1748:
3220:
1736:
135:
25:
3208:
3310:
there have been frequent changes in the configuration of political parties and, for the most part, the representation of liberal and radical views has been split among a number of parties that may also espouse other views. These parties have often been part of governing
3488:
inquiries and the resulting shake-up of the
Italian party system, the liberal movement has been strongly divided. As a result, a broad group of parties, not all included here, started to use the "liberal" label.
5594:
5524:
3081:
1314:
3566:
was launched in 1997, but, as the
Italian Republican Party, it survives as a very minor party. The former two, Civic Choice, Act to Stop the Decline and minor groups joined forces in
5792:
5807:
5759:
2537:
5764:
5616:
5769:
5686:
5606:
5509:
5797:
5817:
5802:
5749:
5787:
5589:
5514:
5494:
2318:
5812:
5754:
5641:
5631:
5036:
4790:
4387:
3528:
1078:
3283:
During the first decades of Italy as a united country, the main parliamentary parties included liberals, but it was not until 1877 that the left-wing
5138:
93:
3319:
5466:
2868:
65:
5843:
1103:
1073:
3439:, both Liberals and Republicans reorganised themselves, followed by more liberal parties in the upcoming decades (notably including the new
3250:
1778:
1155:
72:
3858:), whilst the PL, along with members of the DLI (briefly known as Liberals for Italy) and former members of the UdC, re-establishes the
4782:
4278:
3432:
regime was established and all the parties, notably including the
Italian Liberal Party and the Italian Republican Party, were banned.
3688:
1922: Giolitti's
Liberals, conservative liberals and remnants of the Historical Right (by then called Liberal Conservatives) form the
3562:
coalition. This is the reason why the term "liberal" is more often used when speaking of the centre-right than the centre-left. A new
2736:
2392:
1108:
228:
79:
3154:
2674:
1498:
3647:
3406:
2793:
2761:
2754:
2492:
2343:
1088:
35:
4893:
3061:
2679:
1951:
1577:
61:
3535:
member), the aforementioned
Italian Republican Party (which stretched a long way from the far-left to the centre-right of the
5427:
4774:
4048:
3139:
3104:
2749:
1622:
1416:
1195:
4794:
4632:
4462:
3851:
3764:
3513:
3144:
3129:
3119:
3114:
2956:
2689:
2629:
2487:
2412:
2090:
1448:
1309:
1257:
1252:
4019:
3740:
3124:
2996:
2926:
2801:
2482:
1565:
1277:
1128:
730:
5407:
5459:
5381:
3976:
3512:(a merger of social democrats, progressive Christian democrats and social liberals, the latter two mainly organised in
3149:
3109:
2968:
2931:
2841:
2639:
1488:
1386:
1272:
1267:
1205:
5848:
3962:
3731:
2821:
2806:
2644:
1493:
1118:
873:
3443:), and, despite their modest results in elections, they were often part of the Italian government, in alliance with
5731:
5544:
4720:
4624:
4359:
4141:
3944:
3410:
3243:
2961:
2846:
2816:
2811:
2707:
2684:
2594:
2542:
2441:
1795:
1771:
1528:
5408:"Two roads of Italian liberalism: the Partito Repubblicano Italiano (PRI) and the Partito Liberale Italiano (PLI)"
4336:
2019: +Eu is transformed into a party, with the
Italian Radicals, FE and the CD as its founding associate parties.
2155:
5569:
3674:
3307:
3159:
3056:
2502:
2467:
2328:
2323:
1555:
460:
86:
4869:
4496:
4097:
3895:
3653:
3585:
3051:
3021:
2853:
2702:
2634:
923:
492:
50:
42:
5656:
5651:
5452:
4757:
4492:
4291:
4267:
4229:
4204:
4088:
3756:
3735:
3706:
3682:
3667:
3076:
3009:
2911:
2451:
2429:
2338:
1401:
1381:
5273:: Pietro Ichino, Linda Lanzillotta, Stefania Giannini, Carlo Calenda, Andrea Romano, Bendetto Della Vedova,
3280:, started in 1861 and largely completed in 1871, and currently influence several leading political parties.
1436:
46:
5853:
5322:
5064:
4296:
4187:
3860:
3836:
3563:
2936:
2402:
4573:
4561:
4383:
4178:
4169:
4039:
3955:
3752:
3448:
3444:
3236:
3066:
2858:
2828:
2744:
2729:
2724:
2714:
2407:
2382:
2240:
1764:
1426:
1003:
470:
364:
893:
5838:
5265:
4877:
4391:
3780:
2896:
2472:
2296:
1478:
1143:
928:
610:
455:
5716:
5302:
4988:
4686:
4661:
4641:
4421:
4324:
3558:
From 1994 on, most
Liberals and several Republicans joined Forza Italia and the other parties of the
3505:
2991:
2918:
2788:
2697:
2446:
2424:
2417:
1589:
1483:
1093:
883:
563:
549:
5646:
5626:
4713:
4653:
4600:
4588:
4468:
4344:
4108:
3991:
3662:
3509:
3414:
3379:
3343:
3327:
3046:
2943:
2557:
2462:
2205:
1376:
1361:
1227:
1123:
374:
181:
4447:
2013: Silvio
Berlusconi announces the revival of FI. Subsequently, the PdL is folded into the new
3660:
1919: The PDC, the PD and other liberals, in opposition to
Giolitti, form an electoral list named
2070:
978:
863:
5621:
5337:
4963:
4881:
4739:
4569:
4398:
4061:
4031:
3966:
3540:
3468:
3387:
3177:
3014:
3004:
2886:
2876:
2664:
2614:
2579:
2397:
2355:
2350:
2313:
2308:
1681:
1560:
1503:
1391:
1356:
1215:
1170:
1083:
918:
308:
273:
154:
4768:
coalition. After the election, SC becomes a full-fledged party, while FiD finds a new leader in
4386:
and a few
Republicans join the party. Though some of its members retain their membership of the
2250:
2175:
760:
5701:
5696:
5671:
5529:
5199:
5154:
4781:
2014: SC, FiD, ALI, CD, the PRI, the new PLI, The Liberals and other minor parties contest the
4313:
3799:
3698:
3590:
3425:
2906:
2881:
2659:
2599:
2220:
2085:
1594:
1570:
1538:
1508:
1473:
1468:
1443:
1304:
1222:
1098:
1068:
293:
5308:
3464:
2512:
5726:
5676:
5636:
5584:
5574:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5534:
5519:
5504:
5499:
5489:
4825:
4649:
4615:
4416:
4160:
3924:
3805:
3748:
3702:
3690:
3605:, a left-liberal parliamentary group, is formed in the Parliament of the Kingdom of Sardinia.
3532:
3501:
3452:
3440:
3402:
3371:
3335:
3331:
3323:
3284:
2891:
2654:
2649:
2619:
2609:
2547:
2255:
2160:
1849:
1715:
1637:
1612:
1584:
1543:
1523:
1513:
1458:
1396:
1371:
1287:
1282:
1247:
1232:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1165:
1160:
1113:
1008:
983:
973:
878:
710:
695:
595:
537:
853:
5721:
5711:
5691:
5681:
5666:
5661:
5611:
5579:
5564:
5539:
5475:
5374:
5332:
5122:
4865:
4765:
4283:
4007:
3883:
3544:
3456:
3428:
came to power in 1922, some Liberals and Radicals flirted with Fascism, but, ultimately, a
3268:
3192:
3182:
2562:
2532:
2301:
2003:
1897:
1887:
1822:
1817:
1803:
1703:
1518:
1463:
1453:
1431:
1411:
1406:
1366:
1351:
1329:
1292:
1242:
1200:
1190:
1150:
670:
635:
544:
497:
342:
216:
211:
206:
149:
660:
134:
8:
5706:
5601:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5282:: Emma Bonino, Benedetto Della Vedova, Gianfranco Spadaccia, Marco Cappato, Riccardo Magi
5217:
4976:
4541:
4528:
4482:
4449:
4320:
4308:
3929:
3595:
3493:
3383:
3367:
3339:
3277:
3187:
2948:
2776:
2522:
2387:
2275:
2210:
2030:
1944:
1912:
1892:
1827:
1698:
1346:
1319:
1262:
1210:
993:
765:
705:
655:
428:
347:
288:
221:
191:
186:
159:
118:
5126:
5089:
5073:
5000:
4852:
4810:(IU), including former members of IF, SC and the PdL, is formed. A splinter group from
4677:
4504:
4440:
4408:
3536:
2477:
2225:
2215:
2195:
2165:
2115:
2095:
2080:
1966:
1917:
1839:
1421:
1324:
1237:
1033:
968:
868:
423:
403:
240:
3334:(left-wing). More recently, liberals have been split primarily among the centre-right
685:
5423:
5386:
5357:
5257:
5237:
5221:
5171:
5158:
5146:
5130:
5114:
5028:
4967:
4951:
4938:
4930:
4922:
4918:
4425:
4379:
4238:
3636:
3559:
3472:
3460:
3394:
3224:
2604:
2527:
2497:
2110:
2042:
2020:
1927:
1877:
1832:
1740:
1013:
770:
700:
675:
665:
645:
465:
352:
283:
245:
2135:
5415:
5297:
5101:
5093:
5048:
5008:
4980:
4947:
4934:
4926:
4873:
4454:
4233:
4221:
4129:
3996:
3954:
1926: The PR/PLD is banned, but many members remain politically active through the
3641:
3622:, is formed as the successor of the Moderate Party. The Left starts to be known as
3610:
3524:
3421:
3398:
3355:
3292:
3288:
3036:
3031:
3026:
2863:
2719:
2552:
2245:
2185:
2170:
2145:
2140:
1932:
1902:
1872:
1656:
1649:
988:
938:
903:
848:
755:
740:
715:
650:
620:
487:
438:
413:
396:
391:
325:
250:
176:
164:
4428:, notably including the Liberal Reformers, Decide! and the Liberal Democrats (see
908:
5419:
5314:
5249:
5233:
5229:
5195:
5187:
5183:
5175:
5110:
5060:
5020:
4996:
4914:
4889:
4798:
4786:
4769:
4606:
4532:
4477:
4260:
4247:
4243:
4083:
3901:
2019: The PLI leaves the alliance with the Lega Nord and the DLI splits from PLI.
3875:
3814:
3810:
3717:
3624:
3567:
3552:
3429:
3359:
3296:
2190:
2100:
2065:
1983:
1882:
1854:
1752:
1048:
1038:
1023:
943:
933:
913:
805:
785:
745:
720:
630:
524:
512:
502:
443:
303:
298:
169:
5210:
Democratic Alliance / Democratic Union / Democracy is Freedom / Democratic Party
4236:, an electoral coalition. The right-wing libertarian faction leaves to form the
5369:
5274:
5118:
5052:
5044:
5040:
4955:
4905:
4901:
4885:
4856:
4734:
4695:
4592:
4509:
4366:
4340:
4155:
4137:
4115:
3905:
3678:
3548:
3212:
2833:
2771:
2456:
2270:
2260:
2230:
2150:
2125:
2075:
2037:
2015:
1939:
1922:
1907:
1720:
1693:
1688:
1661:
1617:
963:
898:
750:
725:
690:
640:
580:
507:
408:
369:
359:
233:
201:
953:
775:
5832:
5261:
5253:
5213:
5179:
5162:
5150:
5056:
5016:
5012:
5004:
4984:
4959:
4897:
4619:, a centrist and social-liberal party, is formed by the union of the UD with
4487:
4351:
4196:
3972:
1946: Former Radicals and the PDL join the UDN for the 1946 general election.
3936:
3291:
followed in 1913. Most liberal and radical parties were banned in 1926 under
3086:
2986:
2981:
2973:
2766:
2589:
2010:
1988:
1973:
1676:
998:
958:
888:
858:
825:
820:
800:
680:
605:
517:
380:
196:
3500:, itself primarily a merger of liberal and Christian-democratic forces, and
2370:
5292:
5241:
5203:
5191:
5134:
5097:
5085:
5081:
5077:
4816:
4806:
4761:
4748:
4620:
4374:
3790:
3594:, a conservative-liberal parliamentary group, within the Parliament of the
3520:
3497:
3436:
3303:
2572:
2436:
2333:
2235:
2200:
2120:
1710:
1043:
1018:
948:
795:
625:
615:
418:
4719:
2022: Action and IV join forces. MRE, Italian Radicals and Volt join PD's
4565:(AD) is launched as a proposed coalition of centre-left political parties.
5245:
5225:
5142:
5024:
4992:
4753:
4709:
4701:
4577:
4329:
4212:
4133:
4119:
3951:
1922: Some Radicals join forces with former PDC liberals within the PDSI.
3909:
3484:
2781:
2669:
2624:
2584:
2377:
2265:
2130:
1978:
1028:
830:
815:
790:
585:
570:
477:
330:
278:
4727:
3287:
was established as the first organized liberal party. The more centrist
1747:
5444:
5327:
5032:
4834:
4669:
4581:
3363:
3264:
2517:
2365:
2360:
2180:
2105:
1998:
1993:
1666:
1632:
1627:
1297:
810:
600:
575:
482:
335:
315:
126:
3082:
Universal League for the Material Elevation of the Industrious Classes
3071:
4811:
4623:'s supporters (some of which splinters from the Christian-democratic
4517:
4429:
4271:
4076:
4069:
4056:
3891:
3868:
3855:
3828:
3818:
3797:
1994: The PLI is disbanded. Other than aforementioned spin-offs, the
3375:
3312:
3219:
1956:
1735:
1533:
735:
255:
24:
5364:
4553:
4453:(FI). A minority of FI's liberals take part to the creation of the
4203:
1994: Pannella List's members are elected with Forza Italia in the
3942:
1921: The PR merges with several minor liberal parties to form the
3772:
2025:
1961:
1844:
1671:
1644:
1548:
1339:
590:
433:
5174:, Alfredo Biondi, Raffaele Costa, Egidio Sterpa, Antonio Martino,
4438:
2010: Former members of AN and some liberals too leave FI to form
3555:
was a member of the ALDE Party, but it is hardly a liberal party.
4515:
2019: Splinters from FI launch a new centre-right liberal party,
4350:
2022: +Eu breaks its alliance with Action; some Radicals, led by
4255:
4242:(RL), which would become an associate party of Forza Italia (see
4148:
2567:
2047:
780:
386:
320:
4610:(RI) are formed. AD joins the former, the Segni Pact the latter.
4460:
2015: Some of FI's liberals take part to two successive splits,
3639:'s "Liberal Left", heir of the Historical Left, is organised as
3492:
Italian liberals are basically divided between the centre-right
3354:
In the 19th century both early Italian political groupings, the
4823:
2016: IU is dissolved. SC, which has suffered the split of the
4627:, PPI). For its part, the Segni Pact forms an alliance with AN.
4002:
1926: The PRI is banned, but continues its activities in exile.
3041:
2538:
International Entente of Radical and Similar Democratic Parties
2507:
450:
3813:), are formed. Several Liberals join either Forza Italia (see
3405:
is formed. In that period, other liberal parties emerged: the
3273:
4756:, the incumbent non-partisan Prime Minister, to contest the
4367:
Forza Italia, The People of Freedom and back to Forza Italia
4173:(MFR) splits from the PR and would later merge into the PSI.
4023:(CDR), which is merged into the PRI, another wing forms the
3961:
1943: Former PDSI members, along with former members of the
3935:
1904: The PR is officially founded, under the leadership of
3881:
2014: Splinters from the PLI and other former Liberals form
3413:(merger of the Radicals with other liberal groups), and the
4512:
and including former members of FI and Giannino, is formed.
4457:, an alternative, predominantly Christian-democratic party.
4075:
1998: The SR is merged into the Democrats of the Left (see
5414:(1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 29–61,
4259:, which would later merge into The People of Freedom (see
3551:-oriented form of liberalism). Also the centrist-populist
5406:
Pridham, Geoffrey (1988-11-03), Kirchner, Emil J. (ed.),
4125:
2020: The MRE is re-established as an independent party.
4082:
2001: The PRI makes an alliance with Forza Italia (see
3867:
2007: The Liberal Left joins the Democratic Party (see
3809:(DLI), which is integrated into National Alliance (see
3771:
1955: The PLI's left-wing forms the Radical Party (see
2319:
Association of Radicals for the United States of Europe
4728:
Minor liberal, social-liberal and libertarian parties
4475:
2017: The CR launches a new centre-right party named
4420:(PdL), a party merging FI with the more conservative
4005:
1942: Republicans take part to the foundation of the
4752:(SC) is launched as an electoral list in support of
4568:
1993: AD is officially founded, by former PRI, PSI,
4246:) and finally merge into The People of Freedom (see
4030:
1947: The PdA is dissolved and officially joins the
3723:
1943: Former members of the old PLI re-organise the
5224:, Valerio Zanone, Giorgio Bogi, Francesco Rutelli,
5168:
Forza Italia / The People of Freedom / Forza Italia
4219:2001: The PRT is organised at the Italian-level as
4210:1999: The PRT is organised at the Italian-level as
4194:1992: The PRT is organised at the Italian-level as
4185:1989: The PRT is organised at the Italian-level as
3778:1993: A fraction of the PLI's right-wing forms the
1079:
Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party
5252:, Luciana Sbarbati, Beatrice Rangoni Machiavelli,
4414:2007: Silvio Berlusconi announces the creation of
4339:2020: +Eu, abandoned by the CD, joins forces with
3628:, while its members are frequently referred to as
3730:1946: The PLI is part of an electoral list named
3614:, a parliamentary group sometimes referred to as
5830:
4772:. Splinters from FiD, led by Giannino, form the
4554:From Democratic Alliance to the Democratic Party
3716:1926: Both the PLI and the UN are banned by the
3697:1924: Giolitti's Liberals are integrated in the
3543:(a party which is the standard-bearer of a more
3467:movement. In this phase the Liberals adhered to
4764:(IF), a liberal think tank, and is part of the
4630:2002: The Democrats, the PPI and RI merge into
4270:in a joint list with the Democratic Party (see
3983:
3916:
3874:2011: The DLI joins The People of Freedom (see
3834:1997: Some of Forza Italia's Liberals form the
3374:, and republicans, who were influenced also by
3322:" three minor liberal parties were active: the
3272:have played a role in the political history of
4648:2007: DL is merged with the social-democratic
4481:(DI). SC, F!, the PLI, liberal splinters from
4149:From the Radical Party to the Italian Radicals
4068:1996: The PRI joins the Democratic Union (see
4055:1994: The PRI aligns with the Segni Pact (see
3827:1996: The FdL joins the Democratic Union (see
2869:Radical Movement of Social Democratic Alliance
2488:Free Democratic Party/Radical Democratic Party
2430:Democratic Union-Agricultural and Labour Party
5460:
3519:Minor liberal parties include, among others,
3382:. These two parties had in fact been part of
3370:, while radicals organised themselves as the
3244:
1772:
1104:International Alliance of Libertarian Parties
1074:Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe
3578:
51:introducing citations to additional sources
5206:, Benedetto Della Vedova, Daniele Capezzone
4829:(CI), forms a federative pact with the ALA.
4435:2009: FI is officially merged into the PdL.
5467:
5453:
4388:European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party
4154:1955: The PLI's left-wing faction, led by
3843:1998: The UdC is merged into Forza Italia.
3673:1921: Giolitti's Liberals incorporate the
3251:
3237:
1779:
1765:
4693:2019: Liberal splinters from the PD form
4104:2011: The MRE and the RD re-join the PRI.
3890:2018: The PLI forms an alliance with the
3504:, which integrated the more conservative
2737:Progressive Democratic Party of the North
2393:Czech Constitutionalist Progressive Party
1109:International Federation of Liberal Youth
5474:
4862:Historical Right / Liberal Conservatives
4820:(F!). Several SC's liberals join the PD.
4639:2003: The Segni Pact is re-organised as
3762:1953: A group of PLI splinters form the
3366:liberals and functioned mainly as loose
2675:Partido Ecologista Radical Intransigente
41:Relevant discussion may be found on the
5405:
4733:2012: A group of intellectuals, led by
4659:2007: A group of DL splinters form the
4017:1946: The PdA's liberal wing forms the
4014:1943: The PRI is re-organised in Italy.
3709:, while anti-fascist liberals form the
3570:, with disappointing results, in 2014.
1089:Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats
5831:
5399:
4684:2012: Leading members of ApI form the
4228:2005: The party joins forces with the
3846:2004: Splinters from the FdL form the
3744:(MLP) which merge into PRI soon after.
3573:
3455:, an important role was played by the
3062:Stratford Dialectical and Radical Club
5448:
4775:Liberal Democratic Alliance for Italy
4743:(FiD), originally "Stop the Decline".
4049:Democratic Union for the New Republic
3824:1995: The ULD is merged into the FdL.
3738:. A faction opposed to this form the
5844:Liberalism and radicalism by country
4795:President of the European Commission
4539:2022: C! and IDeA leave CI and form
4107:2018: The PRI forms a pact with the
4095:2004: A group of splinters form the
4059:), while a splinter group forms the
3922:1877: Progressive liberals form the
3904:2020: The Liberals join forces with
2630:Movement for Constitutional Freedoms
2413:Democratic Socialist Party of Greece
62:"Liberalism and radicalism in Italy"
18:
4675:2009: A group of PD splinters form
4303:2017: The PRT and the RI part ways.
4020:Republican Democratic Concentration
3747:1948: The PLI join forces with the
3459:, a social-liberal, republican and
2997:Republican Democratic Concentration
2483:Federal Democratic Republican Party
1129:Liberal South East European Network
13:
5382:List of political parties in Italy
4842:
4668:2008: Liberals within the PD form
3977:Italian Democratic Socialist Party
2969:Radical Socialist Republican Party
14:
5865:
5412:Liberal Parties in Western Europe
4783:2014 European Parliament election
4760:. The list includes members from
4279:2009 European Parliament election
4176:1988: The PR is transformed into
3963:Italian Reformist Socialist Party
3848:Association for Liberal Democracy
3330:(centre-left) and the modern-day
2645:National Progressive Center Union
1119:Liberal Network for Latin America
552:(contributions to liberal theory)
5107:Radical Party / Italian Radicals
4973:Liberals / Italian Liberal Party
4737:, form the libertarian-oriented
4721:Democratic and Progressive Italy
4633:Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy
4378:(FI) is founded by media-tycoon
4360:Democratic and Progressive Italy
4142:Democratic and Progressive Italy
4114:2020: The PRI joins forces with
4027:(ARI) which vanishes soon after.
3995:(PRI) is formed by followers of
3852:Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy
3784:(UdC), while splinters form the
3645:, while its left wing forms the
3514:Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy
3218:
3206:
2595:Liberals, Democrats and Radicals
2543:Italian Democratic Liberal Party
2442:Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party
1746:
1734:
133:
34:relies largely or entirely on a
23:
4708:2020: Action joins forces with
3663:Italian Social Democratic Party
3648:Constitutional Democratic Party
3478:Since 1992–1994, following the
3415:Italian Social Democratic Party
3407:Constitutional Democratic Party
2503:Free-thinking Democratic League
2324:Authentic Radical Liberal Party
4604:(UD) and the centrist-liberal
4591:, while the Segni Pact to the
4424:(AN) and other parties of the
4407:2003: Liberals within FI form
4358:list; the RI joins the PD-led
4086:), provoking the split of the
3975:1948: The PDL merges into the
2635:National and Social Liberation
2344:Union of the Democratic Centre
493:Separation of church and state
1:
5392:
4404:1998: The UdC merges into FI.
4290:2013: The party contests the
4277:2009: The party contests the
4266:2008: The party contests the
4253:2007: A splinter group forms
4230:Italian Democratic Socialists
4089:European Republicans Movement
4072:), but soon distances from it
4046:1964: PRI splinters form the
3306:and the establishment of the
3077:Union, Progress and Democracy
2685:Party of Independence and '48
2680:Party of Democratic Socialism
2452:European Republicans Movement
5420:10.1017/cbo9780511521843.006
5323:List of political ideologies
5065:Beatrice Rangoni Machiavelli
4463:Conservatives and Reformists
4297:Amnesty, Justice and Freedom
4188:Antiprohibitionists on Drugs
4128:2022: The PRI briefly joins
3984:The Italian Republican Party
3917:The historical Radical Party
3765:National Democratic Alliance
3741:Progressive Liberal Movement
3616:Liberal Constitutional Party
3393:In 1913 the liberals around
2403:Democratic Left of Catalonia
1952:Liberté, égalité, fraternité
7:
5286:
4911:Historical Left / Democrats
4587:1994: AD takes part to the
4527:2020: Cambiamo! forms with
4179:Transnational Radical Party
4170:Radical Federative Movement
4140:; the MRE joins the PD-led
4025:Italian Republican Alliance
3887:, a short-lived experience.
3447:. In the 1940s, during the
3349:
3067:Transnational Radical Party
2829:Radical Federative Movement
2725:Portuguese Republican Party
2715:Political Party of Radicals
2408:Democratic-Republican Party
2383:Czech National Social Party
16:Political ideology in Italy
10:
5870:
4894:Antonio Starabba di Rudinì
4878:Alfonso Ferrero La Marmora
4545:(IaC), CI dissidents form
4521:(C!). NcI becomes a party.
3386:, which included also the
2762:Progressive People's Party
2493:Free-minded People's Party
5778:
5740:
5482:
5303:List of liberal theorists
4989:Vittorio Emanuele Orlando
4642:Pact of Liberal Democrats
4598:1996: The social-liberal
4382:. Most Liberals, several
4037:1952: PRI splinters form
3817:) or the Segni Pact (see
3732:National Democratic Union
3579:The Italian Liberal Party
3496:(successor of the former
3482:scandals, the subsequent
3463:outfit, successor of the
2919:Radical Party of the Left
2798:Radical Democratic Party
2447:European Radical Alliance
2418:Georgios Papandreou Party
2339:Centre Union – New Forces
1716:Sexually liberal feminism
1623:Bias in American academia
1094:European Democratic Party
550:List of liberal theorists
5849:Radical parties in Italy
5070:Italian Republican Party
4944:Historical Radical Party
4714:Italian Republican Party
4589:Alliance of Progressives
4469:Liberal Popular Alliance
4356:Referendum and Democracy
4345:Italian Republican Party
4109:Liberal Popular Alliance
3992:Italian Republican Party
3945:Democratic Liberal Party
3786:Liberal Democratic Union
3675:National Fasci of Combat
3411:Democratic Liberal Party
3380:Italian Republican Party
3328:Italian Republican Party
2953:Radical Socialist Party
2944:Radical Republican Party
2558:Italian Republican Party
2463:German Free-minded Party
375:Labor theory of property
5338:Conservative liberalism
4964:Francesco Saverio Nitti
4882:Luigi Federico Menabrea
4870:Camillo Benso di Cavour
4740:Act to Stop the Decline
4524:2020: EpI is dissolved.
4399:Liberal Democratic Pole
4392:European People's Party
4225:, a full-fledged party.
4032:Italian Socialist Party
3967:Labour Democratic Party
3586:Camillo Benso di Cavour
3541:Act to Stop the Decline
3469:conservative liberalism
3453:republican Constitution
3451:and the writing of the
3388:Italian Socialist Party
3178:Conservative liberalism
3057:Socialist Radical Party
3052:Social Democratic Party
2923:Radical People's Party
2903:Radical Party of Chile
2794:Radical Democracy Party
2694:People's Radical Party
2665:Opportunist Republicans
2615:Manhood Suffrage League
2580:Labour Democratic Party
2356:Colombian Liberal Party
2314:Alsatian Progress Party
2309:Alfarista Radical Front
1084:Arab Liberal Federation
274:Consent of the governed
5525:Bosnia and Herzegovina
5200:Stefania Prestigiacomo
5155:Benedetto Della Vedova
4625:Italian People's Party
4497:centre-right coalition
4314:Benedetto Della Vedova
4098:Democratic Republicans
3896:centre-right coalition
3800:Federation of Liberals
3508:) and the centre-left
3426:National Fascist Party
3390:and its predecessors.
3318:During the so-called "
2838:Radical Liberal Party
2640:National Radical Party
1099:European Liberal Youth
1069:Africa Liberal Network
294:Economic globalization
5476:Liberalism in Europe
4979:, Giovanni Giolitti,
4826:Civics and Innovators
4758:2013 general election
4650:Democrats of the Left
4576:members. Soon after,
4493:2018 general election
4417:The People of Freedom
4401:(PLD) merges into FI.
4292:2013 general election
4268:2008 general election
4205:1994 general election
3861:Italian Liberal Party
3806:Italian Liberal Right
3757:1948 general election
3736:1946 general election
3725:Italian Liberal Party
3707:1924 general election
3691:Italian Liberal Party
3683:1921 general election
3668:1919 general election
3564:Italian Liberal Party
3533:Liberal International
3516:in the early 2000s).
3502:The People of Freedom
3403:Italian Liberal Party
3397:joined forces in the
3336:The People of Freedom
3324:Italian Liberal Party
3225:Liberalism portal
2650:National Reform Union
2620:Mexican Liberal Party
2610:Liberal Swedish Party
2548:Italian Radical Party
2468:German People's Party
1850:History of liberalism
1741:Liberalism portal
1613:Anti-authoritarianism
1114:Liberal International
5375:Classical radicalism
5333:Classical liberalism
5123:Gianfranco Spadaccia
5117:, Bruno Villabruna,
4789:, in support of the
4785:within a list named
4766:With Monti for Italy
4672:, a liberal faction.
4411:, a liberal faction.
4390:, FI would join the
4284:Bonino-Pannella List
4136:, in alliance with
3932:parliamentary group.
3368:parliamentary groups
3342:and the centre-left
3326:(centre-right), the
3276:since the country's
3193:Liberalism in Europe
3183:History of socialism
2978:Radicals of the Left
2563:Jacksonian Democrats
2533:Independent Radicals
2351:Civic Workers' Party
1898:Classical radicalism
1888:Classical liberalism
1823:Atlantic Revolutions
1818:Age of Enlightenment
545:Age of Enlightenment
498:Separation of powers
47:improve this article
5854:Liberalism in Italy
5741:States with limited
5353:National liberalism
5348:Economic liberalism
5343:Cultural liberalism
5309:Niccolò Machiavelli
5218:Ferdinando Adornato
4977:Giuseppe Zanardelli
4580:leaves to form the
4562:Democratic Alliance
4542:Italy in the Centre
4529:Identity and Action
4483:Popular Alternative
4384:Christian Democrats
3956:resistance movement
3850:, which would join
3781:Union of the Centre
3596:Kingdom of Sardinia
3574:Timeline of parties
3471:and Republicans to
3465:Justice and Freedom
3449:resistance movement
3445:Christian Democracy
3362:, were composed of
3188:Irish republicanism
2949:Radical Republicans
2777:Radical Civic Union
2523:Historical Far Left
2513:Giustizia e LibertĂ
2388:Czech Realist Party
1945:Left-libertarianism
1913:Freedom of movement
1893:Cultural radicalism
1828:American Revolution
1753:Politics portal
456:Civil and political
429:Popular sovereignty
289:Economic liberalism
5127:Angiolo Bandinelli
5090:Giovanni Spadolini
5074:Randolfo Pacciardi
5001:Alberto Giovannini
4853:Alessandro Manzoni
4838:(Volt) was formed.
4678:Alliance for Italy
4505:Energies for Italy
4441:Future and Freedom
4409:Popular Liberalism
4294:with a list named
3749:Common Man's Front
3537:political spectrum
3213:History portal
2854:Radical Left Party
2741:Progressive Party
2186:Mill (John Stuart)
1967:Left-wing populism
1840:Belgian Revolution
424:Permissive society
404:Limited government
5839:Politics of Italy
5826:
5825:
5429:978-0-521-32394-9
5387:Politics of Italy
5358:Social liberalism
5258:Stefania Giannini
5238:Linda Lanzillotta
5222:Antonio Maccanico
5172:Silvio Berlusconi
5159:Daniele Capezzone
5147:Francesco Rutelli
5131:Adelaide Aglietta
5115:Leopoldo Piccardi
5037:Agostino Bignardi
5029:Giovanni Malagodi
4968:Giovanni Amendola
4952:Felice Cavallotti
4939:Alessandro Fortis
4931:Giovanni Giolitti
4923:Agostino Depretis
4919:Benedetto Cairoli
4866:Massimo d'Azeglio
4687:Democratic Centre
4662:Liberal Democrats
4652:(DS) to form the
4426:House of Freedoms
4422:National Alliance
4380:Silvio Berlusconi
4325:Democratic Centre
4239:Liberal Reformers
3965:(PSRI), form the
3637:Giovanni Giolitti
3560:House of Freedoms
3506:National Alliance
3473:social liberalism
3461:liberal-socialist
3435:After the end of
3395:Giovanni Giolitti
3261:
3260:
2992:Republican Action
2789:Radical Democracy
2605:Liberal Reformers
2528:Independence Club
2498:Free-minded Union
2043:Utopian socialism
2021:Social liberalism
1928:Liberal socialism
1878:Civic nationalism
1833:French Revolution
1789:
1788:
1628:Bias in the media
1144:Regional variants
461:Natural and legal
112:
111:
97:
5861:
5779:Dependencies and
5483:Sovereign states
5469:
5462:
5455:
5446:
5445:
5439:
5438:
5437:
5436:
5403:
5298:History of Italy
5102:Luciana Sbarbati
5094:Giorgio La Malfa
5049:Renato Altissimo
5009:Bruno Villabruna
4981:Antonio Salandra
4948:Agostino Bertani
4935:Giuseppe Saracco
4927:Francesco Crispi
4874:Bettino Ricasoli
4654:Democratic Party
4601:Democratic Union
4495:allied with the
4455:New Centre-Right
4234:Rose in the Fist
4222:Italian Radicals
4132:and later joins
4130:Civic Commitment
3997:Giuseppe Mazzini
3654:Democratic Party
3611:Historical Right
3525:Italian Radicals
3510:Democratic Party
3422:Benito Mussolini
3401:and in 1922 the
3356:Historical Right
3344:Democratic Party
3308:Italian Republic
3293:Benito Mussolini
3253:
3246:
3239:
3223:
3222:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3047:Social Democracy
3037:Rose Street Club
3032:Rose in the Fist
3027:Resolution Party
3022:Republican Union
3001:Republican Left
2864:Radical Movement
2730:Democratic Party
2720:Popular Councils
2553:Italian Radicals
2473:FDP.The Liberals
2425:Democratic Union
2031:Women's suffrage
1933:Social democracy
1903:Direct democracy
1873:Anti-clericalism
1791:
1790:
1781:
1774:
1767:
1751:
1750:
1739:
1738:
1657:Economic freedom
1650:Radical centrism
488:Secular humanism
414:Natural monopoly
365:Internationalism
182:Internationalist
137:
114:
113:
107:
104:
98:
96:
55:
27:
19:
5869:
5868:
5864:
5863:
5862:
5860:
5859:
5858:
5829:
5828:
5827:
5822:
5780:
5774:
5760:Northern Cyprus
5742:
5736:
5657:North Macedonia
5478:
5473:
5443:
5442:
5434:
5432:
5430:
5404:
5400:
5395:
5315:Benedetto Croce
5289:
5250:Andrea Marcucci
5234:Gianni Vernetti
5230:Paolo Gentiloni
5196:Giancarlo Galan
5188:Renato Brunetta
5184:Franco Frattini
5176:Giulio Tremonti
5139:Sergio Stanzani
5111:Mario Pannunzio
5061:Antonio Martino
5021:Gaetano Martino
4997:Benedetto Croce
4915:Urbano Rattazzi
4890:Marco Minghetti
4845:
4843:Liberal leaders
4799:Guy Verhofstadt
4787:European Choice
4770:Michele Boldrin
4730:
4607:Italian Renewal
4556:
4547:Vinciamo Italia
4533:Coraggio Italia
4478:Direction Italy
4369:
4327:join forces in
4151:
4062:Republican Left
3986:
3919:
3666:(PDSI) for the
3625:Historical Left
3581:
3576:
3568:European Choice
3553:Italy of Values
3360:Historical Left
3352:
3257:
3217:
3207:
3205:
3198:
3197:
3173:
3165:
3164:
3100:
3092:
3091:
2289:
2281:
2280:
2061:
2053:
2052:
1984:Reform movement
1883:Civil liberties
1868:
1860:
1859:
1855:Progressive Era
1813:
1785:
1745:
1733:
1726:
1725:
1608:
1600:
1599:
1402:North Macedonia
1146:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1124:Liberal parties
1062:
1054:
1053:
844:
836:
835:
566:
556:
555:
540:
530:
529:
525:State of nature
513:Social services
503:Social contract
466:To own property
269:
261:
260:
145:
108:
102:
99:
56:
54:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5867:
5857:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5824:
5823:
5821:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5784:
5782:
5781:other entities
5776:
5775:
5773:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5746:
5744:
5738:
5737:
5735:
5734:
5732:United Kingdom
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5545:Czech Republic
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5486:
5484:
5480:
5479:
5472:
5471:
5464:
5457:
5449:
5441:
5440:
5428:
5397:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5390:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5378:
5377:
5372:
5370:Libertarianism
5367:
5362:
5361:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5320:
5319:
5318:
5312:
5300:
5295:
5288:
5285:
5284:
5283:
5277:
5275:Enrico Zanetti
5268:
5207:
5165:
5119:Marco Pannella
5104:
5067:
5053:Raffaele Costa
5045:Alfredo Biondi
5041:Valerio Zanone
4970:
4956:Ernesto Nathan
4941:
4908:
4906:Luigi Luzzatti
4902:Sidney Sonnino
4886:Giovanni Lanza
4859:
4857:Carlo Cattaneo
4844:
4841:
4840:
4839:
4830:
4821:
4802:
4793:candidate for
4779:
4744:
4735:Oscar Giannino
4729:
4726:
4725:
4724:
4717:
4706:
4691:
4682:
4673:
4666:
4657:
4646:
4637:
4628:
4611:
4596:
4593:Pact for Italy
4585:
4566:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4550:
4537:
4525:
4522:
4513:
4510:Stefano Parisi
4508:(EpI), led by
4500:
4491:(NcI) for the
4473:
4458:
4445:
4436:
4433:
4412:
4405:
4402:
4395:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4363:
4348:
4343:, ALI and the
4337:
4334:
4319:2018: The RI,
4317:
4304:
4301:
4288:
4275:
4264:
4251:
4226:
4217:
4208:
4201:
4192:
4183:
4174:
4165:
4156:Marco Pannella
4150:
4147:
4146:
4145:
4126:
4123:
4112:
4105:
4102:
4093:
4080:
4073:
4066:
4053:
4044:
4035:
4028:
4015:
4012:
4003:
4000:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3980:
3973:
3970:
3959:
3952:
3949:
3940:
3933:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3913:
3902:
3899:
3888:
3879:
3872:
3865:
3844:
3841:
3832:
3825:
3822:
3803:(FdL) and the
3795:
3788:(ULD) and the
3776:
3769:
3760:
3745:
3728:
3721:
3714:
3711:National Union
3695:
3686:
3679:National Blocs
3671:
3658:
3633:
3606:
3599:
3591:Moderate Party
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3351:
3348:
3320:First Republic
3259:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3248:
3241:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3215:
3200:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3072:Ultra-radicals
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3007:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2921:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2909:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2873:Radical Party
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2836:
2834:Radical League
2831:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2774:
2772:Radical Change
2769:
2764:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2739:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2692:
2690:People's Party
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2655:National Union
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2457:Fabian Society
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2398:Democrat Party
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2276:Wollstonecraft
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2038:Utilitarianism
2035:
2034:
2033:
2023:
2018:
2016:Social justice
2013:
2008:
2007:
2006:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1940:Libertarianism
1937:
1936:
1935:
1925:
1923:Labor movement
1920:
1915:
1910:
1908:Egalitarianism
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
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1820:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1800:
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1787:
1786:
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1776:
1769:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1743:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1721:Utilitarianism
1718:
1713:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1694:Libertarianism
1691:
1689:Land value tax
1686:
1685:
1684:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1662:Egalitarianism
1659:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1618:Anti-communism
1615:
1609:
1607:Related topics
1606:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1563:
1561:Arizona School
1553:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1529:United Kingdom
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
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1399:
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1290:
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1168:
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1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
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1101:
1096:
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1076:
1071:
1065:
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1063:
1060:
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1056:
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1052:
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1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
845:
842:
841:
838:
837:
834:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
656:Wollstonecraft
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
567:
562:
561:
558:
557:
554:
553:
547:
541:
536:
535:
532:
531:
528:
527:
522:
521:
520:
515:
508:Social justice
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
474:
473:
468:
463:
458:
448:
447:
446:
441:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
409:Market economy
406:
401:
400:
399:
394:
384:
377:
372:
370:Invisible hand
367:
362:
360:Harm principle
357:
356:
355:
350:
345:
340:
339:
338:
333:
318:
313:
312:
311:
306:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
270:
267:
266:
263:
262:
259:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
237:
236:
231:
226:
225:
224:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
173:
172:
162:
157:
152:
146:
143:
142:
139:
138:
130:
129:
123:
122:
110:
109:
45:. Please help
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5866:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5836:
5834:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5793:Faroe Islands
5791:
5789:
5786:
5785:
5783:
5777:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5765:South Ossetia
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5747:
5745:
5739:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5617:Liechtenstein
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5487:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5470:
5465:
5463:
5458:
5456:
5451:
5450:
5447:
5431:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5413:
5409:
5402:
5398:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5330:
5329:
5326:
5325:
5324:
5321:
5316:
5313:
5310:
5307:
5306:
5305:, including:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5290:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5266:Andrea Romano
5263:
5262:Carlo Calenda
5259:
5255:
5254:Pietro Ichino
5251:
5247:
5243:
5239:
5235:
5231:
5227:
5223:
5219:
5215:
5214:Willer Bordon
5211:
5208:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5180:Marcello Pera
5177:
5173:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5163:Riccardo Magi
5160:
5156:
5152:
5151:Marco Cappato
5148:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5057:Egidio Sterpa
5054:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5017:Leone Cattani
5014:
5013:Manlio Brosio
5010:
5006:
5005:Luigi Einaudi
5002:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4985:Paolo Boselli
4982:
4978:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4960:Ettore Sacchi
4957:
4953:
4949:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4898:Luigi Pelloux
4895:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4837:
4836:
4831:
4828:
4827:
4822:
4819:
4818:
4813:
4809:
4808:
4803:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4750:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4736:
4732:
4731:
4722:
4718:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4704:
4703:
4698:
4697:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4683:
4680:
4679:
4674:
4671:
4667:
4664:
4663:
4658:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4638:
4635:
4634:
4629:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4617:
4616:The Democrats
4612:
4609:
4608:
4603:
4602:
4597:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4564:
4563:
4558:
4557:
4548:
4544:
4543:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4514:
4511:
4507:
4506:
4501:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4489:
4488:Us with Italy
4484:
4480:
4479:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4465:
4464:
4459:
4456:
4452:
4451:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4437:
4434:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4418:
4413:
4410:
4406:
4403:
4400:
4396:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4376:
4371:
4370:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4352:Marco Cappato
4349:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4335:
4332:
4331:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4315:
4312:(FE), led by
4311:
4310:
4305:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4293:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4280:
4276:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4262:
4258:
4257:
4252:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4240:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4209:
4206:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4197:Pannella List
4193:
4190:
4189:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4161:Radical Party
4157:
4153:
4152:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4124:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4110:
4106:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4085:
4081:
4078:
4074:
4071:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4058:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4040:Popular Unity
4036:
4033:
4029:
4026:
4022:
4021:
4016:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4004:
4001:
3998:
3994:
3993:
3988:
3987:
3978:
3974:
3971:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3957:
3953:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3941:
3938:
3937:Ettore Sacchi
3934:
3931:
3927:
3926:
3925:Radical Party
3921:
3920:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3900:
3897:
3894:, within the
3893:
3889:
3886:
3885:
3880:
3877:
3873:
3870:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3837:Liberal Party
3833:
3830:
3826:
3823:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3807:
3802:
3801:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3787:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3774:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3761:
3758:
3754:
3753:National Bloc
3750:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3737:
3734:(UDN) in the
3733:
3729:
3726:
3722:
3719:
3715:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3703:National List
3700:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3687:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3669:
3665:
3664:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3650:
3649:
3644:
3643:
3642:Liberal Union
3638:
3634:
3631:
3627:
3626:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3612:
3607:
3604:
3600:
3597:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3583:
3582:
3571:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3556:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3517:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3441:Radical Party
3438:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3399:Liberal Union
3396:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3372:Radical Party
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3332:Radical Party
3329:
3325:
3321:
3316:
3314:
3309:
3305:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3289:Liberal Union
3286:
3285:Radical Party
3281:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3270:
3266:
3254:
3249:
3247:
3242:
3240:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3214:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3161:
3160:United States
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3088:
3087:Young Ireland
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2987:Reform League
2985:
2983:
2982:Radicals (UK)
2980:
2977:
2975:
2974:Radical Whigs
2972:
2970:
2967:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2767:Radical Cause
2765:
2763:
2760:
2756:
2755:United States
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
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2601:
2600:Liberal Party
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2590:Left Liberals
2588:
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2293:Action Party
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2222:
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2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2206:Papanastasiou
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2176:Mendès France
2174:
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2169:
2167:
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2162:
2159:
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2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
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2049:
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2041:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2011:Social change
2009:
2005:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1989:Republicanism
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1974:Progressivism
1972:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1946:
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1941:
1938:
1934:
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1677:Individualism
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1556:United States
1554:
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1177:
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1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
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1156:Latin America
1154:
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1066:
1061:Organizations
1058:
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654:
652:
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632:
629:
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622:
619:
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614:
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609:
607:
604:
602:
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597:
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587:
584:
582:
579:
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569:
568:
565:
560:
559:
551:
548:
546:
543:
542:
539:
534:
533:
526:
523:
519:
518:Welfare state
516:
514:
511:
510:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
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415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
398:
395:
393:
390:
389:
388:
385:
383:
382:
381:Laissez-faire
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
354:
351:
349:
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344:
341:
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132:
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116:
115:
106:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71:
67:
64: –
63:
59:
58:Find sources:
52:
48:
44:
38:
37:
36:single source
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
5770:Transnistria
5433:, retrieved
5411:
5401:
5293:Berlusconism
5279:
5271:Civic Choice
5270:
5242:Matteo Renzi
5209:
5204:Paolo Romani
5192:Sandro Bondi
5167:
5135:Adele Faccio
5106:
5098:Giorgio Bogi
5086:Oddo Biasini
5082:Ugo La Malfa
5078:Oronzo Reale
5069:
4972:
4943:
4910:
4861:
4848:
4833:
4824:
4815:
4807:Unique Italy
4805:
4773:
4762:Future Italy
4749:Civic Choice
4747:
4738:
4700:
4694:
4685:
4676:
4660:
4640:
4631:
4621:Romano Prodi
4614:
4605:
4599:
4560:
4549:joining IaC.
4546:
4540:
4531:
4516:
4503:
4486:
4485:and DI form
4476:
4467:
4461:
4450:Forza Italia
4448:
4439:
4415:
4375:Forza Italia
4373:
4355:
4328:
4321:Forza Europa
4309:Forza Europa
4307:
4295:
4282:
4254:
4237:
4220:
4211:
4195:
4186:
4177:
4168:
4159:
4158:, forms the
4096:
4087:
4060:
4047:
4038:
4024:
4018:
4008:Action Party
4006:
3990:
3943:
3928:(PR) within
3923:
3884:The Liberals
3882:
3859:
3847:
3835:
3804:
3798:
3791:Liberal Left
3789:
3785:
3779:
3763:
3755:(BN) in the
3739:
3724:
3710:
3689:
3661:
3652:
3646:
3640:
3629:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3609:
3602:
3589:
3557:
3521:Civic Choice
3518:
3498:Forza Italia
3494:Forza Italia
3491:
3483:
3480:Tangentopoli
3479:
3477:
3457:Action Party
3437:World War II
3434:
3419:
3392:
3353:
3340:Forza Italia
3317:
3304:World War II
3301:
3299:government.
3282:
3263:
3262:
3134:
3010:Spain (1977)
3005:Spain (1934)
2859:Radical Left
2660:New Liberals
2573:The Mountain
2437:Democrats 66
2334:Centre Union
2181:Mill (James)
2166:Lloyd George
1711:Pirate Party
1571:Jeffersonian
1479:South Africa
1334:
969:Lloyd George
564:Philosophers
471:To bear arms
419:Open society
379:
155:Conservative
100:
90:
83:
76:
69:
57:
33:
5808:Isle of Man
5743:recognition
5717:Switzerland
5652:Netherlands
5317:(1866–1952)
5311:(1469–1527)
5280:More Europe
5246:Sandro Gozi
5226:Enzo Bianco
5143:Emma Bonino
5025:Bruno Leoni
4993:Luigi Facta
4849:Before 1861
4754:Mario Monti
4710:More Europe
4702:Italy Alive
4578:Mario Segni
4354:, form the
4330:More Europe
4213:Bonino List
4134:Italia Viva
4120:More Europe
3930:The Extreme
3910:More Europe
3720:government.
3701:-dominated
3549:libertarian
3485:Mani pulite
3384:The Extreme
3278:unification
3155:Switzerland
2782:Radicales K
2750:South Korea
2670:Parti rouge
2625:More Europe
2585:Left Centre
2378:Clear Grits
2221:Robespierre
2161:La Follette
1979:Rationalism
1539:Gladstonian
1499:Switzerland
1484:South Korea
1427:Philippines
1387:New Zealand
1382:Netherlands
1039:Verhofstadt
1034:Balcerowicz
843:Politicians
771:Collingwood
711:Tocqueville
586:Montesquieu
478:Rule of law
279:Due process
103:August 2023
5833:Categories
5687:San Marino
5647:Montenegro
5627:Luxembourg
5607:Kazakhstan
5510:Azerbaijan
5435:2023-08-28
5393:References
5328:Liberalism
5033:Aldo Bozzi
4835:Volt Italy
4791:ALDE Party
4670:Liberal PD
4582:Segni Pact
4397:1994: The
4316:is formed.
4167:1982: The
3989:1895: The
3651:(PDC) and
3608:1861: The
3588:forms the
3529:ALDE Party
3364:monarchist
3313:coalitions
3269:radicalism
3265:Liberalism
2957:Luxembourg
2897:Luxembourg
2842:Luxembourg
2518:GroenLinks
2459:(elements)
2371:HĂ©bertists
2366:Dantonists
2361:Cordeliers
2329:Blue Party
2241:Saint-Just
2211:Papandreou
2096:Clemenceau
2091:Cartwright
1999:Secularism
1994:Revolution
1918:Jacobinism
1804:Radicalism
1667:Empiricism
1638:Democratic
1633:Capitalism
1544:Manchester
1377:Montenegro
1362:Luxembourg
1298:Venizelism
1228:Costa Rica
483:Secularism
316:Federalism
268:Principles
127:Liberalism
73:newspapers
5798:Gibraltar
5622:Lithuania
4812:Lega Nord
4723:alliance.
4699:(Az) and
4518:Cambiamo!
4466:(CR) and
3892:Lega Nord
3630:Democrats
3545:classical
3378:, as the
3376:socialism
3099:By region
2256:Venizelos
2226:Roosevelt
2216:Plastiras
2196:Mossadegh
2146:Jefferson
2116:Garibaldi
1957:Modernity
1682:Anarchist
1590:Venezuela
1566:Classical
1534:Cobdenism
1437:Cracovian
1392:Nicaragua
1357:Lithuania
1216:Hong Kong
1171:Australia
1009:Roosevelt
979:StĂĄhlberg
974:Venizelos
929:Sarmiento
919:Gladstone
879:Lamartine
849:Jefferson
701:Martineau
651:De Gouges
636:Condorcet
621:Priestley
284:Democracy
256:Third Way
217:Christian
212:Religious
150:Classical
43:talk page
5818:Svalbard
5803:Guernsey
5750:Abkhazia
5702:Slovenia
5697:Slovakia
5672:Portugal
5530:Bulgaria
5365:Liberism
5287:See also
4712:and the
4394:in 1999.
4323:and the
3681:for the
3620:Liberals
3603:The Left
3358:and the
3350:Overview
3140:Paraguay
3105:Bulgaria
2847:Paraguay
2802:Bulgaria
2478:Far Left
2231:Rosselli
2141:Hobhouse
2026:Suffrage
1962:Populism
1845:Chartism
1796:a series
1794:Part of
1672:Humanism
1645:Centrism
1595:Zimbabwe
1549:Whiggism
1509:Thailand
1474:Slovenia
1469:Slovakia
1444:Portugal
1417:Paraguay
1340:Liberism
1305:Honduras
1223:Colombia
1196:Bulgaria
989:Rathenau
964:Milyukov
884:Macaulay
854:Kołłątaj
826:Kymlicka
806:Friedman
751:Cassirer
741:Hobhouse
676:Constant
671:Humboldt
631:Beccaria
596:Rousseau
591:Voltaire
434:Property
397:Positive
392:Negative
348:Religion
326:Economic
299:Equality
222:Catholic
192:National
187:Muscular
165:Feminist
160:Cultural
119:a series
117:Part of
5727:Ukraine
5677:Romania
5637:Moldova
5595:Ireland
5590:Iceland
5585:Hungary
5575:Germany
5570:Georgia
5560:Finland
5555:Estonia
5550:Denmark
5535:Croatia
5520:Belgium
5515:Belarus
5505:Austria
5500:Armenia
5495:Andorra
5490:Albania
4256:Decide!
4232:in the
4052:(UDNR).
3979:(PSDI).
3751:in the
3718:Fascist
3705:in the
3699:Fascist
3677:in its
3539:), and
3430:Fascist
3297:Fascist
3172:Related
3145:Romania
3130:Hungary
3120:Ecuador
3115:Denmark
2962:Estonia
2927:Finland
2887:Hungary
2877:Bolivia
2822:Ukraine
2807:Estonia
2745:Belgium
2568:Jacobin
2261:Virchow
2246:Stevens
2191:Mommsen
2171:Mazzini
2156:Leclerc
2151:Lacombe
2101:Cobbett
2081:BolĂvar
2076:Bentham
2071:AtatĂĽrk
2048:Welfare
2004:Laicité
1812:History
1585:Uruguay
1524:Ukraine
1514:Tunisia
1459:Senegal
1449:Romania
1397:Nigeria
1372:Moldova
1315:Iceland
1310:Hungary
1288:Germany
1283:Georgia
1273:Finland
1268:Estonia
1258:Ecuador
1253:Denmark
1248:Czechia
1233:Croatia
1186:Bolivia
1181:Belgium
1176:Austria
1166:Armenia
1161:Albania
1029:Jenkins
1024:Kennedy
1014:Pearson
999:Einaudi
984:Gokhale
944:Itagaki
939:Naoroji
934:Mommsen
914:Lincoln
904:Mazzini
889:Kossuth
874:Broglie
869:BolĂvar
864:Artigas
859:Madison
721:Spencer
706:Emerson
696:Bastiat
681:Ricardo
641:Bentham
581:Spinoza
538:History
439:Private
387:Liberty
321:Freedom
241:Secular
229:Islamic
207:Radical
144:Schools
87:scholar
5813:Jersey
5755:Kosovo
5722:Turkey
5712:Sweden
5692:Serbia
5682:Russia
5667:Poland
5662:Norway
5642:Monaco
5612:Latvia
5580:Greece
5565:France
5540:Cyprus
5426:
4832:2018:
4814:forms
4804:2015:
4778:(ALI).
4746:2013:
4696:Action
4681:(ApI).
4645:(PLD).
4613:1999:
4559:1992:
4502:2017:
4472:(ALA).
4444:(FLI).
4372:1993:
4341:Action
4306:2017:
4182:(PRT).
4138:Action
4116:Action
4092:(MRE).
4034:(PSI).
4011:(PdA).
3969:(PDL).
3948:(PLD).
3906:Action
3864:(PLI).
3768:(ADN).
3727:(PLI).
3694:(PLI).
3635:1913:
3601:1849:
3584:1848:
3547:- and
3523:, the
3409:, the
3302:After
3125:France
3042:ROSSEM
2937:Turkey
2932:Norway
2882:France
2508:Foxite
2288:Groups
2271:Wilson
2266:Wilkes
2251:Varlet
2136:HĂ©bert
2126:Godwin
2121:George
2060:People
1578:Modern
1519:Turkey
1504:Taiwan
1494:Sweden
1464:Serbia
1454:Russia
1432:Poland
1412:Panama
1407:Norway
1367:Mexico
1352:Latvia
1330:Israel
1293:Greece
1278:France
1243:Cyprus
1201:Canada
1191:Brazil
1151:Europe
1049:Macron
994:Madero
959:Deakin
949:Levski
924:Cavour
909:Juárez
899:Cobden
831:Badawi
821:Nozick
801:Berlin
791:Popper
766:Keynes
761:Ortega
726:Arnold
686:Guizot
646:Korais
611:Turgot
571:Milton
451:Rights
444:Public
353:Speech
331:Market
304:Gender
251:Techno
246:Social
234:Jewish
170:Equity
89:
82:
75:
68:
60:
5788:Ă…land
5707:Spain
5632:Malta
5602:Italy
4705:(IV).
4690:(CD).
4665:(LD).
4656:(PD).
4536:(CI).
4430:below
4362:list.
4272:below
4261:below
4248:below
4244:below
4164:(PR).
4144:list.
4101:(RD).
4084:below
4077:below
4070:below
4065:(SR).
4057:below
4043:(UP).
3876:below
3869:below
3856:below
3854:(see
3840:(PL).
3829:below
3819:below
3815:below
3811:below
3773:below
3713:(UN).
3657:(PD).
3420:When
3274:Italy
3150:Spain
3135:Italy
3110:Chile
3015:Italy
2892:Italy
2817:Spain
2812:India
2201:Paine
2131:Green
2106:Dewey
2086:Bryan
1867:Ideas
1704:Right
1489:Spain
1347:Japan
1335:Italy
1320:India
1263:Egypt
1211:China
1206:Chile
1044:Obama
1019:Ohlin
954:Kemal
811:Rawls
786:Hayek
776:ÄŚapek
756:Mises
746:Croce
736:Weber
731:Acton
661:Staël
626:Paine
616:Burke
601:Smith
576:Locke
343:Press
336:Trade
309:Legal
177:Green
94:JSTOR
80:books
5424:ISBN
4817:Act!
4636:(DL)
4572:and
4118:and
3908:and
3531:and
3267:and
2912:2018
2907:1863
2708:1990
2703:1919
2698:1881
2302:1942
2297:1853
2236:Roux
2066:Alem
1699:Left
1422:Peru
1325:Iran
1238:Cuba
1004:King
894:Deák
796:Aron
716:Mill
691:List
606:Kant
202:Ordo
66:news
5416:doi
4570:PCI
4281:as
3618:or
3424:'s
3295:'s
2111:Fox
816:Sen
666:Say
197:Neo
49:by
5835::
5422:,
5410:,
5264:,
5260:,
5256:,
5248:,
5244:,
5240:,
5236:,
5232:,
5228:,
5220:,
5216:,
5212::
5202:,
5198:,
5194:,
5190:,
5186:,
5182:,
5178:,
5170::
5161:,
5157:,
5153:,
5149:,
5145:,
5141:,
5137:,
5133:,
5129:,
5125:,
5121:,
5113:,
5109::
5100:,
5096:,
5092:,
5088:,
5084:,
5080:,
5076:,
5072::
5063:,
5059:,
5055:,
5051:,
5047:,
5043:,
5039:,
5035:,
5031:,
5027:,
5023:,
5019:,
5015:,
5011:,
5007:,
5003:,
4999:,
4995:,
4991:,
4987:,
4983:,
4975::
4966:,
4962:,
4958:,
4954:,
4950:,
4946::
4937:,
4933:,
4929:,
4925:,
4921:,
4917:,
4913::
4904:,
4900:,
4896:,
4892:,
4888:,
4884:,
4880:,
4876:,
4872:,
4868:,
4864::
4855:,
4851::
4797:,
4574:DC
4432:).
4274:).
4263:).
4250:).
4079:).
3878:).
3871:).
3831:).
3821:).
3775:).
3475:.
3417:.
3346:.
3315:.
1798:on
781:Hu
121:on
5468:e
5461:t
5454:v
5418::
4801:.
4716:.
4595:.
4584:.
4499:.
4347:.
4333:.
4300:.
4287:.
4216:.
4207:.
4200:.
4191:.
4122:.
4111:.
3999:.
3958:.
3939:.
3912:.
3898:.
3794:.
3759:.
3685:.
3670:.
3632:.
3598:.
3527:(
3338:/
3252:e
3245:t
3238:v
1780:e
1773:t
1766:v
105:)
101:(
91:·
84:·
77:·
70:·
53:.
39:.
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