480:
468:
456:
45:
444:
1782:
29:
432:
1788:
420:
years for the crater. The study also revealed that some minerals were approximately one million years younger, suggesting that the cooling of the crater took place over a period ranging from one hundred thousand to one million years. In the summer of 2018, researchers proposed an age of 77.8 million years based on uranium-lead dating. After peer review, the age was revised to approximately 77.85 (± 0.78) million years.
1643:
52:
411:
From 1988 to 1990, the
Geological Survey of Finland conducted drilling studies, with the first one reaching a depth of 217.75 meters in Härkäniemi, where kärnäite was found to extend from the surface to the depth of 145 m, followed by a suevite layer and a breccia layer. The second drilling reached a
389:
In the spring of 1967, after studying the Nördlinger Ries crater in
Germany, Professor Thure Georg Sahama began to suspect that Lappajärvi was also a meteorite crater and suggested that Martti Lehtinen investigate it. In 1967, Swedish researcher Nils-Bertil Svensson observed that quartz in kärnäite
419:
by the
Geological Survey of Finland estimated the age of the crater to be around 73.3 million years, with a margin of error of five million years, confirming that Lappajärvi was formed during the Late Cretaceous epoch. In a study published in 2013, argon–argon dating yielded an age of 76.2 million
320:
Lappajärvi is the largest or second-largest meteorite crater in
Finland, and it is also the youngest and the first meteorite crater discovered in Finland. The diameter of the crater, which was formed in Lappajärvi, was approximately 22-23 kilometers, with a depth of 750 meters. It was caused by an
396:
in
February 1968. In 1967, Martti Lehtinen started his investigations of the crater and discovered suevite in the Hietakangas gravel pits in July 1967. In the summer of 1968, he found coesite in Lappajärvi. His licentiate thesis on the research was completed the following year. In 1976, Lehtinen
397:
published an
English-language doctoral dissertation on the meteorite theory, which included evidence of quartz transformations in certain rock samples that could not have resulted from volcanic activity. The dissertation is considered the final confirmation of the meteorite theory.
386:. In the summer of 1926, Eskola visited Lappajärvi and confirmed that the kärnäite rock was volcanic in origin. Lappajärvi was long believed to be the remnant of an ancient volcano, and as late as 1964, Professor Ahti Simonen wrote about the lake's ancient volcanic activity.
321:
asteroid estimated to be about 1.6 kilometers in size, around 77.85 ± 0.78 million years ago. According to current estimates, it is believed to have been formed during the intensified meteorite and asteroid bombardment in the
415:
In 1992, paleomagnetic methods estimated the age of the crater to be around 195 million years. In 1997, small impact diamonds were discovered in suevite boulders from Lappajärvi. In 2001,
412:
depth of 165.75 meters in Pokela, Vimpeli. The fourth drilling reached a depth of 275 meters in the intermediate island between Kärnänsaari and
Matalasaari, but no kärnäite was found.
479:
662:
354:
Iso-Räyrinki Lake in Alajärvi has been suggested as a secondary crater of the Lappajärvi meteorite, thought to have been formed by a moon orbiting the Lappajärvi meteorite.
716:
Kenny, Gavin G.; Schmieder, Martin; Whitehouse, Martin J.; Nemchin, Alexander A.; Morales, Luiz F.G.; Buchner, Elmar; Bellucci, Jeremy J.; Snape, Joshua F. (2019-01-15).
339:. The southeastern edge of the crater is surrounded by an elevated rim, now known as Lakeaharju and Pyhävuori. Typical rocks found in meteorite craters, such as
242:
952:
1685:
523:
351:, have been discovered in Lappajärvi. The shattered bedrock resulting from the meteorite impact has created favorable groundwater areas in Lappajärvi.
1587:"A new U-Pb age for shock-recrystallised zircon from the Lappajärvi impact crater, Finland, and implications for the accurate dating of impact events"
718:"A new U-Pb age for shock-recrystallised zircon from the Lappajärvi impact crater, Finland, and implications for the accurate dating of impact events"
573:"A new U-Pb age for shock-recrystallised zircon from the Lappajärvi impact crater, Finland, and implications for the accurate dating of impact events"
88:
637:
401:
conducted in the same year also supported the meteorite theory, as a gravitational anomaly was detected within a 17-kilometer diameter area.
1741:
1771:
670:
279:
project have studied Lake Lappajärvi to help them project how
Finnish landscapes might look one million years in the future and beyond.
1761:
1756:
331:
Below the Kärnänsaari island in the middle of the lake, there is impactite known as kärnäite. Kärnänsaari has been suspected to be the
308:
In
September 2023, UNESCO accepted the Lappajärvi area's "Impact Crater Lake" Geopark application as one of the possible recipients of
1565:"Accurate and Precise Dating of Impact Events by U-Pb Analysis of Shocked Zircon — A Case Study from the Lappajärvi Impact Structure"
1099:
467:
619:
328:
The cooling of the bedrock is estimated to have taken place over a period ranging from one hundred thousand to one million years.
1736:
1678:
1746:
571:
Kenny, G.G.; Schmieder, M.; Whitehouse, M.J.; Nemchin, A.A.; Morales, L.F.G.; Buchner, E.; Bellucci, J.J.; Snape, J.F. (2019).
927:
1287:
Fennoscandian impact structures : symposium, May 29-31 1990, Espoo and Lappajärvi, Finland : program and abstracts
1316:
Palaeomagnetic, rock magnetic and other geophysical results from the Lake Lappajärvi impact crater, central-western
Finland
276:
1751:
1731:
1387:
1334:
996:
44:
1647:
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1726:
1694:
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1298:
1210:
362:
The research history of Lappajärvi is considered to have started in 1858 when Henrik Holmberg mentioned in his book "
187:
541:
2244:
282:
An island in the middle of the lake, Kärnänsaari (Kärnä Island), gives the name to the black impact melt rock (
527:
366:" a volcanic rock found in Lappajärvi. In 1916, geologist Eero Mäkinen analyzed the rock and identified it as
2216:
1952:
1947:
1852:
1521:"The Lappajärvi impact structure (Finland): Age, duration of crater cooling, and implications for early life"
869:
2259:
2269:
2159:
1987:
1972:
1892:
1837:
928:"Hyvä porakaivo käy taajamankin vesilähteeksi Lappajärvi pumppaa pian juomavetensä meteoriittikraatterista"
845:"Lappajärvi impact structure, Finland - Triple anniversary in 2018 and prospects for research and outreach"
455:
2108:
2007:
1832:
1817:
1177:
899:
551:
641:
2211:
2002:
1997:
1957:
1917:
1060:
1036:
1992:
1827:
496:
443:
219:
2181:
1932:
1802:
390:
was fragmented in the same way as in other craters on Earth. Svensson's findings were published in
1472:"Ion microprobe uranium-lead dating of zircons from the Lappajärvi impact crater, western Finland"
2098:
1967:
1897:
819:
771:"Traces of an H chondrite in the impact-melt rocks from the Lappajärvi impact structure, Finland"
1937:
2201:
2078:
1942:
1857:
405:
2222:
2206:
2154:
546:
132:
120:
1564:
1487:
786:
1872:
1598:
1532:
1483:
1419:
1140:
782:
729:
584:
383:
844:
431:
8:
1807:
1285:
1227:
416:
1602:
1536:
1423:
1144:
733:
588:
572:
2118:
2023:
1614:
1501:
1496:
1471:
1158:
800:
795:
770:
745:
691:
600:
125:
1922:
1659:
Lake Lappajärvi, a meteorite impact site in western Finland by Martti Lehtinen (1976)
1653:
1314:
2171:
1977:
1927:
1912:
1812:
1618:
1505:
1431:
1355:"Proterozoic microfossils from the sedimentary rocks of the Lappajärvi impact crater"
1294:
1206:
967:
946:
749:
604:
1907:
1451:
804:
2264:
2196:
2068:
1902:
1847:
1842:
1606:
1540:
1491:
1427:
1366:
1260:
1197:
1162:
1148:
1016:
790:
737:
592:
392:
335:
of the impact crater, although it could also be a mere erosional remnant shaped by
264:
246:
1658:
408:
method to determine the age of the crater to be approximately 77.3 million years.
254:
2176:
2164:
2053:
1887:
398:
375:
322:
28:
2123:
2083:
2058:
2043:
1862:
1822:
1407:
332:
144:
1877:
1610:
1544:
741:
596:
2238:
2186:
2063:
1982:
1705:
1371:
1354:
379:
371:
238:
103:
90:
1663:
1586:
1520:
717:
294:
261:
223:
73:
2191:
2113:
2103:
1710:
1253:"A Late Cretaceous 40Ar—39Ar Age for the Lappajärvi Impact Crater, Finland"
336:
769:
Tagle, R.; Öhman, T.; Schmitt, R. T.; Erzinger, J.; Claeys, P. H. (2007).
552:
Planetary and Space Science Centre University of New Brunswick Fredericton
302:
1962:
1867:
1781:
1264:
1228:"A study of the Gravity Anomaly associated with Lake Lappajarvi, Finland"
1129:"Lake Lappajärvi, Central Finland: a Possible Meteorite Impact Structure"
934:. Helsingin Sanomat. 1994-02-26. Archived from the original on 2017-03-11
663:"UNESCO Global Geoparks Council proposes 16 new geoparks for endorsement"
227:
2128:
2028:
1252:
325:
epoch. The asteroid is thought to have been a common H-type chondrite.
272:
196:
404:
In 1980, German researchers Elmar Jessberger and Uwe Reimold used the
133:
2093:
2088:
2073:
1408:"Palaeomagnetism of the Lappajärvi impact structure, western Finland"
1153:
1128:
283:
268:
235:
620:"Craters & Mudrock: Tools for Imagining Distant Future Finlands"
1787:
877:
2138:
2133:
2038:
2033:
900:"12 Meteoriittitörmäys kraaterit − maan ja taivaan kohtauspaikka"
348:
344:
340:
309:
298:
231:
234:. It is formed in a 23 km (14 mi) wide, partly eroded
1642:
1179:
12 Meteoriittitörmäys kraaterit − maan ja taivaan kohtauspaikka
715:
570:
367:
1574:. 81st Annual Meeting of The Meteoritical Society 2018. 2018.
1199:
Lake Lappajärvi, a meteorite impact site in western Finland
33:
Lappajärvi is the largest lake near the lower right corner.
768:
1259:. Journal of Geophysics - Zeitschrift für Geophysik.
1405:
1018:
Volcanic necks in Lake Jänisjärvi in eastern Finland
1251:Dieminger, Walter (Ed.); Untiedt, J. (Ed.) (1980).
267:
is estimated to be 77.85 ± 0.78 million years old (
850:. 49th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2018
2236:
1469:
1293:. Geological Survey of Finland. pp. 18–20.
1283:
1250:
951:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
524:"Finnish lakes larger than 40 square kilometers"
81:
1406:Pesonen, L.J.; Marcos, N.; Pipping, F. (1992).
526:. Finnish Environment Institute. Archived from
343:, as well as impact diamonds and minerals like
1061:"Tulivuoren jäännös Lappajärven Kärnäsaaressa"
1693:
1679:
1470:Mänttäri, Irmeli; Koivisto, Marjatta (2001).
1459:. Geologian tutkimuskeskus. 1998. p. 10.
1359:Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland
194:
518:
516:
514:
512:
382:became convinced that Lappajärvi was also a
275:time period). Experts working on Finland's
1686:
1672:
257:that is located downstream (north) of it.
1518:
1495:
1370:
1284:Pesonen, Lauri J.; Niemisara, H. (1990).
1152:
794:
509:
1195:
1175:
1126:
965:
897:
820:"Impact craters may be cradles of life"
617:
51:
2237:
1352:
1034:
1014:
162:145.49 km (56.17 sq mi)
1667:
1584:
1385:
1332:
994:
968:"Sueviittilohkarelöydyt Pohjanmaalla"
842:
1127:Svensson, Nils-Bertil (1968-02-01).
817:
277:Onkalo spent nuclear fuel repository
1476:Meteoritics & Planetary Science
1225:
775:Meteoritics & Planetary Science
13:
1497:10.1111/j.1945-5100.2001.tb01946.x
796:10.1111/j.1945-5100.2007.tb00542.x
564:
364:Materialier till Finlands geognosi
14:
2281:
1635:
867:
1786:
1780:
1641:
618:Ialenti, Vincent (5 July 2016).
478:
466:
454:
442:
430:
315:
50:
43:
27:
1591:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
1578:
1557:
1525:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
1512:
1463:
1444:
1399:
1379:
1346:
1326:
1307:
1277:
1244:
1219:
1189:
1169:
1120:
1092:
1078:
1053:
1037:"Tulivuorenjäännöksiä Suomessa"
1028:
1008:
988:
959:
920:
891:
861:
836:
811:
722:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
577:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
1233:. Geological Survey of Finland
762:
709:
684:
655:
630:
611:
534:
378:in Karelia in 1920, geologist
301:and the nearest major city is
286:) found there, locally called
1:
2217:Lunar and Planetary Institute
2049:Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary
1205:. Geologinen tutkimuslaitos.
1035:Eskola, Pentti (1926-09-25).
502:
218:is a lake in Finland, in the
16:Impact crater lake in Finland
1453:Vuoden 1997 tulosraportointi
1432:10.1016/0040-1951(92)90160-8
669:. 2023-09-06. Archived from
357:
7:
2109:Planar deformation features
1654:Lappajärvi impact structure
966:Koivisto, Marjatta (1997).
818:Gary, Stuart (2023-02-28).
490:
473:Winter with northern lights
10:
2286:
2212:Impact Field Studies Group
1519:Schmieder, Martin (2013).
977:. Geologian tutkimuskeskus
692:"Suomen törmäysktaatterit"
423:
2255:Cretaceous impact craters
2250:Impact craters of Finland
2147:
2016:
1795:
1778:
1719:
1701:
1695:Impact cratering on Earth
1611:10.1016/j.gca.2018.11.021
1545:10.1016/j.gca.2013.02.015
1389:Kraatterijärven Georeitti
1336:Kraatterijärven Georeitti
1196:Lehtinen, Martti (1976).
1176:Lehtinen, Martti (1998).
998:Kraatterijärven Georeitti
909:. Suomen geologinen seura
898:Lehtinen, Martti (1998).
742:10.1016/j.gca.2018.11.021
597:10.1016/j.gca.2018.11.021
497:Impact craters in Finland
206:
186:
182:
178:69.5 m (228 ft)
174:
166:
158:
154:
143:
131:
119:
80:
69:
38:
26:
21:
2182:William Kenneth Hartmann
1848:Clearwater East and West
1796:Confirmed≥20 km diameter
2099:Ordovician meteor event
1488:2001M&PS...36.1087M
1353:Uutela, Anneli (1990).
1015:Eskola, Pentti (1921).
787:2007M&PS...42.1841T
624:The Long Now Foundation
374:. After his studies on
170:36 m (118 ft)
2202:Eugene Merle Shoemaker
2079:Late Heavy Bombardment
1372:10.17741/bgsf/62.2.002
1100:"Kuuma kivi taivaalta"
253:) basin together with
250:
241:. The lake is part of
195:
2245:Earth Impact Database
2223:Traces of Catastrophe
2207:Earth Impact Database
2155:Ralph Belknap Baldwin
1585:Kenny, Gavin (2019).
1386:Öhman, Teemu (2017).
1333:Öhman, Teemu (2017).
995:Öhman, Teemu (2017).
843:Öhman, Teemu (2018).
547:Earth Impact Database
293:Nearby towns include
1650:at Wikimedia Commons
1265:10.23689/fidgeo-3159
1088:. 1964. p. 115.
485:Lappajarvi impactite
399:Gravity measurements
2270:Impact crater lakes
1603:2019GeCoA.245..479K
1537:2013GeCoA.112..321S
1424:1992Tectp.216..123P
1226:Elo, Seppo (1976).
1145:1968Natur.217Q.438S
734:2019GeCoA.245..479K
589:2019GeCoA.245..479K
417:uranium-lead dating
100: /
2119:Shock metamorphism
2024:Alvarez hypothesis
907:geologinenseura.fi
638:"Welcome to nginx"
406:argon–argon dating
126:Impact crater lake
2260:Lakes of Alajärvi
2232:
2231:
2172:Edward C. T. Chao
1646:Media related to
1107:Helsingin Sanomat
698:. Moilanen, Jarmo
312:status for 2024.
213:
212:
175:Surface elevation
104:63.200°N 23.700°E
2277:
2197:Peter H. Schultz
2160:Daniel Barringer
2069:Impact structure
1790:
1784:
1688:
1681:
1674:
1665:
1664:
1645:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1569:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1499:
1482:(8): 1087–1095.
1467:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1438:
1418:(1–2): 123–142.
1403:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1292:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1271:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1238:
1232:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1204:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1156:
1154:10.1038/217438a0
1124:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1114:
1104:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1072:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1047:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1012:
1006:
1005:
1003:
992:
986:
985:
983:
982:
972:
963:
957:
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950:
942:
940:
939:
924:
918:
917:
915:
914:
904:
895:
889:
888:
886:
885:
876:. Archived from
865:
859:
858:
856:
855:
849:
840:
834:
833:
831:
830:
815:
809:
808:
798:
766:
760:
759:
757:
756:
713:
707:
706:
704:
703:
688:
682:
681:
679:
678:
659:
653:
652:
650:
649:
640:. Archived from
634:
628:
627:
615:
609:
608:
568:
562:
561:
559:
558:
538:
532:
531:
520:
482:
470:
461:Frozen in winter
458:
446:
434:
337:glacial activity
271:age of the Late
265:impact structure
200:
135:
134:Primary outflows
115:
114:
112:
111:
110:
105:
101:
98:
97:
96:
93:
83:
54:
53:
47:
31:
19:
18:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2177:Robert S. Dietz
2165:Barringer Medal
2143:
2054:Cryptoexplosion
2012:
1943:Puchezh-Katunki
1923:Nördlinger Ries
1791:
1785:
1776:
1742:Asia and Russia
1715:
1697:
1692:
1648:Lake Lappajärvi
1638:
1633:
1632:
1623:
1621:
1583:
1579:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1549:
1547:
1517:
1513:
1468:
1464:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1436:
1434:
1404:
1400:
1392:
1384:
1380:
1351:
1347:
1339:
1331:
1327:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1301:
1290:
1282:
1278:
1269:
1267:
1249:
1245:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1224:
1220:
1213:
1202:
1194:
1190:
1182:
1174:
1170:
1125:
1121:
1112:
1110:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1086:Suomen geologia
1084:
1083:
1079:
1070:
1068:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1045:
1043:
1033:
1029:
1021:
1013:
1009:
1001:
993:
989:
980:
978:
970:
964:
960:
944:
943:
937:
935:
926:
925:
921:
912:
910:
902:
896:
892:
883:
881:
866:
862:
853:
851:
847:
841:
837:
828:
826:
816:
812:
767:
763:
754:
752:
714:
710:
701:
699:
690:
689:
685:
676:
674:
661:
660:
656:
647:
645:
636:
635:
631:
616:
612:
569:
565:
556:
554:
540:
539:
535:
522:
521:
510:
505:
493:
486:
483:
474:
471:
462:
459:
450:
449:Lake Lappajärvi
447:
438:
437:Lake Lappajärvi
435:
426:
376:Lake Yanisyarvi
360:
323:Late Cretaceous
318:
147: countries
108:
106:
102:
99:
94:
91:
89:
87:
86:
65:
64:
63:
62:
61:
60:
59:
58:Lake Lappajärvi
55:
34:
22:Lake Lappajärvi
17:
12:
11:
5:
2283:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2157:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2124:Shocked quartz
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2192:Graham Ryder
2114:Shatter cone
2104:Philippinite
1953:Saint Martin
1948:Rochechouart
1882:
1853:Gosses Bluff
1808:Amelia Creek
1711:Impact event
1622:. Retrieved
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878:the original
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642:the original
632:
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555:. Retrieved
545:
542:"Lappajärvi"
536:
528:the original
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159:Surface area
1988:Tookoonooka
1973:Steen River
1963:Siljan Ring
1893:Manicouagan
1878:Keurusselkä
1597:: 479–494.
1531:: 321–339.
824:ABC Science
728:: 479–494.
583:: 479–494.
243:Ähtävänjoki
139:Ähtävänjoki
107: /
82:Coordinates
2239:Categories
2129:Stishovite
2029:Australite
2008:Yarrabubba
1978:Strangways
1938:Presqu'île
1913:Montagnais
1883:Lappajärvi
1833:Charlevoix
1818:Beaverhead
1813:Araguainha
1767:By country
1737:Antarctica
1624:2023-06-02
1550:2023-06-02
1437:2023-06-02
1270:2023-06-02
1237:2023-06-02
1113:2023-06-02
1071:2023-06-02
1046:2023-06-02
1041:Uusi Suomi
981:2023-06-02
938:2017-03-11
913:2023-06-02
884:2018-12-31
870:"Geologia"
854:2023-06-02
829:2023-06-02
755:2023-06-02
702:2023-06-02
677:2023-09-10
667:unesco.org
648:2012-04-09
557:2009-05-24
503:References
295:Lappajärvi
288:Kärnäiitti
273:Cretaceous
262:Lappajärvi
224:Lappajärvi
216:Lappajärvi
207:References
167:Max. depth
74:Lappajärvi
2094:Moldavite
2089:Meteorite
2074:Impactite
2003:Woodleigh
1998:Vredefort
1958:Shoemaker
1918:Morokweng
1903:Mistastin
1843:Chicxulub
1747:Australia
1727:Worldwide
1619:133730451
1506:128541982
750:133730451
605:133730451
372:lava rock
358:Discovery
303:Seinäjoki
284:impactite
269:Campanian
236:meteorite
76:, Finland
2148:Research
1993:Tunnunik
1888:Logancha
1858:Haughton
1828:Carswell
1772:Possible
1572:usra.edu
947:cite web
805:55442963
491:See also
228:Alajärvi
95:023°42′E
70:Location
2265:Vimpeli
2139:Tektite
2134:Suevite
2039:Coesite
2034:Breccia
1983:Sudbury
1933:Popigai
1928:Obolon'
1908:Mjølnir
1873:Karakul
1863:Kamensk
1823:Boltysh
1803:Acraman
1599:Bibcode
1533:Bibcode
1484:Bibcode
1420:Bibcode
1163:4202217
1141:Bibcode
783:Bibcode
730:Bibcode
585:Bibcode
424:Gallery
349:coesite
345:suevite
341:breccia
310:Geopark
299:Vimpeli
247:Swedish
232:Vimpeli
188:Islands
150:Finland
92:63°12′N
2017:Topics
1898:Manson
1752:Europe
1732:Africa
1617:
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1297:
1209:
1161:
1133:Nature
975:gtk.fi
803:
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393:Nature
368:dacite
251:Esse å
1720:Lists
1615:S2CID
1568:(PDF)
1502:S2CID
1457:(PDF)
1393:(PDF)
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1159:S2CID
1103:(PDF)
1065:Vaasa
1022:(PDF)
1002:(PDF)
971:(PDF)
932:hs.fi
903:(PDF)
848:(PDF)
801:S2CID
746:S2CID
601:S2CID
197:Kärnä
145:Basin
1868:Kara
1295:ISBN
1207:ISBN
953:link
347:and
297:and
260:The
230:and
192:56 (
121:Type
1607:doi
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1541:doi
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1492:doi
1428:doi
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1367:doi
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