849:
842:
837:
830:
825:
824:
823:
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792:
788:
773:
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736:
715:
699:
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681:
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666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
645:
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630:
626:
607:
605:
588:
583:
576:
571:
570:
569:
560:
557:
543:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
514:Fossil record
511:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
492:John Banister
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
470:
467:
463:
453:
451:
449:
442:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
419:
417:
416:
411:
407:
406:
401:
397:
394:
389:
383:
378:
374:
370:
367:This plant's
360:
358:
354:
351:
347:
343:
339:
338:United States
335:
331:
327:
326:North America
323:
322:
318:in the genus
317:
314:
310:
306:
302:
301:alligatorwood
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
273:
268:
255:
252:
247:
244:
239:
236:
234:nom. superfl.
230:
227:
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224:
221:
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214:
209:
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200:
196:
191:
189:
183:
180:
179:Binomial name
176:
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100:Tracheophytes
98:
95:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
81:
76:
71:
67:
61:
56:
55:Least Concern
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2781:
2757:. Retrieved
2743:
2737:
2731:
2709:
2701:
2692:
2686:
2655:
2648:
2625:
2620:
2613:
2603:Bibliography
2575:
2571:
2565:
2561:
2553:
2543:26 September
2541:. Retrieved
2536:
2526:
2514:. Retrieved
2510:
2504:
2497:
2485:. Retrieved
2479:
2472:
2460:. Retrieved
2456:
2450:
2443:
2431:. Retrieved
2418:
2408:19 September
2406:. Retrieved
2401:
2392:
2380:. Retrieved
2376:the original
2366:
2321:
2317:
2306:
2291:
2287:
2268:
2262:
2250:. Retrieved
2239:
2231:
2218:
2211:
2202:
2201:"Sweetgum",
2196:
2184:
2173:Liquidambars
2168:
2156:. Retrieved
2148:
2139:
2127:. Retrieved
2123:
2114:
2102:. Retrieved
2083:
2076:
2064:. Retrieved
2060:
2050:
2042:
2036:
2027:
2003:
1985:
1967:
1961:
1949:. Retrieved
1945:the original
1919:
1895:
1870:
1833:
1827:
1818:
1789:
1782:
1773:
1748:26 September
1746:. Retrieved
1741:
1731:
1712:
1707:
1695:. Retrieved
1691:
1681:
1662:
1641:. Retrieved
1637:
1628:
1616:. Retrieved
1602:
1596:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1548:. Retrieved
1534:
1528:
1522:
1514:
1499:
1491:
1481:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1445:
1436:
1434:
1429:
1419:
1398:in the 1930s
1317:
1311:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1282:
1238:
1237:
1182:
1168:
1167:
1145:
1142:liquid amber
1141:
1135:
1060:
1058:
995:
993:
974:
916:and west to
895:
892:Distribution
886:Winged seeds
798:
794:
786:
774:
771:
742:
720:
664:
660:
656:
648:
646:
636:
628:
608:
601:
566:
555:
554:
535:
519:
517:
487:
483:
476:Liquidambar.
475:
461:
459:
447:
443:
438:
434:
430:
426:
420:
413:
403:
395:
372:
366:
353:Altingiaceae
319:
308:
307:, or simply
305:gumball tree
304:
300:
296:
293:satin-walnut
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
271:
270:
266:
265:
253:
245:
237:
228:
212:
187:
185:
169:
168:
156:
146:Altingiaceae
136:Saxifragales
119:
106:
93:
18:
16:Tree species
3262:Liquidambar
3169:kew-2348877
3053:NatureServe
2965:iNaturalist
2806:Wikispecies
2759:12 November
2252:21 December
2158:30 December
2129:22 February
2104:22 February
2066:30 December
1692:Leafy Place
1643:30 December
1618:11 December
1550:12 November
1387:'Penwood' (
1219:Cultivation
1201:antioxidant
1158:chewing gum
1091:cigar boxes
1006:, southern
954:El Salvador
920:, southern
906:Connecticut
834:Green fruit
787:Liquidambar
661:Liquidambar
649:Liquidambar
546:Description
536:Liquidambar
437:('resin'),
396:styraciflua
373:Liquidambar
321:Liquidambar
157:Liquidambar
113:Angiosperms
3251:Categories
3164:Plant List
2853:Calflora:
2681:USDA, NRCS
2482:'Penwood'"
2382:5 December
2324:(1): 360.
1738:"Taxonomy"
1506:References
1270:willow oak
1243:ornamental
1215:activity.
1193:skin sores
1150:turpentine
1126:chopsticks
1093:, crates,
942:Nuevo León
930:Appalachia
469:naturalist
446:blackgum (
433:('pine'),
281:hazel pine
2931:220007687
2621:Hardwoods
2572:Mycologia
2537:USA Today
2340:1420-3049
2318:Molecules
2089:Ivy Press
1492:D. dryina
1488:chlorosis
1484:herbicide
1422:Flight 93
1314:cultivars
1285:Palo Alto
1278:Chlorosis
1247:temperate
1209:antitumor
1179:Medicinal
1154:ambergris
1077:heartwood
1065:hardwoods
1059:Sweetgum
958:Nicaragua
950:Guatemala
944:south to
898:hardwoods
669:alternate
641:evergreen
532:Greenland
313:deciduous
164:Species:
83:Kingdom:
3221:15100008
3216:Tropicos
3058:2.148447
2996:10203831
2983:430718-1
2791:Wikidata
2719:Archived
2683:(n.d.).
2636:(USFS),
2516:20 April
2487:23 March
2433:22 March
2358:36615553
2224:Archived
1461:necrotic
1453:pathogen
1293:Burgundy
1289:Festival
1255:Colombia
1189:diarrhea
1111:railroad
1107:millwork
1095:flooring
1016:Victoria
962:Honduras
922:Missouri
918:Illinois
860:seed pod
799:Platanus
763:capsules
637:Fraxinus
524:Tertiary
480:John Ray
439:cuahuitl
382:liquidus
377:Linnaeus
309:sweetgum
220:Synonyms
142:Family:
126:Eudicots
60:IUCN 3.1
3040:MoBotPF
2944:3152824
2877:Ecocrop
2797:Q469652
2592:3761156
2349:9822488
1951:26 July
1496:Tannins
1464:lesions
1363:⁄
1306:Alameda
1103:plywood
1073:sapwood
1067:in the
981:Sebring
946:Chiapas
932:or the
910:Florida
817:⁄
807:⁄
780:⁄
756:⁄
730:⁄
709:Flowers
618:⁄
540:Miocene
508:England
466:Spanish
456:History
423:Nahuatl
410:benzoin
311:, is a
285:bilsted
232:Salisb.
152:Genus:
132:Order:
87:Plantae
58: (
3177:PLANTS
3091:NZOR:
3045:281024
2918:liqsty
2915:FEIS:
2895:594658
2846:416347
2820:AoFP:
2590:
2462:22 May
2356:
2346:
2338:
2275:
2095:
1797:
1719:
1697:9 July
1669:
1442:Sutton
1291:, and
1259:acidic
1251:Bogota
1203:, and
1099:veneer
1055:, 1904
1043:Lumber
938:Mexico
653:maples
625:maples
604:leaves
598:Leaves
528:Alaska
504:London
500:Fulham
425:name,
415:Styrax
400:storax
350:family
330:Mexico
289:redgum
249:Oerst.
241:Stokes
3208:10334
3182:LIST2
3153:PFI:
3133:62530
3120:29064
3102:NZPCN
3022:33966
3009:19027
2991:IRMNG
2970:49658
2957:22379
2908:LIQST
2869:6QJRL
2830:APA:
2588:JSTOR
2427:(PDF)
2230:from
1878:–164.
1138:resin
1132:Resin
1118:ebony
926:Texas
767:seeds
745:fruit
739:Fruit
435:tzotl
431:ocotl
388:ambar
371:name
369:genus
363:Names
346:maple
257:Silba
120:Clade
107:Clade
94:Clade
3190:POWO
3156:8515
3141:PfaF
3107:4313
3084:4400
3079:NCBI
3032:2941
3017:IUCN
3004:ITIS
2978:IPNI
2952:GRIN
2939:GBIF
2903:EPPO
2882:7343
2856:8598
2841:BOLD
2833:2305
2823:3559
2761:2021
2744:2018
2545:2012
2518:2020
2489:2018
2464:2013
2435:2018
2410:2023
2384:2021
2354:PMID
2336:ISSN
2273:ISBN
2254:2012
2160:2017
2131:2023
2106:2023
2093:ISBN
2068:2017
1953:2011
1795:ISBN
1750:2012
1717:ISBN
1699:2024
1667:ISBN
1645:2017
1620:2017
1552:2021
1535:2018
1332:):
1272:and
1266:clay
1262:loam
1101:for
1035:Wood
1030:Uses
960:and
914:Ohio
675:and
673:Luna
665:Acer
657:Acer
629:Acer
602:The
551:Size
332:and
316:tree
3229:WFO
3203:RHS
3066:NBN
2926:FNA
2890:EoL
2864:CoL
2748:doi
2580:doi
2344:PMC
2326:doi
2296:doi
2175:by
1876:160
1539:doi
1406:agm
1389:agm
1373:agm
1328:'s
1322:agm
1316:of
1299:in
1264:or
1144:or
1022:in
979:in
659:),
633:ash
502:in
482:'s
478:In
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3231::
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2632::
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2576:88
2570:.
2568:)"
2535:.
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2400:.
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2342:.
2334:.
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2320:.
2316:.
2151:.
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2122:.
2087:.
2059:.
2012:^
1994:^
1976:^
1928:^
1904:^
1884:^
1842:^
1809:^
1758:^
1740:.
1690:.
1653:^
1636:.
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1607:.
1601:.
1580:^
1568:L.
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530:,
510:.
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303:,
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291:,
287:,
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195:L.
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819:2
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809:4
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782:4
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728:1
725:+
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635:(
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620:4
616:1
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269:(
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