886:, Robert Lee and Tristan Ahtone criticized such statements for failing to acknowledge the true breadth of the benefits derived by European Americans from formerly Native American land. They pointed out that land grants were used not only for campus sites but also included many other parcels that universities rented or sold to generate funds that formed the basis of their endowments. Lee and Ahtone also pointed out that only a few land-grant universities have undertaken significant efforts at reconciliation with respect to the latter types of parcels. For instance, they could identify what portions of their current resources are traceable to Native American lands and reallocate some of those resources to help Native Americans.
516:
474:
587:
651:. This act required each state to show that race was not an admissions criterion, or else to designate a separate land-grant institution for persons of color. This latter clause had the effect of facilitating segregated education, although it also provided higher educational opportunities for persons of color who otherwise would not have had them. Among the seventy colleges and universities which eventually evolved from the Morrill Acts are several of today's
463:
543:
businesses and farmers. The law specified the mission of these institutions: to focus on the teaching of practical agriculture, science, military science, and engineering—although "without excluding other scientific and classical studies." This mission was in contrast to the historic practice of existing colleges which offered a narrow
Classical curriculum based heavily on Latin, Greek and mathematics.
762:) followed as a state agricultural land-grant school on February 22 of that year. Michigan State and Penn State were subsequently designated as the federal land-grant colleges for their states in 1863. In 1955, the U.S. Postal service issued a commemorative stamp to celebrate the two institutions as "first of the land-grant type institutions to be founded."
719:
875:
We would like to begin by acknowledging that the land on which we gather is the territory of the
Eastern Pequot, Golden Hill Paugussett, Lenape, Mashantucket Pequot, Mohegan, Nipmuc and Schaghticoke Peoples who have stewarded this land throughout the generations. We thank them for their strength and
546:
The
Morrill Act quickly stimulated the creation of new state colleges and the expansion of existing institutions to include these new mandates. In every state by 1914, the land-grant colleges gained political support and expanded the definition and scope of university curricula to include advanced
787:—the sending of agents into rural areas to help bring the results of agricultural research to the end users. Beyond the original land grants, each land-grant college receives annual federal appropriations for research and extension work on the condition that those funds are matched by state funds.
701:
The three-part mission of the land-grant university continues to evolve in the twenty-first century. What originally was described as "teaching, research, and service" was renamed "learning, discovery, and engagement" by the
Kellogg Commission on the Future of State and Land-Grant Universities. It
709:
Historians once presented a "Romantic" interpretation of the origins as a product of a working class democratic demand for access to higher education. Recent scholarship has abandoned this approach, showing there was little such demand. Instead middle class reformers were responsible because they
862:
These lands were the traditional birthright of indigenous peoples who were forcibly removed and who have faced two centuries of struggle for survival and identity in the wake of dispossession. We hereby acknowledge the ground on which we stand so that all who come here know that we recognize our
551:
at each school to conduct original research related to the needs of improving agriculture, as well as a system to disseminate information to the farmers eager to innovate. By 1917 Congress funded the teaching of agricultural subjects in the new public high schools that were opening. The Second
542:
With
Southerners absent during the Civil War, Republicans in Congress set up a funding system that would allow states to modernize their weak higher educational systems. The Morrill Act of 1862 provided federal land to states to establish colleges. Ownership went to the schools which sold it to
732:
Prior to the enactment of the
Morrill Act in 1862, individual states established institutions of higher education with grants of land. The first state to do so was Georgia, which set aside 40,000 acres for higher education in 1784 and incorporated the
617:
signed the
Morrill Act into law in 1862. The law gave every state and territory 30,000 acres per member of Congress to be used in establishing a "land grant" university. Over 17 million acres were granted through the federal land-grant law.
857:
statements on their websites in recognition of the fact that their institutions occupy lands that were once traditional territories of Native
American peoples. For example, the University of Illinois System states,
1560:
655:. Though the 1890 Act granted cash instead of land, it granted colleges under that act the same legal standing as the 1862 Act colleges; hence the term "land-grant college" properly applies to both groups.
625:
through treaties and land cessions, often after they were defeated in war. Approximately 25% of the individual land parcels had not been purchased at all; treaties with tribes in
California, for example,
778:
under the direction of each state's land-grant college, as well as pass along new information, especially in the areas of soil minerals and plant growth. The outreach mission was further expanded by the
1865:
1075:
913:, the land-grant missions for agricultural research and extension has been relegated to a statewide agency of the university system rather than the main campus. Its agricultural missions, including
845:. As of 2008, 32 tribal colleges and universities have land-grant status in the U.S. Most of these colleges grant two-year degrees. Six are four-year institutions, and two offer a master's degree.
246:
1381:
633:
Upon passage of the federal land-grant law in 1862, Iowa was the first state legislature to accept its provisions, on
September 11, 1862. Iowa designated the State Agricultural College (now
539:, or a beneficiary under the Equity in Educational Land-Grant Status Act of 1994. There are 57 institutions which fall under the 1862 Act, 19 under the 1890 Act, and 35 under the 1994 Act.
1305:
2075:
744:
were a tract of land in Ohio that the Congress in 1787 donated for the support of a university. The Ohio state legislature assigned the lands in 1804 to the creation of a new school,
1621:
Ehrlich, Isaac; Cook, Adam; Yin, Yong (2018). "What Accounts for the US Ascendancy to Economic Superpower by the Early Twentieth Century? The Morrill Act–Human Capital Hypothesis".
1102:
2080:
451:
55:
1552:
690:
The land-grant college system has been seen as a major contributor in the faster growth rate of the U.S. economy that led to its overtaking the United Kingdom as economic
1007:
360:
552:
Morrill Act of 1890 further expanded federal funding for the land-grant colleges, and funded the founding of new land-grant colleges for African Americans (now called
1817:
1042:
1082:
1014:
59:
2070:
1452:
1062:
601:
The concept of federal support for agricultural and technical educational institutions in every state first rose to national attention through the efforts of
1718:
914:
333:
131:
1607:
Debra Reid, "People's Colleges for Other Citizens: Black Land-Grant Institutions and the Politics of Educational Expansion in the Post-Civil War Era", in
1048:
409:
355:
217:
1745:
Peter L. Moran; Roger L. Williams. "Saving the Land Grant for the Agricultural College of Pennsylvania". In Geiger, Roger L.; Sorber, Nathan M. (eds.).
399:
64:
1474:
1125:
703:
308:
1369:
387:
1299:
863:
responsibilities to the peoples of that land and that we strive to address that history so that it guides our work in the present and the future.
502:
340:
236:
225:
433:
2065:
987:
973:
662:
and the "1994 land-grant colleges" for Native Americans were also awarded cash by Congress in lieu of land to achieve "land-grant" status.
652:
553:
241:
165:
2007:
1089:
954:
758:, receiving an appropriation of 14,000 acres (57 km) of state-owned land. The Farmers' High School of Pennsylvania (later to become
627:
298:
288:
231:
2024:
1108:
842:
266:
175:
345:
323:
185:
69:
1893:
1504:
441:
392:
1843:
2085:
2020:
382:
328:
170:
26:
1956:
807:
665:
In imitation of the land-grant colleges' focus on agricultural and mechanical research, Congress later established programs of
659:
437:
365:
148:
684:
622:
576:
445:
293:
195:
94:
84:
571:
that today offer a full spectrum of educational and research opportunities. Some land-grant colleges are private, including
1906:
Mack, Elizabeth A., and Kevin Stolarick. "The gift that keeps on giving: Land-grant universities and regional prosperity."
755:
350:
283:
212:
158:
136:
126:
1809:
1526:
1239:
495:
370:
153:
116:
1583:& Nathan M. Sorber, The Land-Grant Colleges and the Reshaping of American Higher Education (Transaction Press, 2013)
2030:
1055:
271:
180:
121:
1444:
1592:
1352:
1214:
1182:
759:
1112:
1096:
1069:
838:
803:
institutions that developed from the Morrill Acts retain "College" in their official names; most are universities.
560:. Most of the state schools were coeducational—indeed they led the way in that reform. A new department was added:
557:
404:
89:
79:
683:, a historically black university, is the only current land-grant university to have lost land-grant status (when
535:) is an institution of higher education in the United States designated by a state to receive the benefits of the
1944:
Sorber, Nathan M., and Roger L. Geiger. "The welding of opposite views: Land-grant historiography at 150 years."
1670:
Nathan M. Sorber and Roger L. Geiger, "The Welding of Opposite Views: Land-Grant Historiography at 150 Years" in
1136:
800:
775:
590:
548:
141:
74:
1001:
910:
680:
488:
35:
605:
of Illinois in the late 1840s. However the first land-grant bill was introduced in Congress by Representative
1692:
784:
648:
111:
1963:
The origins of federal support for higher education: George W. Atherton and the land-grant college movement
1478:
722:
695:
261:
2004:
American State Universities, Their Origin and Progress; a History of Congressional University Land-grants
1932:
Land-Grant Colleges and Popular Revolt: The Origins of the Morrill Act and the Reform of Higher Education
1286:
Land-Grant Colleges and Popular Revolt: The Origins of the Morrill Act and the Reform of Higher Education
968:
876:
resilience in protecting this land, and aspire to uphold our responsibilities according to their example.
780:
1997:
754:
was chartered under state law as a agricultural land-grant institution on February 12, 1855, as the
868:
751:
375:
207:
1759:
1174:
1035:
278:
621:
Recent scholarship has emphasized that many of these federal public lands had been purchased from
918:
641:
602:
536:
1937:
Sorber, Nathan M. "A history of the American land-grant universities and regional development."
994:
1915:
Science as Service: Establishing and Reformulating American Land-Grant Universities, 1865–1930
1609:
Science as Service: Establishing and Reformulating American Land-Grant Universities, 1865-1930
1920:
Rasmussen, Wayne D. "The 1890 land-grant colleges and universities: A centennial overview."
922:
734:
634:
251:
1977:
Magnificent Charter: The Origin and Role of the Morrill Land-Grant Colleges and Universities
1166:
1141:
980:
899:
811:
670:
606:
478:
313:
303:
256:
8:
1167:
1021:
948:
936:
854:
580:
1500:
1980:
1839:
1638:
903:
895:
687:
cost it its state funding in 1957) and subsequently regain it, which happened in 2001.
674:
666:
572:
2035:
1642:
1348:
1178:
1028:
942:
882:
827:
771:
568:
547:
research and outreach across the state. The federal Hatch Act of 1887 established an
1788:
1630:
1416:
1146:
853:
In the early 21st century, a growing number of land-grant universities have placed
467:
16:
Institution of higher education in the US that receive benefits by the Morrill Acts
2042:
1732:
Michigan Agricultural College: The Evolution of a Land-grant Philosophy, 1855-1925
1580:
1370:"A Time for Substance: Confronting Funding Inequities at Land-Grant Institutions"
745:
614:
1596:
1218:
2047:
1530:
831:
815:
644:, which was established on February 16, 1863, and opened on September 2, 1863.
610:
561:
2059:
1760:
United States. Office of Special Assistant to the Postmaster General (1966).
1230:
1130:
741:
726:
515:
318:
1658:
Land-grant universities for the future: Higher education for the public good
564:. However, relatively few women attended and they had second-class status.
556:
or HBCU). The 1994 expansion gave land-grant status and benefits to several
718:
1881:
Anderson, G. Lester. "The land-grant university and the urban condition."
1076:
National Agricultural Research, Extension, and Teaching Policy Act of 1977
586:
1970:
Colleges for Our Land and Time: The Land-Grant Idea in American Education
795:
While today's land-grant universities were initially known as land-grant
609:
of Vermont in 1857. The bill passed in 1859, but was vetoed by President
1888:
Croft, Genevieve K. "The US land-grant university system: An overview."
1793:
1777:"Entangled Pasts: Land-Grant Colleges and American Indian Dispossession"
1776:
1421:
1405:"Entangled Pasts: Land-Grant Colleges and American Indian Dispossession"
1404:
710:
thought that modern capitalism needed a better educated working class.
1925:
961:
823:
691:
1901:
The land-grant colleges and the reshaping of American Higher Education
1749:. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. pp. 105–130.
1331:
630:
by the U.S. Senate and were unratified at the time of the land grant.
1994:
Democracy’s college: The land-grant movement in the formative stage
1634:
810:
received land-grant status in 1967 and a $ 7.24 million endowment (
429:
1747:
Land Grant Colleges and the Reshaping of American Higher Education
1684:
814:) in lieu of a land grant. In a 1972 Special Education Amendment,
774:, which provided federal funds to states to establish a series of
1764:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 149.
796:
848:
770:
The mission of the land-grant universities was expanded by the
462:
647:
A second Morrill Act was passed in 1890, aimed at the former
1744:
1347:. East Lansing, Michigan: Michigan State University Press.
819:
702:
was later recast as "talent, innovation, and place" by the
2076:
History of universities and colleges in the United States
1655:
1326:
Earle D. Ross, "The 'Father' of the Land-Grant College"
1165:
Collins, John Williams; O'Brien, Nancy P., eds. (2003).
640:
The first land-grant institution open under the Act was
1345:
Justin Smith Morrill: Father of the Land-Grant Colleges
613:. Morrill resubmitted his bill in 1861, and President
2081:
Public universities and colleges in the United States
1304:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
1173:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. p.
894:
Land-grant universities are not to be confused with
1164:
519:Logo for the centennial of land-grant universities
1979:(1978), a useful short history of major aspects.
1946:Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research
1939:Handbook of universities and regional development
1908:Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy
1672:Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research
1126:Association of Public and Land-grant Universities
704:Association of Public and Land-grant Universities
567:Ultimately, most land-grant schools became large
2057:
765:
1443:Lee, Robert; Ahtone, Tristan (March 30, 2020).
1301:Land-grant Colleges and Universities, 1862-1962
637:) as the land-grant college on March 29, 1864.
2071:Universities and colleges in the United States
1620:
1810:"The Dark History of Land-Grant Universities"
1477:. Iowa State University. 2006. Archived from
1475:"History of Iowa State: Time Line, 1858–1874"
756:Agricultural College of the State of Michigan
496:
849:Land acknowledgment statements and criticism
694:, according to research by faculty from the
653:historically black colleges and universities
554:Historically black colleges and universities
1196:
1194:
2025:National Institute of Food and Agriculture
503:
489:
1913:Marcus, Alan I., Roger L. Geiger, et al.
1792:
1501:"Sesquicentennial Message from President"
1442:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1420:
841:became land-grant institutions under the
70:History of education in the United States
1368:Martin, Michael V. (February 18, 2018).
1342:
1191:
717:
677:(sustainable energy research, in 2003).
585:
514:
1899:Geiger, Roger, and Nathan Sorber, eds.
1529:. Iowa State University. Archived from
1297:
1109:Improving America's Schools Act of 1994
928:
843:Improving America's Schools Act of 1994
713:
2058:
1948:(Springer Netherlands, 2013). 385-422.
1808:Nash, Margaret A. (November 8, 2019).
1729:
1545:
1429:
1367:
1308:from the original on September 4, 2022
1264:A history of American higher education
808:University of the District of Columbia
660:University of the District of Columbia
1846:from the original on December 3, 2019
1820:from the original on December 3, 2019
1695:from the original on October 30, 2019
1507:from the original on January 11, 2012
1245:from the original on November 6, 2020
1169:The Greenwood Dictionary of Education
658:Later on, other colleges such as the
577:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
95:History of education in New York City
85:History of education in Massachusetts
2066:Land-grant universities and colleges
2052:Discusses architecture and land use.
2021:Land-Grant Colleges and Universities
1941:(Edward Elgar, 2019) pp. 11–28.
1807:
1774:
1493:
1402:
1775:Nash, Margaret A. (November 2019).
1762:Postage Stamps of the United States
1656:Gavazzi, S. M.; Gee, E. G. (2018).
1455:from the original on April 19, 2020
1403:Nash, Margaret A. (November 2019).
1384:from the original on August 1, 2020
13:
1875:
1734:. Michigan State University Press.
1563:from the original on April 7, 2022
1056:National Sea Grant College Program
14:
2097:
2014:
1955:(Purdue University Press, 2014).
1842:. University of Illinois System.
1660:. Johns Hopkins University Press.
1553:"The National Schools of Science"
1527:"Iowa State: 150 Points of Pride"
1202:Greenwood Dictionary of Education
760:The Pennsylvania State University
2039:. Includes maps of land parcels.
1987:State Universities and Democracy
1953:The modern land-grant university
1715:Ohio Lands and Their Subdivision
1113:tribal colleges and universities
1097:Agriculture and Food Act of 1981
1070:Food and Agriculture Act of 1977
921:, are now under the umbrella of
898:(a program instituted in 1966),
839:tribal colleges and universities
776:agricultural experiment stations
558:tribal colleges and universities
472:
461:
90:History of education in Missouri
80:History of education in Kentucky
1965:(1991), promoting the 1890 law.
1858:
1832:
1801:
1768:
1753:
1738:
1723:
1707:
1677:
1664:
1649:
1614:
1601:
1586:
1574:
1519:
1467:
1396:
1361:
1336:
1298:Brunner, Henry Sherman (1962).
1238:, Washington State University,
1137:List of land-grant universities
1111:—extended land-grant status to
911:Texas A&M University System
889:
867:Another example comes from the
673:(space research, in 1988), and
549:agricultural experiment station
75:History of education in Chicago
2086:Types of university or college
1781:History of Education Quarterly
1409:History of Education Quarterly
1320:
1291:
1278:
1269:
1256:
1223:
1208:
1158:
1103:Title XIV of Food Security Act
1024:– 1953, 1955, 1961, 1962, 1968
681:West Virginia State University
410:Full-service community schools
1:
1232:What Is A Land-Grant College?
1152:
766:Hatch Act and Smith–Lever Act
669:(aquatic research, in 1966),
537:Morrill Acts of 1862 and 1890
1868:. University of Connecticut.
919:the system's flagship campus
790:
696:State University of New York
7:
1883:Education and Urban Society
1266:(JHU Press, 2011) pp 41–83.
1119:
834:each received $ 3 million.
388:For-profit higher education
10:
2102:
1951:Sternberg, Robert J., ed.
1559:: 409, November 21, 1867,
1002:Bankhead–Jones Act of 1935
628:had been placed under seal
596:
341:School corporal punishment
1903:(Transaction Press, 2017)
1730:Widder, Keith R. (2005).
1503:. Iowa State University.
1343:Cross II, Coy F. (1997).
1330:(1938) 12#2 pp. 151-186
902:(instituted in 1988), or
869:University of Connecticut
752:Michigan State University
376:School-to-work transition
2031:"Land-Grab Universities"
1623:Journal of Human Capital
1445:"Land-Grab Universities"
915:the agricultural college
479:United States portal
25:This article is part of
2043:"The Land-Grant Campus"
1043:Research Facilities Act
969:Smith–Lever Act of 1914
906:(instituted in 2003).
781:Smith–Lever Act of 1914
642:Kansas State University
603:Jonathan Baldwin Turner
591:Land-grant universities
197:Education policy issues
166:Environmental education
1924:(1991). 65#2 168–172.
1840:"Land Acknowledgement"
1374:Tribal College Journal
1083:Resource Extension Act
1015:Research Marketing Act
923:Texas A&M AgriLife
878:
865:
729:
593:
533:land-grant institution
520:
334:Standards-based reform
309:Gender achievement gap
299:Racial achievement gap
232:Educational attainment
1910:32.3 (2014): 384-404.
1866:"Land Ackowledgement"
1689:University of Georgia
1063:Rural Development Act
1008:Bankhead–Flanagan Act
873:
860:
785:cooperative extension
735:University of Georgia
721:
635:Iowa State University
589:
525:land-grant university
518:
400:Research universities
267:Student financial aid
262:Graduate unemployment
237:Post-secondary issues
213:Primary and secondary
176:Mathematics education
1922:Agricultural History
1328:Agricultural History
1204:. 2003. p. 235.
1142:Manual labor college
1036:McIntire–Stennis Act
929:Relevant legislation
900:space grant colleges
799:, only a few of the
714:State law precedents
671:space grant colleges
607:Justin Smith Morrill
468:Education portal
304:Desegregation busing
257:Elite overproduction
186:Vocational education
2023:information by the
2002:Ten Brook, Andrew.
1961:Williams, Roger l.
1814:The Washington Post
1794:10.1017/heq.2019.31
1713:William E. Peters,
1422:10.1017/heq.2019.31
949:Morrill Act of 1890
937:Morrill Act of 1862
855:land acknowledgment
581:Tuskegee University
421:Levels of education
393:For-profit colleges
361:Foreign involvement
1975:Edmund, Joseph B.
1934:(Cornell UP, 2018)
1930:Sorber, Nathan M.
1674:(2014) pp.385-422.
1288:(2018) pp.155–171.
1284:Nathan M. Sorber,
1275:Thelin, pp. 97-98.
995:Capper–Ketcham Act
904:sun grant colleges
896:sea grant colleges
832:the Virgin Islands
730:
675:sun grant colleges
667:sea grant colleges
649:Confederate states
623:Indigenous peoples
594:
573:Cornell University
569:state universities
529:land-grant college
521:
383:Community colleges
329:School segregation
247:Cost and financing
171:Language education
2036:High Country News
1885:5.1 (1972): 5-21.
1449:High Country News
1049:Public Law 89-106
943:Hatch Act of 1887
883:High Country News
880:In an article in
828:Northern Marianas
772:Hatch Act of 1887
513:
512:
366:Special education
356:Sexual harassment
149:Medical education
103:Curriculum topics
39:
2093:
1968:Eddy, Edward D.
1870:
1869:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1727:
1721:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1685:"History of UGA"
1681:
1675:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1618:
1612:
1605:
1599:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1533:on June 21, 2015
1523:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1440:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1340:
1334:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1295:
1289:
1282:
1276:
1273:
1267:
1262:John R. Thelin,
1260:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1244:
1237:
1227:
1221:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1198:
1189:
1188:
1172:
1162:
1147:State university
981:Smith–Hughes Act
505:
498:
491:
477:
476:
475:
466:
465:
405:Community school
324:Racial diversity
294:Achievement gaps
198:
60:in insular areas
42:
38:Education in the
37:
21:
20:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2056:
2055:
2017:
1985:Nevins, Allan.
1878:
1876:Further reading
1873:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1849:
1847:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1823:
1821:
1806:
1802:
1773:
1769:
1758:
1754:
1743:
1739:
1728:
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1712:
1708:
1698:
1696:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1669:
1665:
1654:
1650:
1619:
1615:
1606:
1602:
1591:
1587:
1581:Roger L. Geiger
1579:
1575:
1566:
1564:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1536:
1534:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1510:
1508:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1484:
1482:
1481:on May 13, 2009
1473:
1472:
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1456:
1441:
1430:
1401:
1397:
1387:
1385:
1366:
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1325:
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1311:
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1296:
1292:
1283:
1279:
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1270:
1261:
1257:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1213:
1209:
1200:
1199:
1192:
1185:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1122:
1117:
1022:Smith–Lever Act
931:
892:
871:which states,
851:
793:
768:
746:Ohio University
716:
615:Abraham Lincoln
599:
509:
473:
471:
470:
460:
434:Early childhood
416:
351:School violence
284:Charter schools
196:
190:
159:Nursing degrees
137:Legal education
132:Music education
127:Civic education
65:By subject area
40:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2099:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2054:
2053:
2048:SAH Archipedia
2040:
2028:
2016:
2015:External links
2013:
2012:
2011:
2000:
1998:online reprint
1992:Ross, Earl D.
1990:
1983:
1973:
1966:
1959:
1949:
1942:
1935:
1928:
1918:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1886:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1857:
1831:
1800:
1787:(4): 437–467.
1767:
1752:
1737:
1722:
1706:
1676:
1663:
1648:
1635:10.1086/697512
1629:(2): 233–281.
1613:
1611:p. 144 (2015).
1600:
1585:
1573:
1544:
1518:
1492:
1466:
1428:
1415:(4): 437–467.
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1290:
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927:
891:
888:
850:
847:
816:American Samoa
792:
789:
767:
764:
725:commemorative
723:Postal Service
715:
712:
611:James Buchanan
598:
595:
562:home economics
511:
510:
508:
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493:
485:
482:
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456:
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454:
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446:Post-secondary
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371:Apprenticeship
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154:Medical school
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62:
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15:
9:
6:
4:
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2032:
2029:
2026:
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2019:
2018:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1964:
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1958:
1954:
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1933:
1929:
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1594:
1593:7 U.S.C.
1589:
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1354:0-87013-508-2
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1215:7 U.S.C.
1211:
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1184:0-89774-860-3
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1135:
1132:
1131:College Lands
1129:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:Amendment to
1100:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1088:Amendment to
1087:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1073:
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1064:
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1057:
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1023:
1020:Amendment to
1019:
1016:
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978:
976:– May 8, 1914
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685:desegregation
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527:(also called
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459:
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452:Organizations
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319:School choice
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272:Student loans
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252:Credentialism
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209:
208:Accreditation
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199:
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182:
181:Sex education
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122:Art education
120:
118:
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113:
110:
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101:
96:
93:
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83:
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73:
71:
68:
66:
63:
61:
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53:
52:
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47:
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43:
41:United States
34:
33:
30:
28:
23:
22:
19:
2046:
2034:
2003:
1993:
1986:
1976:
1969:
1962:
1952:
1945:
1938:
1931:
1921:
1914:
1907:
1900:
1889:
1882:
1860:
1848:. Retrieved
1834:
1822:. Retrieved
1813:
1803:
1784:
1780:
1770:
1761:
1755:
1746:
1740:
1731:
1725:
1714:
1709:
1697:. Retrieved
1688:
1679:
1671:
1666:
1657:
1651:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1608:
1603:
1588:
1576:
1567:November 14,
1565:, retrieved
1556:
1547:
1535:. Retrieved
1531:the original
1521:
1509:. Retrieved
1495:
1483:. Retrieved
1479:the original
1469:
1457:. Retrieved
1448:
1412:
1408:
1398:
1388:November 28,
1386:. Retrieved
1377:
1373:
1363:
1344:
1338:
1327:
1322:
1310:. Retrieved
1300:
1293:
1285:
1280:
1271:
1263:
1258:
1247:, retrieved
1231:
1225:
1210:
1201:
1168:
1160:
908:
893:
890:Nomenclature
881:
879:
874:
866:
861:
852:
837:In 1994, 29
836:
805:
801:more than 70
794:
769:
750:
739:
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700:
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657:
646:
639:
632:
620:
600:
566:
545:
541:
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524:
522:
428:
346:School meals
224:
24:
18:
1850:December 3,
1824:December 3,
1699:December 4,
1312:December 3,
1078:– Title XIV
988:Parnell Act
947:The second
783:to include
579:(MIT), and
2060:Categories
2010:old survey
1890:CRS Report
1597:§ 323
1557:The Nation
1219:§ 304
1153:References
974:Chapter 79
962:Nelson Act
824:Micronesia
692:superpower
314:Head Start
289:Inequality
142:Law school
1643:158105754
1133:, in Ohio
1090:Title XIV
1029:Hatch Act
955:Adams Act
791:Expansion
737:in 1785.
442:Secondary
226:Financing
2006:(1875).
1844:Archived
1818:Archived
1717:(1918).
1693:Archived
1561:archived
1505:Archived
1459:June 14,
1453:Archived
1382:Archived
1306:Archived
1249:July 12,
1240:archived
1120:See also
1027:Amended
797:colleges
706:(APLU).
112:Literacy
56:By state
27:a series
1996:(1942)
1989:(1962);
1972:(1957);
1892:(2019)
1537:July 8,
1511:July 8,
1485:July 9,
909:In the
597:History
438:Primary
48:Summary
2008:online
1981:online
1957:online
1926:online
1917:(2015)
1894:online
1719:online
1641:
1595:
1351:
1332:online
1217:
1181:
1105:– 1985
1092:– 1981
1085:– 1978
1065:– 1972
1058:– 1966
1051:– 1965
1045:– 1965
1038:– 1962
1031:– 1955
1017:– 1946
1010:– 1945
997:– 1928
990:– 1925
983:– 1917
964:– 1907
957:– 1906
830:, and
575:, the
279:Reform
242:Bubble
1639:S2CID
1380:(3).
1243:(PDF)
1236:(PDF)
727:stamp
1852:2019
1826:2019
1701:2019
1569:2020
1539:2011
1513:2011
1487:2009
1461:2024
1390:2019
1349:ISBN
1314:2019
1251:2011
1179:ISBN
1095:The
1081:The
1074:The
1068:The
1061:The
1054:The
1041:The
1034:The
1013:The
1006:The
1000:The
993:The
986:The
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967:The
960:The
953:The
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820:Guam
806:The
740:The
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430:K–12
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