876:
867:– "When side drums rattle") for Italy's freedom. Leonora arrives in male attire accompanied by Trabuco, a muleteer, on their way to a Franciscan monastery where Leonora plans to seek refuge. Recognizing her brother, who she knows wants to kill her, she hides. Carlo/"Pereda" grills Trabuco about the identity of his traveling companion, but the company lets him know they don't like his prying questions. They turn the tables by asking Carlo who he is. He claims to be a University student helping a friend track down the friend's sister and her seducer, who, he claims has returned to his native America. The gypsy girl laughs and says she doesn't believe this story. Overhearing this, Leonora realizes that Alvaro is still alive. She concludes he has betrayed and abandoned her, and she slips away without being discovered.
1063:– "Peace, O mighty Father, give me peace!"). The duel between the two men spills over onto the neighboring crags in the vicinity of Leonora's isolation. Upon hearing the clashing of swords she takes refuge in her cave. Carlo is mortally wounded by Alvaro, who invades the hermit's sanctuary to request the last offices for the dying man. Leonora and Alvaro recognize each other. Alvaro tells her of what has happened, and she rushes to embrace her dying brother. As she bends over him, he stabs her in the heart. The Father Superior, who has come in answer to Leonora's alarm bell, orders Alvaro to stop cursing fate and to humble himself before God. The dying Leonora joins him in this plea, and Alvaro declaims that he is now redeemed.
46:
894:, – "I've arrived! Thank heaven! My last resort and hope"... "Mother, merciful Virgin".) After a somewhat surly reception by Fra Melitone, she tells the abbot, Padre Guardiano, her true name and her wish to spend the remainder of her life in the monastery's hermitage. The abbot recounts the trials she will have to undergo. Padre Guardiano agrees to direct her to a secret cave in the mountains, where he alone will bring her food and where she will find a bell which she is to ring only in times of great danger or if she is on the point of death. Leonora, Padre Guardiano, Fra Melitone, and the other monks join in prayer as she is formally accepted as tenant of the hermitage.
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823:, where he is looked down on by many because of his Inca background. There, he and Donna Leonora, the daughter of the haughty Marchese di Calatrava, have fallen in love. But her father the Marchese violently opposes a match he feels is dishonorable and beneath her, believing her to have been seduced. Notwithstanding her tender regard for her father, who until now has always been kind to her, Leonora is ready to give up family and country in order to elope with Alvaro. Aided by her confidante, Curra (
2695:
1013:
928:– "You must swear to me in this solemn hour, to carry out my wish."). Felix/Carlo assures Alvaro that he won't die and that he will be decorated with the Order of Calatrava for his bravery. At the name Calatrava Alvaro shudders and exclaims, "No!". Carlo is taken aback. He is afraid that "Don Federico" (Alvaro) may, in truth, be the mysterious seducer who killed his father. He resolves to look at the letters to settle his doubts. (
279:, Milan, on 27 February 1869, has become the standard performance version. The most important changes were a new overture (replacing a brief prelude); the addition of a final scene to act 3, following the duel between Carlo and Alvaro; and a new ending, in which Alvaro remains alive, instead of throwing himself off a cliff to his death. The opera in this version is frequently performed in the world's opera houses today.
957:
2720:
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suddenly enters and discovers the couple together. Assuming the worst, he draws his weapons and threatens the young man with death. To remove any suspicion as to
Leonora's purity, Alvaro surrenders himself. As he flings down his pistol, it goes off, mortally wounding the Marchese, who dies, uttering a curse on his daughter. The horrified lovers rush out of the room.
932:– "To die! An immense thing... Begone, fatal vessel of my destiny!"). As his wounded friend is taken away on the surgeon's stretcher, he opens the casket, finds his sister's portrait, and realizes Alvaro's true identity. At that moment a surgeon brings word that Don Alvaro may recover. Don Carlo exults at the prospect of avenging his father's death.
911:– "Life is a hell to an unhappy man." ... "Oh, you who dwell with the angels"). He is interrupted by cries for help and rescues a man from two assassins. It is Don Carlo, who has newly joined the same regiment, also under an assumed name: Don Felix Bornos. The two become friends and march off side by side to fight in the
1020:
Impoverished peasants from the region approach Fra
Melitone at the monastery at Hornachuelos for food and Padre Guardiano gently scolds Melitone for his less than charitable behavior towards them. Don Carlo then approaches, having learned of the presence of Don Alvaro there. Under the name of Father
923:
Alvaro is brought into the officers' quarters, gravely wounded in the chest. Thinking he is about to die, he entrusts the key to a casket to his friend "Don Felix" (Carlo). The box contains a packet of letters, which Alvaro says contain a secret. He makes his friend swear to burn them without reading
830:
When Alvaro arrives to fetch her, however, Leonora hesitates, begging for one last day with her father. Alvaro, stunned, releases her from their engagement, saying that she cannot love him as much as he loves her. Leonora then relents and they agree to escape as planned. At that moment the
Marchese
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855:(town mayor) and several muleteers among others gathered in the dining room as dinner is about to be served. Leonora's brother Don Carlo di Vargas then enters, bent on avenging the family honor and the death of his father. Carlo has disguised himself as a student from
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847:
About a year has passed since the death of the
Marchese di Calatrava. In their flight, Leonora and Alvaro were separated and have lost track of each other, unable to reunite or learn of each other's whereabouts.
1021:
Raphael, Alvaro has indeed entered the monastery, near which is
Leonora's cave. Alvaro offers peace, but when Carlo taunts him as a half-breed Alvaro takes up the challenge and the two rush from the monastery. (
992:
Having recovered, Alvaro is confronted by Carlo. They begin to duel, but are pulled away from each other by the soldiers. As they restrain Carlo, the anguished Don Alvaro vows to enter a monastery.
268:. Performances followed in Madrid (with the Duke of Rivas, the play's author, in attendance) and the opera subsequently travelled to New York, Vienna (1865), Buenos Aires (1866), and London (1867).
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The soldiers gather. Trabucco, the peddler, tries to sell them his wares; Fra
Melitone chastises them for their godless ways; and Preziosilla leads them in a chorus in praise of the military life (
2780:
887:
Outside the monastery of the
Madonna of Angels, Leonora, seeking sanctuary and solitary atonement, has come to take refuge in the monastery intending to live the rest of her life as a hermit
1359:(Baltimore, Maryland): "Superstition comes easily to the colorful, slightly crazy world of the performing arts ... Opera houses seem just as susceptible to superstitious thinking"
236:
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863:– "I am Pereda, of honorable descent"). During the supper, Preziosilla, a pretty gypsy fortune teller, joins them and sings a song urging them to enlist in the army (
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907:
Meanwhile, Alvaro, believing
Leonora to be dead, has joined the Spanish army under the name of Don Federico Herreros and has distinguished himself for bravery (
1237:
1342:
was a
Military Order which had a major role in Spanish history, but in actual history there had never been an individual noble family with that title.
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1037:
1130:(2004) opens with "Pace, pace mio Dio", introducing a film about intensely powerful obsession which brings its lovers to the brink of madness.
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gave a concert performance of the critical edition of the 1862 version, plus never-performed vocal pieces from the 1861 version, in July 2008.
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1399:. Your mother was wearing a red shawl, with long features along the edges. During intermission I followed them to the snack..."
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Following these productions, Verdi made further, more extensive revisions to the opera with additions to the libretto by
1171:– could hardly be described as "a war for Italy's freedom"; the reference is anachronistic, reflecting the struggle for
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204:
Poster of the
Premiere at Bolshoi Kamenny Theatre, Saint Petersburg on 10 November 1862 (N.S.) (O.S. 29 October 1862)
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Leonora, longing for the peaceful release of death, restates her love for Alvaro and begs God for peace. (
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of all versions of the opera (including material from the original 1861 score) have been prepared by
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underwent some revisions and made its debut abroad with performances in Rome in 1863 under the title
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has acquired a reputation for being cursed, following some unfortunate incidents. In 1960 at the
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is frequently performed, and there have been a number of complete recordings. In addition, the
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Tim Smith, 30 September 2007, "Baltimore Opera tests superstition: Company to take on Verdi's
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whose program book included an essay by Gossett on the evolution of the various versions: "
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1276:: Three States of One Opera", San Francisco Opera program book, 2005/06 season, pp. x–xiii
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collapsed and died during a performance of the opera. The supposed curse reportedly kept
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999:– "Rum-tum-tum on the drum is the music that makes a soldier's martial spirit rise").
304:
In November 2005, the critical edition of the 1869 version was first performed by the
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Don Alvaro, a young nobleman from South America (presumably Peru), has settled in
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The act opens in the crowded dining room of an inn, where the guests include the
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827:– "Exiled and orphaned far from my childhood home"), she prepares to leave.
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1994:
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1964:
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1974:
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2014:
2004:
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used to follow small rituals during performances to avoid bad luck.
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La vita è inferno all'infelice ... O tu che in seno agli angeli
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727:
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Opera world premieres at the Bolshoi Theatre, Saint Petersburg
235:
219:(to the revised version of the opera) is part of the standard
1501:
Un viaggio tra dominante e tonica negli anni del risorgimento
738:
733:
423:
33:
2719:
2114:
722:
624:
243:, Saint Petersburg, with bilingual Italian and Russian text
926:
Solenne in quest'ora, giurarmi dovete far pago un mio voto
1655:
Nineteenth-Century Italian Opera: From Rossini to Puccini
1562:, New York: Knopf; Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1380:
Mike Mitchell, " 'Cursed' opera to be performed",
1395:"I remember that evening well. It was a performance of
892:
Estremo asil quest'è per me! ... Madre, pietosa Vergine
1601:. Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press.
1254:"Settling The Score: An Interview With Philip Gossett"
2708:
930:
Morir! Tremenda cosa! ... Urna fatale del mio destino
1583:, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
1329:
Melitz and Osborne, Charles: sources of the synopsis
1175:
taking place at the time when the opera was written.
879:
Set design for Act 2 Secene 2 by Carlo Ferrario for
1674:, London & New York: Oxford University Press.
1498:
1470:, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
1104:The main theme in the musical scores for the films
1775:for RAI Telecast, Teatro San Carlo di Napoli, 1958
1640:, Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press.
1235:"What is a Critical Edition? How Does it Happen?"
1029:Scene 2: A desolate spot near Leonora's hermitage
227:, often played as the opening piece at concerts.
2732:
1134:also plays a thematic role in the novel series
1597:De Van, Gilles (trans. Gilda Roberts) (1998).
1092:from ever performing the opera, and the tenor
915:, an historical event which occurred in 1744.
783:Francesco Maria Piave, librettist of the opera
1814:
1599:Verdi's Theater: Creating Drama Through Music
209:
161:
123:
24:
2445:Orchestra Sinfonica di Milano Giuseppe Verdi
1468:Divas and Scholars: Performing Italian Opera
1638:The New Grove Guide to Verdi and His Operas
282:
1821:
1807:
524:Il Padre Guardiano (The Father Superior),
44:
1736:International Music Score Library Project
903:Scene 1: A forest near Velletri, in Italy
792:The music begins with the opera's "Fate"
1055:in a 1918 Metropolitan Opera performance
1032:
1025:– "May the winds carry off with them").
1011:
874:
778:
586:Peasants, servants, pilgrims, soldiers,
246:
239:First edition (1862) of the libretto of
234:
199:
2733:
230:
1802:
1320:David Kimbell 2001, in Holden p. 1000
1288:
988:Scene 3: A camp near the battleground
314:Caramoor International Music Festival
134:
1623:, New York: Dodd, Mead and Company.
1499:Mazza Schiantarelli, Simona (2011).
1417:
1368:
1355:, despite its history of bad luck",
1305:"Source of cast for revised version"
812:The mansion of Leonora's family, in
169:Ángel de Saavedra, 3rd Duke of Rivas
1657:, Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press.
1581:Verdi's Middle Period, 1849 to 1859
1307:. L'Almanacco di Gherardo Casaglia
275:. This version, which premiered at
13:
1828:
1553:Giuseppe Verdi: His Life and Works
1120:from the duet "Invano, Alvaro" in
937:
840:Scene 1: An inn in the village of
597:
341:Conductor: Edoardo Bauer (Baveri)
312:: Three States of One Opera". The
14:
2797:
2786:Libretti by Francesco Maria Piave
1723:
1521:, New York: Da Capo Press, 1969.
1384:(Aurora, Illinois), 15 April 2007
1167:The actual war referred to – the
185:). It was first performed in the
2718:
2694:
2693:
2644:Giuseppe Verdi's Rigoletto Story
2372:
1621:Verdi: His Music, Life and Times
1538:. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.
1150:La forza del destino discography
997:Rataplan, rataplan, della gloria
978:Problems playing this file? See
953:
1509:The Opera Goer's Complete Guide
1387:
1374:
1345:
1332:
1323:
1285:Mazza Schiantarelli, p. ??
1244:, University of Chicago website
1161:
1071:
949:"Nè gustare m'è dato un'ora..."
919:Scene 2: The officers' quarters
163:Don Álvaro o la fuerza del sino
136:[laˈfɔrtsadeldeˈstiːno]
86:Don Álvaro o la fuerza del sino
1885:I Lombardi alla prima crociata
1855:Oberto, Conte di San Bonifacio
1710:Verdi: The Man and His Letters
1689:The Oxford Dictionary of Opera
1579:Chusid, Martin, (ed.) (1997).
1314:
1297:
1279:
1263:
1247:
1227:
1202:
1193:
1137:A Series of Unfortunate Events
1099:
260:After its premiere in Russia,
1:
1182:
1143:
193:, Russia, on 29 October 1862
2664:Casa di Riposo per Musicisti
2409:Theatres named after Verdi (
1519:The Complete Operas of Verdi
1488:, New York: Penguin Putnam.
1016:1860s postcard showing act 4
861:Son Pereda son ricco d'onore
352:Conductor: Eugenio Terziani
255:
171:, with a scene adapted from
7:
2403:Memorials to Giuseppe Verdi
1486:The New Penguin Opera Guide
1116:(both 1986) was adapted by
1023:Le minacce, i fieri accenti
963:Opening of act 3, scene 3;
889:(Son giunta! Grazie, o Dio!
871:Scene 2: A monastery nearby
787:
766:
10:
2802:
2771:Operas based on literature
2513:Portrait of Giuseppe Verdi
1712:, New York: Vienna House.
1480:Kimbell, David (2001). in
1303:Casaglia, Gherardo (2005).
1169:War of Austrian Succession
1147:
159:based on a Spanish drama,
147:) is an Italian opera by
97:10 November 1862
2776:Operas adapted into films
2690:
2655:
2574:
2533:Verdi, the King of Melody
2503:
2394:
2361:String Quartet in E minor
2332:
2229:
2146:
1845:
1836:
1780:"La vergine degli angeli"
1503:. Tirano, Italy: Polaris.
584:
357:Il Marchese di Calatrava
92:
76:
68:
58:
43:
32:
23:
2741:Operas by Giuseppe Verdi
2201:Libiamo ne' lieti calici
1687:and West, Ewan (1992).
1668:Phillips-Matz, Mary Jane
1536:The Grove Book of Operas
1423:5000 Nights at the Opera
1240:17 February 2012 at the
1154:
1002:
897:
859:by the name of Pereda. (
834:
806:
796:, an ominous three note
456:Constance Nantier-Didiée
319:
283:Recent critical editions
2746:Italian-language operas
2438:Giuseppe Verdi Monument
2165:Bella figlia dell'amore
1985:La battaglia di Legnano
1619:Martin, George (1983).
1534:and Laura Macy (2006).
825:Me pellegrina ed orfana
534:Gian Francesco Angelini
187:Bolshoi Kamenny Theatre
111:Bolshoi Kamenny Theatre
16:Opera by Giuseppe Verdi
2045:Les vêpres siciliennes
1759:from aria-database.com
1558:Walker, Frank (1962).
1425:. New York: Doubleday.
1210:"La Forza del Destino"
1056:
1017:
1008:Scene 1: The monastery
942:
884:
784:
772:Place: Spain and Italy
509:a muleteer and peddler
252:
244:
210:
205:
162:
132:Italian pronunciation:
124:
25:
2210:Un dì, felice, eterea
1084:, the noted baritone
1036:
1015:
941:
878:
782:
396:Don Carlo di Vargas,
299:University of Chicago
250:
238:
203:
157:Francesco Maria Piave
143:, often translated
63:Francesco Maria Piave
2672:Verdi Transcriptions
2322:Un ballo in maschera
2268:La forza del destino
2095:La forza del destino
2085:Un ballo in maschera
1839:List of compositions
1764:"Pace, pace mio Dio"
1731:La forza del destino
1507:Melitz, Leo (1921).
1442:La forza del destino
1397:La Forza del Destino
1353:La forza del destino
1274:La forza del destino
1132:La forza del destino
1122:La forza del destino
1061:Pace, pace, mio Dio!
881:La forza del destino
580:Vincenzo Paraboschi
310:La forza del destino
241:La forza del destino
211:La forza del destino
197:(N.S. 10 November).
145:The Force of Destiny
125:La forza del destino
26:La forza del destino
2766:Operas set in Italy
2761:Operas set in Spain
2504:Cultural depictions
2383:Quattro pezzi sacri
2231:Opera discographies
1444:. London: Cassell.
1434:The Operas of Verdi
1294:Budden 1984, p. 427
1173:Italian Unification
865:Al suon del tamburo
576:Alessandro Polonini
502:Luigi Alessandrini
306:San Francisco Opera
273:Antonio Ghislanzoni
231:Performance history
2431:Milan Conservatory
2352:Inno delle nazioni
2333:Other compositions
2055:I vespri siciliani
1865:Un giorno di regno
1743:, giuseppeverdi.it
1741:Synopsis, libretto
1672:Verdi: A Biography
1555:, New York: Knopf.
1340:Order of Calatrava
1233:Patricia Brauner,
1199:Sadie 2006, p. 231
1127:The Scarlet Letter
1124:. The Korean film
1082:Metropolitan Opera
1057:
1018:
943:
913:Battle of Velletri
885:
785:
560:Achille De Bassini
408:Francesco Graziani
253:
245:
206:
183:Wallenstein's Camp
178:Wallensteins Lager
173:Friedrich Schiller
113:, Saint Petersburg
50:c. 1870 poster by
2706:
2705:
2546:(1982 miniseries)
2543:The Life of Verdi
2480:Verdi, California
2192:La donna è mobile
1646:978-0-19-531314-7
1544:978-0-19-530907-2
1458:978-0-19-520450-6
1450:978-0-19-520068-3
1436:, Volume 2: From
1357:The Baltimore Sun
1118:Jean-Claude Petit
1113:Manon des Sources
1090:Luciano Pavarotti
958:
775:Time: around 1750
595:
594:
507:Maestro Trabuco,
288:Critical editions
141:The Power of Fate
119:
118:
81:Ángel de Saavedra
2793:
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2714:
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2696:
2683:
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2656:Related articles
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2575:Film adaptations
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1752:English libretto
1747:Italian libretto
1734:: Scores at the
1651:Pistone, Danièle
1515:Osborne, Charles
1504:
1426:
1406:
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1402:The Snicket File
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1292:
1286:
1283:
1277:
1267:
1261:
1260:, 8 October 2006
1251:
1245:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1206:
1200:
1197:
1176:
1165:
1107:Jean de Florette
1046:
969:Giuseppe De Luca
960:
959:
940:
542:
516:Geremia Bettini
469:
429:Enrico Tamberlik
419:Leonora's suitor
412:Luigi Colonnese
368:Giuseppe Vecchi
348:
347:27 February 1869
337:10 November 1862
324:
323:
213:
191:Saint Petersburg
165:
138:
133:
127:
104:
102:
48:
28:
21:
20:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2717:
2709:
2707:
2702:
2686:
2679:
2669:
2662:
2651:
2641:
2631:
2621:
2611:
2601:
2591:
2581:
2570:
2560:
2550:
2540:
2530:
2520:
2510:
2499:
2492:
2485:
2478:
2471:
2464:
2457:
2450:
2443:
2436:
2429:
2408:
2401:
2390:
2380:
2367:
2359:
2349:
2342:Suona la tromba
2339:
2328:
2319:
2310:
2301:
2292:
2283:
2274:
2265:
2256:
2247:
2238:
2230:
2225:
2216:
2207:
2198:
2189:
2180:
2171:
2162:
2153:
2142:
2132:
2122:
2112:
2102:
2092:
2082:
2072:
2062:
2058:(December 1855)
2052:
2042:
2032:
2022:
2012:
2002:
1992:
1982:
1972:
1962:
1952:
1942:
1932:
1922:
1915:Giovanna d'Arco
1912:
1902:
1892:
1882:
1872:
1862:
1852:
1841:
1832:
1827:
1787:, performed by
1779:
1771:, performed by
1763:
1726:
1691:New York: OUP.
1464:Gossett, Philip
1409:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1382:The Beacon News
1379:
1375:
1367:
1363:
1350:
1346:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1308:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1280:
1270:Gossett, Philip
1268:
1264:
1252:
1248:
1242:Wayback Machine
1232:
1228:
1218:
1216:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1185:
1180:
1179:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1146:
1102:
1076:Over the years
1074:
1040:
1005:
985:
984:
976:
974:
973:
972:
971:
961:
954:
951:
944:
938:
900:
837:
809:
790:
769:
764:
709:
600:
598:Instrumentation
536:
463:
385:Caroline Barbot
351:
349:
346:
345:
344:Revised version
340:
338:
336:
322:
285:
258:
233:
155:was written by
131:
115:
114:
108:
100:
98:
84:
54:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2799:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2728:
2727:
2704:
2703:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2677:
2667:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2639:
2629:
2619:
2609:
2599:
2589:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2558:
2548:
2538:
2528:
2523:Giuseppe Verdi
2518:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2490:
2483:
2476:
2469:
2462:
2455:
2452:Verdi (crater)
2448:
2441:
2434:
2427:
2406:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2378:
2365:
2357:
2347:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2317:
2308:
2299:
2290:
2281:
2272:
2263:
2254:
2245:
2235:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2214:
2205:
2196:
2187:
2183:Di quella pira
2178:
2169:
2160:
2150:
2148:
2147:Opera excerpts
2144:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2130:
2120:
2110:
2100:
2090:
2080:
2070:
2060:
2050:
2040:
2030:
2020:
2010:
2000:
1990:
1980:
1970:
1960:
1950:
1940:
1930:
1920:
1910:
1900:
1890:
1880:
1870:
1860:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1830:Giuseppe Verdi
1826:
1825:
1818:
1811:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1789:Renata Tebaldi
1776:
1773:Renata Tebaldi
1760:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1738:
1725:
1724:External links
1722:
1721:
1720:
1699:
1682:
1665:
1648:
1631:
1617:
1595:
1571:
1570:
1556:
1546:
1532:Sadie, Stanley
1529:
1512:
1505:
1496:
1482:Holden, Amanda
1478:
1461:
1430:Budden, Julian
1427:
1408:
1407:
1386:
1373:
1361:
1344:
1331:
1322:
1313:
1296:
1287:
1278:
1262:
1246:
1226:
1201:
1191:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1148:Main article:
1145:
1142:
1101:
1098:
1094:Franco Corelli
1086:Leonard Warren
1073:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1004:
1001:
975:
962:
952:
947:
946:
945:
936:
935:
934:
899:
896:
836:
833:
821:Seville, Spain
808:
805:
803:in the brass.
789:
786:
777:
776:
773:
768:
765:
763:
762:
759:
756:
747:
746:
741:
736:
731:
725:
710:
708:
707:
702:
697:
692:
678:
677:
672:
666:
660:
645:
644:
638:
633:(2nd doubling
627:
621:
616:(2nd doubling
601:
599:
596:
593:
592:
582:
581:
578:
573:
570:
566:
565:
562:
557:
554:
550:Fra Melitone,
547:
546:
543:
531:
528:
521:
520:
519:Antonio Tasso
517:
514:
511:
504:
503:
500:
498:Ignazio Marini
495:
492:
488:
487:
484:
481:
480:mezzo-soprano
478:
476:Leonora's maid
471:
470:
461:Ida Benza-Nagy
458:
453:
444:
437:
436:
434:Mario Tiberini
431:
426:
421:
414:
413:
410:
405:
400:
393:
392:
387:
382:
377:
370:
369:
366:
363:
358:
354:
353:
342:
339:St. Petersburg
333:
328:
321:
318:
295:Philip Gossett
284:
281:
257:
254:
232:
229:
149:Giuseppe Verdi
117:
116:
109:
96:
94:
90:
89:
78:
74:
73:
70:
66:
65:
60:
56:
55:
52:Charles Lecocq
49:
41:
40:
38:Giuseppe Verdi
30:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2798:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2701:
2700:
2689:
2682:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2606:
2605:
2600:
2596:
2595:
2590:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2565:
2564:
2563:Risorgimento!
2559:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2495:
2494:Verdi, Nevada
2491:
2488:
2487:Verdi, Kansas
2484:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2467:
2463:
2460:
2456:
2453:
2449:
2446:
2442:
2439:
2435:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2404:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2228:
2220:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2170:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1906:
1905:I due Foscari
1901:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1856:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1824:
1819:
1817:
1812:
1810:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1758:
1757:List of arias
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1727:
1719:
1718:0-8443-0088-8
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1702:Werfel, Franz
1700:
1698:
1697:0-19-869164-5
1694:
1690:
1686:
1685:Warrack, John
1683:
1681:
1680:0-19-313204-4
1677:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1663:0-931340-82-9
1660:
1656:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1634:Parker, Roger
1632:
1630:
1629:0-396-08196-7
1626:
1622:
1618:
1616:
1615:0-226-14370-8
1612:
1608:
1607:0-226-14369-4
1604:
1600:
1596:
1594:
1593:0-226-10659-4
1590:
1589:0-226-10658-6
1586:
1582:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1574:Other sources
1569:
1568:0-226-87132-0
1565:
1561:
1560:The Man Verdi
1557:
1554:
1550:
1549:Toye, Francis
1547:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1527:0-306-80072-1
1524:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1495:
1494:0-14-029312-4
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1477:
1476:0-226-30482-5
1473:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1412:Cited sources
1403:
1400:
1398:
1390:
1383:
1377:
1370:
1365:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1341:
1335:
1326:
1317:
1306:
1300:
1291:
1282:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1230:
1215:
1211:
1205:
1196:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1174:
1170:
1164:
1160:
1151:
1141:
1140:(1999–2006).
1139:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1108:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1054:
1053:Rosa Ponselle
1050:
1049:Enrico Caruso
1044:
1039:
1038:Jose Mardones
1035:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1024:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1000:
998:
993:
990:
989:
983:
981:
970:
966:
965:Enrico Caruso
950:
933:
931:
927:
921:
920:
916:
914:
910:
905:
904:
895:
893:
890:
882:
877:
873:
872:
868:
866:
862:
858:
854:
849:
845:
844:
843:
832:
828:
826:
822:
817:
816:
815:
804:
802:
799:
795:
781:
774:
771:
770:
761:4 side drums.
760:
757:
755:
752:
751:
750:
745:
744:double basses
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
729:
726:
724:
720:
719:
718:
716:
715:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
687:
686:
684:
683:
676:
673:
671:
667:
665:
661:
659:
655:
654:
653:
651:
650:
643:
639:
636:
635:bass clarinet
632:
628:
626:
622:
619:
615:
611:
610:
609:
607:
606:
591:
589:
583:
579:
577:
574:
571:
568:
567:
564:Giacomo Rota
563:
561:
558:
555:
553:
549:
548:
545:Marcel Junca
544:
540:
535:
532:
529:
527:
523:
522:
518:
515:
512:
510:
506:
505:
501:
499:
496:
493:
490:
489:
485:
482:
479:
477:
473:
472:
467:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
448:
447:mezzo-soprano
445:
443:
442:a young gypsy
440:Preziosilla,
439:
438:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
416:
415:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
395:
394:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
372:
371:
367:
364:
362:
359:
356:
355:
343:
335:Premiere cast
334:
332:
329:
326:
325:
317:
315:
311:
307:
302:
300:
296:
293:
289:
280:
278:
274:
269:
267:
263:
251:Verdi in 1859
249:
242:
237:
228:
226:
222:
218:
214:
212:
202:
198:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
179:
174:
170:
166:
164:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
137:
129:
128:
126:
112:
107:
95:
91:
87:
82:
79:
75:
71:
67:
64:
61:
57:
53:
47:
42:
39:
35:
31:
27:
22:
19:
2692:
2671:
2643:
2633:
2623:
2613:
2603:
2593:
2583:
2566:(2011 opera)
2561:
2551:
2541:
2531:
2521:
2511:
2395:Recognitions
2381:
2350:
2340:
2321:
2312:
2304:Il trovatore
2303:
2294:
2285:
2276:
2267:
2258:
2249:
2240:
2219:Va, pensiero
2174:Celeste Aida
2156:Anvil Chorus
2133:
2123:
2113:
2103:
2094:
2093:
2083:
2073:
2063:
2053:
2043:
2033:
2025:Il trovatore
2023:
2013:
2003:
1995:Luisa Miller
1993:
1983:
1973:
1963:
1955:I masnadieri
1953:
1943:
1933:
1923:
1913:
1903:
1893:
1883:
1873:
1863:
1853:
1730:
1709:
1706:Stefan, Paul
1688:
1671:
1654:
1637:
1620:
1609:(hardback),
1598:
1580:
1573:
1572:
1559:
1552:
1535:
1518:
1508:
1500:
1485:
1467:
1460:(paperback).
1452:(hardcover)
1441:
1438:Il trovatore
1437:
1433:
1422:
1419:Bing, Rudolf
1411:
1410:
1401:
1396:
1389:
1381:
1376:
1364:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1334:
1325:
1316:
1309:(in Italian)
1299:
1290:
1281:
1273:
1265:
1257:
1249:
1229:
1217:. Retrieved
1213:
1204:
1195:
1187:
1186:
1163:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1121:
1111:
1105:
1103:
1077:
1075:
1072:Superstition
1060:
1058:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1019:
1007:
1006:
996:
994:
991:
987:
986:
977:
929:
925:
922:
918:
917:
908:
906:
902:
901:
891:
888:
886:
883:(Milan 1869)
880:
870:
869:
864:
860:
852:
850:
846:
842:Hornachuelos
839:
838:
829:
824:
818:
811:
810:
791:
748:
712:
711:
680:
679:
647:
646:
603:
602:
585:
552:a Franciscan
551:
526:a Franciscan
525:
508:
475:
441:
418:
417:Don Alvaro,
397:
390:Teresa Stolz
375:his daughter
374:
309:
303:
292:musicologist
286:
270:
265:
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240:
208:
207:
182:
176:
160:
144:
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122:
121:
120:
85:
18:
2751:1862 operas
2681:Villa Verdi
2604:La Traviata
2556:(1985 play)
2536:(1953 film)
2526:(1938 film)
2466:Verdi Range
2459:Verdi Inlet
2386:(1889–1897)
2313:La traviata
2048:(June 1855)
2035:La traviata
1371:, p. .
1258:Opera Today
1100:Other media
1041: [
588:vivandières
537: [
486:Ester Neri
483:Lagramante
464: [
167:(1835), by
2735:Categories
2674:(Finnissy)
2553:After Aida
2473:3975 Verdi
2250:Don Carlos
2108:(1867/84)
2105:Don Carlos
2098:(1862/69)
1975:Il corsaro
1948:(1847/65)
1183:References
1144:Recordings
980:media help
758:6 trumpets
682:Percussion
590:and friars
569:A surgeon
331:Voice type
266:Don Alvaro
225:orchestras
221:repertoire
101:1862-11-10
59:Librettist
2295:Rigoletto
2068:(1857/81)
2015:Rigoletto
2005:Stiffelio
1965:Jérusalem
1517:(1969).
1369:Bing 1972
1214:Operabase
857:Salamanca
749:Onstage:
705:bass drum
695:side drum
670:trombones
631:clarinets
605:Woodwinds
556:baritone
451:contralto
373:Leonora,
256:Revisions
2699:Category
2419:Florence
2411:Brindisi
2259:Falstaff
2135:Falstaff
1708:(1973).
1670:(1993).
1653:(1995).
1636:(2007).
1551:(1931).
1466:(2006).
1432:(1984).
1421:(1972).
1238:Archived
1219:26 March
1078:La forza
788:Overture
767:Synopsis
675:cimbasso
664:trumpets
642:bassoons
403:baritone
277:La Scala
262:La forza
217:overture
153:libretto
93:Premiere
77:Based on
69:Language
2624:Macbeth
2423:Trieste
2415:Busseto
2371:(1874)
2277:Macbeth
2128:(1887)
2118:(1871)
2088:(1859)
2038:(1853)
2028:(1853)
2018:(1851)
1945:Macbeth
1875:Nabucco
1793:Firenze
1785:YouTube
1769:YouTube
1484:(Ed.),
1272:2005, "
924:them: (
853:alcalde
814:Seville
728:violins
714:Strings
700:cymbals
690:timpani
618:piccolo
474:Curra,
398:his son
380:soprano
297:of the
151:. The
99: (
88:of 1835
72:Italian
2756:Operas
2711:Portal
2647:(2005)
2637:(1987)
2627:(1987)
2617:(1986)
2614:Otello
2607:(1983)
2597:(1953)
2587:(1906)
2584:Otello
2516:(1886)
2363:(1873)
2355:(1862)
2345:(1848)
2286:Otello
2138:(1893)
2125:Otello
2078:(1857)
2075:Aroldo
2008:(1850)
1998:(1849)
1988:(1849)
1978:(1848)
1968:(1847)
1958:(1847)
1938:(1846)
1935:Attila
1928:(1845)
1925:Alzira
1918:(1845)
1908:(1844)
1898:(1844)
1895:Ernani
1888:(1843)
1878:(1842)
1868:(1840)
1858:(1839)
1846:Operas
1795:, 1956
1716:
1695:
1678:
1661:
1644:
1627:
1613:
1605:
1587:
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1525:
1492:
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1456:
1448:
801:unison
739:cellos
734:violas
614:flutes
513:tenor
491:Mayor
2725:Opera
1188:Notes
1155:Notes
1045:]
1003:Act 4
898:Act 3
835:Act 2
807:Act 1
794:motif
754:organ
730:I, II
723:harps
658:horns
649:Brass
625:oboes
572:bass
541:]
530:bass
494:bass
468:]
424:tenor
350:Milan
327:Role
320:Roles
34:Opera
2634:Aida
2594:Aida
2241:Aida
2115:Aida
1714:ISBN
1704:and
1693:ISBN
1676:ISBN
1659:ISBN
1642:ISBN
1625:ISBN
1611:ISBN
1603:ISBN
1585:ISBN
1564:ISBN
1540:ISBN
1523:ISBN
1490:ISBN
1472:ISBN
1454:ISBN
1446:ISBN
1338:The
1221:2018
1110:and
1051:and
967:and
365:Meo
361:bass
223:for
195:O.S.
106:N.S.
1783:on
1767:on
1440:to
189:of
175:'s
36:by
2737::
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2417:-
2413:-
1791:,
1591:,
1256:,
1212:.
1047:,
1043:es
721:2
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668:3
662:2
656:4
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640:2
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539:it
466:hu
301:.
139:;
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1822:e
1815:t
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1067:.
982:.
798:E
637:)
620:)
449:/
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130:(
103:)
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