936:. Soldiers in the Roman army were classified on the basis of the amount of property that they owned, and as such, soldiers with more property had more influence than soldiers with less property. The 193 Centuries in the assembly under the Servian Organization were each divided into one of three different grades: the officer class, the enlisted class, and a class of unarmed adjuncts. The officer class was grouped into eighteen Centuries. The enlisted class was grouped into five separate property classes, for a total of 170 Centuries. The unarmed soldiers were divided into the final five Centuries. Of five enlisted classes, the wealthiest controlled 80 of the votes. During a vote, all of the Centuries of one class had to vote before the Centuries of the next lower class could vote. The first candidate to reach a majority of 97 votes was victorious. When a measure or candidate received 97 votes, a majority of the centuries, the voting ended, and as such, many lower ranking Centuries rarely if ever had a chance to actually vote. Combined the 18 equites and the 80 centuries of the first property class had one more century than needed, and a unanimous vote from the elite would thus elect a candidate.
1070:. However, since one joined the same Tribe that one's father belonged to, the geographical distinctions were eventually lost. The order that the 35 Tribes voted in was selected randomly by lot. The order was not chosen at once, and after each Tribe had voted, a lot was used to determine which Tribe should vote next. The first Tribe selected was usually the most important Tribe, because it often decided the matter. It was believed that the order of the lot was chosen by the Gods, and thus, that the position held by the early voting Tribes was the position of the Gods. Once a majority of Tribes had voted the same way, voting ended.
669:
869:
914:. The Centuriate Assembly could also pass a statute that granted constitutional command authority to Consuls and Praetors, and Censorial powers to Censors. In addition, the Centuriate Assembly served as the highest court of appeal in certain judicial cases, and ratified the results of the Census. Although the voters in this assembly wore white undecorated togas and were unarmed, while participating in the Assembly they were classified as soldiers, and as such were not allowed to meet within the
723:). Speeches from private citizens were only heard if the issue to be voted upon was a legislative or judicial matter. If the purpose of the ultimate vote was for an election, no speeches from private citizens were heard, and instead, the candidates for office used the Convention to campaign. During the Convention, the bill to be voted upon was read to the assembly by an officer known as a "Herald". Then, if the assembly was composed of Tribes, the order of the vote had to be determined. A
918:. The president of the Centuriate Assembly was usually a Consul (although sometimes a Praetor). Only Consuls (the highest-ranking of all Roman Magistrates) could preside over the Centuriate Assembly during elections because the higher-ranking Consuls were always elected together with the lower-ranking Praetors. Once every five years, after the new Consuls for the year took office, they presided over the Centuriate Assembly as it elected the two Censors.
51:
940:
811:. In practice, however, they actually received this authority from the Centuriate Assembly (which formally elected them), and as such, this functioned as nothing more than a reminder of Rome's regal heritage. Other acts that the Curiate Assembly voted on were mostly symbolic and usually in the affirmative. At one point, possibly as early as 218 BC, the Curiate Assembly's thirty Curia were abolished, and replaced with thirty
660:), which was a gathering of citizens of a specific class. In contrast, the Convention was an unofficial forum for communication. Conventions were simply forums where Romans met for specific unofficial purposes, such as, for example, to hear a political speech. Voters always assembled first into Conventions to hear debates and conduct other business before voting, and then into Assemblies or Councils to actually vote.
731:
results to the presiding magistrate. The majority of votes in any Curia, Tribe, or
Century decided how that Curia, Tribe, or Century voted. Each Curia, Tribe, or Century received one vote, regardless of how many electors each Tribe or Century held. Once a majority of Curiae, Tribes, or Centuries voted in the same way on a given measure, the voting ended, and the matter was decided.
891:
was originally the democratic assembly of the Roman soldiers. The
Centuriate Assembly organized the Roman citizens into economic classes, defined by a means test. The Roman army was divided into units called "Centuries", and these gathered into the Centuriate Assembly for legislative, electoral, and
730:
The electors were then told to break up the
Convention and assemble into the formal Assembly or Council. The electors voted by placing a pebble or written ballot into an appropriate jar. The baskets that held the votes were watched by specific officers, who then counted the ballots, and reported the
981:
repealed Sulla's constitutional reforms, including his restoration of the
Servian Organization to this assembly. Thus, they restored the newer organization that had originated in 241 BC. The organization of the Centuriate Assembly was not changed again until its powers were all transferred to the
676:
There were no set dates to hold assemblies, but notice had to be given beforehand if the assembly was to be considered formal. Elections had to be announced 17 days before the election took place. Likewise, 17 days had to pass between the proposal of legislation and its enactment by an assembly.
1020:
was the democratic assembly of Roman citizens. The Tribal
Assembly was organized as an Assembly, and not as a Council. During the years of the Roman Republic, citizens were organized on the basis of thirty-five Tribes which included patricians and plebeians. The Tribes gathered into the Tribal
645:, and as such, it was the presiding magistrate who made all decisions on matters of procedure and legality. Ultimately, the presiding magistrate's power over the assembly was nearly absolute. The only check on that power came in the form of vetoes handed down by other magistrates.
954:
still writes of 193 centuries in his era, and most scholars still use that number. It is known that the first property class was reduced from 80 to 70 centuries, and the order of voting was changed so that the first class would go first, and be followed by the equites.
1161:") only applied to Plebeians. However, in 449 BC, a statute of an Assembly was passed which gave Plebiscites the full force of law over all Romans (Plebeians and Patricians). It was not until 287 BC, however, that the last mechanism which allowed the
692:). On several known occasions, presiding magistrates used the claim of unfavorable omens as an excuse to suspend a session that was not going the way they wanted. Any decision made by a presiding magistrate could be
1065:
The thirty-five Tribes were not ethnic or kinship groups, but rather a generic division into which Roman citizens were distributed. When the Tribes were created the divisions were geographical, similar to modern
962:) of the unarmed adjunct class. This Century was the only Century composed of soldiers who had no property, and since it was always the last Century to vote, it never had any real influence on elections.
827:, it witnessed wills and ratified adoptions, inaugurated certain priests, and transferred citizens from Patrician class to Plebeian class (or vice versa). In 44 BC, for example, it ratified the will of
1146:(which also organized on the basis of the Tribes) was that the Tribes of the Plebeian Council only included Plebeians, whereas the Tribes of the Tribal Assembly included both Plebeians and Patricians.
892:
judicial purposes. However, since the number of centuries in each class was fixed, centuries could contain far more than 100 men. Only this assembly could declare war or elect the highest-ranking
641:, citizens, and not elected representatives, voted before each assembly. As such, the citizen-electors had no power, other than to cast a vote. Each assembly was presided over by a single
1128:
enacted a series of constitutional reforms in the 6th century BC. One of these reforms resulted in the creation of a new organizational unit with which to divide citizens. This unit, the
705:
On the day of the vote, the electors first assembled into their conventions for debate and campaigning. In the
Conventions, the electors were not sorted into their respective units (
819:
clans. Since the Curia had always been organized on the basis of the Roman family, the
Curiate Assembly actually retained jurisdiction over clan matters even after the fall of the
17:
648:
In the Roman system of direct democracy, two primary types of gatherings were used to vote on legislative, electoral, and judicial matters. The first was the
Assembly (
1864:
1157:. Usually the Plebeian Tribune presided over the assembly, although the Plebeian Aedile sometimes did as well. Originally, statutes passed by the Plebeian Council ("
776:(aristocratic) clans. The Curiae assembled into the Curiate Assembly, for legislative, electoral, and judicial purposes. The Curiate Assembly passed laws, elected
2302:
770:. The Curiae were ethnic in nature, and thus were organized on the basis of the early Roman family, or, more specifically, on the basis of the thirty original
734:
If a law was passed in violation of proper procedures (such as failing to wait 17 days before voting on a law), the Senate could declare the law nonbinding.
2101:
1886:
601:
2041:
928:, less than a century before the founding of the Roman Republic in 509 BC. As such, the original design of the Centuriate Assembly was known as the "
1652:. Vol. 1 (Translated from the original, with Dissertations and Notes in Two Volumes By Francis Barham, Esq ed.). London: Edmund Spettigue.
2003:
1136:. In 471 BC, a law was passed which allowed the Plebeians to begin organizing by Tribe. Before this point, they had organized on the basis of the
2096:
652:), which was a gathering that was deemed to represent the entire Roman people, even if it did not contain all of the Roman citizens or, like the
1096:. As the name suggests, the Plebeian Council was organized as a Council, and not as an Assembly. It functioned as a gathering through which the
2189:
797:. While it then fell into disuse, it did retain some theoretical powers, most importantly, the power to ratify elections of the top-ranking
2731:
2073:
1918:
2773:
2761:
2078:
2018:
1794:
2820:
2121:
1062:. His was a lifetime appointment, however, and so the Tribal Assembly only elected a new Pontifex Maximus after the previous one died.
630:, the carrying out of capital punishment, the declaration of war and peace, and the creation (or dissolution) of alliances. Under the
4136:
950:
In 241 BC, the assembly was reorganized, though the exact details are uncertain. Some sources have a new total of 373 Centuries, but
1881:
2736:
1872:
4108:
2746:
2056:
1100:(commoners) could pass laws, elect magistrates, and try judicial cases. This council had no political power until the offices of
4053:
2741:
2475:
1814:
Orations and
Letters of Cicero: With Historical Introduction, An Outline of the Roman Constitution, Notes, Vocabulary and Index
594:
198:
1169:
acts of the
Plebeian Council was revoked. After this point, almost all domestic legislation came out of the Plebeian Council.
574:
4023:
2848:
2375:
2111:
188:
626:, it was the people (and thus the assemblies) who had the final say regarding the election of magistrates, the enactment of
4113:
3988:
3141:
872:
Roman Dictator Sulla, who attempted to increase the power of the Centuriate Assembly at the expense of the Tribal Assembly
2694:
359:
2365:
2061:
2046:
1650:
The Political Works of Marcus Tullius Cicero: Comprising his Treatise on the Commonwealth; and his Treatise on the Laws
944:
631:
181:
164:
1021:
Assembly for legislative, electoral, and judicial purposes. The president of the Tribal Assembly was usually either a
4033:
2793:
2360:
2355:
2331:
2182:
2154:
2008:
1943:
1744:
1721:
1689:
1670:
1629:
587:
159:
4141:
4048:
2721:
2370:
2297:
2106:
2023:
1911:
176:
2314:
2247:
2126:
2051:
1193:
932:". Under this organization, the assembly was supposedly designed to mirror the Roman army during the time of the
782:(the only elected magistrates at the time), and tried judicial cases. Consuls always presided over the assembly.
169:
1891:
3068:
2993:
2751:
785:
Shortly after the founding of the republic, most of the powers of the Curiate Assembly were transferred to the
3564:
3404:
3008:
2460:
2175:
2068:
1067:
702:. In addition, decisions made by presiding magistrates could also be vetoed by higher-ranking magistrates.
727:
could use his veto against pending legislation until the point when the order of the vote was determined.
4146:
4103:
4028:
3787:
2843:
2726:
2272:
2013:
1904:
1132:, was based on geography rather than family, and was created to assist in future reorganizations of the
1037:(the second-highest ranking Roman Magistrate). The Tribal Assembly elected three different magistrates:
4063:
3727:
3619:
3389:
3161:
2983:
2891:
2756:
2699:
2116:
973:
restored the old Servian Organization to this assembly. Sulla died in 78 BC, and in 70 BC, the Consuls
372:
4083:
3176:
3131:
3058:
2978:
2926:
2916:
2868:
2215:
764:
were members. During these first decades, the People of Rome were organized into thirty units called
437:
139:
3684:
3594:
3103:
3083:
3078:
3063:
3016:
2956:
2911:
2713:
816:
772:
761:
688:
either in attendance or on-call, who would be available to help interpret any signs from the gods (
41:
4093:
4073:
4013:
4003:
3993:
3399:
3088:
2988:
2968:
2883:
2873:
2578:
2518:
2498:
2210:
978:
475:
4098:
4088:
4038:
4018:
3832:
3807:
3772:
3654:
3379:
3026:
2788:
2319:
2144:
970:
807:
4068:
3998:
3822:
3574:
3374:
3369:
3166:
3073:
2998:
2961:
2946:
2921:
2901:
2803:
1882:
Considerations on the Causes of the Greatness of the Romans and their Decline, by Montesquieu
4078:
4043:
3732:
3599:
3499:
3424:
3289:
3252:
2628:
2292:
929:
863:
760:. The Curiate Assembly was organized as an Assembly, and not as a Council even though only
117:
3722:
8:
4008:
3857:
3659:
3529:
3479:
2798:
2395:
1968:
857:
787:
656:, excluded a particular class of Roman citizens (the plebs). The second was the Council (
252:
1869:
958:
The lowest ranking Century in the Centuriate Assembly was the fifth Century (called the
4058:
3782:
3589:
3444:
3384:
3304:
3247:
3111:
2347:
2326:
2136:
1948:
1927:
1784:
1203:
510:
149:
3697:
684:
were often present to act as assistants. There were also religious officials known as
3692:
3544:
3299:
3259:
3237:
2445:
1985:
1740:
1717:
1710:
1685:
1666:
1659:
1625:
893:
798:
668:
429:
422:
225:
1802:
Gruen, E. S. "The Last Generation of the Roman Republic" (U California Press, 1974)
3757:
3717:
3649:
3584:
3509:
3504:
3276:
3199:
3146:
2941:
2936:
2825:
2684:
2633:
2593:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2543:
2465:
2412:
2405:
2390:
2385:
2309:
2237:
1978:
1963:
1958:
1870:
Rome at the End of the Punic Wars: An Analysis of the Roman Government; by Polybius
1188:
1183:
1079:
1059:
1028:
824:
743:
724:
698:
642:
638:
551:
545:
538:
524:
353:
332:
277:
262:
257:
242:
126:
3852:
3664:
3644:
3604:
3539:
3489:
3484:
3359:
3309:
3217:
3051:
3031:
2951:
2400:
2225:
1973:
1876:
1142:
1140:. The only difference between the Plebeian Council after 471 BC and the ordinary
1125:
1003:
925:
793:
267:
1733:
1058:
In addition to the above-mentioned magistrates, the Tribal Assembly elected the
634:, the people (and thus the assemblies) held the ultimate source of sovereignty.
3907:
3549:
3284:
3232:
3204:
3151:
3136:
3116:
2931:
2906:
2863:
2853:
2679:
2653:
2583:
2568:
2533:
2493:
2254:
2033:
1779:
1178:
1093:
1017:
966:
888:
844:
820:
757:
619:
556:
503:
347:
322:
231:
79:
1712:
Roman Voting Assemblies: From the Hannibalic War to the Dictatorship of Caesar
868:
4130:
3439:
3409:
3324:
2858:
2835:
2648:
2503:
2488:
2435:
2242:
1995:
1789:
1213:
987:
933:
832:
828:
452:
302:
70:
1798:. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 763–765.
3917:
3777:
3222:
3171:
3126:
3121:
2973:
2783:
2669:
2613:
2608:
2380:
2264:
2198:
2088:
1953:
1935:
1208:
1162:
1023:
983:
910:
898:
805:) by passing the statute that gave them their legal command authority, the
778:
365:
317:
287:
213:
88:
3712:
3334:
3156:
3046:
2440:
1158:
831:, and with it Caesar's adoption of his nephew Gaius Octavian (the future
719:
408:
3937:
3877:
3842:
3634:
3569:
3559:
3454:
3339:
3227:
2810:
2778:
2523:
2450:
2282:
2277:
1133:
1122:
922:
681:
489:
219:
99:
2167:
1514:
Roman Elections in the Age of Cicero: Society, Government, and Voting.
1479:
Roman Elections in the Age of Cicero: Society, Government, and Voting.
3967:
3962:
3922:
3847:
3817:
3797:
3674:
3614:
3524:
3474:
3469:
3394:
3354:
3242:
3212:
3021:
2896:
2689:
2573:
2548:
2427:
2149:
1896:
939:
627:
561:
531:
397:
379:
342:
50:
3927:
3912:
3902:
3887:
3802:
3792:
3762:
3752:
3747:
3737:
3639:
3554:
3434:
3419:
3349:
3329:
3319:
3314:
3294:
3093:
2674:
2638:
2528:
2455:
2287:
1833:
1198:
1114:
1097:
1039:
991:
915:
904:
883:
835:
802:
713:
623:
496:
386:
297:
208:
106:
3947:
3942:
3932:
3897:
3892:
3882:
3827:
3812:
3629:
3624:
3609:
3579:
3534:
3514:
3494:
3449:
3181:
3036:
2815:
2623:
2618:
2508:
1102:
1051:
1033:
812:
756:) was the principal assembly during the first two decades of the
482:
461:
312:
292:
31:
1055:. The Tribal Assembly also had the power to try judicial cases.
921:
The Centuriate Assembly was supposedly founded by the legendary
3957:
3837:
3767:
3707:
3702:
3669:
3429:
3414:
3364:
3344:
2766:
2643:
2538:
1108:
1045:
974:
951:
517:
307:
1783:
3742:
3464:
3191:
2483:
1703:. Vol. 2 (Fifth ed.). Oxford: Printed by W. Baxter.
1149:
The Plebeian Council elected two 'Plebeian Magistrates', the
838:) as his son and heir. However, this might not have been the
766:
707:
685:
680:
In addition to the presiding magistrate, several additional
3952:
3519:
3459:
3041:
2417:
1166:
693:
689:
1701:
The General History of Polybius: Translated from the Greek
2513:
1622:
A History and Description of Roman Political Institutions
468:
415:
1643:. US Government Printing Office Senate Document 103–23.
1892:
What a Terrorist Incident in Ancient Rome Can Teach Us
1647:
1807:
Researches Into the History of the Roman Constitution
1730:
1619:
1732:
1709:
1658:
30:"Comitia" redirects here. Not to be confused with
1851:The Theory of the Mixed Constitution in Antiquity
1707:
994:, after the fall of the Roman Republic in 27 BC.
4128:
1679:
1393:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1585:
1583:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1377:
1375:
1365:
1363:
2183:
1912:
1661:Rubicon: The Last Years of the Roman Republic
1442:
1440:
1421:
1419:
1294:
1092:) was the principal popular gathering of the
943:Chart Showing the Checks and Balances of the
595:
1887:The Roman Constitution to the Time of Cicero
1853:. Columbia University Press, New York. 1975.
1656:
1638:
1340:
1308:
1306:
1239:
1237:
851:
672:Growth of the city region during the kingdom
616:legislative assemblies of the Roman Republic
18:Legislative assemblies of the Roman Republic
1580:
1553:
1537:
1519:
1402:
1372:
1360:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1315:
1260:
1258:
622:. According to the contemporary historian
618:were political institutions in the ancient
2190:
2176:
1919:
1905:
1601:
1571:
1562:
1484:
1462:
1437:
1428:
1416:
1384:
1285:
1267:
1225:
602:
588:
1844:The Development of the Roman Constitution
1778:
1528:
1503:. Cornell University Press, 1972, p. 127.
1459:. Cornell University Press, 1972, p. 126.
1303:
1276:
1246:
1234:
997:
737:
1761:Cambridge Ancient History, Volumes 9–13.
1698:
1592:
1324:
1255:
938:
867:
667:
27:Political institutions in Roman Republic
2197:
14:
4129:
1926:
1682:The Constitution of the Roman Republic
823:in 27 BC. Under the presidency of the
2171:
1900:
916:physical boundary of the city of Rome
663:
1816:. Scott, Foresman and Company. 1891.
1716:. The University of Michigan Press.
1501:Greek and Roman Voting and Elections
1457:Greek and Roman Voting and Elections
1112:were created in 494 BC, due to the
1073:
24:
1754:
945:Constitution of the Roman Republic
632:Constitution of the Roman Republic
25:
4158:
1858:
4137:Government of the Roman Republic
1865:Cicero's De Re Publica, Book Two
1641:The Senate of the Roman Republic
1516:Routledge, Mar 12, 2012, p. 123.
1481:Routledge, Mar 12, 2012, p. 113.
815:, one from each of the original
637:Since the Romans used a form of
49:
1648:Cicero, Marcus Tullius (1841).
1506:
1493:
1471:
1449:
1194:Elections in the Roman Republic
34:, a Japanese comics convention.
1821:The Emperor in the Roman World
13:
1:
1613:
2762:Frontiers and fortifications
1812:Johnston, Harold Whetstone.
1731:McCullough, Colleen (1990).
1620:Abbott, Frank Frost (1901).
1068:Parliamentary constituencies
7:
2821:Decorations and punishments
1780:Greenidge, Abel Hendy Jones
1684:. Oxford University Press.
1172:
887:or "Army Assembly") of the
696:by a magistrate known as a
10:
4163:
3728:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
2303:historiography of the fall
1846:. D. Apple & Co. 1886.
1823:, (Duckworth, 1977, 1992).
1809:. William Pickering. 1853.
1708:Taylor, Lily Ross (1966).
1077:
1001:
861:
855:
741:
29:
4109:External wars and battles
3976:
3870:
3683:
3275:
3268:
3190:
3102:
3007:
2882:
2834:
2712:
2662:
2601:
2592:
2474:
2426:
2346:
2263:
2233:
2224:
2206:
2135:
2087:
2032:
1994:
1934:
1121:According to legend, the
852:Assembly of the Centuries
438:Senatus consultum ultimum
333:Extraordinary magistrates
1828:Roman Constitutional Law
1775:, (Fontana Press, 1978).
1768:, (Fontana Press, 1993).
1680:Lintott, Andrew (1999).
1219:
969:from 82 BC until 80 BC,
42:Politics of ancient Rome
4142:Historical legislatures
4104:Roman–Iranian relations
2579:Optimates and populares
1795:Encyclopædia Britannica
979:Marcus Licinius Crassus
4114:Civil wars and revolts
3380:Sextus Pompeius Festus
3027:Conflict of the Orders
2386:Legislative assemblies
2145:Conflict of the Orders
1766:The Later Roman Empire
1665:. Random House Books.
1014:comitia populi tributa
998:Assembly of the Tribes
971:Lucius Cornelius Sulla
947:
873:
808:lex curiata de imperio
738:Assembly of the Curiae
673:
199:Political institutions
3823:Simplicius of Cilicia
3575:Quintus Curtius Rufus
2804:Siege in Ancient Rome
2413:Executive magistrates
1735:The First Man in Rome
1657:Holland, Tom (2005).
1639:Byrd, Robert (1995).
1512:Rachel Feig Vishnia.
1477:Rachel Feig Vishnia.
1027:(the highest ranking
942:
871:
671:
3833:Stephanus Byzantinus
3738:Eusebius of Caesaria
3600:Sidonius Apollinaris
3290:Ammianus Marcellinus
2629:Tribune of the plebs
1624:. Elibron Classics.
930:Servian organization
864:Servian constitution
278:Ordinary magistrates
4009:Distinguished women
3660:Velleius Paterculus
3500:Nicolaus Damascenus
3480:Marcellus Empiricus
2869:Republican currency
2062:reforms of Augustus
878:Centuriate Assembly
858:Centuriate Assembly
788:Centuriate Assembly
4147:Popular assemblies
3783:Phlegon of Tralles
3590:Seneca the Younger
3064:Naming conventions
2794:Personal equipment
2327:Later Roman Empire
1928:Roman Constitution
1875:2007-02-05 at the
1826:Mommsen, Theodor.
1773:The Roman Republic
1204:Procurator (Roman)
1115:Plebeian Secession
948:
874:
674:
664:Assembly procedure
511:Triumvir monetalis
445:Titles and honours
4122:
4121:
4084:Pontifices maximi
3866:
3865:
3723:Diogenes Laërtius
3545:Pliny the Younger
3300:Asconius Pedianus
3260:Romance languages
3132:Civil engineering
2874:Imperial currency
2747:Political control
2708:
2707:
2342:
2341:
2165:
2164:
2112:(post Diocletian)
2102:(post Diocletian)
2057:reforms of Caesar
1849:Von Fritz, Kurt.
1699:Polybius (1823).
1151:Plebeian Tribunes
1052:Military Tribunes
894:Roman Magistrates
799:Roman Magistrates
612:
611:
430:Quaestio perpetua
423:Senatus consultum
226:Roman citizenship
16:(Redirected from
4154:
4074:Magistri equitum
3989:Cities and towns
3982:
3908:Constantinopolis
3718:Diodorus Siculus
3650:Valerius Maximus
3585:Seneca the Elder
3505:Nonius Marcellus
3273:
3272:
2826:Hippika gymnasia
2789:Infantry tactics
2695:Consular tribune
2685:Magister equitum
2634:Military tribune
2599:
2598:
2559:Pontifex maximus
2554:Princeps senatus
2544:Magister militum
2310:Byzantine Empire
2231:
2230:
2192:
2185:
2178:
2169:
2168:
2052:reforms of Sulla
1921:
1914:
1907:
1898:
1897:
1842:Tighe, Ambrose.
1799:
1787:
1750:
1738:
1727:
1715:
1704:
1695:
1676:
1664:
1653:
1644:
1635:
1608:
1605:
1599:
1596:
1590:
1587:
1578:
1575:
1569:
1566:
1560:
1557:
1551:
1548:
1535:
1532:
1526:
1523:
1517:
1510:
1504:
1499:E. S. Staveley.
1497:
1491:
1488:
1482:
1475:
1469:
1466:
1460:
1455:E. S. Staveley.
1453:
1447:
1444:
1435:
1432:
1426:
1423:
1414:
1411:
1400:
1397:
1391:
1388:
1382:
1379:
1370:
1367:
1358:
1355:
1338:
1335:
1322:
1319:
1313:
1310:
1301:
1298:
1292:
1289:
1283:
1280:
1274:
1271:
1265:
1262:
1253:
1250:
1244:
1241:
1232:
1229:
1189:Princeps senatus
1184:Byzantine Senate
1155:Plebeian Aediles
1103:Plebeian Tribune
1090:concilium plebis
1086:Plebeian Council
1080:Plebeian Council
1074:Plebeian Council
1060:Pontifex Maximus
1029:Roman Magistrate
842:but instead the
825:Pontifex Maximus
750:Curiate Assembly
744:Curiate Assembly
725:Plebeian Tribune
699:Plebeian Tribune
643:Roman Magistrate
639:direct democracy
604:
597:
590:
546:Pontifex maximus
539:Princeps senatus
525:Magister militum
360:Consular tribune
354:Magister equitum
182:Augustan reforms
53:
37:
36:
21:
4162:
4161:
4157:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4152:
4151:
4127:
4126:
4123:
4118:
3980:
3978:
3972:
3862:
3698:AĂ«tius of Amida
3679:
3665:Verrius Flaccus
3645:Valerius Antias
3605:Silius Italicus
3540:Pliny the Elder
3485:Marcus Aurelius
3360:Cornelius Nepos
3310:Aurelius Victor
3264:
3186:
3098:
3032:Secessio plebis
3003:
2878:
2830:
2704:
2658:
2588:
2470:
2422:
2338:
2259:
2220:
2202:
2196:
2166:
2161:
2131:
2083:
2028:
1990:
1930:
1925:
1877:Wayback Machine
1861:
1856:
1805:Ihne, Wilhelm.
1785:"Comitia"
1757:
1755:Further reading
1747:
1724:
1692:
1673:
1632:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1511:
1507:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1463:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1417:
1412:
1403:
1399:McCullough, 943
1398:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1373:
1368:
1361:
1356:
1341:
1336:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1175:
1143:Tribal Assembly
1126:Servius Tullius
1109:Plebeian Aedile
1082:
1076:
1010:Tribal Assembly
1006:
1004:Tribal Assembly
1000:
926:Servius Tullius
866:
860:
854:
840:comitia curiata
794:Tribal Assembly
754:comitia curiata
746:
740:
666:
654:comitia curiata
608:
579:
575:Other countries
566:
435:
392:
327:
272:
237:
193:
170:Sullan republic
135:
131:
122:
113:
109:
102:
92:
83:
74:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4160:
4150:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3985:
3983:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3874:
3872:
3868:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3689:
3687:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3550:Pomponius Mela
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3285:Aelius Donatus
3281:
3279:
3270:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3253:Ecclesiastical
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3207:
3202:
3196:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3108:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3013:
3011:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2994:Toys and games
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2888:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2840:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2776:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2718:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2605:
2603:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2534:Vigintisexviri
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2494:Cursus honorum
2491:
2486:
2480:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2432:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2352:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2293:Western Empire
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2269:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2240:
2234:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2195:
2194:
2187:
2180:
2172:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2147:
2141:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2093:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2044:
2038:
2036:
2034:Roman Republic
2030:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2000:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1940:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1924:
1923:
1916:
1909:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1867:
1860:
1859:External links
1857:
1855:
1854:
1847:
1840:
1831:
1824:
1817:
1810:
1803:
1800:
1790:Chisholm, Hugh
1776:
1771:Crawford, M.
1769:
1762:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1745:
1739:. Avon Books.
1728:
1722:
1705:
1696:
1690:
1677:
1671:
1654:
1645:
1636:
1630:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1600:
1591:
1579:
1570:
1561:
1552:
1536:
1527:
1518:
1505:
1492:
1483:
1470:
1461:
1448:
1436:
1427:
1415:
1401:
1392:
1383:
1371:
1359:
1339:
1323:
1314:
1302:
1300:Lintott, 46–47
1293:
1284:
1275:
1266:
1254:
1245:
1233:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1179:Cursus honorum
1174:
1171:
1094:Roman Republic
1078:Main article:
1075:
1072:
1046:Curule Aediles
1018:Roman Republic
1002:Main article:
999:
996:
889:Roman Republic
856:Main article:
853:
850:
845:comitia calata
821:Roman Republic
758:Roman Republic
742:Main article:
739:
736:
665:
662:
620:Roman Republic
610:
609:
607:
606:
599:
592:
584:
581:
580:
578:
577:
571:
568:
567:
565:
564:
559:
554:
549:
542:
535:
528:
521:
514:
507:
504:Vigintisexviri
500:
493:
486:
479:
472:
465:
457:
456:
455:
447:
446:
442:
441:
434:
433:
426:
419:
412:
404:
401:
400:
394:
393:
391:
390:
383:
376:
369:
362:
357:
350:
345:
339:
336:
335:
329:
328:
326:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
284:
281:
280:
274:
273:
271:
270:
265:
260:
255:
249:
246:
245:
239:
238:
236:
235:
232:Cursus honorum
228:
223:
216:
211:
205:
202:
201:
195:
194:
192:
191:
186:
185:
184:
174:
173:
172:
162:
156:
153:
152:
146:
145:
144:
143:
134:
133:
124:
114:
112:
111:
104:
103:27 BC – AD 284
96:
95:
94:
93:27 BC – AD 395
85:
80:Roman Republic
76:
64:
63:
59:
58:
55:
54:
46:
45:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4159:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4125:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3975:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3869:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3682:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3440:Julius Paulus
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3375:Fabius Pictor
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3271:
3267:
3261:
3258:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3112:Amphitheatres
3110:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2849:Deforestation
2847:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2799:Siege engines
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2732:Establishment
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2663:Extraordinary
2661:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2649:Promagistrate
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2436:Twelve Tables
2434:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2200:
2193:
2188:
2186:
2181:
2179:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2137:Miscellaneous
2134:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1996:Roman Kingdom
1993:
1987:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1922:
1917:
1915:
1910:
1908:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1841:
1839:
1838:The Histories
1835:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1748:
1746:0-380-71081-1
1742:
1737:
1736:
1729:
1725:
1723:0-472-08125-X
1719:
1714:
1713:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1691:0-19-926108-3
1687:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1672:1-4000-7897-0
1668:
1663:
1662:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1631:0-543-92749-0
1627:
1623:
1618:
1617:
1604:
1595:
1586:
1584:
1574:
1565:
1556:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1531:
1522:
1515:
1509:
1502:
1496:
1487:
1480:
1474:
1465:
1458:
1452:
1443:
1441:
1431:
1422:
1420:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1396:
1387:
1378:
1376:
1366:
1364:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1318:
1309:
1307:
1297:
1288:
1279:
1270:
1261:
1259:
1249:
1240:
1238:
1228:
1224:
1215:
1214:Tricameralism
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1119:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1081:
1071:
1069:
1063:
1061:
1056:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1005:
995:
993:
989:
988:Roman Emperor
986:by the first
985:
980:
976:
975:Pompey Magnus
972:
968:
963:
961:
956:
953:
946:
941:
937:
935:
934:Roman Kingdom
931:
927:
924:
919:
917:
913:
912:
907:
906:
901:
900:
895:
890:
886:
885:
879:
870:
865:
859:
849:
847:
846:
841:
837:
834:
833:Roman emperor
830:
829:Julius Caesar
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
809:
804:
801:(Consuls and
800:
796:
795:
790:
789:
783:
781:
780:
775:
774:
769:
768:
763:
759:
755:
751:
745:
735:
732:
728:
726:
722:
721:
716:
715:
710:
709:
703:
701:
700:
695:
691:
687:
683:
678:
670:
661:
659:
655:
651:
646:
644:
640:
635:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
605:
600:
598:
593:
591:
586:
585:
583:
582:
576:
573:
572:
570:
569:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
547:
543:
541:
540:
536:
534:
533:
529:
527:
526:
522:
520:
519:
515:
513:
512:
508:
506:
505:
501:
499:
498:
494:
492:
491:
487:
485:
484:
480:
478:
477:
473:
471:
470:
466:
464:
463:
459:
458:
454:
451:
450:
449:
448:
444:
443:
440:
439:
432:
431:
427:
425:
424:
420:
418:
417:
413:
411:
410:
406:
405:
403:
402:
399:
396:
395:
389:
388:
384:
382:
381:
377:
375:
374:
370:
368:
367:
363:
361:
358:
356:
355:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
340:
338:
337:
334:
331:
330:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
303:Promagistrate
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
285:
283:
282:
279:
276:
275:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
250:
248:
247:
244:
241:
240:
234:
233:
229:
227:
224:
222:
221:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
206:
204:
203:
200:
197:
196:
190:
187:
183:
180:
179:
178:
175:
171:
168:
167:
166:
163:
161:
158:
157:
155:
154:
151:
148:
147:
142:
141:
137:
136:
130:
129:
125:
121:
120:
116:
115:
108:
105:
101:
98:
97:
91:
90:
86:
82:
81:
77:
73:
72:
71:Roman Kingdom
68:
67:
66:
65:
61:
60:
57:
56:
52:
48:
47:
43:
39:
38:
33:
19:
4124:
4054:Institutions
3918:Leptis Magna
3871:Major cities
3778:Philostratus
3565:Quadrigarius
3385:Rufus Festus
3248:Contemporary
2969:Romanization
2892:Architecture
2499:Collegiality
2348:Constitution
2199:Ancient Rome
2107:Constitution
2089:Roman Empire
2047:Constitution
2009:Constitution
1949:Constitution
1936:Ancient Rome
1850:
1843:
1837:
1827:
1820:
1819:Millar, F.
1813:
1806:
1793:
1772:
1765:
1764:Cameron, A.
1734:
1711:
1700:
1681:
1660:
1649:
1640:
1621:
1603:
1594:
1573:
1564:
1555:
1530:
1521:
1513:
1508:
1500:
1495:
1486:
1478:
1473:
1464:
1456:
1451:
1430:
1395:
1386:
1317:
1296:
1287:
1278:
1269:
1248:
1227:
1209:Acta Senatus
1163:Roman Senate
1154:
1150:
1148:
1141:
1137:
1129:
1120:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1089:
1085:
1083:
1064:
1057:
1050:
1044:
1038:
1032:
1022:
1013:
1009:
1007:
984:Roman Senate
967:dictatorship
964:
959:
957:
949:
920:
909:
903:
897:
881:
877:
875:
843:
839:
806:
792:
786:
784:
777:
771:
765:
753:
749:
747:
733:
729:
718:
712:
706:
704:
697:
679:
675:
657:
653:
649:
647:
636:
615:
613:
544:
537:
530:
523:
516:
509:
502:
495:
488:
481:
474:
467:
460:
436:
428:
421:
414:
407:
385:
378:
371:
364:
352:
230:
218:
214:Collegiality
150:Constitution
138:
127:
118:
89:Roman Empire
87:
78:
69:
4049:Geographers
3733:Dioscorides
3713:Cassius Dio
3335:Cassiodorus
3238:Renaissance
2844:Agriculture
2816:Auxiliaries
2757:Engineering
2594:Magistrates
2446:Citizenship
2441:Mos maiorum
2376:Late Empire
2127:Magistrates
2079:Magistrates
2024:Magistrates
1986:Magistrates
1830:. 1871-1888
1589:Abbott, 196
1559:Lintott, 51
1550:Abbott, 261
1525:Abbott, 107
1413:Abbott, 257
1381:Abbott, 253
1369:Abbott, 250
1357:Taylor, 3–4
1321:Lintott, 62
1291:Lintott, 46
1273:Lintott, 45
1231:Lintott, 44
1159:Plebiscites
1118:that year.
965:During his
682:magistrates
409:Mos maiorum
189:Late Empire
132:AD 395–1453
4131:Categories
3938:Mediolanum
3878:Alexandria
3843:Themistius
3808:Porphyrius
3635:Tertullian
3570:Quintilian
3560:Propertius
3455:Lactantius
3405:Fulgentius
3340:Censorinus
3162:Sanitation
3147:Metallurgy
3104:Technology
3069:Demography
3017:Patricians
2984:Spectacles
2942:Literature
2937:Hairstyles
2774:Technology
2524:Praefectus
2476:Government
2466:Litigation
2451:Auctoritas
2396:Centuriate
2283:Principate
2278:Pax Romana
2238:Foundation
2155:Obligation
2122:Assemblies
2074:Assemblies
2019:Assemblies
1969:Centuriate
1959:Assemblies
1614:References
1607:Abbott, 51
1577:Taylor, 76
1568:Taylor, 77
1490:Abbott, 75
1468:Taylor, 86
1446:Abbott, 21
1434:Taylor, 87
1425:Taylor, 85
1390:Holland, 5
1312:Taylor, 40
1282:Taylor, 16
1252:Taylor, 96
1243:Taylor, 63
1123:Roman King
960:proletarii
923:Roman King
884:centuriata
862:See also:
762:patricians
628:Roman laws
490:Praefectus
398:Public law
253:Centuriate
243:Assemblies
220:Auctoritas
123:AD 395–476
110:AD 284–641
100:Principate
75:753–509 BC
4094:Quaestors
4024:Empresses
4014:Dynasties
4004:Dictators
3979:and other
3968:Volubilis
3963:Vindobona
3923:Londinium
3848:Theodoret
3818:Procopius
3798:Polyaenus
3773:Pausanias
3675:Vitruvius
3620:Symmachus
3615:Suetonius
3525:Petronius
3510:Obsequens
3475:Macrobius
3470:Lucretius
3395:Frontinus
3370:Eutropius
3355:Columella
3305:Augustine
3295:Appuleius
3243:Neo-Latin
3218:Classical
3209:Versions
3117:Aqueducts
3059:Patronage
2979:Sexuality
2952:Mythology
2927:Education
2917:Cosmetics
2742:Campaigns
2737:Structure
2690:Decemviri
2549:Imperator
2248:overthrow
2150:Roman law
1534:Taylor, 7
1264:Taylor, 2
1098:Plebeians
1040:Quaestors
1016:) of the
817:Patrician
773:Patrician
714:centuries
658:concilium
532:Imperator
380:Decemviri
373:Triumviri
343:Corrector
84:509–27 BC
4099:Tribunes
4089:Praetors
4039:Generals
4019:Emperors
3928:Lugdunum
3913:Eboracum
3903:Carthage
3888:Aquileia
3803:Polybius
3793:Plutarch
3763:Libanius
3753:Josephus
3748:Herodian
3640:Tibullus
3555:Priscian
3530:Phaedrus
3490:Manilius
3435:Jordanes
3420:Hydatius
3350:Claudian
3330:Catullus
3320:Boëthius
3315:Ausonius
3233:Medieval
3205:Alphabet
3177:Theatres
3152:Numerals
3137:Concrete
3127:Circuses
3094:Bagaudae
3084:Adoption
3079:Marriage
3052:Assembly
2957:Religion
2932:Folklore
2912:Clothing
2907:Calendar
2864:Currency
2854:Commerce
2752:Strategy
2714:Military
2700:Triumvir
2680:Dictator
2675:Interrex
2654:Governor
2639:Quaestor
2602:Ordinary
2584:Province
2574:Tetrarch
2564:Augustus
2529:Vicarius
2519:Officium
2456:Imperium
2406:Plebeian
2366:Republic
2288:Dominate
2255:Republic
2216:Timeline
1979:Plebeian
1873:Archived
1834:Polybius
1782:(1911).
1598:Byrd, 31
1337:Byrd, 33
1199:Interrex
1173:See also
1153:and the
992:Augustus
905:Praetors
882:comitia
836:Augustus
803:Praetors
791:and the
624:Polybius
562:Tetrarch
552:Augustus
497:Vicarius
476:Officium
387:Interrex
348:Dictator
323:Governor
298:Quaestor
263:Plebeian
209:Imperium
165:Republic
140:Timeline
107:Dominate
4069:Legions
4029:Fiction
3999:Consuls
3994:Climate
3948:Ravenna
3943:Pompeii
3933:Lutetia
3898:Bononia
3893:Berytus
3883:Antioch
3858:Zosimus
3853:Zonaras
3828:Sozomen
3813:Priscus
3788:Photius
3630:Terence
3625:Tacitus
3610:Statius
3595:Servius
3580:Sallust
3535:Plautus
3515:Orosius
3495:Martial
3450:Juvenal
3425:Hyginus
3410:Gellius
3269:Writers
3200:History
3182:Thermae
3172:Temples
3122:Bridges
3089:Slavery
3037:Equites
3009:Society
2989:Theatre
2962:Deities
2922:Cuisine
2902:Bathing
2884:Culture
2859:Finance
2836:Economy
2727:Borders
2722:History
2624:Tribune
2619:Praetor
2509:Legatus
2504:Emperor
2391:Curiate
2361:Kingdom
2356:History
2332:History
2315:decline
2273:History
2243:Kingdom
2226:History
2211:Outline
2097:History
2042:History
2004:History
1964:Curiate
1944:History
1792:(ed.).
1034:Praetor
1031:) or a
911:Censors
899:Consuls
813:lictors
779:Consuls
650:comitia
483:Praeses
462:Legatus
453:Emperor
313:Tribune
293:Praetor
258:Curiate
160:Kingdom
128:Eastern
119:Western
62:Periods
32:COMITIA
4079:Nomina
4064:Legacy
4044:Gentes
3981:topics
3977:Lists
3958:Smyrna
3838:Strabo
3768:Lucian
3758:Julian
3708:Arrian
3703:Appian
3693:Aelian
3670:Vergil
3445:Justin
3430:Jerome
3415:Horace
3400:Fronto
3390:Florus
3365:Ennius
3345:Cicero
3325:Caesar
3223:Vulgar
3047:Tribes
2974:Romans
2784:Legion
2767:castra
2644:Aedile
2614:Censor
2609:Consul
2569:Caesar
2539:Lictor
2461:Status
2401:Tribal
2381:Senate
2371:Empire
2265:Empire
2201:topics
2117:Senate
2069:Senate
2014:Senate
1974:Tribal
1954:Senate
1743:
1720:
1688:
1669:
1628:
1049:, and
1024:Consul
952:Cicero
767:Curiae
720:tribes
694:vetoed
686:augurs
557:Caesar
518:Lictor
318:Censor
308:Aedile
288:Consul
268:Tribal
177:Empire
3743:Galen
3685:Greek
3655:Varro
3465:Lucan
3277:Latin
3192:Latin
3167:Ships
3157:Roads
3142:Domes
3074:Women
3022:Plebs
2947:Music
2489:Forum
2484:Curia
1788:. In
1220:Notes
1138:Curia
1130:Tribe
708:curia
690:omens
4059:Laws
4034:Film
3953:Roma
3520:Ovid
3460:Livy
3228:Late
3042:Gens
2999:Wine
2811:Navy
2779:Army
2418:SPQR
2320:fall
2298:fall
1741:ISBN
1718:ISBN
1686:ISBN
1667:ISBN
1626:ISBN
1167:veto
1134:army
1106:and
1084:The
1008:The
977:and
908:and
876:The
748:The
614:The
3213:Old
2897:Art
2670:Rex
2514:Dux
2428:Law
1165:to
717:or
469:Dux
416:Ius
366:Rex
4133::
1836:.
1582:^
1539:^
1439:^
1418:^
1404:^
1374:^
1362:^
1342:^
1326:^
1305:^
1257:^
1236:^
1043:,
990:,
902:,
896::
848:.
711:,
2191:e
2184:t
2177:v
1920:e
1913:t
1906:v
1749:.
1726:.
1694:.
1675:.
1634:.
1088:(
1012:(
880:(
752:(
603:e
596:t
589:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
