362:(2/3 June 1653), both fleets began parallel to each other, arranged in three squadrons nose to tail. The English ships were able to fire continuous broadsides, resulting in terrible loss of life and damage to the Dutch fleet. The Dutch were unable to approach the enemy at close quarters, their preferred tactic. This usually prevailed if they could isolate and attack individual ships. The tactic revealed by the Battle of the Gabbard was not new to naval warfare, but was a consequence of the reforms imposed on the English navy. The New Fighting Instructions meant that senior officers could more easily control their ship captains, who could no longer easily evade fighting, or race heroically ahead of the rest of the fleet.
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332:(18–20 February 1653), the English were scattered at the start of the battle, and so were unable to attack the Dutch fleet effectively. It was at Portland that Monck saw how little control admirals had in controlling a fleet and passing commands to his ships. One of the first precise written instructions adopting the line of battle tactic were contained in the English Navy's Fighting Instructions, written by Blake and his colleagues, and published in 1653.
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necessary that the sight of the latter must never be interrupted by a friendly ship. Only one formation allows the ships of the same fleet to satisfy fully these conditions. That formation is the line ahead . This line, therefore, is imposed as the only order of battle, and consequently as the basis of all fleet tactics." The Dutch
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The line-of-battle tactic favoured very large ships that could sail steadily and maintain their place in the line in the face of heavy fire. The change toward the line of battle also depended on an increased disciplining of society and the demands of powerful centralized government to keep permanent
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without fear of hitting a friendly ship. This means that in a given period, the fleet can fire more shots. Another advantage is that a relative movement of the line in relation to some part of the enemy fleet allows for a systematic concentration of fire on that part. The other fleet can avoid this
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was marked by a successively stricter organization. Battle formations became standardized, based on calculated ideal models. The increased power of states at the expense of individual landowners led to increasingly larger armies and navies. A ship that was powerful enough to stand in the line of
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cannon, which did not deploy the broadside to its best effect. These new vessels required new tactics, and "since ... almost all the artillery is found upon the sides of a ship of war, hence it is the beam that must necessarily and always be turned toward the enemy. On the other hand, it is
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carried out a radical reform of ship design – between 1810 and 1840, every detail was altered, and more advances occurred during this period than had happened since the 1660s. There was, however, no change in the principle of the tactic of a line of battle. These alterations were
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with 12 ships. After Tromp refused to strike sail in salute, a battle took place, but the Dutch, despite their superior numbers, failed to capture any
English ships. The engagement was, according to the historian Ben Wilson, "a good old-fashioned melee lacking any sophisticated tactics".
205:
manned by 460 men, and entered Ormuz Bay, being surrounded by 250 warships and a 20,000 men army on land. Albuquerque made his small fleet (but powerful in its artillery) circle like a carrousel, but in a line end-to-end, and destroyed most of the ships that surrounded his
327:
After 1652, battles would be determined by the ability of a line of battle to not be broken down. The line was difficult to maintain when ships performed differently from each other and were affected by the sea conditions and the "chaos of conflict". At the
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in which a fleet of ships forms a line end to end. The first example of its use as a tactic is disputed—it has been variously claimed for dates ranging from 1502 to 1652. Line-of-battle tactics were in widespread use by 1675.
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The main problem with the line of battle was that when the fleets were of similar size, naval actions using it were generally indecisive. The French in particular were adept at gunnery and would generally take the
432:
at long range to bring down masts. Eventually so many vessels in a line would be damaged that they would be forced to retire for repairs while the French took few casualties and very little damage.
300:(28 September 1652) revealed the weakness of the Dutch fleet, largely consisting of smaller ships, against the English. The Dutch consequently began a large shipbuilding programme. The
84:
Compared with prior naval tactics, in which two opposing ships closed on one another for individual combat, the line of battle has the advantage that each ship in the line can fire its
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Fleet commanders sometimes met with greater success by altering or abandoning the line of battle outright by breaking the enemy line and moving through it, as occurred during the
233:, which meant faster, more stable vessels. These newer warships could mount more cannons along the sides of their decks, concentrating their firepower along their broadside.
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129:, recognized that at sea, the Portuguese "fight at a distance, as if from walls and fortresses...". He recommended the single line ahead as the ideal combat formation.
462:. Ships broke through the enemy line and then, acting simultaneously with other vessels that remained on the original side, would engage the enemy fleet.
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If the opposing fleets were of similar size, a portion of the line might be overwhelmed by focused gunfire of the entire enemy line by a tactic known as
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fleets led by a corps of professional officers. These officers were better able to manage and communicate between the ships they commanded than the
526:, meant that by the 1870s, sail power had been abandoned. Battleships of the line were still in use in the early 20th century, using steam-driven
565:
and/or had long range, meant that gun engagements were no longer decisive, so that there was no longer any need for a line-of-battle formation.
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by manoeuvring in a line itself, with a result typical for sea battles since 1675: two fleets sail alongside one another (or on the opposite
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304:(30 November 1652) was a victory for the Dutch, and led to the revitalisation of the Commonwealth Navy. One innovation introduced by
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447:. Another tactic cut off and isolated part of the enemy's line while concentrating a stronger force on it (as happened during the
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suggests that the tactic was in place before this date. Portuguese fleets overseas deployed in line ahead, firing one
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showed that sailing ships needed to be converted if they were to be of any military use. The introduction of the
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and then putting about in order to return and discharge the other, resolving battles by gunnery alone. In a
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superseded by changes brought about by the advance of steam power and industrially-produced armaments.
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This article is about the line formation in fleet. For the line of battle in infantry and cavalry, see
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When ramming fell out of fashion, the logic of the line of battle tactic returned. It was used in the
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that often comprised large parts of a navy's force. The new type of warfare that developed during the
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189:, earlier in the same year. Another early, but different form of this strategy, was used in 1507 by
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Until the mid-17th century, the tactics of a fleet were often to "charge" the enemy, firing
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840:(subscription may be required or content may be available in libraries that are in the UK)
316:, which introduced the concept of Red, White, and Blue squadrons, each with an admiral, a
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as the decisive factor in combat. At the same time, the natural tendency in the design of
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against a Muslim fleet. One of the earliest recorded deliberate uses is documented in the
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Navies and
Nations: Warships, Navies and State Building in Europe and America, 1500–1680
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The first recorded mention of the use of a line of battle tactic is to be found in the
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The
Ironclads: an illustrated history of battleships from 1860 to the First World War
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1388:. Vol. 1: The Development of the Battlefleet 1650–1850. Conway Maritime Press.
1163:. Vol. 1: The Development of the Battlefleet 1650–1850. Conway Maritime Press.
324:, The Articles of War established the line of battle as a tactic for naval warfare.
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The
Military Revolution: military innovation and the rise of the West, 1500–1800
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308:(the first English professional soldier to become a senior naval officer) and
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appear to have experimented with the technique in 1652, possibly including
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converted to steam in 1846, becoming the first steam ship of the line. The
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position to enable their fleet to retire downwind while continuing to fire
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Tudor and Stuart
Seafarers: The Emergence of a Maritime Nation, 1485–1707
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Schittering en
Schandaal: Dubbelbiografie van Maerten en Cornelis Tromp
549:(1916), and – for the last time – in the
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gradually became the most important weapon in naval warfare, replacing
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Naval warfare tactic in which a fleet of ships forms a line end to end
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The
Cambridge Illustrated History of Warfare: The Triumph of the West
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1092:. Vol. 1. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International.
1366:. Conway's History of the Ship. London: Conway Maritime Press.
214:
1498:
The
Command of the Ocean, a Naval History of Britain 1649–1815
1290:
The
Command of the Ocean, a Naval History of Britain 1649–1815
534:, ramming again became a method of attack, as occurred at the
334:
Instructions for the better ordering of the Fleet in
Fighting
237:
Development during the Anglo-Dutch battles of the early 1650s
538:, the first ever fleet engagement involving ironclad ships.
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While the Japanese succeeded in crippling the battle line…
1334:
Empire of the Deep: the Rise and Fall of the British Navy
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125:, Portuguese theorist on naval warfare and shipbuilding,
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1449:"Image and Reality in Eighteenth-Century Naval Tactics"
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288:(19 May 1652). Tromp faced Blake as he approached from
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1312:
The Battle of Leyte Gulf : The Last Fleet Action
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The Metal Fighting Ship in the Royal Navy, 1860–1970
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507:replaced wind power during the 19th century, with
1409:"The Development of Broadside Gunnery, 1450–1650"
1363:The Line of Battle: The Sailing Warship 1650–1840
1184:The Influence of Sea Power Upon History 1660–1783
530:and armed with turrets. With the introduction of
1518:
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925:"Clash at Surigao Strait: The Last Battle Line"
1268:(in Dutch). Amsterdam; Antwerp: Arbeidspers.
409:
253:first used the line of battle tactic in the
157:Line-of-battle tactics had been used by the
1047:. Vol. 29. The Navy Records Society.
43:Two fleets in their line of battle during
1315:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
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1537:Naval warfare of the Early Modern period
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348:The Battle of the Gabbard, 2 June 1653
59:The Battle of Copenhagen, 2 April 1801
1338:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
1187:. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
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488:In the years following the defeat of
257:, although some have disputed this.
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480:, the first steam ship of the line (
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522:, which made it impossible to have
466:Age of Steam and later developments
396:Problems associated with the tactic
386:. In time this became shortened to
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1260:Prud’homme van Reine, R. (2001).
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580:Naval tactics in the Age of Steam
1044:Fighting Instructions, 1530–1816
225:was for longer ships with lower
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561:, particularly those that were
270:British Battles on Land and Sea
213:From the mid-16th century, the
1468:10.1080/00253359.2003.10659294
1428:10.1080/00253359.1996.10656604
1360:Gardiner, Robert, ed. (2004).
276:Captains on both sides of the
159:Fourth Portuguese India Armada
138:Fourth Portuguese India Armada
13:
1:
951:"Battle Group – Introduction"
557:as well as a wide variety of
482:Maritime Institute of Ireland
179:Third Portuguese India Armada
96:
7:
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553:(1944). The development of
375:battle came to be called a
298:Battle of the Kentish Knock
268:(19 May 1652), depicted in
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1243:Cambridge University Press
1213:Cambridge University Press
1021:Cambridge University Press
998:. New York: Arco Pub. Co.
990:Archibald, E.H.H. (1971).
983:
210:. He then captured Ormuz.
143:Livro de Lisuarte de Abreu
107:Manuel I, king of Portugal
29:
931:. Warfare History Network
678:Prud’homme van Reine 2001
613:: 3. 2017. Archived from
415:(1854), showing a French
175:First Battle of Cannanore
1039:Corbett, Julian Stafford
590:
551:Battle of Surigao Strait
419:forming a line of battle
185:and the naval forces of
163:Battle of Calicut (1503)
923:Lippman, David (2013).
827:Oxford University Press
407:, an illustration from
352:Royal Museums Greenwich
193:at the entrance to the
78:tactic in naval warfare
63:Royal Museums Greenwich
45:the Battle of Cuddalore
1502:. London: Allen Lane.
1444:Rodger, Nicholas A. M.
1404:Rodger, Nicholas A. M.
1294:. London: Allen Lane.
1137:The Price of Admiralty
1115:. London: Southwater.
536:Battle of Lissa (1866)
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420:
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105:, provided in 1500 by
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1527:Naval warfare tactics
1492:Rodger, Nicholas A.M.
1284:Rodger, Nicholas A.M.
1068:Bloomsbury Publishing
1060:Davey, James (2018).
1016:The Battle of Jutland
1013:Brooks, John (2016).
524:ships with a full rig
496:in 1815, the British
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453:Battle of the Saintes
441:Battle of Schooneveld
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360:Battle of the Gabbard
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278:First Anglo-Dutch War
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191:Afonso de Albuquerque
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123:The Art of War at Sea
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1455:The Mariner's Mirror
1415:The Mariner's Mirror
1386:The Ship of the Line
1330:Wilson, Ben (2014).
1161:The Ship of the Line
1141:. New York: Viking.
1107:Hore, Peter (2006).
575:Sailing ship tactics
505:Marine steam engines
255:Fight in the Channel
1532:Tactical formations
877:, pp. 155–156.
719:, pp. 200–201.
668:, pp. 115–116.
445:Battle of Trafalgar
405:Antoine Morel-Fatio
384:line of battle ship
372:early modern period
302:Battle of Dungeness
819:"'battleship, n.'"
772:, pp. 99–104.
604:"Battle of Midway"
559:anti-ship missiles
543:Battle of Tsushima
494:Battle of Waterloo
486:
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330:Battle of Portland
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140:of 1502, from the
127:Fernão de Oliveira
66:
48:
1509:978-0-7139-9411-7
1395:978-0-85177-252-3
1373:978-08517-7-954-6
1345:978-07538-2-920-2
1322:978-02530-0-351-5
1309:Willmott (2005).
1301:978-0-7139-9411-7
1275:978-90-295-3572-4
1252:978-05217-3-806-4
1222:978-0-521-47426-9
1170:978-0-85177-252-3
1148:978-0-670-81416-9
1122:978-18447-6-299-6
1099:978-91-22-01565-9
1077:978-14729-5-678-1
1030:978-11071-5-014-0
1005:978-06680-2-509-6
620:on 16 August 2023
611:Combat Narratives
555:aircraft carriers
547:Battle of Jutland
532:ironclad warships
199:conquest of Ormuz
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1542:Age of Sail
1179:Mahan, A.T.
960:10 December
911:Brooks 2016
875:Lavery 2003
863:Lavery 2003
851:Keegan 1989
833:25 November
794:Wilson 2014
782:Wilson 2014
758:Wilson 2014
746:Rodger 2004
717:Wilson 2014
705:Wilson 2014
654:Parker 1996
642:Parker 2008
516:Crimean War
358:During the
227:forecastles
146: [
74:battle line
61:(undated),
1521:Categories
1193:1084844208
1086:Glete, Jan
1066:. London:
1053:1045333716
935:8 December
823:OED Online
806:Glete 1993
729:Davey 2018
666:Mahan 1890
528:propellers
520:gun turret
443:, and the
430:chain-shot
389:battleship
243:bow chaser
97:Background
1484:109717660
1476:0025-3359
1436:0025-3359
887:Hore 2006
624:16 August
498:Admiralty
411:La Marine
380:of battle
121:of 1555,
115:broadside
86:broadside
1494:(2004).
1446:(2003).
1406:(1996).
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1133:(1989).
1088:(1993).
569:See also
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460:doubling
451:and the
417:squadron
320:, and a
312:was the
223:galleons
208:squadron
203:carracks
165:, under
119:treatise
984:Sources
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426:leeward
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181:under
1480:S2CID
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591:Notes
382:, or
310:Deane
150:]
76:is a
1504:ISBN
1472:ISSN
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1189:OCLC
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1000:ISBN
962:2022
937:2022
835:2022
626:2024
511:Ajax
509:HMS
477:Ajax
475:HMS
296:The
264:The
229:and
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