72:
702:
1707:
121:
83:
61:
94:
49:
803:. Each code word in a paired disparity code that averages to a negative level is paired with another code word that averages to a positive level. The transmitter keeps track of the running DC buildup, and picks the code word that pushes the DC level back towards zero. The receiver is designed so that either code word of the pair decodes to the same data bits. Examples of paired disparity codes include
1581:
909:
may be imposed on the generated channel sequence, i.e., the maximum number of consecutive ones or zeros is bounded to a reasonable number. A clock period is recovered by observing transitions in the received sequence, so that a maximum run length guarantees sufficient transitions to assure clock
843:
Bipolar line codes have two polarities, are generally implemented as RZ, and have a radix of three since there are three distinct output levels (negative, positive and zero). One of the principle advantages of this type of code is that it can eliminate any DC component. This is important if the
956:
Specifically, RLL bounds the length of stretches (runs) of repeated bits during which the signal does not change. If the runs are too long, clock recovery is difficult; if they are too short, the high frequencies might be attenuated by the communications channel. By
33:
1382:
965:, RLL reduces the timing uncertainty in decoding the stored data, which would lead to the possible erroneous insertion or removal of bits when reading the data back. This mechanism ensures that the boundaries between bits can always be accurately found (preventing
787:
in a constant-weight code is designed such that every code word that contains some positive or negative levels also contains enough of the opposite levels, such that the average level over each code word is zero. Examples of constant-weight codes include
847:
Unfortunately, several long-distance communication channels have polarity ambiguity. Polarity-insensitive line codes compensate in these channels. There are three ways of providing unambiguous reception of 0 and 1 bits over such channels:
440:
in data storage systems. Some signals are more prone to error than others as the physics of the communication channel or storage medium constrains the repertoire of signals that can be used reliably.
1026:
of the received signal. If the clock recovery is not ideal, then the signal to be decoded will not be sampled at the optimal times. This will increase the probability of error in the received data.
1585:
1029:
Biphase line codes require at least one transition per bit time. This makes it easier to synchronize the transceivers and detect errors, however, the baud rate is greater than that of NRZ codes.
1445:
When PSK data modulation is used, the potential exists for an ambiguity in the polarity of the received channel symbols. This problem can be solved in one of two ways. First ... a so-called
1410:
852:
Pair each code word with the polarity-inverse of that code word. The receiver is designed so that either code word of the pair decodes to the same data bits. Examples include
1313:
1045:. These requirements are unique for each medium, because each one has different behavior related to interference, distortion, capacitance and attenuation.
1479:
Another benefit of differential encoding is its insensitivity to polarity of the signal. ... If the leads of a twisted pair are accidentally reversed...
1397:
403:
972:
Early disk drives used very simple encoding schemes, such as RLL (0,1) FM code, followed by RLL (1,3) MFM code which were widely used in
1620:
1340:
Line codes ... facilitates the transmission of data over telecommunication and computer networks and its storage in multimedia systems.
367:
1001:
1360:
1657:
1590:
1310:
396:
312:
709:
Each line code has advantages and disadvantages. Line codes are chosen to meet one or more of the following criteria:
661:
Differential
Manchester used in Token Ring. There is always a transition halfway between the conditioned transitions.
1950:
1851:
1564:
1472:
1438:
1204:
425:
291:
890:
1749:
1734:
1631:
CodSim 2.0: Open source simulator for
Digital Data Communications Model at the University of Malaga written in HTML
1134:
857:
515:
185:
76:
1625:
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372:
286:
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1331:
1856:
1380:, Peter E. K. Chow., "Code converter for polarity-insensitive transmission systems", published 1983
1198:
389:
647:
Variant of
Differential Manchester. There is always a transition halfway between the conditioned transitions.
1155:
756:. The disparity of a bit pattern is the difference in the number of one bits vs the number of zero bits. The
1785:
1825:
1167:
1111:
997:
190:
17:
1907:
1650:
633:
Manchester. Two consecutive bits of the same type force a transition at the beginning of a bit period.
342:
162:
37:
1173:
784:
215:
969:), while efficiently using the media to reliably store the maximal amount of data in a given space.
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128:
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362:
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1516:
A detailed description is furnished of the limiting properties of runlength limited sequences.
1037:
A line code will typically reflect technical requirements of the transmission medium, such as
71:
1913:
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800:
429:
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8:
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230:
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After line coding, the signal is put through a physical communication channel, either a
1353:
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1085:
946:
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793:
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417:
263:
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220:
41:
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of the disparity of all previously transmitted bits. The simplest possible line code,
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1005:
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210:
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1507:
1495:
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1080:
831:
823:
771:
Most line codes eliminate the DC component – such codes are called
768:, gives too many errors on such systems, because it has an unbounded DC component.
723:
577:
level. This is the standard positive logic signal format used in digital circuits.
452:
337:
332:
157:
147:
53:
1022:
Line coding should make it possible for the receiver to synchronize itself to the
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865:
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272:
1329:
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1810:
1800:
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1696:
1354:"Data Transmission at High Rates via Kapton Flexprints for the Mu3e Experiment"
1223:
1179:
1144:
1139:
1070:
1017:
950:
902:
875:
753:
519:
448:
433:
98:
1377:
1939:
1691:
1038:
1023:
937:, refer to the rate of the code, while the remaining two specify the minimal
775:, zero-DC, or DC-free. There are three ways of eliminating the DC component:
761:
498:
424:
is a pattern of voltage, current, or photons used to represent digital data
120:
1630:
1120:
1115:
741:
729:
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377:
317:
296:
1666:
1606:
772:
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until the mid-1980s and are still used in digital optical discs such as
958:
537:
533:
514:
the line-coded signal can be used to turn on and off a light source in
502:
112:
740:
Most long-distance communication channels cannot reliably transport a
819:
681:
is represented by a transition at the beginning of the clock period.
507:
27:
Pattern used within a communications system to represent digital data
1511:
1336:
IEEE International
Conference on Signal Processing and Communication
844:
signal must pass through a transformer or a long transmission line.
675:
Need a Clock, always a transition in the middle of the clock period
82:
1882:
1872:
985:
966:
886:
526:
492:
483:, in the form of variations of the voltage or current (often using
109:
60:
1102:
993:
945:
number of zeroes between consecutive ones. This is used in both
532:
the line-coded signal can be converted to magnetized spots on a
1835:
1665:
1426:
1185:
1004:
codes. Higher density RLL (2,7) and RLL (1,7) codes became the
808:
93:
48:
874:
each symbol relative to the previous symbol. Examples include
1330:
Abdullatif Glass; Nidhal
Abdulaziz; and Eesa Bastaki (2007),
989:
327:
705:
An arbitrary bit pattern in various binary line code formats
692:
forces a positive or negative pulse for half the bit period
1877:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1533:"EFMPlus: The Coding Format of the MultiMedia Compact Disc"
1065:
1060:
1055:
962:
879:
812:
525:
the line-coded signal can be printed on paper to create a
32:
1106:
981:
977:
36:
An example of coding a binary signal using rectangular
1527:
1490:
1433:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 255.
1399:
639:
forces a positive transition in the middle of the bit
636:
forces a negative transition in the middle of the bit
622:
goes high for half the bit period and returns to low
543:
the line-coded signal can be converted to pits on an
1276:
1248:
949:
and storage systems that move a medium past a fixed
551:Some of the more common binary line codes include:
1430:Error-Correction Coding for Digital Communications
1332:"Slope line coding for telecommunication networks"
1376:
436:. This repertoire of signals is usually called a
1937:
1460:
1286:IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
608:does nothing (keeps sending the previous level)
597:does nothing (keeps sending the previous level)
501:(to reduce its frequency bandwidth) and then is
1541:A high-density alternative to EFM is described.
913:RLL codes are defined by four main parameters:
479:the line-coded signal can directly be put on a
1282:"A Survey of Codes for Optical Disk Recording"
1651:
397:
1395:
689:The positive and negative pulses alternate.
1351:
896:
462:
1658:
1644:
1427:George C. Clark Jr.; J. Bibb Cain (2013).
822:. For example, the scrambler specified in
404:
390:
1537:IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics
1464:Data Communications and Computer Networks
475:. The most common physical channels are:
1559:. Javvin Technologies Inc. p. 284.
700:
92:
81:
70:
59:
47:
31:
1032:
14:
1938:
1750:Differential Manchester/biphase (Bi-φ)
1303:
885:Invert the whole stream when inverted
744:. The DC component is also called the
505:(to shift its frequency) to create an
1730:Non-return-to-zero, level (NRZ/NRZ-L)
1639:
1467:. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. p. 13.
1311:"Coding for Magnetic Storage Mediums"
1270:
1192:
695:keeps a zero level during bit period
672:Differential Manchester (Alternative)
1735:Non-return-to-zero, inverted (NRZ-I)
1626:Line Coding in Digital Communication
1552:
1158:, Miller encoding and delay encoding
1048:
518:, most commonly used in an infrared
511:that can be sent through free space.
1008:for hard disks by the early 1990s.
719:Ease error detection and correction
24:
1396:David A. Glanzer, "4.7 Polarity",
1011:
25:
1967:
1852:Carrier-suppressed return-to-zero
1740:Non-return-to-zero, space (NRZ-S)
1614:
1254:"Innovation in Constrained Codes"
1205:Carrier-Suppressed Return-to-Zero
678:is represented by no transition.
1705:
1584: This article incorporates
1579:
1366:from the original on 2022-10-09.
858:Differential Manchester encoding
625:stays low for the entire period
516:free-space optical communication
119:
77:differential Manchester encoding
1669:(digital baseband transmission)
1597:General Services Administration
1546:
1521:
1484:
1416:from the original on 2022-10-09
1857:Alternate-phase return-to-zero
1454:
1420:
1389:
1370:
1345:
1323:
1242:
1199:Alternate-Phase Return-to-Zero
713:Minimize transmission hardware
13:
1:
1496:"Runlength-Limited Sequences"
1235:
1156:Modified frequency modulation
1826:Eight-to-fourteen modulation
1258:IEEE Communications Magazine
1168:Non-return-to-zero, inverted
1112:Eight-to-fourteen modulation
889:are detected, perhaps using
735:
7:
1217:
1211:Three of Six, Fiber Optical
838:
490:the line-coded signal (the
64:Encoding of 11011000100 in
10:
1972:
1908:Pulse-amplitude modulation
1015:
716:Facilitate synchronization
443:Common line encodings are
313:Capacity-approaching codes
38:pulse-amplitude modulation
1865:
1844:
1758:
1714:
1703:
1674:
1621:Line Coding Lecture No. 9
1461:Prakash C. Gupta (2013).
1174:Pulse-position modulation
605:Non-return-to-zero space
1951:Physical layer protocols
1903:Pulse modulation methods
1786:Alternate mark inversion
1152:: B8ZS, B6ZS, B3ZS, HDB3
1091:Alternate mark inversion
897:Run-length limited codes
854:alternate mark inversion
805:alternate mark inversion
591:Non-return-to-zero mark
463:Transmission and storage
1898:Ethernet physical layer
1500:Proceedings of the IEEE
1231:and bit synchronization
1229:Self-synchronizing code
1135:differential Manchester
250:Hierarchical modulation
1592:Federal Standard 1037C
1586:public domain material
1529:Kees Schouhamer Immink
1492:Kees Schouhamer Immink
706:
485:differential signaling
101:
90:
79:
68:
57:
45:
1914:Pulse-code modulation
1831:Delay/Miller encoding
1605: (in support of
1553:Dong, Jielin (2007).
1338:, Dubai: IEEE: 1537,
1043:shielded twisted pair
907:run-length limitation
801:paired disparity code
704:
664:keeps level constant
653:keeps level constant
430:communication channel
96:
85:
74:
63:
51:
35:
1920:Serial communication
1893:Digital transmission
1796:Coded mark inversion
1352:Jens Kröger (2014).
1278:K. Schouhamer Immink
1250:K. Schouhamer Immink
1097:Coded mark inversion
1033:Other considerations
862:coded mark inversion
781:constant-weight code
667:forces a transition
650:forces a transition
611:forces a transition
594:forces a transition
580:forces a high level
497:) undergoes further
1925:Category:Line codes
1806:Hybrid ternary code
1766:Conditioned diphase
1759:Extended line codes
1725:Return to zero (RZ)
1407:Fieldbus Foundation
1126:Hybrid ternary code
905:at the receiver, a
891:polarity switching
872:differential coding
783:. Each transmitted
583:forces a low level
473:data storage medium
469:transmission medium
66:Manchester encoding
1845:Optical line codes
1556:Network Dictionary
1539:. CE-41: 491–497.
1316:2014-05-21 at the
1193:Optical line codes
1162:Non-return-to-zero
1150:Modified AMI codes
1086:128b/130b encoding
1006:de facto standards
947:telecommunications
910:recovery quality.
794:Interleaved 2 of 5
707:
575:Non-return-to-zero
418:telecommunications
172:Digital modulation
102:
91:
80:
69:
58:
46:
42:non-return-to-zero
1933:
1932:
1791:Modified AMI code
1682:Unipolar encoding
1506:(11): 1745–1759.
1494:(December 1990).
1049:Common line codes
929:. The first two,
758:running disparity
722:Achieve a target
699:
698:
481:transmission line
414:
413:
129:Analog modulation
88:biphase mark code
16:(Redirected from
1963:
1821:64b/66b encoding
1709:
1687:Bipolar encoding
1660:
1653:
1646:
1637:
1636:
1610:
1604:
1599:. Archived from
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1274:
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1265:
1264:
1246:
1081:64b/66b encoding
974:hard disk drives
832:64b/66b encoding
724:spectral density
554:
553:
438:constrained code
432:or written to a
406:
399:
392:
123:
106:
105:
54:bipolar encoding
21:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1965:
1964:
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1861:
1840:
1816:8b/10b encoding
1754:
1710:
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1664:
1617:
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1512:10.1109/5.63306
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1318:Wayback Machine
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1271:
1262:
1260:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1220:
1195:
1190:
1131:Manchester code
1114:(EFM), used in
1076:8b/10b encoding
1051:
1035:
1020:
1014:
1012:Synchronization
899:
866:Miller encoding
841:
790:Manchester code
738:
619:Return to zero
465:
457:Manchester code
410:
273:Spread spectrum
104:
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28:
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1811:6b/8b encoding
1808:
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1801:MLT-3 encoding
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1615:External links
1613:
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1603:on 2022-01-22.
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1359:. p. 16.
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1309:Karl Paulsen.
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1224:Physical layer
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1180:Return-to-zero
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1145:MLT-3 encoding
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1140:Mark and space
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1128:
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1071:6b/8b encoding
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1018:Clock recovery
1016:Main article:
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951:recording head
903:clock recovery
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876:MLT-3 encoding
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754:DC coefficient
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99:MLT-3 encoding
97:An example of
86:An example of
75:An example of
52:An example of
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1608:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1593:
1587:
1577:
1576:
1568:
1566:9781602670006
1562:
1558:
1557:
1549:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1524:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1487:
1480:
1476:
1474:9788120348646
1470:
1466:
1465:
1457:
1450:
1448:
1442:
1440:9781489921741
1436:
1432:
1431:
1423:
1412:
1408:
1401:
1400:
1392:
1379:
1373:
1362:
1355:
1348:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1326:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1306:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1273:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1245:
1241:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1116:compact discs
1113:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1039:optical fiber
1030:
1027:
1025:
1019:
1009:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
970:
968:
964:
960:
954:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
911:
908:
904:
901:For reliable
892:
888:
884:
881:
877:
873:
870:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
850:
849:
845:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
795:
791:
786:
782:
778:
777:
776:
774:
769:
767:
763:
762:running total
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
731:
727:
725:
721:
718:
715:
712:
711:
710:
703:
694:
691:
688:
685:
684:
680:
677:
674:
671:
670:
666:
663:
660:
657:
656:
652:
649:
646:
643:
642:
638:
635:
632:
629:
628:
624:
621:
618:
615:
614:
610:
607:
604:
601:
600:
596:
593:
590:
587:
586:
582:
579:
576:
573:
570:
569:
565:
562:
559:
556:
555:
552:
546:
542:
539:
535:
531:
528:
524:
521:
517:
513:
510:
509:
504:
500:
499:pulse shaping
496:
494:
489:
486:
482:
478:
477:
476:
474:
470:
460:
458:
454:
450:
446:
441:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
407:
402:
400:
395:
393:
388:
387:
385:
384:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
310:
309:
308:
304:
303:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
279:
278:
277:
274:
271:
270:
265:
262:
260:
257:
256:
255:
254:
251:
248:
247:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
178:
177:
176:
173:
170:
169:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
135:
134:
133:
130:
127:
126:
122:
118:
117:
114:
111:
108:
107:
100:
95:
89:
84:
78:
73:
67:
62:
55:
50:
43:
39:
34:
19:
1869:
1716:
1601:the original
1591:
1555:
1548:
1540:
1536:
1523:
1515:
1503:
1499:
1486:
1478:
1463:
1456:
1446:
1444:
1429:
1422:
1398:
1391:
1372:
1347:
1339:
1335:
1325:
1305:
1294:. Retrieved
1289:
1285:
1272:
1261:. Retrieved
1257:
1244:
1121:Hamming code
1036:
1028:
1021:
971:
955:
942:
941:and maximal
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
912:
900:
846:
842:
770:
757:
749:
745:
742:DC component
739:
730:DC component
728:Eliminate a
708:
550:
545:optical disc
506:
491:
466:
442:
437:
421:
415:
378:Multiplexing
322:
318:Demodulation
1667:Line coding
1607:MIL-STD-188
1447:transparent
773:DC-balanced
426:transmitted
323:Line coding
40:with polar
18:Line coding
1946:Line codes
1940:Categories
1745:Manchester
1717:line codes
1378:US 4387366
1296:2018-02-05
1263:2022-10-05
1236:References
1105:, used in
959:modulating
538:tape drive
534:hard drive
113:modulation
1870:See also:
1449:code. ...
1292:: 751–764
887:syncwords
820:scrambler
785:code word
752:, or the
746:disparity
736:Disparity
658:Biphase–S
644:Biphase–M
630:Biphase–L
508:RF signal
503:modulated
422:line code
56:, or AMI.
1883:Bit rate
1873:Baseband
1531:(1995).
1411:archived
1361:Archived
1314:Archived
1280:(2001).
1252:(2022).
1218:See also
967:bit slip
839:Polarity
766:unipolar
566:0 state
560:Comments
527:bar code
493:baseband
445:unipolar
305:See also
110:Passband
1213:(TS-FO)
1103:EFMPlus
1002:EFMPLus
994:Blu-ray
760:is the
686:Bipolar
563:1 state
453:bipolar
428:down a
1836:TC-PAM
1715:Basic
1563:
1471:
1437:
1384:
1320:.2007.
1207:(CSRZ)
1201:(APRZ)
1186:TC-PAM
1170:(NRZI)
996:using
826:
818:Use a
809:8b/10b
799:Use a
779:Use a
748:, the
557:Signal
495:signal
455:, and
231:SC-FDE
1916:(PCM)
1910:(PAM)
1588:from
1414:(PDF)
1403:(PDF)
1364:(PDF)
1357:(PDF)
1176:(PPM)
1164:(NRZ)
1099:(CMI)
1093:(AMI)
1024:phase
990:Hi-MD
602:NRZ–S
588:NRZ–M
571:NRZ–L
449:polar
328:Modem
1878:Baud
1781:2B1Q
1776:4B5B
1771:4B3T
1561:ISBN
1469:ISBN
1435:ISBN
1182:(RZ)
1133:and
1107:DVDs
1066:4B5B
1061:4B3T
1056:2B1Q
1000:and
992:and
963:data
961:the
880:NRZI
878:and
864:and
830:for
828:2615
813:4B3T
811:and
792:and
750:bias
420:, a
368:OFDM
297:THSS
292:FHSS
287:DSSS
201:MFSK
186:APSK
44:code
1508:doi
1041:or
998:EFM
982:DVD
824:RFC
536:or
471:or
416:In
373:FDM
363:ΔΣM
358:PWM
353:PDM
348:PCM
343:PAM
338:PoM
333:AnM
282:CSS
264:WDM
259:QAM
241:WDM
236:TCM
226:QAM
221:PSK
216:PPM
211:OOK
206:MSK
196:FSK
191:CPM
181:ASK
163:SSB
153:QAM
1942::
1609:).
1595:.
1535:.
1514:.
1504:78
1502:.
1498:.
1477:.
1443:.
1405:,
1334:,
1290:19
1288:.
1284:.
1256:.
988:,
986:MD
984:,
980:,
978:CD
953:.
925:,
921:,
917:,
860:,
856:,
807:,
616:RZ
487:).
459:.
451:,
447:,
158:SM
148:PM
143:FM
138:AM
1659:e
1652:t
1645:v
1569:.
1510::
1299:.
1266:.
943:k
939:d
935:n
933:/
931:m
927:k
923:d
919:n
915:m
882:.
868:.
834:.
815:.
796:.
547:.
540:.
529:.
522:.
405:e
398:t
391:v
20:)
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