682:
335:(pronounced "sigh-lah"). The saila is customarily both the political and religious leader of the community; he memorizes songs which relate the sacred history of the people, and in turn transmits them to the people. Decisions are made in meetings held in the Onmaked Nega, or Ibeorgun Nega (Congress House or Casa de Congreso), a structure which likewise serves both political and spiritual purposes. In the Onmaked Nega, the saila sings the history, legends, and laws of the Guna, as well as administering the day-to-day political and social affairs. The saila is usually accompanied by one or more
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36:
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1343:
143:
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Muller, Scott; Solis, Rogeliano; Castillo, Geodisio; Castillo, Bernal; Andreve, Jorge; Castillo, Arcadio. "Biodiversity and
Tourism, The Case for the Sustainable Use of the Marine Resources of Guna Yala, Panama." German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Protection and Nuclear Safety (BMU),
407:
until 2010 and also is used as the Guna ethnic flag. The central stripe, meaning peace and purity, is white on the official flag of the reservation, officially adopted by Guna
National Congress, while yellow stripe is used on the ethnic flag (it was introduced on the flag at about 1940). In 1942, the
524:
Guna communities in Panama City are typically made up of migrant laborers and small business owners, although many Guna also migrate to Panama City to sell fish and agricultural products produced by their respective communities. The sale of Mola and other forms of Guna art has become a large part of
402:
is an ancestral symbol called Naa
Ukuryaa. According to one explanation, it symbolizes the four sides of the world or the origin from which peoples of the world emerged. In another explanation, it symbolises the octopus that created the world, its tentacles pointing to the four cardinal points. Also
599:, but some sources contend that they were mostly due to bad treatment by the Spanish invaders. The Guna themselves attribute their migration to Guna Yala to conflicts with the aboriginal peoples, and their migration to the islands to the excessive mosquito populations on the mainland.
673:– the #1 and #2 causes of death in the U.S. – are low in the Guna. Between 2000 and 2004 on the mainland of Panama, for every 100,000 residents, 119 died from C.V.D. and 74 died from cancer; in contrast, per 100,000 Guna, these death rates were 8 for C.V.D. and 4 for cancer.
491:
is based on agriculture, fishing and the manufacture of clothing with a long tradition of international trade. Plantains, coconuts, and fish form the core of the Guna diet, supplemented with imported foods, a few domestic animals, and wild game.
602:
During the first decades of the twentieth century, the
Panamanian government attempted to suppress many of the traditional customs. This was bitterly resisted, culminating in a short-lived yet successful revolt in 1925 known as the
1225:
López, Delio; Pérez, Julio; López
Archibaldo; López, Ateliano. "Igargan Cantos, la cosmovisión kuna y la biodiversidad marina. The Kuna cosmovision and their marine biodiversity." CODESTA (2007). OCLC Number 221707552.
525:
the Guna peoples economy in recent years and mola vendors can be found in most cities in Panama where they are marketed to both foreigners and
Hispano Panamanians. Tourism is now an important part of the economy in the
343:
of the Guna are in a higher linguistic register with specialized vocabulary, the saila's recitation will frequently be followed by an explanation and interpretation from one of the voceros in informal Guna language.
517:, Mexican or Chinese ships and are sold in small retail stores owned by Guna people. The Guna have not excised tax when trading goods and place strong emphasis on economic success. This tradition of trade and
697:" in the early 1900s. In Guna philosophy, the albinistic people (or "sipu") were given a special place and are considered a special race of people. They have the specific duty of defending the moon against a
1174:
1060:
Jeambrun, P. (August 1998). "L'albinisme oculocutané: mises au point clinique, historique et anthropologique" [Oculocutaneous albinism: clinical, historical and anthropological aspects].
2060:
828:[Second part of my Trip to Panama: The World of the Cunas; Chapter I, History and Political Organization – The World of the Cunas – History and Political Organization, Part 1].
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2007:
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Hollenberg, Norman K.; Martinez, Gregorio; McCullough, Marji; Meinking, Terri; Passan, Diane; Preston, Mack; Rivera, Alicio; Taplin, David; Vicaria-Clement, Maureen (1997).
826:"Segunda parte de mi Viaje a Panamá:El Mundo de los Cunas; Capítulo I , Historia y Organización Política – El Mundo de los Cunas – Historia y Organización Política, Parte 1"
595:
There is a wide consensus regarding the migrations of Gunas from
Colombia and the Darien towards what is now Guna Yala. These migrations were caused partly by wars with the
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1990:
1966:
1937:
1925:
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The Guna have a long deep rooted history of mercantilism and a longstanding tradition of selling goods through family owned venues. Most imported goods originate from
296:. They are Guna-speaking people who once occupied the central region of what is now Panama and the neighboring San Blas Islands and still survive in marginal areas.
561:
migration moving east from
Central America. At the time of the Spanish invasion, they were living in the region of Uraba and near the borders of what are now
1010:"Does flavanol intake influence mortality from nitric oxide-dependent processes? Ischemic heart disease, stroke, diabetes mellitus, and cancer in Panama"
681:
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The Guna flag was adopted after the 1925 rebellion against
Panamanian suppression. Horizontal stripes have a proportion of 1:2:1 and the central
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has been credited by many as a chief reason the Guna have been able to successfully function independently compared to other indigenous groups.
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due to a conflict with the
Spanish and other indigenous groups. Centuries before the conquest, the Gunas arrived in South America as part of a
526:
705:, and only they are allowed to go outside on the night of a lunar eclipse and to use specially made bows and arrows to shoot down the dragon.
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In far-eastern Guna Yala, the community of New Caledonia is near the site where Scottish explorers tried, unsuccessfully, to establish a
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1906:
1882:
1942:
607:(or "people revolution") – led by Iguaibilikinya Nele Kantule of Ustupu and supported by American adventurer and part-time diplomat
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and the majority of Guna children speak the language. Although it is relatively viable, Guna is considered an endangered language.
408:
flag was modified with a red ring (representing the traditional Kuna nose-ring) encompassing the center of the swastika because of
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A paper by Miss Frances Densmore discusses the music and songs of the Tule Indians of Panama - the so-called "white Indians".
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and matrilocal, with the groom moving to become part of the bride's family. The groom also takes the last name of the bride.
2012:
1845:
1792:
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1971:
1918:
100:
855:
665:), and, do not experience the age-related increase in blood pressure that is common in Western society. Death rates from
358:. The region as a whole is governed by the Guna General Congress, which is led by three Saila Dummagan ("Great Sailas").
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prior to a 2010 orthographic reform, but the Congreso General de la Nación Gunadule since 2010 has promoted the spelling
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE BOARD OF REGENTS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AT THE ANNUAL MEETING HELD DECEMBER 9, 1926
1835:
86:
1177:". Universidad de Los Andes, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Departamento de Antropología. Bogotá: Uniandes.
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En estado de sitio: los kuna en Urabá. Vida cotidiana de una comunidad indígena en una zona de conflicto
68:
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611:– and a treaty in which the Panamanians agreed to give the Guna some degree of cultural autonomy.
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1101:
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46:
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family spoken by 50,000 to 70,000 people. Dulegaya is the primary language of daily life in the
1959:
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at the time of the Spanish invasion, and only later began to move westward towards what is now
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280:, and other cities. Most Guna live on small islands off the coast of the comarca of
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1954:
1949:
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615:
588:. The bankruptcy of the expedition has been cited as one of the motivations of the
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and reverse appliqué. Mola panels are used to make the blouses of the Guna women's
285:
2252:
1640:
1495:
714:
578:
277:
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explored the coast of Colombia in 1500 and 1501. They spent the most time in the
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who function as interpreters and counselors for the saila. Because the songs and
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A people who would not kneel: Panama, the United States, and the San Blas Kuna
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905:. Smithsonian Series in Ethnographic Inquiry. Smithsonian Institution Press.
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Spanish is also widely used, especially in education and written documents.
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958:"Aging, Acculturation, Salt Intake, and Hypertension in the Kuna of Panama"
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In Guna Yala, each community has its own political organization, led by a
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Secrets of the Cuna earthmother: a comparative study of ancient religions
464:
348:
273:
928:"Rising Sea Levels Threaten Tiny Islands Home To Indigenous Panamanians"
457:
425:
315:, literally "people-mouth". The term was in the language itself spelled
403:
known as the flag of Guna Yala island today, the flag was used for the
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are the most important export products. Migrant labor and the sale of
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Bayard, V; Chamorro, F; Motta, J; Hollenberg, NK (27 January 2007).
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The Art of Being Kuna: Layers of Meaning Among the Kuna of Panama
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https://www.cbd.int/doc/case-studies/tour/cs-tour-pa-01-en.pdf
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Guna children in 1927. The child in the center is albinistic.
662:
142:
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Verbal Art in San Blas: Kuna Culture Through Its Discourses
1190:
The Kuna Gathering: Contemporary Village Politics in Panama
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means "clothing" in the Guna language. The Guna word for a
409:
424:, a colorful textile art form made with the techniques of
1212:
An Historical and Ethnological Survey of the Cuna Indians
935:
1138:
Les enfants de la lune: L'albinisme chez les Amérindiens
1149:(in French). Paris: Éditions INSERM. pp. 238–239.
1383:
786:[Language – Guna, kuna or cuna?: James Howe].
1291:
Stories, Myths, Chants, and Songs of the Kuna Indians
2291:
1143:
Children of the Moon: Albinism among the Amerindians
326:
311:, meaning "people", and the name of the language is
254:. Guna people live in three politically autonomous
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1261:Kuna Ways of Speaking: An Ethnographic Perspective
862:, from Rainforest Art. Retrieved 25 February 2006.
2384:
541:Guna people were living in what is now Northern
1134:
657:The Guna have been shown to have a low average
480:A Guna man fishing in a hand-built dugout canoe
272:. There are also communities of Guna people in
2200:
1369:
1135:Jeambrun, Pascale; Sergent, Bernard (1991).
808:Comarca Kuna Yala / Congreso Generales Kunas
784:"Lenguaje – ¿Guna, kuna o cuna?: James Howe"
412:associations; the ring was later abandoned.
288:. The other two Guna comarcas in Panama are
1306:Kuna Crafts, Gender, and the Global Economy
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1053:
701:which tries to eat it on occasion during a
2207:
2193:
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1362:
1321:Plants and Animals in the Life of the Kuna
1124:. New York, New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
896:
894:
689:Guna people have a high incidence rate of
581:, where they made contact with the Gunas.
444:(or "dulemola") "Guna people's clothing."
432:, which is worn daily by many Guna women.
1033:
976:
925:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1278:. University of New Mexico Press, 1998.
1241:. University of Washington Press, 2002.
1059:
1050:
806:[Our Authorities of Kuna Yala].
680:
27:Indigenous people of Panama and Colombia
891:
211:traditional Guna religion, Christianity
14:
2385:
736:
2408:Indigenous peoples of Central America
2188:
1357:
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926:McCleland, Jacob (12 November 2015).
767:
420:The Guna are famous for their bright
1308:. University of Texas Press (1995).
1293:. University of Texas Press (2003).
900:
178:Regions with significant populations
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
1323:. University of Texas Press, 1995.
830:paseandote por el peru...y el mundo
804:"Nuestras Autoridades de Kuna Yala"
618:could be rendered uninhabitable by
500:in the Guna language, and lobsters
377:The flag of the Guna Yala community
24:
1385:Ancestry and ethnicity in Colombia
1167:
693:, which led to their nickname of "
354:Today there are 49 communities in
25:
2424:
1335:
810:. 12 October 2006. Archived from
510:provide other sources of income.
391:Alternate version adopted in 1942
327:Political and social organization
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1118:Marsh, Richard Oglesby (1934).
1111:
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852:Chants and Myths about Creation
792:(in Spanish). 22 February 2014.
529:, and abandoned goods from the
45:needs additional citations for
2413:Indigenous peoples in Colombia
2174:Race and ethnicity in Colombia
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533:provide occasional windfalls.
463:A Guna woman selling molas in
260:or autonomous reservations in
246:) are an indigenous people of
13:
1:
1074:10.1016/S0929-693X(98)80136-X
770:Diccionario de la Lengua Kuna
723:
879:. CRW Flags Inc. 22 May 2014
772:, Impresora La Nacion (INAC)
7:
1210:Erland Nordenskiöld et al.
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832:(in Spanish). May 10, 2013
622:in the late 21st century.
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1207:. Exposition Press, 1960.
934:. All Things Considered.
873:"Panama - Native Peoples"
652:
586:colony in the "New World"
220:
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1319:Jorge Ventocilla et al.
1237:Mari L. Salvador et al.
2403:Ethnic groups in Panama
2398:Circum-Caribbean tribes
1121:White Indians of Darien
1102:Smithsonian Institution
987:10.1161/01.HYP.29.1.171
858:31 October 2005 at the
737:Wetter, Renate (2009).
361:
303:, they call themselves
147:A Guna woman wearing a
2223:Ancestry and ethnicity
1173:Alí, Maurizio. 2010: "
686:
667:cardiovascular disease
1062:Archives de Pédiatrie
936:National Public Radio
768:Erice, Jesus (1985),
684:
609:Richard Oglesby Marsh
575:Vasco Núñez de Balboa
264:, and in a few small
216:Related ethnic groups
1350:at Wikimedia Commons
1289:Joel Sherzer et al.
1214:. AMS Press (1979).
1192:. Wheatmark (2002).
1104:, December 9, 1926,
901:Howe, James (1998).
814:on 18 February 2007.
749:on 16 September 2010
405:province of San Blas
54:improve this article
2169:Lists of Colombians
1304:Karin Elaine Tice.
1263:. Wheatmark, 2001.
971:(1 Pt 2): 171–176.
661:(B.P., 110/70
636:aboriginal American
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877:Flags Of The World
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590:1707 Acts of Union
519:self-determination
347:Guna families are
225:-speaking people,
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1329:978-0-292-78726-1
1314:978-0-292-78137-5
1299:978-0-292-70237-0
1284:978-0-8263-1882-4
1269:978-1-58736-030-5
1247:978-0-930741-60-0
1220:978-0-404-15150-8
1203:Keeler, Clyde E.
1198:978-1-58736-111-1
1183:978-958-695-531-7
1156:978-2-85598-488-9
1026:10.7150/ijms.4.53
912:978-1-56098-890-8
290:Kuna de Madugandí
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669:(C.V.D.) and
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70:
69:"Guna people"
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2371:
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2061:Scandinavian
1520:
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1188:James Howe.
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1020:(1): 53–58.
1017:
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965:Hypertension
964:
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939:. Retrieved
931:
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881:. Retrieved
876:
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846:
834:. Retrieved
829:
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812:the original
807:
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751:. Retrieved
747:the original
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688:
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597:Catio people
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173:about 50,000
153:clothes line
132:Ethnic group
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2393:Kuna people
2283:Ngöbe–Buglé
2112: [
2100: [
2076: [
2064: [
2052: [
2040: [
2028: [
2011: [
1994: [
1982: [
1970: [
1941: [
1929: [
1917: [
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1893: [
1881: [
1856: [
1844: [
1827: [
1815: [
1803: [
1791: [
1749: [
1737: [
1611:Pira-tapuya
1421:Awa-Kwaiker
743:PANAMA MOLA
465:Panama City
349:matrilinear
274:Panama City
110:August 2024
18:Kuna people
2387:Categories
2235:Indigenous
2025:Portuguese
2008:Lithuanian
1746:Venezuelan
1393:Indigenous
1232:9962000769
941:15 October
883:15 October
836:15 October
753:17 October
724:References
531:drug trade
440:blouse is
80:newspapers
2109:Ukrainian
1979:Hungarian
1960:Mennonite
1734:Argentine
1596:Patángoro
1511:Guambiano
1481:Cocamilla
1476:Chitarero
973:CiteSeerX
789:La Prensa
644:comarcas,
563:Antioquia
555:Guna Yala
515:Colombian
496:, called
489:Guna Yala
442:Tulemola,
356:Guna Yala
282:Guna Yala
194:Languages
157:Guna Yala
2324:Cimarron
2164:See also
2037:Romanian
1914:Croatian
1878:Austrian
1836:Japanese
1788:Armenian
1776:Lebanese
1727:Americas
1621:Quimbaya
1541:Kankuamo
1466:Carijona
1461:Carabayo
1431:Barasana
1044:17299579
856:Archived
709:See also
691:albinism
677:Albinism
640:Chibchan
626:Language
559:Chibchan
545:and the
543:Colombia
494:Coconuts
426:appliqué
400:swastika
313:Dulegaya
270:Colombia
266:villages
257:comarcas
252:Colombia
223:Chibchan
206:Religion
188:Colombia
2356:Mexican
2351:Mestizo
2341:Italian
2331:Chinese
2319:African
2142:Mestizo
2132:African
2085:Spanish
2073:Slovene
2049:Russian
2003:Italian
1902:British
1890:Belgian
1853:Turkish
1824:Iranian
1800:Chinese
1701:Yarigui
1666:Tinigua
1651:Tariana
1646:Tairona
1636:Sutagao
1631:Siriano
1616:Quechua
1506:Guahibo
1471:Chimila
1416:Arhuaco
1411:Andoque
1406:Andaquí
1401:Achagua
1082:9759297
1035:1796954
995:9039098
537:History
502:skungit
448:Economy
416:Culture
337:voceros
299:In the
227:Miskito
94:scholar
2373:Portal
2346:Jewish
2336:Indian
2268:Movere
2253:Embera
2243:Bokota
2227:Panama
2147:Romani
2137:Jewish
2125:Others
2090:Basque
2020:Polish
1955:German
1950:French
1870:Europe
1841:Korean
1812:Indian
1781:Syrian
1686:Witoto
1671:Tucano
1661:Ticuna
1641:Tahamí
1601:Piaroa
1591:Panche
1581:Nutabe
1566:Muisca
1561:Mokaná
1556:Macuna
1496:Emberá
1446:Calima
1426:Baniwa
1327:
1312:
1297:
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1253:2003.
1245:
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1145:]
1080:
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993:
975:
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699:dragon
671:cancer
653:Health
634:is an
567:Caldas
551:Panama
262:Panama
248:Panama
221:other
184:Panama
161:Panama
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2361:White
2278:Ngäbe
2248:Cueva
2116:]
2104:]
2097:Swiss
2080:]
2068:]
2056:]
2044:]
2032:]
2015:]
1998:]
1991:Irish
1986:]
1974:]
1967:Greek
1945:]
1938:Dutch
1933:]
1926:Czech
1921:]
1909:]
1897:]
1885:]
1860:]
1848:]
1831:]
1819:]
1807:]
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1753:]
1741:]
1706:Yukpa
1696:Yagua
1681:Wayuu
1656:Tegua
1626:Siona
1606:Pijao
1576:Nukak
1551:Lache
1531:Hupda
1516:Guane
1491:Cubeo
1486:Cofán
1456:Cauca
1451:Camsá
1147:(PDF)
1141:[
961:(PDF)
663:mm Hg
507:molas
422:molas
333:saila
278:Colón
101:JSTOR
87:books
2273:Naso
2263:Guna
1771:Arab
1763:Asia
1711:Zenú
1691:Wiwa
1676:U'wa
1586:Paez
1571:Muzo
1546:Kogi
1536:Inga
1526:Hiwi
1521:Guna
1441:Barí
1436:Bora
1348:Kuna
1325:ISBN
1310:ISBN
1295:ISBN
1280:ISBN
1265:ISBN
1243:ISBN
1228:ISBN
1216:ISBN
1194:ISBN
1179:ISBN
1151:ISBN
1078:PMID
1040:PMID
991:PMID
943:2017
907:ISBN
885:2017
838:2017
755:2010
630:The
614:The
573:and
565:and
498:ogob
438:mola
434:Mola
410:Nazi
362:Flag
321:Guna
317:Kuna
309:Tule
305:Dule
292:and
250:and
244:Cuna
240:Kuna
236:Guna
234:The
200:Guna
149:mola
136:Guna
73:news
2225:in
1070:doi
1030:PMC
1022:doi
983:doi
932:NPR
549:of
323:.
307:or
268:in
242:or
155:in
56:by
2389::
2114:es
2102:es
2078:es
2066:es
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893:^
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757:.
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
