Labour economics - Knowledge

1335: 104: 1818:, differ greatly. There are various factors concerning this phenomenon. This includes the MRP of the worker. A doctor's MRP is far greater than that of the port cleaner. In addition, the barriers to becoming a doctor are far greater than that of becoming a port cleaner. To become a doctor takes a lot of education and training which is costly, and only those who excel in academia can succeed in becoming doctors. The port cleaner, however, requires relatively less training. The supply of doctors is therefore significantly less elastic than that of port cleaners. Demand is also inelastic as there is a high demand for doctors and medical care is a necessity, so the NHS will pay higher wage rates to attract the profession. 1647:. This substitution effect is represented by the shift from point C to point B. The net impact of these two effects is shown by the shift from point A to point B. The relative magnitude of the two effects depends on the circumstances. In some cases, such as the one shown, the substitution effect is greater than the income effect (in which case more time will be allocated to working), but in other cases, the income effect will be greater than the substitution effect (in which case less time is allocated to working). The intuition behind this latter case is that the individual decides that the higher earnings on the previous amount of labour can be "spent" by purchasing more leisure. 5399: 1842: 1093: 1934: 1327: 1898:, whereby employers could use various characteristics of applicants differentiate between high-ability or low-ability workers. One common signal used is education, whereby employers assume that high-ability workers will have higher levels of education. Employers can then compensate high-ability workers with higher wages. However, signalling does not always work, and it may appear to an external observer that education has raised the marginal product of labour, without this necessarily being true. 132: 5801: 1219:) – This is the summation of frictional and structural unemployment, that excludes cyclical contributions of unemployment (e.g. recessions) and seasonal unemployment. It is the lowest rate of unemployment that a stable economy can expect to achieve, given that some frictional and structural unemployment is inevitable. Economists do not agree on the level of the natural rate, with estimates ranging from 1% to 5%, or on its meaning – some associate it with "non-accelerating 46: 2023:. This coefficient does not have a concrete meaning but is more used as a way to compare inequality across regions. The higher the Gini coefficient is calculated to be the larger inequality exists in a region. Over time, inequality has, on average, been increasing. This is due to numerous factors including labour supply and demand shifts as well as institutional changes in the labour market. On the shifts in labour supply and demand, factors include demand for 5851: 5811: 5831: 2291: 959: 2041:'s taste models. Using taste models, employer discrimination can be thought of as the employer not hiring the minority worker because of their perceived cost of hiring that worker is higher than that of the cost of hiring a non-minority worker, which causes less hiring of the minority. Another taste model is for employee discrimination, which does not cause a decline in the hiring of minorities, but instead causes a more segregated 5791: 1185:. Changes in unemployment depend on inflows (non-employed people starting to look for jobs and employed people who lose their jobs that are looking for new ones) and outflows (people who find new employment and people who stop looking for employment). When looking at the overall macroeconomy, several types of unemployment have been identified, which can be separated into two categories of natural and unnatural unemployment. 2279: 2267: 947: 1997:. By contrast, external labour markets "imply that workers move somewhat fluidly between firms and wages are determined by some aggregate process where firms do not have significant discretion over wage setting." The focus is on "how firms establish, maintain, and end employment relationships and on how firms provide incentives to employees," including models and empirical work on incentive systems and as constrained by 2255: 5841: 5821: 1063:, (which refers to the skills that workers possess and not necessarily the actual work that they produce). Labour is unique to study because it is a special type of good that cannot be separated from the owner (i.e. the work cannot be separated from the person who does it). A labour market is also different from other markets in that workers are the suppliers and firms are the demanders. 2046:

prejudiced but believe that their customers might be, so therefore the employer is less likely to hire the minority worker if they are going to interact with customers that are prejudiced. There are many other taste models other than these that Gary Becker has made to explain discrimination that causes differences in hiring in wages in the labour market.

1209:– The number of jobs available in an industry are not sufficient enough to provide jobs to all persons who are interested in working or qualified to work in that industry. This can be due to the changes in industries prevalent in a country or because wages for the industry are too high, causing people to want to supply their labour to that industry. 2217:, the earliest wage labour contracts we know about were in fact contracts for the rental of chattel slaves (usually the owner would receive a share of the money, and the slave, another, with which to maintain his or her living expenses.) Such arrangements, according to Graeber, were quite common in New World slavery as well, whether in the 2236:. "It can be persuasively argued", noted one concerned philosopher, "that the conception of the worker's labour as a commodity confirms Marx's stigmatisation of the wage system of private capitalism as 'wage-slavery;' that is, as an instrument of the capitalist's for reducing the worker's condition to that of a slave, if not below it." 1197:– This reflects the fact that it takes time for people to find and settle into new jobs that they feel are appropriate for them and their skill set. Technological advancement often reduces frictional unemployment; for example, internet search engines have reduced the cost and time associated with locating employment or 1040:

individual in the market is presumed to make rational choices based on the information that they know regarding wage, desire to provide labour, and desire for leisure. Labour markets are normally geographically bounded, but the rise of the internet has brought about a 'planetary labour market' in some sectors.

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because the prejudiced worker feels that they should be paid more to work next to the worker they are prejudiced against or that they are not paid an equal amount as the worker they are prejudiced against. One more taste model involves customer discrimination, whereby the employers themselves are not

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Another aspect of uncertainty results from the firm's imperfect knowledge about worker ability. If a firm is unsure about a worker's ability, it pays a wage assuming that the worker's ability is the average of similar workers. This wage under compensates high-ability workers which may drive them away

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The labour market has the ability to create a higher derivative efficiency of labour, especially on a national and international level, compared to simpler forms of labour distribution, leading to a higher financial GDP growth and output. An efficient labour market is important for the private sector

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shows that the supply of labour exceeds demand, which has been proven by salary growth that lags productivity growth. When labour supply exceeds demand, salary faces downward pressure due to an employer's ability to pick from a labour pool that exceeds the jobs pool. However, if the demand for labour

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explained how "whatever does not spring from a man's free choice, or is only the result of instruction and guidance, does not enter into his very nature; he does not perform it with truly human energies, but merely with mechanical exactness" and so when the labourer works under external control, "we

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is a common method used to calculate the amount of discrimination that exists when wages differ between groups of people. This decomposition aims to calculate the difference in wages that occurs because of differences in skills versus the returns to those skills. A way of modelling discrimination in

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As for discrimination, it is the difference in pay that can be attributed to the demographic differences between people, such as gender, race, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, etc, even though these factors do not affect the productivity of the worker. Many regions and countries have enacted

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in response to the financial crisis of 2008, is more flexible job- contracts and -terms that encourage employees to work less than full-time by partially compensating for the loss of hours, relying on workers to adapt their working time in response to job requirements and economic conditions instead

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If consumption is measured by the value of income obtained, this diagram can be used to show a variety of interesting effects. This is because the absolute value of the slope of the budget constraint is the wage rate. The point of optimisation (point A) reflects the equivalency between the wage rate

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that grant employees the chance to benefit directly from a firm's success. However, this solution has attracted criticism as executives with large stock-option packages have been suspected of acting to over-inflate share values to the detriment of the long-run welfare of the firm. Another solution,

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This is shown in the graph below, which illustrates the trade-off between allocating time to leisure activities and allocating it to income-generating activities. The linear constraint indicates that every additional hour of leisure undertaken requires the loss of an hour of labour and thus of the

2070:, neoclassical models are not meant to serve as a full description of the psychological and subjective factors that go into a given individual's employment relations, but as a useful approximation of human behaviour in the aggregate, which can be fleshed out further by the use of concepts such as 1079:

techniques to the labour market. Microeconomic techniques study the role of individuals and individual firms in the labour market. Macroeconomic techniques look at the interrelations between the labour market, the goods market, the money market, and the foreign trade market. It looks at how these

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going up more than the supply of skilled workers and relative to unskilled workers as well as technological changes that increase productivity; all of these things cause wages to go up for skilled labour while unskilled worker wages stay the same or decline. As for the institutional changes, a

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function through the interaction of workers and employers. Labour economics looks at the suppliers of labour services (workers) and the demanders of labour services (employers), and attempts to understand the resulting pattern of wages, employment, and income. These patterns exist because each

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Additionally, although the MRP is a good way of expressing an employer's demand, other factors such as social group formation can the demand, as well as the labour supply. This constantly restructures exactly what a labour market is, and leads way to cause problems for theories of inflation.

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The demand for labour of this firm can be summed with the demand for labour of all other firms in the economy to obtain the aggregate demand for labour. Likewise, the supply curves of all the individual workers (mentioned above) can be summed to obtain the aggregate supply of labour. These

1770: 1297:. While according to neoclassical theory most markets quickly attain a point of equilibrium without excess supply or demand, this may not be true of the labour market: it may have a persistent level of unemployment. Contrasting the labour market to other markets also reveals persistent 1832:

Some labour markets have a single employer and thus do not satisfy the perfect competition assumption of the neoclassical model above. The model of a monopsonistic labour market gives a lower quantity of employment and a lower equilibrium wage rate than does the competitive model.

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But that is only part of the picture. As the wage rate rises, the worker will substitute away from leisure and into the provision of labour—that is, will work more hours to take advantage of the higher wage rate, or in other words substitute away from leisure because of its higher

1669:). This positive relationship is increasing until point F, beyond which the income effect dominates the substitution effect and the individual starts to reduce the number of labour hours he supplies (point G) as wage increases; in other words, the wage elasticity is now negative. 1633: 1467:. The curve indicates the combinations of leisure and work that will give the individual a specific level of utility. The point where the highest indifference curve is just tangent to the constraint line (point A), illustrates the optimum for this supplier of labour services. 1708:

Labour demand is a derived demand; that is, hiring labour is not desired for its own sake but rather because it aids in producing output, which contributes to an employer's revenue and hence profits. The demand for an additional amount of labour depends on the

2093:. Even though this type of labour is unpaid it can nevertheless play an important part in society if not abused by employers. The most dramatic example is child raising. However, over the past 25 years an increasing literature, usually designated as the 1755:

According to neoclassical theory, over the relevant range of outputs, the marginal physical product of labour is declining (law of diminishing returns). That is, as more and more units of labour are employed, their additional output begins to decline.

1445: 1862:. Since it is difficult for the employer to identify the hard-working and the shirking employees, there is no incentive to work hard and productivity falls overall, leading to the hiring of more workers and a lower unemployment rate. 1571: 2062:

and a purely numerical analysis can miss important dimensions of the process, such as social benefits of a high income or wage rate regardless of the marginal utility from increased consumption or specific economic goals.

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In many real-life situations, the assumption of perfect information is unrealistic. An employer does not necessarily know how hard workers are working or how productive they are. This provides an incentive for workers to

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The wage increase shown in the previous diagram can be decomposed into two separate effects. The pure income effect is shown as the movement from point A to point C in the next diagram. Consumption increases from

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includes those who are not looking for work, those who are institutionalized (such as in prisons or psychiatric wards), stay-at-home spouses, children not of working age, and those serving in the military. The

1346:. In the labour market model, their utility function expresses trade-offs in preference between leisure time and income from time used for labour. However, they are constrained by the hours available to them. 1369:, which depends on total income available for spending on consumption and also depends on the time spent in leisure, subject to a time constraint, with respect to the choices of labour time and leisure time: 1557: 3408:"...vulgar are the means of livelihood of all hired workmen whom we pay for mere manual labour, not for artistic skill; for in their case the very wage they receive is a pledge of their slavery. 1029:

paid by demanding firms. Because these labourers exist as parts of a social, institutional, or political system, labour economics must also account for social, cultural and political variables.

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decrease in union power and a declining real minimum wage, which both reduce unskilled workers wages, and tax cuts for the wealthy all increase the inequality gap between groups of earners.

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If the substitution effect is greater than the income effect, an individual's supply of labour services will increase as the wage rate rises, which is represented by a positive slope in the

2097:, has sought to study within household decision making, including joint labour supply, fertility, child-raising, as well as other areas of what is generally referred to as home production. 2058:

claim that labour economics tends to lose sight of the complexity of individual employment decisions. These decisions, particularly on the supply side, are often loaded with considerable

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In the context of labour economics, inequality is usually referring to the unequal distribution of earning between households. Inequality is commonly measured by economists using the

2225:. C. L. R. James argued that most of the techniques of human organisation employed on factory workers during the industrial revolution were first developed on slave plantations. 2210:

that the undemocratic nature of economic institutions under capitalism causes elections to become occasions when blocs of investors coalesce and compete to control the state.

1701:). This is defined as the additional output (or physical product) that results from an increase of one unit of labour (or from an infinitesimal increase in labour). (See also 1181:

which measure a quantity over a duration of time. Changes in the labour force are due to flow variables such as natural population growth, net immigration, new entrants, and

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of leisure for income (the absolute value of the slope of the indifference curve). Because the marginal rate of substitution of leisure for income is also the ratio of the

1274:– Unemployment due to seasonal fluctuations of demand for workers across industries, such as in the retail industry after holidays that involve a lot of shopping are over. 1293:

However, the labour market differs from other markets (like the markets for goods or the financial market) in several ways. In particular, the labour market may act as a

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Other variables that affect the labour supply decision, and can be readily incorporated into the model, include taxation, welfare, work environment, and income as a

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such as unpaid internships where workers with little or no experience are allowed to work a job without pay so that they can gain experience in a particular

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government policies to combat discrimination, including discrimination in the workplace. Discrimination can be modelled and measured in numerous ways. The

5536: 1748:". Since the amount of physical capital affects MRP, and since financial capital flows can affect the amount of physical capital available, MRP and thus 5398: 1736:

The MRP of the worker is affected by other inputs to production with which the worker can work (e.g. machinery), often aggregated under the term "

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The direction of the slope may change more than once for some individuals, and the labour supply curve is different for different individuals.

56: 5586: 1244:, any level of unemployment beyond the natural rate is probably due to insufficient goods demand in the overall economy. During a recession, 1807:

curves can be analysed in the same way as any other industry demand and supply curves to determine equilibrium wage and employment levels.

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can be affected by financial capital flows within and between countries, and the degree of capital mobility within and between countries.

5311: 5267: 4165: 4056: 3824: 989: 921: 4114: 1783:, a firm faces a perfectly elastic supply of labour which corresponds with the wage rate and the marginal resource cost of labour (W = S 1108:

is larger than the supply, salary increases, as employee have more bargaining power while employers have to compete for scarce labour.

1740:". It is typical in economic models for greater availability of capital for a firm to increase the MRP of the worker, all else equal. 1158:

is defined as the number of people currently employed divided by the adult population (or by the population of working age). In these

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of the worker. If the MRP is greater than a firm's Marginal Cost, then the firm will employ the worker since doing so will increase

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The labour market, as institutionalised under today's market economic systems, has been criticised, especially by both mainstream

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Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.

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posit that labour-as-commodity, which is how they regard wage labour, provides an absolutely fundamental point of attack against

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Acocella, Nicola; Di Bartolomeo, Giovanni; Hibbs, Douglas A. (2008). "Labor market regimes and the effects of monetary policy".

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As long as politics is the shadow cast on society by big business, the attenuation of the shadow will not change the substance

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Households are suppliers of labour. In microeconomic theory, people are assumed to be rational and seeking to maximize their

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The marginal revenue product of labour can be used as the demand for labour curve for this firm in the short run. In

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fixed amount of goods that that labour's income could purchase. Individuals must choose how much time to allocate to

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Wage differences exist, particularly in mixed and fully/partly flexible labour markets. For example, the wages of a

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jointly determine the price (in this case the wage rate) and quantity (in this case the number of people employed).

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would then be equal to the wage rate divided by marginal costs. Because optimum resource allocation requires that

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One of the major research achievements of the 1990–2010 period was the development of a framework with dynamic

1733:. The firm only employs however up to the point where MRP=MC, and not beyond, in neoclassical economic theory. 4719: 4709: 4404: 3570:

Golden Rule : The Investment Theory of Party Competition and the Logic of Money-Driven Political Systems

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from the labour market as well as at the same time attracting low-ability workers. Such a phenomenon, called

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Hacker, R. Scott (2000). "The Impact of International Capital Mobility on the Volatility of Labour Income".

1596:. To understand what effect this might have on the decision of how many hours to work, one must look at the 1080:

interactions influence macro variables such as employment levels, participation rates, aggregate income and

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as it drives up derivative income through the reduction of relative costs of labour. This presupposes that

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of the employer trying to determine how much work is needed to complete a given task and overestimating.

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Cain, Glen G. (1976). "The Challenge of Segmented Labor Market Theories to Orthodox Theory: A Survey".

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At the micro level, one sub-discipline eliciting increased attention in recent decades is analysis of

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There are two sides to labour economics. Labour economics can generally be seen as the application of

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Variables like employment level, unemployment level, labour force, and unfilled vacancies are called

335: 4187: 2764:"Unemployment, macroeconomic policy and labor market flexibility: Argentina and Mexico in the 1990s" 5301: 5247: 4990: 4945: 4784: 4655: 4532: 3324: 2086: 1942: 1710: 1702: 1588:. He/she can now purchase more goods and services. His/her utility will increase from point A on IC 904: 642: 597: 450: 219: 163: 72: 5005: 3181: 1799:

equal marginal revenue product, this firm would demand L units of labour as shown in the diagram.

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Labour is a measure of the work done by human beings. It is conventionally contrasted with other

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denote the chosen number of working hours, π denote income from non-labour sources, and

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The neoclassical model analyzes the trade-off between leisure hours and working hours.

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have been found useful in the psychological study of wage-based workplace relations.

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Labour & Worklife Program at Harvard Law School, Changing Labour Markets Project

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is defined as the labour force minus the number of people currently employed. The

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If the wage rate increases, this individual's constraint line pivots up from X,Y

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because they measure a quantity at a point in time. They can be contrasted with

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Nelson, John O. (April 1995). "That a Worker's Labour Cannot Be a Commodity".

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Another one, of course, being the capitalists' alleged theft from workers via

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Jacob Mincer: A Founding Father of Modern Labor Economics - Oxford Scholarship

2156:, analysis of the psychological implications of wage slavery goes back to the 617: 5868: 5704: 5699: 5195: 5185: 5160: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5070: 5060: 5030: 5020: 4925: 4825: 4798: 4562: 4145: 4102: 4036: 3783: 3779: 3704: 3679: 3610: 3293: 2921: 2700: 2611: 2478: 2423: 2356: 2341: 2218: 2214: 2195: 1917: 1907: 1775:

A firm's labour demand in the short run (D) and a horizontal supply curve (S)

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denote leisure hours chosen. The individual's problem is to maximise utility

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in the labour market, as discussed below, conclude that workers earn their

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Froeb, Luke M.; McCann, Brian T.; Shor, Mikhael; Ward, Michael R. (2016).

2877: 2602: 1791:). In imperfect markets, the diagram would have to be adjusted because MFC 1479:

of leisure (MU) to the marginal utility of income (MU), one can conclude:

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view the labour market as similar to other markets in that the forces of

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is defined as the level of unemployment divided by the labour force. The

1119:, who are either employed or actively looking for work (unemployed). The 1116: 1014: 852: 842: 632: 267: 5830: 4190:– Collection of Internet sites that are of interest to labour economists 5422: 5110: 4910: 4687: 4005: 3977: 3870: 3831: 3744: 3527: 2366: 2319: 2233: 2191: 2165: 2134: 2090: 1875: 1665:(as at point E in the adjacent diagram, which exhibits a positive wage 1628:. (Employment time decreases by the same amount as leisure increases.) 1248:

is deficient causing the underutilisation of inputs (including labour).

1182: 1159: 762: 562: 3992:(1986). "Wage Setting, Unemployment, and Insider-Outsider Relations". 3947: 3495: 5778: 5723: 4960: 4890: 4261: 3921:. New York, Singapore National University: Columbia University Press. 3666: 2987:"Internal and external labor markets: a personnel economics approach" 2199: 2185: 2122: 2042: 1827: 1741: 1220: 1112: 612: 543: 123: 5728: 4739: 3234:

Property and Contract in Economics: The Case for Economic Democracy

1855: 1097: 1022: 5790: 3645: 2737: 2290: 2202:", politics will be "the shadow cast on society by big business". 5753: 5451: 4182: 3623: 3575: 3080:. Handbook of Labor Economics. Vol. 4B. pp. 1769–1823. 2738:"The Macroeconomics of the Labor Market: Three Fundamental Views" 2682: 2229: 2142: 2001:

and risk/incentive tradeoffs relating to personnel compensation.

1452: 4193: 3475: 2552: 2278: 2266: 2222: 2146: 1223:". The estimated rate varies between countries and across time. 946: 5840: 5820: 5326: 2254: 2173:

may admire what he does, but we despise what he is." Both the

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according to Keynes, by increasing consumption spending (C),

2085:

Also missing from most labour market analyses is the role of

1923: 1749: 1722: 1066: 4230: 3266: 3254: 2590:"The global gig economy: Towards a planetary labour market?" 1845:

An advertisement for labour from Sabah and Sarawak, seen in

1552:{\displaystyle {{MU^{L}} \over {MU^{Y}}}={{dY} \over {dL}},} 4066:

The New Ruthless Economy: Work and Power in the Digital Age

1890:

One way to combat adverse selection, firms will try to use

1026: 4198: 3924: 1009:, seeks to understand the functioning and dynamics of the 4224: 4124:"Towards Sustainable Labour Costing in UK Fashion Retail" 3045:"JEL Classification Codes Guide: M5 Personnel Economics" 1721:

goods market, the MRP is calculated by multiplying the

1264:

or increasing the net of exports minus imports (X−M),

3904:. Cambridge: Cambridge Surveys of Economic Literature. 2904:

Managerial economics : a problem solving approach

2635:"Labor Market Explained: Theories and Who Is Included" 1638:

The Income and Substitution effects of a wage increase

107:

A "help wanted" sign seeks available workers for jobs.

2243: 1865:

One solution that is used to avoid a moral hazard is

1566:

is total income and the right side is the wage rate.

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denote total hours available for labour and leisure,

4227:– Independent labour economics research organisation 3692:

abour-power, a commodity sold by the worker himself.

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Karanassou, Marika; Sala, Hector; Snower, Dennis J.

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Confederation of Revolutionary Anarcho-Syndicalists

4221:– Labour research programme treating various fields 3348: 2901: 2016:in the workplace can have many effects on workers. 1087: 3567: 3128: 1616:and – since the diagram assumes that leisure is a 1551: 1439: 2588:Graham, Mark; Anwar, Mohammad Amir (2019-04-01). 2458: 1131:(or by the population of working age that is not 5866: 3887:Orley Ashenfelter and David Card, ed., 2011, v. 3470:. In Stets, Jan E.; Turner, Jonathan H. (eds.). 2735: 2149:is also known to have suggested such parallels. 2004: 1162:, self-employed people are counted as employed. 1170:is used as a method to attain cost efficiency. 3984: 3474:. Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research. 2815: 2813: 1459:. This allocation decision is informed by the 1278: 1252:Aggregate expenditure (AE) can be increased, 5342: 4246: 4199:W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research 2054:Many sociologists, political economists, and 983: 53:The examples and perspective in this article 2790: 4206:Key Indicators of the Labour Market (KILM). 3917:Anindya Bakrie & Morendy Octora, 2002. 3825:The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics 3810:and Thomas MaCurdy, 2008. "labour supply," 2963:. Nobel Prize Outreach AB. October 11, 2010 2810: 2587: 2548:The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics 1989:firms (or other organisations), studied in 1115:(LF) is defined as the number of people of 5587:Irish Transport and General Workers' Union 5349: 5335: 4253: 4239: 3678:. Vol. 1. Translated by Fowkes, Ben. 3466:Lawler, Edward J.; Thye, Shane R. (2006). 3465: 3284: 3074:Personnel Economics: Hiring and Incentives 2981: 2934:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2491:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2037:the workplace when dealing with wages are 1924:Personnel economics: hiring and incentives 1067:Macro and micro analysis of labour markets 990: 976: 4012: 3946: 3182:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199211319.001.0001 3070: 2601: 2533:Tarling, R. (1987). "Labour Markets". In 2528: 2526: 1969:Learn how and when to remove this message 1887:, can sometimes lead to market collapse. 1858:from providing their full effort, called 1836: 1814:and a port cleaner, both employed by the 91:Learn how and when to remove this message 3813:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics 3768: 3672:Capital: A Critique of Political Economy 3562: 3316: 3272: 3260: 3228: 3167: 2793:"The Micro-Economics of "Surplus Labor"" 1840: 1333: 1325: 1091: 102: 3775:The Making of the English Working Class 3609: 3425: 3320:Competitive Advantage on the Shop Floor 2532: 1693:A firm's labour demand is based on its 14: 5867: 5605:Sveriges Arbetares Centralorganisation 5519:Argentine Regional Workers' Federation 5507:International Workingmen's Association 4121: 4015:"Behavioural Economics and Labour Law" 3914:. New York: Columbia University Press. 3716: 3616:Fragments of an Anarchist Anthropology 3123: 2897: 2895: 2863: 2761: 2673: 2632: 2523: 2208:investment theory of party competition 1682: 1315: 5330: 4234: 3526: 3472:Handbook of the Sociology of Emotions 2950:"The Prize in Economic Sciences 2010" 2819: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2459:Borjas, George J. (14 January 2015). 2454: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2444: 1725:of the end product or service by the 1261:increasing government spending (G), 1258:increasing investment spending (I), 1105:labour market in macroeconomic theory 4086: 4063: 3963: 3665: 3468:"Social Exchange Theory of Emotions" 3071:Oyer, Paul; Scott, Schaefer (2011). 2681:(Eighth ed.). Boston, MA, USA: 1927: 1129:civilian noninstitutional population 39: 27:Study of the markets for wage labour 3919:Schooling, Experience, and Earnings 3912:Schooling, Experience, and Earnings 2892: 1695:marginal physical product of labour 1679:of ability or social contribution. 1021:is a commodity that is supplied by 24: 5531:Confederación Nacional del Trabajo 3801: 2743:. Institute for the Study of Labor 2654: 2463:(Seventh ed.). New York, NY. 2441: 2414:Frisch elasticity of labour supply 2305:Career and Life Planning Education 25: 5891: 4173: 3290:The Tradition of Workers' Control 3206:"Putting the family in economics" 2961:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 2377:Human Resource Management Systems 2330:Employment Protection Legislation 5850: 5849: 5839: 5829: 5819: 5810: 5809: 5799: 5789: 5397: 4774:neoclassical–Keynesian synthesis 4168:from the original on 2017-01-27. 4117:from the original on 2019-11-12. 4059:from the original on 2016-11-04. 3438:. Black Rose Books. p. 19. 3432:Year 501: The Conquest Continues 2565:10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_1213-1 2289: 2277: 2265: 2253: 1932: 1912:Matching theory (macroeconomics) 1901: 1768: 1650: 1631: 1569: 1088:Macroeconomics of labour markets 957: 945: 130: 44: 5593:Fagoppositionens Sammenslutning 5569:Industrial Workers of the World 5563:General Confederation of Labour 5525:Brazilian Workers Confederation 5356: 4215:– Link to Fair Labour Practices 3710: 3697: 3659: 3603: 3556: 3520: 3459: 3419: 3402: 3375: 3310: 3278: 3222: 3198: 3161: 3131:The economics of discrimination 3117: 3064: 3037: 2975: 2942: 2906:(Fourth ed.). Boston, MA. 2857: 2784: 2633:Kenton, Will (March 30, 2022). 2100: 1876:firing of many of these workers 1620:– leisure time increases from X 1418: 1412: 1384: 1121:labour force participation rate 232:Concepts, theory and techniques 4013:McGaughey, Ewan (2014-06-30). 3966:Journal of Economic Literature 2791:Gustav Ranis (February 1997). 2762:Frenkel, Roberto; Ros, Jaime. 2755: 2729: 2707: 2626: 2581: 2499: 1763: 1409: 1388: 1267:since AE = C + I + G + (X−M). 13: 1: 4710:Critique of political economy 4260: 4089:"The Dignity of Manual Labor" 3900:Mark R. Killingsworth, 1983. 3086:10.1016/S0169-7218(11)02418-X 3050:American Economic Association 2985:; Oyer, Paul (October 2004). 2435: 2198:" is replaced by "industrial 2162:On the Limits of State Action 2049: 2005:Discrimination and inequality 1744:and training are counted as " 1473:marginal rate of substitution 1234:Demand deficient unemployment 5549:Norsk Syndikalistisk Forbund 4188:The Labour Economics Gateway 3939:10.1016/j.jmacro.2006.08.006 3822:, 1987. "Labour economics," 3488:10.1007/978-0-387-30715-2_14 3008:10.1016/j.labeco.2004.01.001 1920:, matching, and bargaining. 1870:foreshadowed by the rise of 1821: 1213:Natural rate of unemployment 1025:, usually in exchange for a 7: 4122:Miller, Doug (2013-02-05). 3844:Handbook of Labor Economics 3580:University of Chicago Press 3168:Teixeira, Pedro N. (2007). 3137:University of Chicago Press 2826:Microeconomics and Behavior 2239: 1717:(MC) of the worker. With a 1455:activities and how much to 1279:Neoclassical microeconomics 1096:Job advertisement board in 67:, discuss the issue on the 10: 5896: 4848:Real business-cycle theory 4225:Labour Research Department 4064:Head, Simon (2005-02-11). 3762: 3729:Cambridge University Press 3533:"The Need for a New Party" 3317:Lazonick, William (1990). 2866:Annals of Regional Science 2404:Conditional factor demands 2110: 2104: 1905: 1825: 1686: 1576:Effects of a wage increase 1319: 1299:compensating differentials 29: 5786: 5717: 5613: 5498: 5450: 5406: 5395: 5366: 5288: 5246: 4888: 4622: 4373: 4338: 4268: 3927:Journal of Macroeconomics 3737:10.1017/S0031819100065359 2715:"What is 'Labour Market'" 2409:Labour market flexibility 2335:Compensation of employees 1727:Marginal Physical Product 1135:), LFPR = LF/Population. 1055:. Some theories focus on 5484:Workers' self-management 4087:Khan, Ali (2006-10-12). 3994:American Economic Review 3325:Harvard University Press 3135:(2d ed.). Chicago: 2066:From the perspective of 1993:from the perspective of 1711:Marginal Revenue Product 1703:Production theory basics 1353:denote the hourly wage, 220:JEL classification codes 5739:Criticism of capitalism 5599:National Workers' Union 4490:Industrial organization 4320:Computational economics 4219:Labour Research Network 4129:SSRN Electronic Journal 4094:SSRN Electronic Journal 4070:Oxford University Press 4020:SSRN Electronic Journal 3834:, 1932, 2nd ed., 1963. 3174:Oxford University Press 2679:Principles of economics 2511:www.merriam-webster.com 2384:Cost the limit of price 2129:, who utilise the term 2095:economics of the family 1983:internal labour markets 1941:Some of this article's 1657:The Labour Supply curve 1301:among similar workers. 1284:Neoclassical economists 1206:Structural unemployment 1195:Frictional unemployment 406:Industrial organization 263:Computational economics 5744:Criticism of copyright 5459:Co-operative economics 4693:Modern monetary theory 4360:Experimental economics 4330:Pluralism in economics 4315:Mathematical economics 3869:Orley Ashenfelter and 3778:(reprinted ed.). 3628:Prickly Paradigm Press 2213:As per anthropologist 2206:has postulated in his 2160:era. In his 1791 book 1850: 1837:Asymmetric information 1553: 1441: 1339: 1331: 1228:Unnatural Unemployment 1100: 1082:gross domestic product 258:Experimental economics 108: 5880:Factors of production 5764:Libertarian socialism 5555:Solidarity Federation 2878:10.1007/s001689900005 2771:repositorio.cepal.org 2603:10.5210/fm.v24i4.9913 2507:"Definition of LABOR" 2389:Demographic economics 2310:Collective bargaining 2113:Economic exploitation 2111:Further information: 2072:information asymmetry 1844: 1797:marginal factor costs 1719:perfectly competitive 1554: 1442: 1337: 1329: 1272:Seasonal unemployment 1246:aggregate expenditure 1238:cyclical unemployment 1095: 1045:factors of production 106: 30:For the journal, see 4567:Social choice theory 4325:Behavioral economics 4213:LabourFair Resources 4138:10.2139/ssrn.2212100 4029:10.2139/ssrn.2460685 3852:Orley C. Ashenfelter 3840:. London, Macmillan. 3482:. pp. 295–320. 3286:Ostergaard, Geoffrey 2832:(Seventh ed.). 2717:. The Economic Times 2429:Industrial relations 2362:Offshore outsourcing 2196:industrial feudalism 2194:posited that until " 2179:Stanford experiments 2170:Wilhelm von Humboldt 2127:anarcho-syndicalists 2117:Contemporary slavery 2068:mainstream economics 2056:heterodox economists 2034:Oaxaca decomposition 1995:personnel management 1486: 1376: 1189:Natural Unemployment 485:Social choice theory 73:create a new article 65:improve this article 55:may not represent a 5543:Free Workers' Union 5479:Labour unionisation 5384:Revolutions of 1848 4651:American (National) 4353:Economic statistics 3837:The Theory of Wages 3361:merriam-webster.com 3025:on February 1, 2014 1999:economic efficiency 1991:personnel economics 1781:competitive markets 1683:Neoclassical demand 1663:labour supply curve 1602:substitution effect 1316:Neoclassical supply 1306:perfect competition 1304:Models that assume 1295:non-clearing market 1242:Keynesian economics 1199:personnel selection 952:Business portal 273:Operations research 253:National accounting 3828:, v. 3, pp. 72–76. 3530:(March 18, 1931). 3230:Ellerman, David P. 3210:University Affairs 2675:Mankiw, N. Gregory 2557:Palgrave Macmillan 1851: 1549: 1461:indifference curve 1437: 1340: 1332: 1168:division of labour 1101: 283:Industrial complex 278:Middle income trap 109: 18:Labour (economics) 5862: 5861: 5557:(SF–IWA, Britain) 5551:(NSF–IAA, Norway) 5418:Council communism 5389:Utopian socialism 5324: 5323: 4855:New institutional 3990:Snower, Dennis J. 3505:978-0-387-30713-8 3303:978-0-900384-91-2 2983:Lazear, Edward P. 2959:(Press release). 2913:978-1-305-25933-1 2843:978-0-07-337573-1 2798:. Yale University 2692:978-1-305-58512-6 2574:978-1-349-95121-5 2470:978-0-07-802188-6 2076:transaction costs 2060:emotional baggage 1979: 1978: 1971: 1885:adverse selection 1874:in Japan and the 1872:temporary workers 1805:supply and demand 1544: 1521: 1416: 1382: 1288:supply and demand 1152:unemployment rate 1133:institutionalized 1000: 999: 101: 100: 93: 75:, as appropriate. 16:(Redirected from 5887: 5875:Labour economics 5853: 5852: 5845:Socialism portal 5843: 5833: 5825:Organized Labour 5823: 5815:Labour economics 5813: 5812: 5805:Communism portal 5803: 5795:Anarchism portal 5793: 5749:Critique of work 5580:IWW-South Africa 5533:(CNT–AIT, Spain) 5464:Labour economics 5401: 5379:Orthodox Marxism 5361: 5351: 5344: 5337: 5328: 5327: 4528:Natural resource 4365:Economic history 4303:Mechanism design 4255: 4248: 4241: 4232: 4231: 4169: 4118: 4083: 4060: 4009: 3981: 3972:(4): 1215–1257. 3960: 3950: 3873:, ed., 1999, v. 3858:, ed., 1986, v. 3808:Richard Blundell 3797: 3757: 3756: 3714: 3708: 3701: 3695: 3694: 3689: 3687: 3677: 3663: 3657: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3621: 3607: 3601: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3573: 3564:Ferguson, Thomas 3560: 3554: 3553: 3548: 3546: 3539:The New Republic 3535: 3524: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3463: 3457: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3437: 3423: 3417: 3406: 3400: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3379: 3373: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3352: 3346: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3314: 3308: 3307: 3282: 3276: 3270: 3264: 3258: 3252: 3251: 3226: 3220: 3219: 3217: 3216: 3202: 3196: 3195: 3165: 3159: 3158: 3134: 3121: 3115: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3079: 3068: 3062: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3041: 3035: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3024: 3018:. 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2754: 2728: 2706: 2691: 2653: 2625: 2580: 2573: 2522: 2498: 2469: 2439: 2437: 2434: 2432: 2431: 2426: 2421: 2416: 2411: 2406: 2401: 2396: 2391: 2386: 2381: 2380: 2379: 2369: 2364: 2359: 2354: 2349: 2344: 2339: 2338: 2337: 2332: 2327: 2317: 2312: 2307: 2301: 2299: 2298: 2286: 2274: 2262: 2241: 2238: 2228:Additionally, 2105:Main article: 2102: 2099: 2051: 2048: 2014:discrimination 2006: 2003: 1977: 1976: 1943:listed sources 1940: 1938: 1931: 1925: 1922: 1903: 1900: 1896:Michael Spence 1849:, Kuala Lumpur 1847:Jalan Petaling 1838: 1835: 1826:Main article: 1823: 1820: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1713:(MRP) and the 1698: 1684: 1681: 1649: 1630: 1625: 1621: 1613: 1609: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1568: 1560: 1559: 1548: 1542: 1539: 1534: 1531: 1525: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1464: 1448: 1447: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1317: 1314: 1280: 1277: 1276: 1275: 1250: 1249: 1225: 1224: 1210: 1202: 1179:flow variables 1089: 1086: 1068: 1065: 1033:Labour markets 998: 997: 995: 994: 987: 980: 972: 969: 968: 967: 966: 954: 939: 938: 935: 934: 929: 919: 914: 908: 903: 902: 899: 898: 893: 892: 885: 880: 875: 870: 865: 860: 855: 850: 845: 840: 835: 830: 825: 820: 815: 810: 805: 800: 795: 790: 785: 780: 775: 770: 765: 760: 755: 750: 745: 740: 735: 730: 725: 720: 715: 710: 705: 700: 695: 690: 685: 680: 675: 670: 665: 660: 655: 650: 645: 640: 635: 630: 625: 620: 615: 610: 605: 600: 595: 590: 585: 580: 575: 570: 565: 560: 555: 549: 548: 547: 541: 540: 537: 536: 533: 532: 527: 522: 517: 512: 507: 502: 497: 492: 487: 478: 473: 468: 463: 458: 453: 451:Organizational 448: 443: 438: 433: 428: 423: 418: 413: 408: 403: 398: 393: 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 363: 358: 353: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 303: 297: 295:By application 294: 293: 290: 289: 286: 285: 280: 275: 270: 265: 260: 255: 250: 245: 240: 234: 231: 230: 227: 226: 223: 222: 217: 212: 207: 202: 197: 188: 183: 178: 173: 167: 161: 160: 157: 156: 155: 154: 149: 144: 136: 135: 127: 126: 120: 119: 99: 98: 59:of the subject 57:worldwide view 52: 50: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5892: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5872: 5870: 5856: 5848: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5816: 5808: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5785: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5716: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5612: 5606: 5603: 5600: 5597: 5595:(FS, Denmark) 5594: 5591: 5588: 5585: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5564: 5561: 5556: 5553: 5550: 5547: 5544: 5541: 5538: 5535: 5532: 5529: 5526: 5523: 5520: 5517: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5501: 5500:Organisations 5497: 5492: 5489: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5474:Labour rights 5472: 5470: 5467: 5466: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5453: 5449: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5405: 5400: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5371: 5369: 5365: 5360: 5352: 5347: 5345: 5340: 5338: 5333: 5332: 5329: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5287: 5279: 5276: 5273: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5255: 5251: 5249: 5245: 5239: 5238: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4901:de Mandeville 4899: 4898: 4896: 4892: 4887: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4849: 4846: 4845: 4844: 4843:New classical 4841: 4837: 4834: 4833: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4815: 4812: 4811: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4799:Malthusianism 4797: 4791: 4788: 4787: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4775: 4771: 4768: 4767: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4760:Institutional 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4694: 4691: 4690: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4667: 4664: 4663: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4638: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4564: 4563:Public choice 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4538:Participation 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4500:Institutional 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4450:Expeditionary 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4440:Environmental 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4382: 4378: 4376: 4372: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4354: 4351: 4350: 4349: 4346: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4337: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4280: 4279: 4276: 4275: 4273: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4256: 4251: 4249: 4244: 4242: 4237: 4236: 4233: 4226: 4223: 4220: 4217: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4178: 4177: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4081: 4079:9780195179835 4075: 4071: 4067: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3923: 3920: 3916: 3913: 3909: 3906: 3903: 3902:Labour Supply 3899: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3850: 3849: 3845: 3842: 3839: 3838: 3833: 3832:John R. Hicks 3830: 3827: 3826: 3821: 3820:Freeman, R.B. 3818: 3816:, 2nd Edition 3815: 3814: 3809: 3806: 3805: 3795: 3793:9780394703220 3789: 3785: 3784:Vintage Books 3781: 3780:New York City 3777: 3776: 3771: 3767: 3766: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3721: 3713: 3706: 3705:surplus-value 3700: 3693: 3681: 3680:Penguin Books 3674: 3673: 3668: 3662: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3637:0-9728196-4-9 3633: 3629: 3625: 3618: 3617: 3612: 3606: 3591: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3572: 3571: 3565: 3559: 3552: 3541: 3540: 3534: 3529: 3523: 3507: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3462: 3447: 3445:9781895431629 3441: 3434: 3433: 3428: 3427:Chomsky, Noam 3422: 3416: 3415: 3413: 3405: 3390: 3389: 3384: 3378: 3363: 3362: 3357: 3351: 3336: 3334:9780674154162 3330: 3326: 3322: 3321: 3313: 3305: 3299: 3295: 3294:Freedom Press 3291: 3287: 3281: 3274: 3273:Thompson 1966 3269: 3262: 3261:Thompson 1966 3257: 3249: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3225: 3211: 3207: 3201: 3193: 3191:9780199211319 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3164: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3146:0-226-04115-8 3142: 3138: 3133: 3132: 3126: 3120: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3095:9780444534521 3091: 3087: 3083: 3076: 3075: 3067: 3052: 3051: 3046: 3040: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2996: 2988: 2984: 2978: 2962: 2958: 2951: 2945: 2937: 2931: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2909: 2905: 2898: 2896: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2860: 2845: 2839: 2835: 2828: 2827: 2822: 2816: 2814: 2794: 2787: 2772: 2765: 2758: 2739: 2732: 2716: 2710: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2642: 2641: 2636: 2629: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2604: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2584: 2576: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2549: 2544: 2543:Newman, Peter 2540: 2536: 2535:Eatwell, John 2529: 2527: 2512: 2508: 2502: 2494: 2488: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2466: 2462: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2440: 2430: 2427: 2425: 2424:Economic rent 2422: 2420: 2417: 2415: 2412: 2410: 2407: 2405: 2402: 2400: 2397: 2395: 2392: 2390: 2387: 2385: 2382: 2378: 2375: 2374: 2373: 2370: 2368: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2358: 2357:Unfree labour 2355: 2353: 2350: 2348: 2345: 2343: 2342:Manual labour 2340: 2336: 2333: 2331: 2328: 2326: 2323: 2322: 2321: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2311: 2308: 2306: 2303: 2302: 2297: 2292: 2287: 2285: 2280: 2275: 2273: 2268: 2263: 2261: 2256: 2251: 2250: 2247: 2237: 2235: 2231: 2226: 2224: 2220: 2219:United States 2216: 2215:David Graeber 2211: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2182: 2180: 2176: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2158:Enlightenment 2155: 2152:According to 2150: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2118: 2114: 2108: 2098: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2087:unpaid labour 2083: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2064: 2061: 2057: 2047: 2044: 2040: 2035: 2029: 2026: 2022: 2017: 2015: 2011: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1973: 1970: 1962: 1950: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1935: 1930: 1929: 1921: 1919: 1913: 1909: 1908:Search theory 1902:Search models 1899: 1897: 1893: 1888: 1886: 1880: 1877: 1873: 1868: 1867:stock options 1863: 1861: 1857: 1848: 1843: 1834: 1829: 1819: 1817: 1813: 1808: 1806: 1800: 1798: 1782: 1776: 1771: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1746:human capital 1743: 1739: 1734: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1715:marginal cost 1712: 1706: 1704: 1696: 1690: 1689:Labour demand 1680: 1678: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1664: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1646: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1619: 1605: 1603: 1599: 1598:income effect 1577: 1572: 1567: 1565: 1546: 1540: 1537: 1532: 1529: 1523: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1482: 1481: 1480: 1478: 1474: 1468: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1434: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1385: 1372: 1371: 1370: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1347: 1345: 1338:Railroad work 1336: 1328: 1323: 1322:Labour supply 1313: 1311: 1307: 1302: 1300: 1296: 1291: 1289: 1285: 1273: 1270: 1269: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1232: 1231: 1230: 1229: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1207: 1203: 1200: 1196: 1193: 1192: 1191: 1190: 1186: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1171: 1169: 1163: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1147: 1141: 1136: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1109: 1106: 1099: 1094: 1085: 1083: 1078: 1077:macroeconomic 1074: 1073:microeconomic 1064: 1062: 1058: 1057:human capital 1054: 1050: 1046: 1041: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 993: 988: 986: 981: 979: 974: 973: 971: 970: 965: 955: 953: 948: 943: 942: 941: 940: 933: 930: 927: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 909: 906: 901: 900: 891: 890: 886: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 844: 841: 839: 836: 834: 831: 829: 826: 824: 821: 819: 816: 814: 811: 809: 806: 804: 801: 799: 796: 794: 791: 789: 786: 784: 781: 779: 776: 774: 771: 769: 766: 764: 761: 759: 756: 754: 751: 749: 746: 744: 741: 739: 736: 734: 731: 729: 726: 724: 721: 719: 716: 714: 711: 709: 706: 704: 701: 699: 696: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 671: 669: 666: 664: 661: 659: 656: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 626: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 553:de Mandeville 551: 550: 545: 539: 538: 531: 528: 526: 523: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 482: 481:Public choice 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 456:Participation 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 416:Institutional 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 369: 367: 366:Expeditionary 364: 362: 359: 357: 356:Environmental 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 298: 292: 291: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 244: 241: 239: 236: 235: 229: 228: 221: 218: 216: 213: 211: 208: 206: 203: 201: 198: 196: 192: 189: 187: 186:International 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 168: 165: 162:Branches and 159: 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