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433:. This enables the muscles to do work over a longer time and thus produce more energy than they otherwise could, while the elastic element releases that work faster than the muscles can. The use of elastic energy storage has been found in jumping mammals as well as in frogs, with commensurate increases in power ranging from two to seven times that of equivalent muscle mass.
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Long legs increase the time and distance over which a jumping animal can push against the substrate, thus allowing more power and faster, farther jumps. Large leg muscles can generate greater force, resulting in improved jumping performance. In addition to elongated leg elements, many jumping animals
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The (official) male standing long jump world record is 371 cm, and the female record is 292 cm (both as of June 2023). These were achieved by Arne
Tvervaag and Annelin Mannes respectively. Standing long jump distances range between 146.2 cm and 219.8 cm (10th to 90th percentile) for 18 year old men,
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use elastic energy storage to increase jumping distance. Although power output is a principal determinant of jump distance (as noted above), physiological constraints limit muscle power to approximately 375 Watts per kilogram of muscle. To overcome this limitation, grasshoppers anchor their legs via
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Frogs are an excellent example of all three trends: frog legs can be nearly twice the body length, leg muscles may account for up to twenty percent of body weight, and they have not only lengthened the foot, shin and thigh, but extended the ankle bones into another limb joint and similarly extended
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All jumping involves the application of force against a substrate, which in turn generates a reactive force that propels the jumper away from the substrate. Any solid or liquid capable of producing an opposing force can serve as a substrate, including ground or water. Examples of the latter include
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Following the moment of launch (i.e., initial loss of contact with the substrate), a jumper will traverse a parabolic path. The launch angle and initial launch velocity determine the travel distance, duration, and height of the jump. The maximum possible horizontal travel distance for a projectile
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It is also noted that jumping development in children has a direct relationship with age. As children grow older, it is seen that their jumping abilities in all forms also increase. Jumping development is more easily identifiable in children rather than adults due to the fact that there are less
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Aquatic species rarely display any particular specializations for jumping. Those that are good jumpers usually are primarily adapted for speed, and execute moving jumps by simply swimming to the surface at a high velocity. A few primarily aquatic species that can jump while on land, such as
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The optimal take off angle for a standing long jump (performed by a human) has been theoretically calculated to be ~22.6°, substantially lower than the optimal take off angle for a projectile (i.e. 45°). This is due to take-off speed decreasing with take-off angle due to the jumper's body
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316:(work per unit time) and the distance over which that power is applied (e.g., leg length) are the key determinants of jump distance and height. As a result, many jumping animals have long legs and muscles that are optimized for maximal power according to the
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occurs at a launch angle of 45°, but any launch angle between 35° and 55° will result in ninety percent of the maximum possible distance. However, the jump angle for humans which maximizes horizontal distance travelled is lower at ~23-26° (see section
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Animals use a wide variety of anatomical adaptations for jumping. These adaptations are exclusively concerned with the launch, as any post-launch method of extending range or controlling the jump must use aerodynamic forces, and thus is considered
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skeleton, showing elongate limb bones and extra joints. Red marks indicate bones substantially elongated in frogs, and joints that have become mobile. Blue indicates joints and bones that have not been modified, or are only somewhat
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at launch that is proportional to the square of the jumper's speed. The more work the muscles do, the greater the launch velocity and thus the greater the acceleration and the shorter the time interval of the jump's propulsive phase.
926:
Thomas, Ewan; Petrigna, Luca; Tabacchi, Garden; Teixeira, Eduardo; Pajaujiene, Simona; Sturm, David J.; Sahin, Fatma Nese; GĂłmez-LĂłpez, Manuel; Pausic, Jelena; Paoli, Antonio; Alesi, Marianna; Bianco, Antonino (17 June 2020).
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In terrestrial animals, the primary propulsive structure is the legs, though a few species use their tails. Typical characteristics of jumping species include long legs, large leg muscles, and additional limb elements.
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use an angle of ~ 34°. Experienced athletes also swing their arms to a greater extent and rock backwards before taking off. These factors help parkour athletes to carry out longer standing long jumps than beginners.
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the hip bones and gained mobility at the sacrum for a second 'extra joint'. As a result, frogs are the undisputed champion jumpers of vertebrates, leaping over fifty body lengths, a distance of more than eight feet.
418:). When the catch is released, the apodeme rapidly releases its energy. Because the apodeme releases energy more quickly than muscle, its power output exceeds that of the muscle that produced the energy.
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physical differences at a younger age. Adults of the same age may be vastly different in terms of physicality and athleticism making it difficult to see how age affects jumping ability.
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This is analogous to a human throwing an arrow by hand versus using a bow; the use of elastic storage (the bow) allows the muscles to operate closer to isometric on the
998:
Raudsepp, Lennart; Päll, Peep (November 2006). "The
Relationship between Fundamental Motor Skills and Outside-School Physical Activity of Elementary School Children".
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320:. The maximum power output of muscles is limited, however. To circumvent this limitation, many jumping species slowly pre-stretch elastic elements, such as
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It has been shown in research that children who are more physically active display more proficient jumping (along with other basic motor skill) patterns.
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Reilly, Stephen M.; Montuelle, Stephane J.; Schmidt, Andre; Naylor, Emily; Jorgensen, Michael E.; Halsey, Lewis G.; Essner, Richard L. (28 March 2015).
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have modified foot and ankle bones that are elongated and possess additional joints, effectively adding more segments to the limb and even more length.
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171:) mechanical system propels itself through the air along a ballistic trajectory. Jumping can be distinguished from running, galloping and other
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or pronging. Some sources also distinguish bounding as a cyclical motion of repeated jumps, used to maintain energy from one jump to the next.
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Utesch, T.; Dreiskämper, D.; Strauss, B.; Naul, R. (1 January 2018). "The development of the physical fitness construct across childhood".
598:
Zug, G. R. (1978). "Anuran
Locomotion: Structure and Function. II. Jumping performance of semiacquatic, terrestrial, and arboreal frogs".
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861:"The adaptation to standing long jump distance in parkour is performed by the modulation of specific variables prior and during take-off"
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One way to classify jumping is by the manner of foot transfer. In this classification system, five basic jump forms are distinguished:
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where the entire body is temporarily airborne, by the relatively long duration of the aerial phase and high angle of initial launch.
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Various exercises can be used to increase an athlete's vertical jumping height. One category of such exercises—
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A jumper may be either stationary or moving when initiating a jump. In a jump from stationary (i.e., a
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or by converting horizontal velocity into vertical velocity with the aid of a device such as a
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719:"Conquering the world in leaps and bounds: hopping locomotion in toads is actually bounding"
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into a robot design and created a robot capable of jumping over thirty meters vertically.
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to the jumper's body over the course of a jump's propulsive phase. This results in a
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and, as a result, their jumps are governed by the basic physical laws of
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This article is about the physical act of jumping. For other uses, see
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an internal "catch mechanism" while their muscles stretch an elastic
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827:"How Should You Launch a Ball to Achieve the Greatest Distance?"
1085:"Record-Breaking Robot Highlights How Animals Excel at Jumping"
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255:. Consequently, while a bird may jump into the air to initiate
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Understanding
Balance: The Mechanics of Posture and Locomotion
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by Peggy
Hackney, Sarah Manno (Editor), Muriel Topaz (Editor)
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Marsh, R. L. (1994). "Jumping ability of anuran amphibians".
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GrosprĂŞtre, Sidney; Ufland, Pierre; Jecker, Daniel (2018).
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athletes use a take off angle of ~25.6°, whereas beginner
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Scandinavian
Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports
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Movement & Sport
Sciences - Science & Motricité
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Wakai, Masaki; Linthorne, Nicholas P. (February 2005).
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Advances in
Veterinary Science and Comparative Medicine
284:. This is one of several types of leaps found in dance.
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and between 100 cm and 157 cm for 18 year old women.
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Two motorbikes jump a car at a country fair, England
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Jumping organisms are rarely subject to significant
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771:"Optimum take-off angle in the standing long jump"
511:configuration. It has been shown that experienced
983:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
540:The height of a jump may be increased by using a
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640:Peplowski, M. M.; Marsh, R. L. (1997).
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833:. 9 November 2010.
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1270:Digitigrade
1238:Other modes
1233:Sidewinding
1171:Brachiation
939:(2): 9050.
553:plyometrics
484:), include
480:gaits (see
371:parachuting
337:moving jump
312:Mechanical
282:acro dancer
1369:Categories
1331:Human gait
1326:Horse gait
585:References
542:trampoline
504:See also:
482:Locomotion
360:elongated.
278:split leap
188:locomotion
89:newspapers
1305:Quadruped
1055:1600-0838
953:2037-7452
883:2118-5735
805:0167-9457
783:CiteSeerX
753:0269-8463
546:half pipe
490:galloping
486:cantering
298:actuators
200:high jump
196:long jump
78:"Jumping"
1314:Specific
1063:28376240
1020:39152604
971:32782766
905:Archived
835:Archived
813:15949583
573:See also
567:ratchets
517:traceurs
494:stotting
470:Sissonne
464:Assemblé
357:bullfrog
326:apodemes
269:below).
218:Jumping
180:kangaroo
165:organism
147:roe deer
1375:Jumping
1252:Anatomy
1228:Rolling
1206:Legless
1197:Walking
1192:Running
1182:Jumping
1071:5276116
962:7385687
911:18 June
841:18 June
731:Bibcode
668:9344973
627:7810380
513:parkour
478:running
412:apodeme
367:gliding
347:Anatomy
322:tendons
210:Physics
184:hopping
169:robotic
161:leaping
157:Jumping
103:scholar
18:Leaping
1300:Triped
1285:Uniped
1160:Legged
1091:. 2022
1069:
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1053:
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969:
959:
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492:, and
416:tendon
257:flight
105:
98:
91:
84:
76:
1290:Biped
1153:class
1067:S2CID
314:power
192:frogs
173:gaits
110:JSTOR
96:books
1151:Gait
1097:2022
1059:PMID
1051:ISSN
1016:PMID
985:link
967:PMID
949:ISSN
913:2023
879:ISSN
843:2023
809:PMID
801:ISSN
749:ISSN
701:ISBN
664:PMID
623:PMID
458:Leap
446:Jump
202:and
82:news
1043:doi
1008:doi
957:PMC
941:doi
869:doi
793:doi
739:doi
654:doi
650:200
619:38B
452:Hop
369:or
339:or
324:or
159:or
65:by
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