364:
205:(1818–1897). Before Lewis was born, his mother and father escaped from slavery in Virginia and fled to Chelsea, Massachusetts on October 4, 1842. The day they arrived in Boston, George was recognized by a colleague of his former slave owner and was arrested a few days later, on October 20, 1842. George's trial received great notoriety; he was represented by
370:
Latimer received a patent on
September 13, 1881, along with Joseph V. Nichols, for a method of attaching carbon filaments to conducting wires within an electric lamp, and another patent on January 17, 1882, for a "process of manufacturing carbons", a method for the production of carbon filaments for
272:, the daughter of Louisa M. and William Lewis. The couple had two daughters, Emma Jeanette (1883–1978) and Louise Rebecca (1890–1963). Jeanette married Gerald Fitzherbert Norman, the first black person hired as a high school teacher in the New York City public school system, and had two children:
291:
are the last surviving buildings on their original foundations of this community.) Other family members already living there were his brother, George A. Latimer, his wife, Jane, his sister, Margaret, and her husband, Augustus T. Hawley, and their children. Mary died in
Bridgeport in 1924.
33:
223:
ruled individual slaves needed to prove they had the consent of their owner to legally become free; prior to this ruling, many slaves had attained freedom by escaping into free states and becoming state citizens, which gave them some protection from the efforts of
327:. While Latimer was there he invented a modification to the process for making carbon filaments which aimed to reduce breakages during the carbonization process. This modification consisted of placing filament blanks inside a cardboard envelope during
261:, ruler, and other drafting tools. Later, after his boss recognized his talent for sketching patent drawings, Latimer was promoted to the position of head draftsman earning $ 20.00 a week by 1872 ($ 438.59 today).
334:
In 1884, he was invited to work with Thomas Edison. Along with the work he did with Edison, he was also responsible for translating data into German and French, as well as gathering that information.
378:
in New York City hired
Latimer in 1884 as a draftsman and an expert witness in patent litigation on electric lights. While at Edison, Latimer wrote the first book on electric lighting, entitled
331:. While in England on behalf of the Maxim light company he taught the entire process for making Maxim lights, including glassblowing in 9 months to get the factory up and running.
521:
He was an early advocate of civil rights. In 1895 Lewis wrote a statement in connection with the
National Conference of Colored Men about equality, security, and opportunity.
231:
After his father had to flee and his mother had to split the family, Lewis and his brothers were sent to a farm school, and his sisters were sent to stay with a family friend.
283:, along with his mother, Rebecca, and his brother, William. They settled in a neighborhood called "Little Liberia," which had been established in the early 19th century by
1338:
276:(1914–2014), a social worker who served as the guardian of her grandfather's legacy, and Gerald Latimer Norman (1911–1990), who became an administrative law judge.
305:
In 1874, Latimer co-patented (with
Charles M. Brown) an improved toilet system for railroad cars called the Water Closet for Railroad Cars (U.S. Patent 147,363).
1232:
813:
524:
In later life, even though
Latimer was no longer active military, he remained patriotic. He was an early and active member of the veteran organization,
1473:
1170:
559:
The
Latimer family house is on Latimer Place in Flushing, Queens. It was moved from the original location to a nearby small park and turned into the
216:
When
Latimer was young he spent time helping his father in his barbershop. Lewis Latimer also spent time at night hanging wallpaper with his father.
1386:
Teachers' guide by
Luvenia George on Latimer, published by the Smithsonian Institution's Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation
1266:
312:
employed
Latimer, then a draftsman at Bell's patent law firm, to draft the necessary drawings required to receive a patent for Bell's telephone.
1478:
1468:
1381:
Lewis Latimer: Renaissance Man by Luvenia George for the Smithsonian Institution's Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation
847:
540:
section of Queens, New York. Latimer died on December 11, 1928, at the age of 80. Approximately sixty years after his death, his home was
363:
1443:
815:
Pan-African Chronology III: A Comprehensive Reference to the Black Quest for Freedom in Africa, the Americas, Europe, and Asia, 1914-1929
1385:
1190:
1458:
1453:
1370:
1400:
1395:
1148:
536:
For 25 years, from 1903 until he died in 1928, Latimer lived with his family in a home on Holly Avenue in what is known now as
823:
782:
580:
382:(1890), and supervised the installation of public electric lights throughout New York, Philadelphia, Montreal, and London.
1083:
249:. After receiving an honorable discharge from the U.S. Navy on July 3, 1865, he gained employment as an office boy with a
1463:
1375:
1288:
343:
In 1924, after the Board of Patent Control dissolved Latimer went on to work with Hammer and Schwartz until he retired.
1391:"Blueprint for Change", a 1995 exhibition honoring Latimer at the which holds a collection of his papers and artifacts.
1212:
340:
In 1894, Latimer pursued a patent on a safety elevator that prevented the riders from falling out and into the shaft.
1322:
1091:
928:
638:
371:
light bulbs which reduced breakages during the production process by wrapping the filaments in a cardboard envelope.
739:
1380:
974:
386:
149:(September 4, 1848 – December 11, 1928) was an American inventor and patent draftsman. His inventions included an
553:
202:
135:
319:, and was hired as assistant manager and draftsman for the U.S. Electric Lighting Company, a company owned by
953:
586:
On May 10, 1968, a school in Brooklyn, New York was rededicated to The Lewis H. Latimer School in his memory.
375:
288:
170:
337:
Latimer also developed a forerunner of the air conditioner called "Apparatus for cooling and disinfecting".
991:
228:. Lewis's father, George Latimer, had no proof of his emancipation and likely fled to protect his family.
154:
1078:
629:
589:
In 1988, a committee was formed, the Lewis H. Latimer Committee, to save his home in Flushing, New York.
1416:
A video tour by New York Landmarks of the Lewis Latimer House Museum, where he lived from 1902 to 1928.
1073:
630:
Black Inventors in the Age of Segregation: Granville T. Woods, Lewis H. Latimer, and Shelby J. Davidson
525:
225:
1274:
265:
213:. He was eventually able to purchase his freedom and live with his family in Chelsea, Massachusetts.
1361:
1448:
891:
592:
On September 23, 2023, a gravestone was dedicated to him at his grave in Fall River, Massachusetts.
269:
507:
316:
280:
273:
177:, his landmarked former residence, is located near the Latimer Projects at 34-41 137th Street in
560:
210:
198:
174:
56:
798:
995:
309:
201:, on September 4, 1848, the youngest of the four children of Rebecca Latimer (1823–1910) and
410:"Improvement in water-closets for railroad-cars" (with Brown, Charles W.), February 10, 1874
1438:
1433:
541:
243:
654:
8:
1198:
206:
150:
1171:"Lewis H. Latimer Dead. Member of Edison Pioneers. Drew Original Plans for Bell Phone"
1318:
1156:
1107:
Judd, Michael (1998). "Lewis Latimer: African American Inventor, Poet and Activist".
1087:
1069:
1051:
924:
819:
778:
634:
1310:
852:
545:
537:
390:
178:
75:
1127:
1036:
1390:
1343:
1021:
by Lewis H. Latimer. Application filed on Feb 19, 1881, Specified on Jan 17, 1882
603:
352:
250:
239:
220:
874:
1406:
1237:
1217:
1175:
763:
Massachusetts Marriages 253:121, Massachusetts Archives, Columbia Point, Boston
1415:
679:
87:
Inventor, patent consultant, author, engineer, draftsman, Navy Landsman (Rank)
1427:
1296:
1125:
1016:
462:
454:
446:
438:
430:
422:
414:
406:
328:
324:
186:
166:
1129:
Incandescent Electric Lighting: A Practical Description of the Edison System
1038:
Incandescent electric lighting. A practical description of the Edison system
655:"Lewis Howard Latimer - Inventions, Facts & Accomplishments - Biography"
1410:
567:
355:. Lewis Latimer was the first person of color to join this group of 100.
518:
Latimer played the violin and flute, painted portraits, and wrote plays.
320:
284:
1052:"Historical Inventors: Lewis H. Latimer: The carbon-filament light bulb"
848:"Meet Lewis Latimer, the African American who enlightened Thomas Edison"
258:
158:
1252:
1041:, Hathi Trust Digital Library, Catalog Record. Retrieved 2018-12- 25.
219:
When Latimer was 10, his mother decided to split the family after the
434:"Supporter for electric lamps" (with Tregoning, John), March 21, 1882
235:
1371:
Lewis Howard Latimer: Inventor, Engineer (Mechanical and Electrical)
576:
P.S. 56 in Clinton Hill, Brooklyn, is named Lewis H. Latimer School.
264:
Lewis H. Latimer married Mary Wilson Lewis on November 15, 1873, in
799:"Patent Improvement in water-closets for railroad-cars (US147363A)"
573:
A set of apartment houses in Flushing are called "Latimer Gardens".
494:
1339:"Black light bulb inventor Lewis Latimer gets overdue recognition"
1035:
Latimer, L. H., Howell, J. W. (John White), Field, C. J. (1890),
716:. United States of America: Edison Electric Institute. p. 5.
506:
Latimer taught English and drafting courses to immigrants at the
775:
Black Genius: Inspirational Portraits of America's Black Leaders
32:
548:, which is about 1.4 miles northwest of its original location.
182:
162:
921:
Inventing a Better Life: Latimer's Technical Career, 1880-1928
740:"Innovative Lives: Lewis Latimer (1848-1928): Renaissance Man"
633:. Baltimore & London: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
450:"Locking rack for hats, coats, and umbrellas", March 24, 1896
418:"Electric lamp" (with Nichols, Joseph V.), September 13, 1881
466:"Lamp fixture" (with Norton, William Sheil), August 30, 1910
1376:
Bibliography about Latimer and scans of pages from his book
1365:
556:
for his work on electric filament manufacturing techniques.
1126:
Lewis Howard Latimer; C. J. Field; John W. Howell (1890).
442:"Apparatus for cooling and disinfecting", January 12, 1886
744:
Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation
566:
Latimer was a founding member of the Flushing, New York,
257:, with a $ 3.00 per week salary. He learned how to use a
238:
at the age of 16 on September 16, 1864, and served as a
1317:. United States: Transaction Publishers. p. 236.
757:
396:
In 1911, he became a patent consultant to law firms.
875:"Patent Process of manufacturing carbons (US252386)"
426:"Process of Manufacturing Carbons", January 17, 1882
738:Center, Smithsonian Lemelson (February 1, 1999).
497:to restore a member to the Brooklyn School Board.
1425:
923:. United States: Queens Borough Public Library.
393:, he continued to work in the legal department.
385:When that company was combined in 1892 with the
300:
470:
892:"Lewis Howard Latimer - EnchantedLearning.com"
279:In 1879, Latimer and his wife, Mary, moved to
490:Various pieces for African-American journals.
1031:
1029:
1309:
1281:
125:Jeanette Latimer (married Gerald F. Norman)
811:
31:
1026:
818:(1996 ed.). McFarland. p. 473.
812:Jenkins Jr, Everett (February 14, 2011).
711:
351:On February 11, 1918, Latimer joined the
111:
1474:19th-century African-American scientists
362:
192:
153:, an improved process for manufacturing
528:. He acted as secretary and adjutant.
1426:
1044:
918:
801:– via US Patent – Google Patent.
766:
737:
626:
622:
620:
1233:"An Inventor Who Kept Lights Burning"
1143:
1141:
1139:
1102:
1100:
1082:, Oxford University Press, 2004, pp.
948:
946:
944:
942:
940:
914:
912:
581:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
544:from Holly Avenue to 137th Street in
16:African American inventor (1848–1928)
1479:20th-century African-American people
1469:Grand Army of the Republic officials
1396:Lewis Latimer biography at About.com
1213:"A Campaign To Remember An Inventor"
1163:
1132:. New York: D. Van Nostrand Company.
1106:
845:
772:
733:
731:
729:
727:
725:
723:
707:
705:
703:
701:
173:where he worked as a draftsman. The
846:Mock, Brentin (February 11, 2015).
777:. New York: Skyhorse Publications.
617:
531:
513:
13:
1444:People from Chelsea, Massachusetts
1403:– The Black Inventor Online Museum
1136:
1097:
937:
909:
458:"Book Supporter", February 7, 1905
346:
268:, Massachusetts. Mary was born in
14:
1490:
1355:
1019:Process Of Manufacturing Carbons.
961:Landmarks Preservation Commission
720:
698:
197:Lewis Howard Latimer was born in
563:Museum in honor of the inventor.
387:Thomson-Houston Electric Company
234:Lewis Howard Latimer joined the
1459:20th-century American inventors
1454:19th-century American inventors
1331:
1303:
1259:
1245:
1225:
1205:
1183:
1119:
1063:
1009:
984:
967:
884:
867:
839:
554:National Inventors Hall of Fame
107:
76:Flushing, Queens, New York City
805:
791:
672:
647:
552:Latimer is an inductee of the
485:Incandescent Electric Lighting
380:Incandescent Electric Lighting
1:
1191:"List of 2006 NIHF inductees"
610:
376:Edison Electric Light Company
358:
301:Inventions and technical work
289:Mary and Eliza Freeman Houses
171:Edison Electric Light Company
1267:"Latimer Gardens Apartments"
714:A Biography of Lewis Latimer
579:An invention program at the
471:Writing and other activities
7:
596:
501:
151:evaporative air conditioner
140:Rebecca Latimer (1823–1910)
10:
1495:
1464:African-American inventors
1149:"Historic House Trust NYC"
1115:: 25–30 – via JSTOR.
1109:Organization of Historians
1074:Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham
975:"patent for electric lamp"
712:Koolakian, Robert (1993).
583:, MIT, is named after him.
526:Grand Army of the Republic
399:
896:www.enchantedlearning.com
295:
255:Crosby Halstead and Gould
226:interstate slave catchers
169:. In 1884, he joined the
131:
121:
97:Mary Wilson Lewis Latimer
91:
83:
64:
42:
30:
23:
1401:Profile of Lewis Latimer
954:"Lewis H. Latimer House"
476:A book of poetry called
270:Providence, Rhode Island
627:Fouché, Rayvon (2003).
508:Henry Street Settlement
317:Bridgeport, Connecticut
281:Bridgeport, Connecticut
274:Winifred Latimer Norman
1153:Historichousetrust.org
1079:African American Lives
1060:, MIT Lemelson program
992:"Lewis Howard Latimer"
919:Singer, Bayla (1995).
773:Dick, Russell (2009).
561:Lewis H. Latimer House
478:Poems of Love and Life
367:
211:William Lloyd Garrison
199:Chelsea, Massachusetts
175:Lewis H. Latimer House
57:Chelsea, Massachusetts
1347:. September 24, 2023.
1277:on February 24, 2009.
1159:on February 16, 2008.
996:National Park Service
366:
315:In 1879, he moved to
310:Alexander Graham Bell
193:Early life and family
1407:Lewis Howard Latimer
1179:. December 13, 1928.
686:. September 17, 2011
493:A petition to Mayor
147:Lewis Howard Latimer
25:Lewis Howard Latimer
1241:. January 29, 1995.
1017:U.S. Patent 252,386
463:U.S. patent 968,787
455:U.S. patent 781,890
447:U.S. patent 557,076
439:U.S. patent 334,078
431:U.S. patent 255,212
423:U.S. patent 252,386
415:U.S. patent 247,097
407:U.S. patent 147,363
1070:Gates, Henry Louis
680:"Lewis H. Latimer"
483:A technical book,
368:
207:Frederick Douglass
161:, and an improved
1315:Blacks in Science
1311:Van Sertima, Ivan
1299:on June 28, 2003.
1221:. August 6, 1988.
825:978-0-7864-4507-3
784:978-1-60239-369-1
684:Black History Now
659:www.biography.com
144:
143:
68:December 11, 1928
53:September 4, 1848
1486:
1349:
1348:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1295:. Archived from
1285:
1279:
1278:
1273:. Archived from
1263:
1257:
1256:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1201:on May 13, 2008.
1197:. Archived from
1187:
1181:
1180:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1155:. Archived from
1145:
1134:
1133:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1104:
1095:
1067:
1061:
1059:
1048:
1042:
1033:
1024:
1023:
1013:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1002:
988:
982:
981:
979:
971:
965:
964:
958:
950:
935:
934:
916:
907:
906:
904:
902:
888:
882:
881:
879:
871:
865:
864:
862:
860:
843:
837:
836:
834:
832:
809:
803:
802:
795:
789:
788:
770:
764:
761:
755:
754:
752:
750:
735:
718:
717:
709:
696:
695:
693:
691:
676:
670:
669:
667:
665:
651:
645:
644:
624:
568:Unitarian Church
546:Flushing, Queens
532:Death and legacy
514:Other activities
465:
457:
449:
441:
433:
425:
417:
409:
391:General Electric
287:. (The landmark
155:carbon filaments
115:
113:
109:
71:
52:
50:
35:
21:
20:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1449:Edison Pioneers
1424:
1423:
1358:
1353:
1352:
1344:The Herald News
1337:
1336:
1332:
1325:
1308:
1304:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1147:
1146:
1137:
1124:
1120:
1105:
1098:
1068:
1064:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1034:
1027:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1000:
998:
990:
989:
985:
977:
973:
972:
968:
956:
952:
951:
938:
931:
917:
910:
900:
898:
890:
889:
885:
877:
873:
872:
868:
858:
856:
844:
840:
830:
828:
826:
810:
806:
797:
796:
792:
785:
771:
767:
762:
758:
748:
746:
736:
721:
710:
699:
689:
687:
678:
677:
673:
663:
661:
653:
652:
648:
641:
625:
618:
613:
604:The Current War
599:
534:
516:
504:
473:
461:
453:
445:
437:
429:
421:
413:
405:
402:
361:
353:Edison Pioneers
349:
347:Edison Pioneers
303:
298:
221:Dred Scott case
195:
139:
126:
117:
105:
101:
98:
79:
73:
69:
60:
54:
48:
46:
38:
37:Latimer in 1882
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1492:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1419:
1418:
1413:
1404:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1357:
1356:External links
1354:
1351:
1350:
1330:
1323:
1302:
1289:"Lemelson-MIT"
1280:
1258:
1244:
1238:New York Times
1224:
1218:New York Times
1204:
1182:
1176:New York Times
1162:
1135:
1118:
1096:
1062:
1043:
1025:
1008:
983:
966:
936:
929:
908:
883:
866:
838:
824:
804:
790:
783:
765:
756:
719:
697:
671:
646:
639:
615:
614:
612:
609:
608:
607:
598:
595:
594:
593:
590:
587:
584:
577:
574:
571:
564:
557:
533:
530:
515:
512:
503:
500:
499:
498:
491:
488:
481:
472:
469:
468:
467:
459:
451:
443:
435:
427:
419:
411:
401:
398:
360:
357:
348:
345:
302:
299:
297:
294:
203:George Latimer
194:
191:
142:
141:
136:George Latimer
133:
129:
128:
127:Louise Latimer
123:
119:
118:
103:
99:
96:
95:
93:
89:
88:
85:
81:
80:
74:
72:(aged 80)
66:
62:
61:
55:
44:
40:
39:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1491:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1422:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1362:Lewis Latimer
1360:
1359:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1334:
1326:
1324:0-87855-941-8
1320:
1316:
1312:
1306:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1284:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1262:
1254:
1248:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1228:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1208:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1186:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1166:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1131:
1130:
1122:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1101:
1093:
1092:0-19-516024-X
1089:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1057:
1053:
1047:
1040:
1039:
1032:
1030:
1022:
1020:
1012:
997:
993:
987:
976:
970:
962:
955:
949:
947:
945:
943:
941:
932:
930:0-9645337-0-7
926:
922:
915:
913:
897:
893:
887:
876:
870:
855:
854:
849:
842:
827:
821:
817:
816:
808:
800:
794:
786:
780:
776:
769:
760:
745:
741:
734:
732:
730:
728:
726:
724:
715:
708:
706:
704:
702:
685:
681:
675:
660:
656:
650:
642:
640:0-8018-7319-3
636:
632:
631:
623:
621:
616:
606:
605:
601:
600:
591:
588:
585:
582:
578:
575:
572:
569:
565:
562:
558:
555:
551:
550:
549:
547:
543:
539:
538:East Flushing
529:
527:
522:
519:
511:
510:in New York.
509:
496:
492:
489:
486:
482:
479:
475:
474:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
403:
397:
394:
392:
388:
383:
381:
377:
372:
365:
356:
354:
344:
341:
338:
335:
332:
330:
329:carbonization
326:
325:Thomas Edison
323:, a rival of
322:
318:
313:
311:
306:
293:
290:
286:
282:
277:
275:
271:
267:
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
247:
241:
237:
232:
229:
227:
222:
217:
214:
212:
208:
204:
200:
190:
188:
187:New York City
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
167:railroad cars
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
137:
134:
130:
124:
120:
94:
90:
86:
84:Occupation(s)
82:
77:
67:
63:
58:
45:
41:
34:
29:
22:
19:
1420:
1411:Find a Grave
1342:
1333:
1314:
1305:
1297:the original
1292:
1283:
1275:the original
1270:
1261:
1253:"Who We Are"
1247:
1236:
1227:
1216:
1207:
1199:the original
1194:
1185:
1174:
1165:
1157:the original
1152:
1128:
1121:
1112:
1108:
1077:
1065:
1055:
1046:
1037:
1018:
1011:
999:. Retrieved
986:
969:
960:
920:
901:December 11,
899:. Retrieved
895:
886:
869:
857:. Retrieved
851:
841:
831:November 16,
829:. Retrieved
814:
807:
793:
774:
768:
759:
747:. Retrieved
743:
713:
688:. Retrieved
683:
674:
662:. Retrieved
658:
649:
628:
602:
535:
523:
520:
517:
505:
484:
477:
395:
384:
379:
373:
369:
350:
342:
339:
336:
333:
314:
307:
304:
278:
263:
254:
245:
233:
230:
218:
215:
196:
146:
145:
70:(1928-12-11)
18:
1439:1928 deaths
1434:1848 births
749:November 6,
690:October 15,
664:October 16,
321:Hiram Maxim
285:free blacks
165:system for
159:light bulbs
138:(1818–1897)
1428:Categories
1195:Invent.org
611:References
359:Light bulb
266:Fall River
259:set square
251:patent law
49:1848-09-04
859:March 15,
308:In 1876,
246:Massasoit
236:U.S. Navy
132:Parent(s)
1313:(1998).
1001:June 10,
597:See also
502:Teaching
495:Seth Low
389:to form
240:Landsman
179:Flushing
122:Children
1364:at the
1293:Mit.edu
1271:Nyc.gov
1084:515–516
1056:MIT bio
963:. 1995.
487:(1890).
400:Patents
242:on the
116:
104:
100:
1321:
1090:
1072:, and
927:
822:
781:
637:
296:Career
253:firm,
183:Queens
163:toilet
110:
92:Spouse
78:, U.S.
59:, U.S.
978:(PDF)
957:(PDF)
878:(PDF)
853:Grist
542:moved
157:for
114:)
106:(
102:
1366:IEEE
1319:ISBN
1088:ISBN
1003:2007
925:ISBN
903:2020
861:2023
833:2021
820:ISBN
779:ISBN
751:2020
692:2011
666:2020
635:ISBN
374:The
244:USS
209:and
112:1873
65:Died
43:Born
1409:at
1430::
1421:v
1341:.
1291:.
1269:.
1235:.
1215:.
1193:.
1173:.
1151:.
1138:^
1113:12
1111:.
1099:^
1086:.
1076:,
1054:.
1028:^
994:.
959:.
939:^
911:^
894:.
850:.
742:.
722:^
700:^
682:.
657:.
619:^
189:.
185:,
181:,
108:m.
1327:.
1255:.
1094:.
1058:.
1005:.
980:.
933:.
905:.
880:.
863:.
835:.
787:.
753:.
694:.
668:.
643:.
570:.
480:.
51:)
47:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
