897:, Robert Lee and Tristan Ahtone criticized such statements for failing to acknowledge the true breadth of the benefits derived by European Americans from formerly Native American land. They pointed out that land grants were used not only for campus sites but also included many other parcels that universities rented or sold to generate funds that formed the basis of their endowments. Lee and Ahtone also pointed out that only a few land-grant universities have undertaken significant efforts at reconciliation with respect to the latter types of parcels. For instance, they could identify what portions of their current resources are traceable to Native American lands and reallocate some of those resources to help Native Americans.
527:
485:
598:
662:. This act required each state to show that race was not an admissions criterion, or else to designate a separate land-grant institution for persons of color. This latter clause had the effect of facilitating segregated education, although it also provided higher educational opportunities for persons of color who otherwise would not have had them. Among the seventy colleges and universities which eventually evolved from the Morrill Acts are several of today's
474:
554:
businesses and farmers. The law specified the mission of these institutions: to focus on the teaching of practical agriculture, science, military science, and engineering—although "without excluding other scientific and classical studies." This mission was in contrast to the historic practice of existing colleges which offered a narrow
Classical curriculum based heavily on Latin, Greek and mathematics.
773:) followed as a state agricultural land-grant school on February 22 of that year. Michigan State and Penn State were subsequently designated as the federal land-grant colleges for their states in 1863. In 1955, the U.S. Postal service issued a commemorative stamp to celebrate the two institutions as "first of the land-grant type institutions to be founded."
730:
886:
We would like to begin by acknowledging that the land on which we gather is the territory of the
Eastern Pequot, Golden Hill Paugussett, Lenape, Mashantucket Pequot, Mohegan, Nipmuc and Schaghticoke Peoples who have stewarded this land throughout the generations. We thank them for their strength and
557:
The
Morrill Act quickly stimulated the creation of new state colleges and the expansion of existing institutions to include these new mandates. In every state by 1914, the land-grant colleges gained political support and expanded the definition and scope of university curricula to include advanced
798:—the sending of agents into rural areas to help bring the results of agricultural research to the end users. Beyond the original land grants, each land-grant college receives annual federal appropriations for research and extension work on the condition that those funds are matched by state funds.
712:
The three-part mission of the land-grant university continues to evolve in the twenty-first century. What originally was described as "teaching, research, and service" was renamed "learning, discovery, and engagement" by the
Kellogg Commission on the Future of State and Land-Grant Universities. It
720:
Historians once presented a "Romantic" interpretation of the origins as a product of a working class democratic demand for access to higher education. Recent scholarship has abandoned this approach, showing there was little such demand. Instead middle class reformers were responsible because they
873:
These lands were the traditional birthright of indigenous peoples who were forcibly removed and who have faced two centuries of struggle for survival and identity in the wake of dispossession. We hereby acknowledge the ground on which we stand so that all who come here know that we recognize our
562:
at each school to conduct original research related to the needs of improving agriculture, as well as a system to disseminate information to the farmers eager to innovate. By 1917 Congress funded the teaching of agricultural subjects in the new public high schools that were opening. The Second
553:
With
Southerners absent during the Civil War, Republicans in Congress set up a funding system that would allow states to modernize their weak higher educational systems. The Morrill Act of 1862 provided federal land to states to establish colleges. Ownership went to the schools which sold it to
743:
Prior to the enactment of the
Morrill Act in 1862, individual states established institutions of higher education with grants of land. The first state to do so was Georgia, which set aside 40,000 acres for higher education in 1784 and incorporated the
628:
signed the
Morrill Act into law in 1862. The law gave every state and territory 30,000 acres per member of Congress to be used in establishing a "land grant" university. Over 17 million acres were granted through the federal land-grant law.
868:
statements on their websites in recognition of the fact that their institutions occupy lands that were once traditional territories of Native
American peoples. For example, the University of Illinois System states,
1571:
666:. Though the 1890 Act granted cash instead of land, it granted colleges under that act the same legal standing as the 1862 Act colleges; hence the term "land-grant college" properly applies to both groups.
636:
through treaties and land cessions, often after they were defeated in war. Approximately 25% of the individual land parcels had not been purchased at all; treaties with tribes in
California, for example,
789:
under the direction of each state's land-grant college, as well as pass along new information, especially in the areas of soil minerals and plant growth. The outreach mission was further expanded by the
1876:
1086:
924:, the land-grant missions for agricultural research and extension has been relegated to a statewide agency of the university system rather than the main campus. Its agricultural missions, including
856:. As of 2008, 32 tribal colleges and universities have land-grant status in the U.S. Most of these colleges grant two-year degrees. Six are four-year institutions, and two offer a master's degree.
257:
1392:
644:
Upon passage of the federal land-grant law in 1862, Iowa was the first state legislature to accept its provisions, on
September 11, 1862. Iowa designated the State Agricultural College (now
550:, or a beneficiary under the Equity in Educational Land-Grant Status Act of 1994. There are 57 institutions which fall under the 1862 Act, 19 under the 1890 Act, and 35 under the 1994 Act.
1316:
2086:
755:
were a tract of land in Ohio that the Congress in 1787 donated for the support of a university. The Ohio state legislature assigned the lands in 1804 to the creation of a new school,
1632:
Ehrlich, Isaac; Cook, Adam; Yin, Yong (2018). "What Accounts for the US Ascendancy to Economic Superpower by the Early Twentieth Century? The Morrill Act–Human Capital Hypothesis".
1113:
2091:
462:
66:
1563:
701:
The land-grant college system has been seen as a major contributor in the faster growth rate of the U.S. economy that led to its overtaking the United Kingdom as economic
1018:
371:
563:
Morrill Act of 1890 further expanded federal funding for the land-grant colleges, and funded the founding of new land-grant colleges for African Americans (now called
1828:
1053:
1093:
1025:
70:
2081:
1463:
1073:
612:
The concept of federal support for agricultural and technical educational institutions in every state first rose to national attention through the efforts of
1729:
925:
344:
142:
1618:
Debra Reid, "People's Colleges for Other Citizens: Black Land-Grant Institutions and the Politics of Educational Expansion in the Post-Civil War Era", in
1059:
420:
366:
228:
1756:
Peter L. Moran; Roger L. Williams. "Saving the Land Grant for the Agricultural College of Pennsylvania". In Geiger, Roger L.; Sorber, Nathan M. (eds.).
410:
75:
1485:
1136:
714:
319:
1380:
398:
1310:
874:
responsibilities to the peoples of that land and that we strive to address that history so that it guides our work in the present and the future.
513:
351:
247:
236:
444:
2076:
998:
984:
673:
and the "1994 land-grant colleges" for Native Americans were also awarded cash by Congress in lieu of land to achieve "land-grant" status.
663:
564:
252:
176:
2018:
1100:
965:
769:, receiving an appropriation of 14,000 acres (57 km) of state-owned land. The Farmers' High School of Pennsylvania (later to become
638:
309:
299:
242:
2035:
1119:
853:
277:
186:
356:
334:
196:
80:
1904:
1515:
452:
403:
1854:
2096:
2031:
393:
339:
181:
37:
1967:
818:
676:
In imitation of the land-grant colleges' focus on agricultural and mechanical research, Congress later established programs of
670:
448:
376:
159:
695:
633:
587:
456:
304:
206:
105:
95:
582:
that today offer a full spectrum of educational and research opportunities. Some land-grant colleges are private, including
1917:
Mack, Elizabeth A., and Kevin Stolarick. "The gift that keeps on giving: Land-grant universities and regional prosperity."
766:
361:
294:
223:
169:
147:
137:
1820:
1537:
1250:
506:
381:
164:
127:
17:
1594:& Nathan M. Sorber, The Land-Grant Colleges and the Reshaping of American Higher Education (Transaction Press, 2013)
2041:
1066:
282:
191:
132:
1455:
1603:
1363:
1225:
1193:
770:
1123:
1107:
1080:
849:
814:
institutions that developed from the Morrill Acts retain "College" in their official names; most are universities.
571:. Most of the state schools were coeducational—indeed they led the way in that reform. A new department was added:
568:
415:
100:
90:
694:, a historically black university, is the only current land-grant university to have lost land-grant status (when
546:) is an institution of higher education in the United States designated by a state to receive the benefits of the
1955:
Sorber, Nathan M., and Roger L. Geiger. "The welding of opposite views: Land-grant historiography at 150 years."
1681:
Nathan M. Sorber and Roger L. Geiger, "The Welding of Opposite Views: Land-Grant Historiography at 150 Years" in
1147:
811:
786:
601:
559:
152:
85:
1012:
921:
691:
499:
46:
616:
of Illinois in the late 1840s. However the first land-grant bill was introduced in Congress by Representative
1703:
795:
659:
122:
1974:
The origins of federal support for higher education: George W. Atherton and the land-grant college movement
1489:
733:
706:
272:
2015:
American State Universities, Their Origin and Progress; a History of Congressional University Land-grants
1943:
Land-Grant Colleges and Popular Revolt: The Origins of the Morrill Act and the Reform of Higher Education
1297:
Land-Grant Colleges and Popular Revolt: The Origins of the Morrill Act and the Reform of Higher Education
979:
887:
resilience in protecting this land, and aspire to uphold our responsibilities according to their example.
791:
2008:
765:
was chartered under state law as a agricultural land-grant institution on February 12, 1855, as the
879:
762:
386:
218:
1770:
1185:
1046:
289:
632:
Recent scholarship has emphasized that many of these federal public lands had been purchased from
929:
652:
613:
547:
1948:
Sorber, Nathan M. "A history of the American land-grant universities and regional development."
1005:
1926:
Science as Service: Establishing and Reformulating American Land-Grant Universities, 1865–1930
1620:
Science as Service: Establishing and Reformulating American Land-Grant Universities, 1865-1930
1931:
Rasmussen, Wayne D. "The 1890 land-grant colleges and universities: A centennial overview."
933:
745:
645:
262:
1988:
Magnificent Charter: The Origin and Role of the Morrill Land-Grant Colleges and Universities
1177:
1152:
991:
910:
822:
681:
617:
489:
324:
314:
267:
8:
1178:
1032:
959:
947:
865:
591:
1511:
1991:
1850:
1649:
914:
906:
698:
cost it its state funding in 1957) and subsequently regain it, which happened in 2001.
685:
677:
583:
2046:
1653:
1359:
1189:
1039:
953:
893:
838:
782:
579:
558:
research and outreach across the state. The federal Hatch Act of 1887 established an
1799:
1641:
1427:
1157:
864:
In the early 21st century, a growing number of land-grant universities have placed
478:
27:
Institution of higher education in the US that receive benefits by the Morrill Acts
2053:
1743:
Michigan Agricultural College: The Evolution of a Land-grant Philosophy, 1855-1925
1591:
1381:"A Time for Substance: Confronting Funding Inequities at Land-Grant Institutions"
756:
625:
1607:
1229:
2058:
1541:
842:
826:
655:, which was established on February 16, 1863, and opened on September 2, 1863.
621:
572:
2070:
1771:
United States. Office of Special Assistant to the Postmaster General (1966).
1241:
1141:
752:
737:
526:
329:
1669:
Land-grant universities for the future: Higher education for the public good
575:. However, relatively few women attended and they had second-class status.
567:
or HBCU). The 1994 expansion gave land-grant status and benefits to several
729:
1892:
Anderson, G. Lester. "The land-grant university and the urban condition."
1087:
National Agricultural Research, Extension, and Teaching Policy Act of 1977
597:
1981:
Colleges for Our Land and Time: The Land-Grant Idea in American Education
806:
While today's land-grant universities were initially known as land-grant
620:
of Vermont in 1857. The bill passed in 1859, but was vetoed by President
1899:
Croft, Genevieve K. "The US land-grant university system: An overview."
1804:
1788:"Entangled Pasts: Land-Grant Colleges and American Indian Dispossession"
1787:
1432:
1416:"Entangled Pasts: Land-Grant Colleges and American Indian Dispossession"
1415:
721:
thought that modern capitalism needed a better educated working class.
1936:
972:
834:
702:
1912:
The land-grant colleges and the reshaping of American Higher Education
1760:. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. pp. 105–130.
1342:
641:
by the U.S. Senate and were unratified at the time of the land grant.
2005:
Democracy’s college: The land-grant movement in the formative stage
1645:
821:
received land-grant status in 1967 and a $ 7.24 million endowment (
440:
1758:
Land Grant Colleges and the Reshaping of American Higher Education
1695:
825:) in lieu of a land grant. In a 1972 Special Education Amendment,
785:, which provided federal funds to states to establish a series of
1775:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 149.
807:
859:
781:
The mission of the land-grant universities was expanded by the
473:
658:
A second Morrill Act was passed in 1890, aimed at the former
1755:
1358:. East Lansing, Michigan: Michigan State University Press.
830:
713:
was later recast as "talent, innovation, and place" by the
2087:
History of universities and colleges in the United States
1666:
1337:
Earle D. Ross, "The 'Father' of the Land-Grant College"
1176:
Collins, John Williams; O'Brien, Nancy P., eds. (2003).
651:
The first land-grant institution open under the Act was
1356:
Justin Smith Morrill: Father of the Land-Grant Colleges
624:. Morrill resubmitted his bill in 1861, and President
2092:
Public universities and colleges in the United States
1315:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
1184:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. p.
905:
Land-grant universities are not to be confused with
1175:
530:Logo for the centennial of land-grant universities
1990:(1978), a useful short history of major aspects.
1957:Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research
1950:Handbook of universities and regional development
1919:Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy
1683:Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research
1137:Association of Public and Land-grant Universities
715:Association of Public and Land-grant Universities
578:Ultimately, most land-grant schools became large
2068:
776:
1454:Lee, Robert; Ahtone, Tristan (March 30, 2020).
1312:Land-grant Colleges and Universities, 1862-1962
648:) as the land-grant college on March 29, 1864.
2082:Universities and colleges in the United States
1631:
1821:"The Dark History of Land-Grant Universities"
1488:. Iowa State University. 2006. Archived from
1486:"History of Iowa State: Time Line, 1858–1874"
767:Agricultural College of the State of Michigan
507:
860:Land acknowledgment statements and criticism
705:, according to research by faculty from the
664:historically black colleges and universities
565:Historically black colleges and universities
1207:
1205:
2036:National Institute of Food and Agriculture
514:
500:
1924:Marcus, Alan I., Roger L. Geiger, et al.
1803:
1512:"Sesquicentennial Message from President"
1453:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1431:
852:became land-grant institutions under the
81:History of education in the United States
1379:Martin, Michael V. (February 18, 2018).
1353:
1202:
728:
688:(sustainable energy research, in 2003).
596:
525:
1910:Geiger, Roger, and Nathan Sorber, eds.
1540:. Iowa State University. Archived from
1308:
1120:Improving America's Schools Act of 1994
939:
854:Improving America's Schools Act of 1994
724:
14:
2069:
1959:(Springer Netherlands, 2013). 385-422.
1819:Nash, Margaret A. (November 8, 2019).
1740:
1556:
1440:
1378:
1319:from the original on September 4, 2022
1275:A history of American higher education
819:University of the District of Columbia
671:University of the District of Columbia
1857:from the original on December 3, 2019
1831:from the original on December 3, 2019
1706:from the original on October 30, 2019
1518:from the original on January 11, 2012
1256:from the original on November 6, 2020
1180:The Greenwood Dictionary of Education
669:Later on, other colleges such as the
588:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
106:History of education in New York City
96:History of education in Massachusetts
2077:Land-grant universities and colleges
2063:Discusses architecture and land use.
2032:Land-Grant Colleges and Universities
1952:(Edward Elgar, 2019) pp. 11–28.
1818:
1785:
1504:
1413:
1786:Nash, Margaret A. (November 2019).
1773:Postage Stamps of the United States
1667:Gavazzi, S. M.; Gee, E. G. (2018).
1466:from the original on April 19, 2020
1414:Nash, Margaret A. (November 2019).
1395:from the original on August 1, 2020
24:
1886:
1745:. Michigan State University Press.
1574:from the original on April 7, 2022
1067:National Sea Grant College Program
25:
2108:
2025:
1966:(Purdue University Press, 2014).
1853:. University of Illinois System.
1671:. Johns Hopkins University Press.
1564:"The National Schools of Science"
1538:"Iowa State: 150 Points of Pride"
1213:Greenwood Dictionary of Education
771:The Pennsylvania State University
2050:. Includes maps of land parcels.
1998:State Universities and Democracy
1964:The modern land-grant university
1726:Ohio Lands and Their Subdivision
1124:tribal colleges and universities
1108:Agriculture and Food Act of 1981
1081:Food and Agriculture Act of 1977
932:, are now under the umbrella of
909:(a program instituted in 1966),
850:tribal colleges and universities
787:agricultural experiment stations
569:tribal colleges and universities
483:
472:
101:History of education in Missouri
91:History of education in Kentucky
1976:(1991), promoting the 1890 law.
1869:
1843:
1812:
1779:
1764:
1749:
1734:
1718:
1688:
1675:
1660:
1625:
1612:
1597:
1585:
1530:
1478:
1407:
1372:
1347:
1309:Brunner, Henry Sherman (1962).
1249:, Washington State University,
1148:List of land-grant universities
1122:—extended land-grant status to
922:Texas A&M University System
900:
878:Another example comes from the
684:(space research, in 1988), and
560:agricultural experiment station
86:History of education in Chicago
2097:Types of university or college
1792:History of Education Quarterly
1420:History of Education Quarterly
1331:
1302:
1289:
1280:
1267:
1234:
1219:
1169:
1114:Title XIV of Food Security Act
1035:– 1953, 1955, 1961, 1962, 1968
692:West Virginia State University
421:Full-service community schools
13:
1:
1243:What Is A Land-Grant College?
1163:
777:Hatch Act and Smith–Lever Act
680:(aquatic research, in 1966),
548:Morrill Acts of 1862 and 1890
1879:. University of Connecticut.
930:the system's flagship campus
801:
707:State University of New York
7:
1894:Education and Urban Society
1277:(JHU Press, 2011) pp 41–83.
1130:
845:each received $ 3 million.
399:For-profit higher education
10:
2113:
1962:Sternberg, Robert J., ed.
1570:: 409, November 21, 1867,
1013:Bankhead–Jones Act of 1935
639:had been placed under seal
607:
352:School corporal punishment
1914:(Transaction Press, 2017)
1741:Widder, Keith R. (2005).
1514:. Iowa State University.
1354:Cross II, Coy F. (1997).
1341:(1938) 12#2 pp. 151-186
913:(instituted in 1988), or
880:University of Connecticut
763:Michigan State University
387:School-to-work transition
2042:"Land-Grab Universities"
1634:Journal of Human Capital
1456:"Land-Grab Universities"
926:the agricultural college
490:United States portal
36:This article is part of
2054:"The Land-Grant Campus"
1054:Research Facilities Act
980:Smith–Lever Act of 1914
917:(instituted in 2003).
792:Smith–Lever Act of 1914
653:Kansas State University
614:Jonathan Baldwin Turner
602:Land-grant universities
208:Education policy issues
177:Environmental education
1935:(1991). 65#2 168–172.
1851:"Land Acknowledgement"
1385:Tribal College Journal
1094:Resource Extension Act
1026:Research Marketing Act
934:Texas A&M AgriLife
889:
876:
740:
604:
544:land-grant institution
531:
345:Standards-based reform
320:Gender achievement gap
310:Racial achievement gap
243:Educational attainment
1921:32.3 (2014): 384-404.
1877:"Land Ackowledgement"
1700:University of Georgia
1074:Rural Development Act
1019:Bankhead–Flanagan Act
884:
871:
796:cooperative extension
746:University of Georgia
732:
646:Iowa State University
600:
536:land-grant university
529:
411:Research universities
278:Student financial aid
273:Graduate unemployment
248:Post-secondary issues
224:Primary and secondary
187:Mathematics education
1933:Agricultural History
1339:Agricultural History
1215:. 2003. p. 235.
1153:Manual labor college
1047:McIntire–Stennis Act
940:Relevant legislation
911:space grant colleges
810:, only a few of the
725:State law precedents
682:space grant colleges
618:Justin Smith Morrill
479:Education portal
315:Desegregation busing
268:Elite overproduction
197:Vocational education
2034:information by the
2013:Ten Brook, Andrew.
1972:Williams, Roger l.
1825:The Washington Post
1805:10.1017/heq.2019.31
1724:William E. Peters,
1433:10.1017/heq.2019.31
960:Morrill Act of 1890
948:Morrill Act of 1862
866:land acknowledgment
592:Tuskegee University
432:Levels of education
404:For-profit colleges
372:Foreign involvement
18:Land Grant Colleges
1986:Edmund, Joseph B.
1945:(Cornell UP, 2018)
1941:Sorber, Nathan M.
1685:(2014) pp.385-422.
1299:(2018) pp.155–171.
1295:Nathan M. Sorber,
1286:Thelin, pp. 97-98.
1006:Capper–Ketcham Act
915:sun grant colleges
907:sea grant colleges
843:the Virgin Islands
741:
686:sun grant colleges
678:sea grant colleges
660:Confederate states
634:Indigenous peoples
605:
584:Cornell University
580:state universities
540:land-grant college
532:
394:Community colleges
340:School segregation
258:Cost and financing
182:Language education
2047:High Country News
1896:5.1 (1972): 5-21.
1460:High Country News
1060:Public Law 89-106
954:Hatch Act of 1887
894:High Country News
891:In an article in
839:Northern Marianas
783:Hatch Act of 1887
524:
523:
377:Special education
367:Sexual harassment
160:Medical education
114:Curriculum topics
50:
16:(Redirected from
2104:
1979:Eddy, Edward D.
1881:
1880:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1738:
1732:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1696:"History of UGA"
1692:
1686:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1629:
1623:
1616:
1610:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1544:on June 21, 2015
1534:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1451:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1351:
1345:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1306:
1300:
1293:
1287:
1284:
1278:
1273:John R. Thelin,
1271:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1255:
1248:
1238:
1232:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1209:
1200:
1199:
1183:
1173:
1158:State university
992:Smith–Hughes Act
516:
509:
502:
488:
487:
486:
477:
476:
416:Community school
335:Racial diversity
305:Achievement gaps
209:
71:in insular areas
53:
49:Education in the
48:
32:
31:
21:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2067:
2066:
2028:
1996:Nevins, Allan.
1889:
1887:Further reading
1884:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1860:
1858:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1834:
1832:
1817:
1813:
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1613:
1602:
1598:
1592:Roger L. Geiger
1590:
1586:
1577:
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1562:
1561:
1557:
1547:
1545:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1521:
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1505:
1495:
1493:
1492:on May 13, 2009
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1235:
1224:
1220:
1211:
1210:
1203:
1196:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1133:
1128:
1033:Smith–Lever Act
942:
903:
882:which states,
862:
804:
779:
757:Ohio University
727:
626:Abraham Lincoln
610:
520:
484:
482:
481:
471:
445:Early childhood
427:
362:School violence
295:Charter schools
207:
201:
170:Nursing degrees
148:Legal education
143:Music education
138:Civic education
76:By subject area
51:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2110:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2065:
2064:
2059:SAH Archipedia
2051:
2039:
2027:
2026:External links
2024:
2023:
2022:
2011:
2009:online reprint
2003:Ross, Earl D.
2001:
1994:
1984:
1977:
1970:
1960:
1953:
1946:
1939:
1929:
1922:
1915:
1908:
1897:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1882:
1868:
1842:
1811:
1798:(4): 437–467.
1778:
1763:
1748:
1733:
1717:
1687:
1674:
1659:
1646:10.1086/697512
1640:(2): 233–281.
1624:
1622:p. 144 (2015).
1611:
1596:
1584:
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1529:
1503:
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1426:(4): 437–467.
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858:
827:American Samoa
803:
800:
778:
775:
736:commemorative
734:Postal Service
726:
723:
622:James Buchanan
609:
606:
573:home economics
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457:Post-secondary
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128:Normal schools
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1604:7 U.S.C.
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1365:0-87013-508-2
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1226:7 U.S.C.
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1195:0-89774-860-3
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1142:College Lands
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1125:
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1118:
1115:
1112:Amendment to
1111:
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1099:Amendment to
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1031:Amendment to
1030:
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1016:
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989:
987:– May 8, 1914
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538:(also called
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463:Organizations
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330:School choice
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283:Student loans
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263:Credentialism
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219:Accreditation
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192:Sex education
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133:Art education
131:
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84:
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72:
68:
65:
64:
63:
62:
58:
57:
54:
52:United States
45:
44:
41:
39:
34:
33:
30:
19:
2057:
2045:
2014:
2004:
1997:
1987:
1980:
1973:
1963:
1956:
1949:
1942:
1932:
1925:
1918:
1911:
1900:
1893:
1871:
1859:. Retrieved
1845:
1833:. Retrieved
1824:
1814:
1795:
1791:
1781:
1772:
1766:
1757:
1751:
1742:
1736:
1725:
1720:
1708:. Retrieved
1699:
1690:
1682:
1677:
1668:
1662:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1619:
1614:
1599:
1587:
1578:November 14,
1576:, retrieved
1567:
1558:
1546:. Retrieved
1542:the original
1532:
1520:. Retrieved
1506:
1494:. Retrieved
1490:the original
1480:
1468:. Retrieved
1459:
1423:
1419:
1409:
1399:November 28,
1397:. Retrieved
1388:
1384:
1374:
1355:
1349:
1338:
1333:
1321:. Retrieved
1311:
1304:
1296:
1291:
1282:
1274:
1269:
1258:, retrieved
1242:
1236:
1221:
1212:
1179:
1171:
919:
904:
901:Nomenclature
892:
890:
885:
877:
872:
863:
848:In 1994, 29
847:
816:
812:more than 70
805:
780:
761:
750:
742:
719:
711:
700:
690:
675:
668:
657:
650:
643:
631:
611:
577:
556:
552:
543:
539:
535:
533:
439:
357:School meals
235:
35:
29:
1861:December 3,
1835:December 3,
1710:December 4,
1323:December 3,
1089:– Title XIV
999:Parnell Act
958:The second
794:to include
590:(MIT), and
2071:Categories
2021:old survey
1901:CRS Report
1608:§ 323
1568:The Nation
1230:§ 304
1164:References
985:Chapter 79
973:Nelson Act
835:Micronesia
703:superpower
325:Head Start
300:Inequality
153:Law school
1654:158105754
1144:, in Ohio
1101:Title XIV
1040:Hatch Act
966:Adams Act
802:Expansion
748:in 1785.
453:Secondary
237:Financing
2017:(1875).
1855:Archived
1829:Archived
1728:(1918).
1704:Archived
1572:archived
1516:Archived
1470:June 14,
1464:Archived
1393:Archived
1317:Archived
1260:July 12,
1251:archived
1131:See also
1038:Amended
808:colleges
717:(APLU).
123:Literacy
67:By state
38:a series
2007:(1942)
2000:(1962);
1983:(1957);
1903:(2019)
1548:July 8,
1522:July 8,
1496:July 9,
920:In the
608:History
449:Primary
59:Summary
2019:online
1992:online
1968:online
1937:online
1928:(2015)
1905:online
1730:online
1652:
1606:
1362:
1343:online
1228:
1192:
1116:– 1985
1103:– 1981
1096:– 1978
1076:– 1972
1069:– 1966
1062:– 1965
1056:– 1965
1049:– 1962
1042:– 1955
1028:– 1946
1021:– 1945
1008:– 1928
1001:– 1925
994:– 1917
975:– 1907
968:– 1906
841:, and
586:, the
290:Reform
253:Bubble
1650:S2CID
1391:(3).
1254:(PDF)
1247:(PDF)
738:stamp
1863:2019
1837:2019
1712:2019
1580:2020
1550:2011
1524:2011
1498:2009
1472:2024
1401:2019
1360:ISBN
1325:2019
1262:2011
1190:ISBN
1106:The
1092:The
1085:The
1079:The
1072:The
1065:The
1052:The
1045:The
1024:The
1017:The
1011:The
1004:The
997:The
990:The
978:The
971:The
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952:The
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831:Guam
817:The
751:The
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441:K–12
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.