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49:
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62:
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The plant is known as pilewort by some herbalists because it has historically been used to treat piles (hemorrhoids). Lesser celandine is still recommended in several "current" herbal guides for treatment of hemorrhoids by applying an ointment of raw leaves as a cream or lanolin to the affected area.
617:
If disturbed, separation of the plant's numerous basal tubers is an efficient means of vegetative propagation. The plants are easily spread if the prolific tubers are unearthed and scattered by digging activities of some animals and humans. Erosion and flood events are particularly effective means of
787:
published a lengthy, well-illustrated article on double-flowered lesser celandine cultivars by
Belgian gardener and alpine plant specialist Wim Boens in December 2017. "RHS Plant Finder" online lists around 220 named cultivars (many of these may well be very similar; nevertheless, this indicates the
712:
In the United States, where lesser celandine is considered a plant pest to gardens, lawns, and natural areas, many governmental agencies have attempted to slow the spread of this species with limited success. As of 2014, the species was reported to be invasive and established in 25 states. USDA
704:
emerges well before most native species, it has a developmental advantage which allows it to establish and dominate natural areas rapidly. It is mainly a problem in forested floodplains, where it forms extensive mats, but can occur on upland sites as well. Once established, native plants are
1077:
Most guides today point out that medicines should be made from the dried herb or by heat extraction as the untreated plants and extracts will contain protoanemonin, a mild toxin. The plant has been widely used in Russia and is sold in most pharmacies as a dried herb. The
799:(Double-flowered and semi-double cultivars are unlikely to be invasive as they either cannot set seed or do not often do so. Semi-doubles may occasionally cross with single cultivars, which is probably how some of the most desirable cultivars originally arose.)
1507:
Post, Angela R.; Krings, Alexander; Wall, Wade A.; Neal, Joseph C. (2009-01-01). "Introduced Lesser
Celandine (Ranunculus Ficaria, Ranunculaceae) And Its Putative Subspecies In The United States: A Morphometric Analysis".
447:
of the plant, including bronze-leaved and double-flowered ones. Emerging in late winter with flowers appearing late
February through May in the UK, its appearance across the landscape is regarded by many as a harbinger of
613:
during late winter and early spring. By late spring, second year plants quickly age as daylight hours lengthen and temperatures rise. By the end of May, foliage has died back and plants enter a six month dormancy phase.
1165:
wrote a poem entitled "Celandine". Encountering the flowers in a field, the narrator is reminded of a past love, now dead. He also remarked on banks of celandines in his early prose work "In
Pursuit of Spring" (1913).
427:. It has fleshy dark green, heart-shaped leaves and distinctive flowers with bright yellow, glossy petals. Native to Europe and Western Asia, it is now introduced in North America, where it is known by the common name
991:. Cooking of the plants also eliminates the toxicity of the plants and the plant has been incorporated in diets or herbal medicine after being dried, and ground for flour, or boiled and consumed as a vegetable.
435:. The plant is poisonous if ingested raw and potentially fatal to grazing animals and livestock such as horses, cattle, and sheep. For these reasons, several US states have banned the plant or listed it as a
812:
Collarette (golden yellow double flowers with neat, button-like centres, green in the middle, and a gappy ring of outer petals; silvery-green leaves often with a central streak or splash of purple-black)
1178:, when Aslan comes to Narnia and the whole wood passes "in a few hours or so from January to May". The children notice "wonderful things happening. Coming suddenly round a corner into a glade of
1082:
found in fresh leaves is an irritant and mildly toxic but is suggested to have antibacterial properties if used externally. The process of heating or drying turns the
Ranunculaceae toxin to
2543:
A Modern Herbal: The
Medicinal, Culinary, Cosmetic and Economic Properties, Cultivation and Folk-lore of Herbs, Grasses, Fungi, Shrubs, & Trees with All Their Modern Scientific Uses
582:
Lesser celandine grows on land that is seasonally wet or flooded, especially in sandy soils, but is not found in permanently waterlogged sites. In both shaded woodlands and open areas,
1584:
487:
or mottled pattern, and pale green below. Purple-leaved varieties are common. The margins of the leaves are sometimes entire (rounded) but more often angled or weakly lobed, with
732:
species. The U.S. National Park
Service's Plant Conservation Alliance recommends avoiding planting lesser celandine, and instead planting native ephemeral wildflowers such as
1949:
1120:
was very fond of the flower, which inspired him to write three poems: "To the Small
Celandine," "To the Same Flower," and "The Small Celandine." The third poem begins thus:
2406:
Mithen, S. , N. Finlay , W. Carruthers , S. Carter , and P. Ashmore. 2001. Plant use in the
Mesolithic: Staosnaig, Isle of Colonsay, Scotland. J. Archaeol. Sci 28:223â234.
1466:
2089:
1938:
824:
Flore Pleno Group (fully double yellow flowers, green or greenish purple on the reverse making a neat rounded centre; foliage pale green or dappled with silver)
594:
of seeds begins in the spring, and continues into summer. Seedlings remain small for their first year, producing only one or two leaves until the second year.
2488:
830:
Ken Aslet Double (syn. Ken Aslet) (sterile, fully double white, cream at centre, dark purplish reverse to the petals; plain green or slightly mottled foliage)
1058:
1360:
806:
Brambling (unremarkable yellow flowers; grown for its small triangular or horseshoe-shaped leaves beautifully mottled with silver-grey and purple-brown)
767:
is one of several horticulturists who have recommended one of the double-flowered Flore Pleno Group for planting at the base of a hedge next to a lawn.
668:
are tetraploid and capable of colonizing new areas much faster because they produce bulbils in their leaf axils in addition to root tubers. Subspecies
439:. It prefers bare, damp ground and is considered by horticulturalists in the United Kingdom as a persistent garden weed; nevertheless, many specialist
818:
Double Bronze (syns. Bowles's Double, Wisley Double) (semi-double rich yellow flowers with reddish-bronze reverse; green foliage streaked with silver)
963:. In one case, a patient experienced acute hepatitis and jaundice when taking untreated lesser celandine extracts internally as an herbal remedy for
499:
roots. Some clumps give rise to long stolons to 10 cm (3.9 in) or more, allowing vegetative spread to produce extensive carpets of plants.
827:
Green Petal (a curiosity with small double flowers resembling greenish-yellow roses; distinctive green foliage splashed silver, purple and bronze)
3376:
3035:
1595:
530:
and 7 to 12 glossy yellow petaloid tepals, which are sometimes tinged purple or grey on the back. Double flowered varieties also occur. The
471:
to about 25 cm (9.8 in) high, growing in clumps of 4-10 short stems, on which the leaves are spirally-arranged or all basal. The
833:
Salmon's White (single flowers open cream, fading almost to white, purplish-blue on reverse; dark green foliage splashed silver and black)
2742:
1373:
1250:
714:
648:(2n=32) forms which are very similar in appearance. However, the tetraploid types prefer more shady locations and can develop up to 24
3487:
3311:
2924:
1348:
1318:
2445:
Chillemi, S. and M. Chillemi . 2007. The
Complete Herbal Guide: A Natural Approach to Healing the Body. Morrisville, NC Lulu. 231.
3402:
3337:
2986:
2937:
1295:
1286:
625:
Typical root tubers: these structures separate easily and can become new plants, allowing the plant to colonize new areas rapidly
1477:
1427:
2541:
1108:
Mesolithic Hunter gatherers in Europe consumed the roots of the plant as a source of carbohydrates boiled, fried or roasted.
3014:
1990:
1662:
3086:
2991:
1201:'I like them,' he said, 'when their petals go flat back with the sunshine. They seem to be pressing themselves at the sun.'
1198:...going down the hedgeside with the girl, he noticed the celandines, scalloped splashes of gold, on the side of the ditch.
3627:
3407:
2673:
1174:
1535:
546:. In several subspecies, tubers are formed in the leaf axils after flowering. It blooms between March and May in the UK.
1777:"Lesser Celandine (Ranunculus ficaria): A Threat to Woodland Habitats in the Northern United States and Southern Canada"
1401:
912:
3285:
2888:
1022:
700:. It poses a threat to native wildflowers, especially those ephemeral flowers with a spring-flowering lifecycle. Since
3622:
2551:
2388:
2304:
2277:
2247:
1721:
1690:
1309:
803:
Alba Group (cream to white flowers; foliage green or variously mottled with silver and occasional splashes of purple)
1536:"6 NYCRR Part 575 Prohibited and Regulated Invasive Species Express Terms - NYS Dept. of Environmental Conservation"
852:
821:
Double Mud (semi-double flowers, cream petals, muddy purple-brown on the reverse; green foliage mottled with silver)
705:
displaced and ground is left barren and susceptible to erosion, from June to February, during the plant's six-month
3541:
3324:
3161:
2496:
1839:
17:
3040:
1953:
840:
3363:
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begins growth in the winter when temperatures are low and days are short. The plants mostly propagate and spread
3612:
3536:
3156:
3505:
3112:
3428:
3238:
3022:
1291:
900:
2464:
597:
Growth and reproduction is poor in dry or acidic conditions, though the plants can handle drought well once
3303:
764:
721:
to be a high-risk weed that could spread across 79% of the United States, anticipating possible impacts to
3389:
3251:
3246:
3220:
3120:
2854:
2849:
2826:
2569:"Hunter-gatherer carbohydrate consumption: plant roots and rhizomes as staple foods in Mesolithic Europe"
2115:
1097:
774:
2942:
1277:
696:
In many parts of the Eastern and Northwestern United States and Canada, lesser celandine is cited as an
3500:
3342:
3107:
1255:
1737:
3617:
3602:
3443:
3050:
3009:
2526:
Hager's Handbuch der pharmaceutischen Praxis fĂŒr Apotheker, Ărzte, Drogisten und Medicinalbeamte. ...
181:
2454:
De BaĂracli Levy, J. 1991. The Illustrated Herbal Handbook for Everyone. London Faber and Faber. 51.
61:
3607:
2615:
2030:
3420:
2198:
1141:
876:
2797:
1148:
Upon Wordsworth's death it was proposed that a celandine be carved on his memorial plaque inside
1070:
both share this name and use, though there was little documentation of the toxicity of untreated
692:
As an invasive species it forms a dense carpet in a floodplain forest in Fox Chapel, Pennsylvania
688:
587:
3551:
3492:
3479:
1431:
1182:
trees Edmund saw the ground covered in all directions with little yellow flowers - celandines".
3381:
3298:
2906:
2759:
2322:"Lesser Celandine (Pilewort) Induced Acute Toxic Liver Injury: The First Case Report Worldwide"
2171:
1621:
1046:
1012:
739:
514:(radially symmetrical) flowers with a diameter of up to 3â5 cm (1.2â2.0 in), on long
2655:
618:
spread, as the plants are very successful at colonizing low-lying floodplains once deposited.
1776:
1377:
1136:
864:
165:
3076:
2748:
2734:
2061:. The University of Georgia - Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health. 20 June 2014
2054:
2006:
491:
at the tips. There are two types of roots: dense clusters of thick, pale-coloured elongated
2965:
2875:
1550:
1162:
2320:
Yilmaz, Bulent; Yilmaz, BarıĆ; AktaĆ, Bora; Unlu, Ozan; Roach, Emir Charles (2015-02-27).
1869:
Sohrabi Kertabad, S.; Rashed Mohassel, M. H.; Nasiri Mahalati, M.; Gherekhloo, J. (2013).
8:
3561:
3474:
769:
496:
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1868:
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888:
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3169:
2901:
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2596:
2356:
2321:
1806:
1713:
1517:
1265:
1117:
1018:
726:
722:
506:
Closed-up flowerhead of lesser celandine, showing the sepals and outside of the petals.
190:
56:
3259:
3071:
2862:
2600:
2588:
2547:
2384:
2361:
2343:
2300:
2273:
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1986:
1892:
1798:
1717:
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1658:
1629:
1153:
988:
976:
629:
31:
1887:
1870:
3597:
3574:
3264:
3174:
2867:
2580:
2351:
2333:
2079:
Lloyd, Christopher. 1970,1985. The Well-Tempered Garden. London, Penguin Books. 81.
1882:
1831:
1788:
1219:
1214:
1102:
734:
697:
602:
515:
472:
432:
3329:
3225:
3212:
3125:
2831:
2818:
2584:
1810:
1585:"The biology and non-chemical control of Lesser Celandine (Ranunculus ficaria L.)"
3528:
3451:
3201:
3058:
3001:
2524:
2294:
2267:
1920:
1918:
1190:
1052:
468:
449:
420:
99:
3466:
3433:
3148:
3027:
2568:
443:, nursery owners and discerning gardeners in the UK and Europe collect selected
3094:
2808:
2614:
1543:
1259:
1185:
928:
All plants of the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) contain a compound known as
590:, although some subspecies are capable of producing up to 73 seeds per flower.
543:
86:
48:
1927:. National Park Service and U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C.
1793:
994:
777:. Double-flowered plants were noted as long ago as 1625 when one was found by
483:, 1â4 cm (0.39â1.57 in) across, dark-green above with a distinctive
3591:
3290:
2893:
2782:
2592:
2520:
2347:
2217:
2157:
1896:
1802:
1633:
1467:"Weed Risk Assessment for Ficaria verna Huds (Ranunculaceae) â Fig buttercup"
1405:
1087:
1079:
929:
783:
729:
519:
511:
479:, a groove along their upper surface, and two hollows within. The leaves are
460:
424:
407:
132:
3394:
2431:
Chevallier, A. 1996. The Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants. New York DK. 258.
2415:
North, P. 1967. Poisonous Plants and Fungi in Colour. London Blandford. 121.
3518:
3138:
2660:
2365:
1978:
1871:"Some biological aspects of the weed Lesser celandine (Ranunculus ficaria)"
1678:
1179:
1050:), which shares similarly shaped leaves as well as sharing the german name
1040:. However, use of lesser celandine to prevent scurvy could be considered a
621:
610:
436:
122:
3456:
2338:
1985:(Fourth ed.). Middlewood Green, Suffolk, U.K.: C & M Floristics.
1476:. United States Department of Agriculture. August 12, 2015. Archived from
3415:
3350:
3063:
2950:
2841:
2791:
1169:
964:
591:
574:
484:
2916:
2293:
Frosch, Peter J.; Menne, Torkil; Lepoittevin, Jean-Pierre (2006-06-07).
1521:
1032:("scurvy herb") derives from the use of young leaves, which are high in
609:
is able to take advantage of the higher levels of sunlight reaching the
3316:
2929:
2624:
936:
645:
480:
2955:
3355:
3272:
2199:"Ficaria verna, a weedy menace? The double flowered lesser celandine"
1919:
Swearingen, J.; K. Reshetiloff; B. Slattery & S. Zwicker (2002).
1091:
1033:
1015:
this resemblance suggests that pilewort could be used to cure piles.
984:
960:
952:
933:
815:
Coppernob (bright orange, single flowers; glossy dark bronze foliage)
488:
440:
2753:
2090:"Your garden this week: planting celandines and dividing perennials"
1775:
Axtell, Annie E.; DiTommaso, Antonio; Post, Angela R. (2010-04-01).
939:
turns into the toxin protoanemonin. Contact with damaged or crushed
502:
3513:
3195:
3133:
2776:
1083:
1041:
980:
778:
752:
743:
706:
677:
598:
563:
444:
112:
3368:
3277:
2978:
2674:"Our pursuit of spring continues, 100 years after Edward Thomas's"
1322:
649:
27:
Species of flowering plant in the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae)
641:
633:
Bulbils form in the leaf axils of some subspecies after flowering
476:
142:
1361:
Buttercups focus light to heat their flowers and attract insects
1204:
And then the celandines ever after drew her with a little spell.
809:
Brazen Hussy (bright yellow flowers; glossy dark bronze foliage)
676:
are diploid and hybrids between subspecies often create sterile
3233:
2880:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1194:. They appear to be a favorite of the protagonist, Paul Morel:
1037:
948:
944:
539:
535:
531:
527:
943:
leaves can cause itching, rashes or blistering on the skin or
538:
are numerous, and the fruit is a single-seeded, shortly hairy
1950:
Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources
1685:(3rd ed.). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1404:. Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board. Archived from
1008:
956:
557:
523:
492:
73:
2745:. Lists general information and resources for Fig Buttercup.
1759:
1021:(1616 â 1654), is claimed to have treated his daughter for '
773:
has even given advice on how to plant them, provided by the
2144:
Boens, Wim (December 2017). "Double -flowered celandines".
1710:
Reader's Digest Field Guide to the Wild Flowers of Britain
1557:
2402:
2400:
566:. It has been introduced into Iceland and North America.
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1044:, tied to its similar appearance to common scurvygrass (
1502:
1500:
1498:
2397:
2383:(in German) (8th ed.). Walter de Gruyter Verlag.
2299:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 779.
2292:
1442:. Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team
2319:
1855:
518:
arising individually from the leaf axils or in loose
1510:
Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas
1495:
1774:
975:On drying of these plants, the protoanemonin toxin
1506:
1396:
1394:
1376:. University of Maryland Extension. Archived from
1351:Journal of the Royal Society Interface 14:20160933
1011:of the plant resemble piles, and according to the
562:is native to central Europe, north Africa and the
2139:
2137:
2059:Early Detection & Distribution Mapping System
1127:That shrinks, like many more, from cold and rain;
683:
3589:
2741:, National Invasive Species Information Center,
1582:
2656:The Atlantic Companion to Literature in English
2637:
1583:Bond, W; Davies, G; Turner, R (November 2007).
1391:
2749:Traditional and Modern Use of Lesser Celandine
2713:
2134:
1264:Note that this website has been superseded by
1236:
1234:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2379:Berger, Artur; Wachter, Helmut, eds. (1998).
2378:
2242:(in German) (4th ed.). Springer Verlag.
2237:
1652:
1349:Functional optics of glossy buttercup flowers
1129:And, the first moment that the sun may shine,
1925:Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas
2743:United States National Agricultural Library
2697:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2240:Hagers Handbuch der pharmazeutischen Praxis
2152:(4). Royal Horticultural Society: 249â255.
2055:"Lesser celandine - US States Distribution"
1461:
1459:
1457:
1354:
1231:
1131:Bright as the sun himself, 'tis out again!
1111:
781:. The RHS specialist quarterly publication
2704:End of chapter 11, beginning of chapter 12
2418:
1704:
1702:
1474:Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
1426:
1251:World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
932:. When the plant is wounded, the unstable
788:interest in the species among gardeners).
47:
2355:
2337:
1886:
1792:
526:. The flowers have a whorl of 3 sepaloid
2640:A Brief History of Thyme and Other Herbs
2515:
2513:
2434:
2261:
2259:
1590:. Henry Doubleday Research Association.
1454:
1319:Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland
1172:mentions celandines in a key passage of
1135:
1125:There is a Flower, the lesser Celandine,
1096:
1001:
993:
791:
687:
628:
620:
573:
501:
459:
2372:
2031:"Alien Plant Invader: Lesser celandine"
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1699:
1655:The Vegetative Key to the British Flora
1296:United States Department of Agriculture
1287:Germplasm Resources Information Network
419:, is a low-growing, hairless perennial
14:
3590:
2566:
2539:
1971:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1344:
1342:
2758:
2757:
2671:
2519:
2510:
2265:
2256:
2238:List, PH; Hörhammer, L, eds. (1979).
2231:
2196:
2143:
2116:"February Celandines (Ficaria verna)"
1977:
1781:Invasive Plant Science and Management
1677:
1671:
1440:The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov)
1374:"Weed of the Week - Lesser Celandine"
1302:
652:at the base of the stalk. Subspecies
522:at the top of the stem. There are no
3542:da982c87-10df-41a4-bd07-4742b80beb1e
3444:bfcda1aa-a4e1-4036-a8a8-2b728e91a61d
3162:59a10448-fe3f-4ed2-9cad-03c98ce54f8f
3051:24e316bb-9974-4459-ac69-e8ed07c70829
2700:The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe
1817:
1730:
1653:Poland, John; Clement, Eric (2009).
1308:
1175:The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe
759:
2381:Hunnius Pharmazeutisches Wörterbuch
2212:. Scottish Rock Garden Club: 2â21.
1903:
1619:
1339:
1270:
1059:Hager's Manual of pharmacy practice
24:
1188:mentions celandines frequently in
1025:' (or Kings evil) with the plant.
25:
3639:
2735:Species Profile - Fig Buttercup (
2728:
2266:Lewis, Robert Alan (1998-03-23).
1402:"Lesser celandine, Ficaria verna"
3506:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:712703-1
3113:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:711233-1
2672:Oates, Matthew (28 March 2013).
1840:Global Invasive Species Database
1622:"Invasion of the soil snatchers"
1086:which is non-toxic and may have
947:. Ingesting the toxin can cause
911:
899:
887:
875:
863:
851:
839:
601:. By emerging before the forest
495:surrounded by patches of short,
60:
2707:
2691:
2665:
2647:
2631:
2607:
2567:Bishop, Rosie R. (2021-03-15).
2560:
2533:
2481:
2457:
2448:
2409:
2313:
2286:
2269:Lewis' Dictionary of Toxicology
2190:
2164:
2108:
2082:
2073:
2047:
2023:
1999:
1946:Invasive Plants in Pennsylvania
1931:
1888:10.1590/S0100-83582013000300010
1646:
1613:
1528:
549:
467:Lesser celandine is a hairless
30:For the greater celandine, see
2722:Chapter 6: Death in the family
2096:. The Telegraph. 25 March 2006
1983:New Flora of the British Isles
1683:New Flora of the British Isles
1420:
1366:
1363:New Scientist 25 February 2017
684:Ecology as an invasive species
578:Flowers appear in early spring
455:
13:
1:
2585:10.1080/00438243.2021.2002715
1292:Agricultural Research Service
1225:
569:
2465:"THE DOCTRINE OF SIGNATURES"
2120:www.thewildflowersociety.com
2035:The City of Portland, Oregon
1747:. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
1657:. Southampton: John Poland.
1150:St Oswald's Church, Grasmere
970:
7:
3628:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
2616:"The small Celandine"
2540:Grieve, Maud (1971-06-01).
2326:World Journal of Hepatology
2206:International Rock Gardener
1554:(updated 10 September 2014)
1208:
923:
775:Royal Horticultural Society
249:(Ă.Löve & D.Löve) Holub
10:
3644:
2653:Ed. Mohit K. Ray (Editor)
1745:Plants of the World Online
1256:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
750:), and various species of
29:
3185:
2766:
2529:(in German). J. Springer.
2197:Boens, Wim (April 2017).
2122:. The Wild Flower Society
1794:10.1614/IPSM-D-09-00044.1
1620:Don, Monty (2001-04-22).
475:have sheathing bases, no
196:
189:
171:
164:
57:Scientific classification
55:
46:
41:
3623:Plants described in 1753
2638:Miranda Seymour (2002).
2621:Poems (Wordsworth, 1815)
1152:, but unfortunately the
1112:References in literature
423:in the buttercup family
2714:D. H. Lawrence (1913).
1007:Supposedly, the knobby
2546:. Dover Publications.
2176:www.johnjearrard.co.uk
1206:
1145:
1134:
1105:
1047:Cochlearia officinalis
1028:The German vernacular
1013:doctrine of signatures
998:
693:
634:
626:
579:
507:
464:
358:Ficaria transsilvanica
318:Ficaria ranunculiflora
294:Ficaria peloponnesiaca
3613:Flora of Western Asia
2339:10.4254/wjh.v7.i2.285
1592:Ryton Organic Gardens
1196:
1159:was mistakenly used.
1139:
1122:
1100:
1074:species at the time.
1002:Historical herbal use
997:
792:Recommended cultivars
691:
632:
624:
577:
505:
463:
411:), commonly known as
326:Ficaria ranunculoides
2698:C. S. Lewis (1950).
2469:www.botgard.ucla.edu
2069:– via EDDMapS.
2007:"Ficaria verna Huds"
1716:. 1981. p. 26.
748:Jeffersonia diphylla
670:F. verna calthifolia
342:Ficaria rotundifolia
2094:www.telegraph.co.uk
1483:on 16 February 2016
983:, which is further
770:The Daily Telegraph
3480:Ranunculus ficaria
3467:Ranunculus_ficaria
3239:ranunculus-ficaria
3187:Ranunculus ficaria
2737:Ranunculus ficaria
2489:"Lesser celandine"
2296:Contact Dermatitis
1939:"Lesser Celandine"
1921:"Lesser Celandine"
1834:Ranunculus ficaria
1740:Ranunculus ficaria
1601:on 2 February 2017
1434:Ranunculus ficaria
1266:World Flora Online
1146:
1118:William Wordsworth
1106:
1101:Killynether wood,
1064:Ranunculus ficaria
1019:Nicholas Culpepper
999:
989:dicarboxylic acids
694:
635:
627:
580:
542:with a very short
510:It produces large
508:
465:
431:and considered an
403:Ranunculus ficaria
382:Ranunculus ficaria
321:Moench ex St.-Lag.
302:Ficaria polypetala
286:Ficaria intermedia
3585:
3584:
3072:Open Tree of Life
2760:Taxon identifiers
2573:World Archaeology
2493:Nature's Calendar
1992:978-1-5272-2630-2
1664:978-0-9560144-0-5
1157:Chelidonium majus
1154:greater celandine
906:Flore Pleno Group
765:Christopher Lloyd
760:As a garden plant
756:as alternatives.
393:
392:
386:
378:
370:
362:
354:
350:Ficaria stepporum
346:
338:
330:
322:
314:
306:
298:
290:
282:
274:
266:
258:
250:
246:Ficaria bulbifera
242:
234:
226:
218:
214:Chelidonium minus
210:
42:Lesser celandine
32:Chelidonium majus
16:(Redirected from
3635:
3618:Flora of Lebanon
3603:Medicinal plants
3578:
3577:
3565:
3564:
3555:
3554:
3545:
3544:
3532:
3531:
3522:
3521:
3509:
3508:
3496:
3495:
3483:
3482:
3470:
3469:
3460:
3459:
3447:
3446:
3437:
3436:
3434:NBNSYS0000002735
3424:
3423:
3411:
3410:
3398:
3397:
3385:
3384:
3372:
3371:
3359:
3358:
3346:
3345:
3333:
3332:
3320:
3319:
3307:
3306:
3294:
3293:
3281:
3280:
3268:
3267:
3255:
3254:
3242:
3241:
3229:
3228:
3216:
3215:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3178:
3177:
3165:
3164:
3152:
3151:
3142:
3141:
3129:
3128:
3116:
3115:
3103:
3102:
3090:
3089:
3080:
3079:
3067:
3066:
3054:
3053:
3044:
3043:
3031:
3030:
3028:NHMSYS0100001603
3018:
3017:
3005:
3004:
2995:
2994:
2982:
2981:
2969:
2968:
2959:
2958:
2946:
2945:
2933:
2932:
2920:
2919:
2910:
2909:
2897:
2896:
2884:
2883:
2871:
2870:
2858:
2857:
2845:
2844:
2835:
2834:
2822:
2821:
2812:
2811:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2755:
2754:
2723:
2721:
2711:
2705:
2703:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2669:
2663:
2651:
2645:
2643:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2618:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2517:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2495:. Archived from
2485:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2461:
2455:
2452:
2446:
2443:
2432:
2429:
2416:
2413:
2407:
2404:
2395:
2394:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2359:
2341:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2263:
2254:
2253:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2203:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2141:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2086:
2080:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2011:www.tropicos.org
2003:
1997:
1996:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1959:on March 3, 2015
1958:
1952:. Archived from
1943:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1916:
1901:
1900:
1890:
1866:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1828:
1815:
1814:
1796:
1772:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1706:
1697:
1696:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1600:
1594:. Archived from
1589:
1580:
1555:
1553:
1547:
1542:. Archived from
1532:
1526:
1525:
1504:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1482:
1471:
1463:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1408:on 24 March 2016
1398:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1333:
1327:
1321:. Archived from
1316:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1274:
1268:
1263:
1238:
1220:Ancient woodland
1215:Buttercup family
1144:, Czech Republic
1142:ÄeskĂ© BudÄjovice
1103:Northern Ireland
918:'Salmon's White'
915:
903:
891:
879:
867:
855:
843:
735:Asarum canadense
698:invasive species
433:invasive species
413:lesser celandine
410:
384:
376:
374:Ficaria vulgaris
368:
360:
352:
344:
336:
334:Ficaria robertii
328:
320:
313:Velen. ex Bornm.
312:
304:
296:
288:
280:
272:
264:
256:
254:Ficaria communis
248:
240:
232:
224:
216:
208:
177:
65:
64:
51:
39:
38:
21:
18:Lesser celandine
3643:
3642:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3632:
3608:Flora of Europe
3588:
3587:
3586:
3581:
3573:
3568:
3560:
3558:
3550:
3548:
3540:
3535:
3527:
3525:
3517:
3512:
3504:
3499:
3491:
3486:
3478:
3473:
3465:
3463:
3455:
3452:Observation.org
3450:
3442:
3440:
3432:
3427:
3419:
3414:
3406:
3401:
3393:
3388:
3380:
3375:
3367:
3362:
3354:
3349:
3341:
3336:
3328:
3323:
3315:
3310:
3302:
3297:
3289:
3284:
3276:
3271:
3263:
3258:
3250:
3245:
3237:
3232:
3224:
3219:
3211:
3209:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3181:
3173:
3168:
3160:
3155:
3147:
3145:
3137:
3132:
3124:
3119:
3111:
3106:
3098:
3093:
3085:
3083:
3075:
3070:
3062:
3059:Observation.org
3057:
3049:
3047:
3039:
3034:
3026:
3021:
3013:
3008:
3000:
2999:MichiganFlora:
2998:
2990:
2985:
2977:
2972:
2964:
2962:
2954:
2949:
2941:
2936:
2928:
2923:
2915:
2913:
2905:
2900:
2892:
2887:
2879:
2874:
2866:
2861:
2853:
2848:
2840:
2838:
2830:
2825:
2817:
2815:
2807:
2805:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2781:
2780:
2775:
2762:
2731:
2726:
2717:Sons and Lovers
2712:
2708:
2696:
2692:
2682:
2680:
2670:
2666:
2652:
2648:
2636:
2632:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2565:
2561:
2554:
2538:
2534:
2518:
2511:
2502:
2500:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2473:
2471:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2444:
2435:
2430:
2419:
2414:
2410:
2405:
2398:
2391:
2377:
2373:
2318:
2314:
2307:
2291:
2287:
2280:
2264:
2257:
2250:
2236:
2232:
2222:
2220:
2201:
2195:
2191:
2181:
2179:
2178:. John Jearrard
2172:"Ficaria verna"
2170:
2169:
2165:
2142:
2135:
2125:
2123:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2099:
2097:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2064:
2062:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2039:
2037:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2015:
2013:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1993:
1976:
1972:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1917:
1904:
1867:
1856:
1846:
1844:
1830:
1829:
1818:
1773:
1760:
1750:
1748:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1724:
1714:Reader's Digest
1708:
1707:
1700:
1693:
1676:
1672:
1665:
1651:
1647:
1638:
1636:
1618:
1614:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1587:
1581:
1558:
1549:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1505:
1496:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1455:
1445:
1443:
1425:
1421:
1411:
1409:
1400:
1399:
1392:
1383:
1381:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1359:
1355:
1347:
1340:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1314:
1307:
1303:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1240:
1239:
1232:
1228:
1211:
1191:Sons and Lovers
1133:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1114:
1062:of 1900 states
1004:
973:
926:
919:
916:
907:
904:
895:
892:
883:
880:
871:
868:
859:
856:
847:
844:
794:
762:
686:
666:. ficariiformis
640:exists in both
572:
552:
469:perennial plant
458:
421:flowering plant
406:
389:
278:Ficaria holubyi
270:Ficaria ficaria
262:Ficaria degenii
241:Heldr. ex Nyman
222:Ficaria ambigua
202:
201:
185:
179:
173:
160:
59:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3641:
3631:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3575:wfo-0000460581
3566:
3556:
3546:
3533:
3523:
3510:
3497:
3484:
3471:
3461:
3448:
3438:
3425:
3412:
3399:
3386:
3373:
3360:
3347:
3334:
3321:
3308:
3295:
3282:
3269:
3256:
3243:
3230:
3217:
3207:
3191:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3175:wfo-0000687184
3166:
3153:
3143:
3130:
3117:
3104:
3091:
3081:
3068:
3055:
3045:
3032:
3019:
3006:
2996:
2983:
2970:
2960:
2947:
2934:
2921:
2911:
2898:
2885:
2872:
2859:
2846:
2836:
2823:
2813:
2803:
2788:
2772:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2730:
2729:External links
2727:
2725:
2724:
2706:
2690:
2664:
2646:
2630:
2606:
2579:(2): 175â199.
2559:
2552:
2532:
2523:(1900-01-01).
2521:Hager, Hermann
2509:
2480:
2456:
2447:
2433:
2417:
2408:
2396:
2389:
2371:
2332:(2): 285â288.
2312:
2305:
2285:
2278:
2255:
2248:
2230:
2189:
2163:
2133:
2107:
2081:
2072:
2046:
2022:
1998:
1991:
1970:
1930:
1902:
1881:(3): 577â585.
1875:Planta Daninha
1854:
1816:
1787:(2): 190â196.
1758:
1729:
1722:
1698:
1691:
1670:
1663:
1645:
1612:
1556:
1546:on 2016-03-02.
1540:www.dec.ny.gov
1527:
1516:(1): 193â209.
1494:
1453:
1419:
1390:
1365:
1353:
1338:
1311:BSBI List 2007
1301:
1269:
1260:The Plant List
1229:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1210:
1207:
1186:D. H. Lawrence
1123:
1113:
1110:
1068:C. officinalis
1003:
1000:
972:
969:
925:
922:
921:
920:
917:
910:
908:
905:
898:
896:
893:
886:
884:
881:
874:
872:
870:'Brazen Hussy'
869:
862:
860:
857:
850:
848:
845:
838:
835:
834:
831:
828:
825:
822:
819:
816:
813:
810:
807:
804:
793:
790:
761:
758:
685:
682:
674:F. verna verna
571:
568:
551:
548:
457:
454:
391:
390:
388:
387:
379:
371:
363:
355:
347:
339:
331:
323:
315:
310:Ficaria pumila
307:
299:
291:
283:
275:
273:(L.) H.Karst.
267:
259:
251:
243:
235:
230:Ficaria aperta
227:
219:
211:
206:Caltha hiranoi
199:
198:
197:
194:
193:
187:
186:
180:
169:
168:
162:
161:
154:
152:
148:
147:
140:
136:
135:
130:
126:
125:
120:
116:
115:
110:
103:
102:
97:
90:
89:
84:
77:
76:
71:
67:
66:
53:
52:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3640:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3576:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3557:
3553:
3547:
3543:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3524:
3520:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3462:
3458:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3439:
3435:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3208:
3203:
3197:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3176:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3144:
3140:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3082:
3078:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3046:
3042:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2997:
2993:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2961:
2957:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2912:
2908:
2907:Ficaria verna
2903:
2899:
2895:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2837:
2833:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2814:
2810:
2804:
2799:
2798:Ficaria verna
2793:
2789:
2784:
2778:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2768:Ficaria verna
2765:
2761:
2756:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2740:
2738:
2733:
2732:
2719:
2718:
2710:
2701:
2694:
2679:
2675:
2668:
2662:
2659:, p. 530, at
2658:
2657:
2650:
2641:
2634:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2610:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2563:
2555:
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1380:on 2016-03-02
1379:
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1328:on 2015-06-26
1324:
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1281:
1280:Ficaria verna
1273:
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1163:Edward Thomas
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1121:
1119:
1109:
1104:
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1088:antispasmodic
1085:
1081:
1080:protoanemonin
1075:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1056:. The German
1055:
1054:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1036:, to prevent
1035:
1031:
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1024:
1020:
1016:
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990:
987:to non-toxic
986:
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978:
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771:
766:
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754:
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742:, the native
741:
737:
736:
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724:
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719:Ficaria verna
716:
710:
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703:
702:Ficaria verna
699:
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638:Ficaria verna
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584:Ficaria verna
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555:Ficaria verna
547:
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541:
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512:actinomorphic
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429:fig buttercup
426:
425:Ranunculaceae
422:
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397:Ficaria verna
383:
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366:Ficaria varia
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238:Ficaria boryi
236:
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207:
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175:Ficaria verna
170:
167:
166:Binomial name
163:
159:
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157:F. verna
153:
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133:Ranunculaceae
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2693:
2681:. Retrieved
2678:The Guardian
2677:
2667:
2661:Google Books
2654:
2649:
2639:
2633:
2623:– via
2620:
2609:
2576:
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2535:
2525:
2501:. Retrieved
2497:the original
2492:
2483:
2472:. Retrieved
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2411:
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2374:
2329:
2325:
2315:
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2239:
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2221:. Retrieved
2209:
2205:
2192:
2180:. Retrieved
2175:
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2145:
2124:. Retrieved
2119:
2110:
2098:. Retrieved
2093:
2084:
2075:
2063:. Retrieved
2058:
2049:
2038:. Retrieved
2034:
2025:
2014:. Retrieved
2010:
2001:
1982:
1979:Stace, C. A.
1973:
1961:. Retrieved
1954:the original
1945:
1933:
1924:
1878:
1874:
1845:. Retrieved
1838:
1833:
1784:
1780:
1749:. Retrieved
1744:
1739:
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1709:
1682:
1679:Stace, C. A.
1673:
1654:
1648:
1637:. Retrieved
1626:The Guardian
1625:
1615:
1603:. Retrieved
1596:the original
1591:
1544:the original
1539:
1530:
1513:
1509:
1485:. Retrieved
1478:the original
1473:
1444:. Retrieved
1439:
1433:
1422:
1410:. Retrieved
1406:the original
1382:. Retrieved
1378:the original
1368:
1356:
1330:. Retrieved
1323:the original
1310:
1304:
1285:
1279:
1272:
1258:– via
1249:
1243:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1189:
1184:
1180:silver birch
1173:
1168:
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1107:
1094:properties.
1076:
1071:
1067:
1063:
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1053:skorbutkraut
1051:
1045:
1030:skorbutkraut
1029:
1027:
1017:
1005:
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882:'Collarette'
798:
795:
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747:
733:
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711:
701:
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669:
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657:
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644:(2n=16) and
637:
636:
616:
611:forest floor
606:
596:
588:vegetatively
583:
581:
558:
554:
553:
550:Distribution
509:
473:leaf stalks
466:
437:noxious weed
428:
416:
412:
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401:
396:
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381:
373:
365:
357:
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174:
172:
156:
155:
143:
123:Ranunculales
106:
93:
80:
36:
3416:NatureServe
3351:iNaturalist
3100:kew-2809356
2951:iNaturalist
2792:Wikispecies
2065:12 February
1963:12 February
1847:11 February
1605:12 February
1487:12 February
1412:12 February
1170:C. S. Lewis
965:hemorrhoids
894:'Coppernob'
858:'Brambling'
605:leafs out,
592:Germination
456:Description
337:F.W.Schultz
100:Angiosperms
3592:Categories
3549:WisFlora:
3095:Plant List
2683:31 October
2625:Wikisource
2503:2016-02-13
2474:2016-02-13
2040:2016-02-13
2016:2016-02-12
1639:2016-02-12
1446:18 October
1428:USDA, NRCS
1384:2016-02-12
1332:2014-10-17
1226:References
985:hydrolyzed
937:ranunculin
846:Alba Group
727:endangered
723:threatened
717:considers
646:tetraploid
570:Life cycle
559:sensu lato
489:hydathodes
485:variegated
400:(formerly
377:J.St.-Hil.
353:P.A.Smirn.
257:Dum.Cours.
3304:233501141
3202:Q19796483
2601:247170423
2593:0043-8243
2348:1948-5182
2218:2053-7557
2158:1477-5298
1897:0100-8358
1803:1939-7291
1634:0261-3077
1548:Revised
1116:The poet
1092:analgesic
1034:vitamin C
977:dimerizes
971:Treatment
961:paralysis
953:dizziness
934:glucoside
796:Sources:
740:bloodroot
662:F. verna
654:F. verna
445:cultivars
441:plantsmen
217:Garsault
151:Species:
70:Kingdom:
3537:VicFlora
3526:VASCAN:
3519:27100161
3514:Tropicos
3464:PalDat:
3421:2.160590
3382:10194498
3369:712703-1
3196:Wikidata
3157:VicFlora
3146:VASCAN:
3139:27101265
3134:Tropicos
2979:711233-1
2839:BioLib:
2777:Wikidata
2366:25729484
1981:(2019).
1751:21 March
1681:(2010).
1551:pdf copy
1522:41972152
1430:(n.d.).
1209:See also
1084:anemonin
1042:misnomer
1023:scrofula
981:anemonin
924:Toxicity
779:John Ray
753:Trillium
744:twinleaf
730:riparian
707:dormancy
678:triploid
658:. verna,
564:Caucasus
477:stipules
417:pilewort
200:Synonyms
191:Synonyms
129:Family:
113:Eudicots
3598:Ficaria
3317:3033351
3010:MoBotPF
2930:9094061
2783:Q157557
2644:page 18
2357:4342611
2223:4 April
2182:4 April
2126:4 April
2100:4 April
1072:Ficaria
941:Ficaria
709:phase.
680:forms.
650:bulbils
642:diploid
599:dormant
536:carpels
532:stamens
497:fibrous
481:cordate
305:Gilib.
144:Ficaria
139:Genus:
119:Order:
74:Plantae
3488:PLANTS
3457:125194
3441:NZOR:
3395:116662
3291:176860
3252:126452
3234:ARKive
3226:116510
3213:152095
3210:APDB:
3126:337208
3077:829312
3048:NZOR:
3015:368056
2992:513567
2956:204321
2943:446783
2917:ficver
2914:FoIO:
2894:176898
2881:473789
2855:436091
2832:125745
2819:151967
2816:APDB:
2599:
2591:
2550:
2387:
2364:
2354:
2346:
2303:
2276:
2246:
2216:
2156:
1989:
1895:
1842:(GISD)
1811:925729
1809:
1801:
1720:
1689:
1661:
1632:
1520:
1038:scurvy
1009:tubers
957:spasms
949:nausea
945:mucosa
603:canopy
540:achene
528:tepals
524:bracts
516:stalks
493:tubers
450:spring
369:Otsch.
225:Boreau
209:Tamura
3559:WoI:
3529:19671
3408:18603
3377:IRMNG
3356:55562
3343:30823
3286:EUNIS
3278:FICVE
3265:4RGBC
3084:PFI:
3064:18855
3041:79245
2963:IPA:
2902:FoAO2
2889:EUNIS
2868:6HWGR
2842:38338
2806:APA:
2597:S2CID
2202:(PDF)
1957:(PDF)
1942:(PDF)
1807:S2CID
1599:(PDF)
1588:(PDF)
1518:JSTOR
1481:(PDF)
1470:(PDF)
1326:(xls)
1315:(xls)
1140:Near
959:, or
715:APHIS
544:style
520:cymes
361:Schur
345:Schur
329:Roth
297:Nyman
289:Schur
281:Schur
265:Harv.
233:Schur
182:Huds.
107:Clade
94:Clade
81:Clade
3552:4757
3501:POWO
3493:RAFI
3475:PfaF
3403:ITIS
3364:IPNI
3338:GRIN
3325:GISD
3312:GBIF
3273:EPPO
3247:BOLD
3221:APNI
3149:8515
3108:POWO
3087:1137
3036:NCBI
3002:2388
2987:ITIS
2974:IPNI
2966:3069
2938:GRIN
2925:GBIF
2850:BOLD
2827:APNI
2809:5349
2685:2017
2589:ISSN
2548:ISBN
2385:ISBN
2362:PMID
2344:ISSN
2301:ISBN
2274:ISBN
2244:ISBN
2225:2019
2214:ISSN
2184:2019
2154:ISSN
2128:2019
2102:2019
2067:2016
1987:ISBN
1965:2016
1893:ISSN
1849:2016
1799:ISSN
1753:2023
1718:ISBN
1687:ISBN
1659:ISBN
1630:ISSN
1607:2016
1489:2016
1448:2015
1414:2016
1090:and
1066:and
725:and
672:and
660:and
534:and
184:1762
3570:WFO
3562:615
3429:NBN
3390:ISC
3330:844
3299:FNA
3260:CoL
3170:WFO
3121:RHS
3023:NBN
2876:EoL
2863:CoL
2581:doi
2352:PMC
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1789:doi
1742:L."
664:ssp
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415:or
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