411:
402:
873:, and first described it in the same year. The account given by Klinefelter came to be known as Klinefelter syndrome as his name appeared first on the published paper, and seminiferous tubule dysgenesis was no longer used. Considering the names of all three researchers, it is sometimes also called Klinefelter–Reifenstein–Albright syndrome. In 1956, Klinefelter syndrome was found to result from an extra chromosome. Plunkett and Barr found the sex chromatin body in cell nuclei of the body. This was further clarified as XXY in 1959 by
773:, analysis of the karyotype using cells from the oral mucosa is performed. Physical characteristics of a Klinefelter syndrome can be tall stature, low body hair, and occasionally an enlargement of the breast. Usually, a small testicle volume of 1–5 ml per testicle (standard values: 12–30 ml) occurs. During puberty and adulthood, low testosterone levels with increased levels of the pituitary hormones FSH and LH in the blood can indicate the presence of Klinefelter syndrome. A
58:
587:
603:
634:. The relevant nondisjunction in meiosis I occurs when homologous chromosomes, in this case the X and Y or two X sex chromosomes, fail to separate, producing a sperm with an X and a Y chromosome or an egg with two X chromosomes. Fertilizing a normal (X) egg with this sperm produces an XXY or Klinefelter offspring. Fertilizing a double X egg with a normal sperm also produces an XXY or Klinefelter offspring.
832:
803:
As the genetic variation is irreversible, no causal therapy is available. From the onset of puberty, the existing testosterone deficiency can be compensated by appropriate hormone-replacement therapy. Testosterone preparations are available in the form of syringes, patches, or gel. If gynecomastia is
777:
can also be part of the further investigation. Often, an azoospermia is present, or rarely an oligospermia. Furthermore, Klinefelter syndrome can be diagnosed as a coincidental prenatal finding in the context of invasive prenatal diagnosis (amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling). Approximately 10%
637:
Another mechanism for retaining the extra chromosome is through a nondisjunction event during meiosis II in the egg. Nondisjunction occurs when sister chromatids on the sex chromosome, in this case an X and an X, fail to separate. An XX egg is produced, which when fertilized with a Y sperm, yields an
529:
As adults, they live lives similar to others without the condition; they have friends, families, and normal social relationships. Nonetheless, some individuals may experience social and emotional problems due to problems in childhood. They show a lower sex drive and low self-esteem, in most cases due
521:
Compared to individuals with a normal number of chromosomes, males affected by
Klinefelter syndrome may display behavioral differences. These are phenotypically displayed as higher levels of anxiety and depression, mood dysregulation, impaired social skills, emotional immaturity during childhood, and
928:
of approximately four subjects per every 10,000 (0.04%) males in the general population. However, it is estimated that only 25% of the individuals with
Klinefelter syndrome are diagnosed throughout their lives. The rate of Klinefelter syndrome among infertile males is 3.1%. The syndrome is the main
512:
tends to be lower than average. Language milestones may also be delayed, particularly when compared to other people their age. Between 25% and 85% of males with XXY have some kind of language problem, such as delay in learning to speak, trouble using language to express thoughts and needs, problems
450:
Chromosomal abnormalities, including
Klinefelter syndrome, are the most common cause of spontaneous abortion. Generally, the severity of the malformations is proportional to the number of extra X chromosomes present in the karyotype. For example, patients with 49 chromosomes (XXXXY) have a lower IQ
525:
In 1995, a scientific study evaluated the psychosocial adaptation of 39 adolescents with sex chromosome abnormalities. It demonstrated that males with XXY tend to be quiet, shy and undemanding; they are less self-confident, less active, and more helpful and obedient than other children their age.
459:
As babies and children, those with XXY chromosomes may have lower muscle tone and reduced strength. They may sit up, crawl, and walk later than other infants. An average KS child will start walking at 19 months of age. They may also have less muscle control and coordination than other children of
682:
47,XXY/46,XY constitutional karyotype and varying degrees of spermatogenic failure. Often, symptoms are milder in mosaic cases, with regular male secondary sex characteristics and testicular volume even falling within typical adult ranges. Another possible mosaicism is 47,XXY/46,XX with clinical
433:
Klinefelter syndrome has different manifestations and these will vary from one patient to another. Among the primary features are infertility and small, poorly functioning testicles. Often, symptoms may be subtle and many people do not realize they are affected. In other cases, symptoms are more
669:
is one in 85,000 to 100,000 male births. These variations are extremely rare. Additional chromosomal material can contribute to cardiac, neurological, orthopedic, urinogenital and other anomalies. Thirteen cases of individuals with a 47,XXY karyotype and a female phenotype have been described.
475:
By adulthood, individuals with KS tend to become taller than average, with proportionally longer arms and legs, less-muscular bodies, more belly fat, wider hips, narrower shoulders. Some will show little to no symptomology, a lanky, youthful build and facial appearance, or a rounded body type.
463:
During puberty, KS subjects show less muscular body, less facial and body hair, and broader hips as a consequence of low levels of testosterone. Delays in motor development may occur, which can be addressed through occupational and physical therapies. As teens, males with XXY may develop
614:
Klinefelter syndrome is not an inherited condition. The extra X chromosome comes from the mother in approximately 50% of the cases. Maternal age is the only known risk factor. Women at 40 years have a four-times-higher risk of a child with
Klinefelter syndrome than women aged 24 years.
785:
The symptoms of KS are often variable, so a karyotype analysis should be ordered when small testes, infertility, gynecomastia, long arms/legs, developmental delay, speech/language deficits, learning disabilities/academic issues, and/or behavioral issues are present in an individual.
697:
Women typically have two X chromosomes, with half of their X chromosomes switching off early in embryonic development. The same happens with people with
Klinefelter's, including in both cases a small proportion of individuals with a skewed ratio between the two Xs.
505:. Additional abnormalities may include impaired attention, reduced organizational and planning abilities, deficiencies in judgment (often presented as a tendency to interpret non-threatening stimuli as threatening), and dysfunctional decision processing.
468:, have weaker bones, and a lower energy level than others. Testicles are affected and are usually less than 2 cm in length (and always shorter than 3.5 cm), 1 cm in width, and 4ml in volume. Those with XXY chromosomes may also have
379:
rather than the usual 46. Klinefelter syndrome occurs randomly. The extra X chromosome comes from the father and mother nearly equally. An older mother may have a slightly increased risk of a child with KS. The syndrome is diagnosed by the
479:
Individuals with KS are often infertile or have reduced fertility. Advanced reproductive assistance is sometimes possible in order to produce an offspring since approximately 50% of males with
Klinefelter syndrome can produce
794:
The lifespan of individuals with
Klinefelter syndrome appears to be reduced by around 2.1 years compared to the general male population. These results are still questioned data, are not absolute, and need further testing.
2100:
Salzano A, Arcopinto M, Marra AM, Bobbio E, Esposito D, Accardo G, et al. (July 2016). "Klinefelter syndrome, cardiovascular system, and thromboembolic disease: review of literature and clinical perspectives".
476:
Gynecomastia (increased breast tissue) in males is common, affecting up to 80% of cases. Approximately 10% of males with XXY chromosomes have gynecomastia noticeable enough that they may choose to have surgery.
3762:
3743:
573:
conditions are thought to occur less frequently in those with XXY than in those without, since these conditions are transmitted by genes on the X chromosome, and people with two X chromosomes are typically only
710:" in XXY symptoms is often misinterpreted to mean "small testicles", when it instead means decreased testicular hormone/endocrine function. Because of (primary) hypogonadism, individuals often have a low serum
1005:
845:(ICSI) with previously conducted testicular sperm extraction (TESE), have led to men with Klinefelter syndrome producing biological offspring. By 2010, over 100 successful pregnancies have been reported using
522:
low frustration tolerance. These neurocognitive disabilities are most likely due to the presence of the extra X chromosome, as indicated by studies carried out on animal models carrying an extra X chromosome.
3300:
Roca-Rada X, Tereso S, Rohrlach AB, Brito A, Williams MP, Umbelino C, et al. (August 2022). "A 1000-year-old case of
Klinefelter's syndrome diagnosed by integrating morphology, osteology, and genetics".
3110:
Klinefelter Jr HF, Reifenstein Jr EC, Albright Jr F (1942). "Syndrome characterized by gynecomastia, aspermatogenesis without a-Leydigism and increased excretion of follicle-stimulating hormone".
2557:
Velissariou V, Christopoulou S, Karadimas C, Pihos I, Kanaka-Gantenbein C, Kapranos N, et al. (2006). "Rare XXY/XX mosaicism in a phenotypic male with
Klinefelter syndrome: case report".
2766:
Abramsky L, Chapple J (April 1997). "47,XXY (Klinefelter syndrome) and 47,XYY: estimated rates of and indication for postnatal diagnosis with implications for prenatal counselling".
3710:
513:
reading, and trouble processing what they hear. They may also have a harder time doing work that involves reading and writing, but most hold jobs and have successful careers.
1401:
3915:
638:
XXY offspring. This XXY chromosome arrangement is one of the most common genetic variations from the XY karyotype, occurring in approximately one in 500 live male births.
929:
cause of male hypogonadism. One survey in the United
Kingdom found that the majority of people with KS identify as male, however, a significant number have a different
3137:
1242:
1216:
1009:
889:, in 1959. This karyotype was found in a 24-year-old man who had signs of KS. Jacobs described her discovery of this first reported human or mammalian chromosome
1268:
1185:
1090:
683:
features suggestive of KS and male phenotype, but this is very rare. Thus far, only approximately 10 cases of 47,XXY/46,XX have been described in literature.
1696:
Graham JM, Bashir AS, Stark RE, Silbert A, Walzer S (June 1988). "Oral and written language abilities of XXY boys: implications for anticipatory guidance".
4659:
2970:
4639:
4635:
3873:
1033:"Intelligence Quotient Variability in Klinefelter Syndrome Is Associated With GTPBP6 Expression Under Regulation of X-Chromosome Inactivation Pattern"
1479:
3469:
Visootsak J, Aylstock M, Graham JM (December 2001). "Klinefelter syndrome and its variants: an update and review for the primary pediatrician".
2240:
2647:
1792:
2535:
1551:
2996:
501:, although these deficits can often be overcome through early intervention. It is estimated that 10% of those with Klinefelter syndrome are
912:, previously assumed to be a woman, concluded that person "whose gender identity may well have been non-binary", had Klinefelter syndrome.
896:
Klinefelter syndrome has been identified in ancient burials. In August 2022, a team of scientists published a study of a skeleton found in
2026:
Bender BG, Harmon RJ, Linden MG, Robinson A (August 1995). "Psychosocial adaptation of 39 adolescents with sex chromosome abnormalities".
4442:
3184:
2004:
17:
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2779:
1397:
1302:
3672:
Living with Klinefelter Syndrome, Trisomy X and 47,XYY: A Guide for Families and Individuals Affected by Extra X and Y Chromosomes
1332:
3866:
554:. Nonetheless, the risk of breast cancer is still below the normal risk for women. These patients are also more prone to develop
3670:
497:
Some degree of language learning or reading impairment may be present, and neuropsychological testing often reveals deficits in
3683:
2456:
3716:
4701:
3145:
4555:
1238:
153:
1212:
3859:
3434:
Maclean N, Harnden DG, Court Brown WM (August 1961). "Abnormalities of sex chromosome constitution in newborn babies".
3208:
Jacobs PA, Strong JA (January 1959). "A case of human intersexuality having a possible XXY sex-determining mechanism".
1001:
1883:"The role of genes, intelligence, personality, and social engagement in cognitive performance in Klinefelter syndrome"
641:
In mammals with more than one X chromosome, the genes on all but one X chromosome are not expressed; this is known as
4545:
3178:
1998:
4128:
1264:
1181:
1082:
904:, of a man who died around 1000 AD and was discovered by their investigations to have a 47,XXY karyotype. In 2021,
842:
835:
4527:
4470:
4060:
3360:
1359:
Klinefelter, Harry Fitch Jr. (September 1986). "Klinefelter's syndrome: historical background and development".
4521:
4460:
4398:
2962:
866:
723:
4015:
645:. This happens in XXY males, as well as normal XX females. However, in XXY males, a few genes located in the
201:
4696:
4464:
4456:
4412:
4104:
4044:
3979:
3957:
1298:
742:
715:
3610:"Clinical features and prevalence of Klinefelter syndrome in transgender individuals: A systematic review"
1428:
Kanakis, George A.; Nieschlag, Eberhard (September 2018). "Klinefelter syndrome: more than hypogonadism".
649:
of their X chromosomes have corresponding genes on their Y chromosome and are capable of being expressed.
4655:
4643:
4023:
3910:
1930:
de Vries AL, Roehle R, Marshall L, Frisén L, van de Grift TC, Kreukels BP, et al. (September 2019).
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They may struggle in school and sports, meaning they may have more trouble "fitting in" with other kids.
293:
2678:"Phenotypic differences in mosaic Klinefelter patients as compared with non-mosaic Klinefelter patients"
2506:"Phenotypic differences in mosaic Klinefelter patients as compared with non-mosaic Klinefelter patients"
1822:
Skakkebæk A, Moore PJ, Pedersen AD, Bojesen A, Kristensen MK, Fedder J, et al. (November 9, 2018).
1471:
881:. The first published report of a man with a 47,XXY karyotype was by Patricia Jacobs and John Strong at
357:(if present). These symptoms are often noticed only at puberty, although this is one of the most common
4691:
4402:
4100:
4096:
1582:
3261:"The William Allan Memorial Award address: human population cytogenetics: the first twenty-five years"
1932:"Mental Health of a Large Group of Adults With Disorders of Sex Development in Six European Countries"
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1800:
1528:
1267:. Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. 30 November 2012.
1184:. Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. 30 November 2012.
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prominent and may include weaker muscles, greater height, poor motor coordination, less body hair,
419:
A person with typical untreated Klinefelter 46,XY/47,XXY mosaic, diagnosed at age 19 – a scar from
3018:
Corona G, Pizzocaro A, Lanfranco F, Garolla A, Pelliccione F, Vignozzi L, et al. (May 2017).
1881:
Skakkebæk A, Moore PJ, Pedersen AD, Bojesen A, Kristensen MK, Fedder J, et al. (March 2017).
1559:
1502:
438:(breast growth), and low libido. In the majority of the cases, these symptoms are noticed only at
4585:
4577:
4563:
4549:
4507:
4428:
4140:
3020:"Sperm recovery and ICSI outcomes in Klinefelter syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
2992:
1824:"Anxiety and depression in Klinefelter syndrome: The impact of personality and social engagement"
1740:
1328:
905:
189:
180:
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Matlach J, Grehn F, Klink T (Jan 2012). "Klinefelter syndrome associated with goniodysgenesis".
4031:
3882:
1478:. Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. 2013-11-15.
1241:. Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. 2013-10-25.
1215:. Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. 2012-11-30.
846:
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can mitigate any language disorders, difficulties at school, and socialization. An approach by
646:
555:
3817:
3168:
2505:
2350:
Chow JC, Yen Z, Ziesche SM, Brown CJ (2005-09-01). "Silencing of the mammalian X chromosome".
1980:
2592:
Kinjo K, Yoshida T, Kobori Y, Okada H, Suzuki E, Ogata T, Miyado M, Fukami M (January 2020).
2141:"Klinefelter syndrome: the commonest form of hypogonadism, but often overlooked or untreated"
870:
509:
254:
1031:
Simonetti L, Ferreira LG, Vidi AC, de Souza JS, Kunii IS, Melaragno MI, et al. (2021).
897:
606:
Birth of a cell with karyotype XXY due to a nondisjunction event of one X chromosome during
371:
The syndrome is defined by the presence of at least one extra X chromosome in addition to a
4386:
4311:
4056:
3354:
Moilanen U, Kirkinen T, Saari NJ, Rohrlach AB, Krause J, Onkamo P, Salmela E (2021-07-15).
3217:
2420:
Linden MG, Bender BG, Robinson A (October 1995). "Sex chromosome tetrasomy and pentasomy".
1835:
1657:"Assisted reproductive techniques in patients with Klinefelter syndrome: a critical review"
878:
816:
765:. A small blood sample is sufficient as test material. In the past, the observation of the
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539:
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358:
193:
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Boone KB, Swerdloff RS, Miller BL, Geschwind DH, Razani J, Lee A, et al. (May 2001).
8:
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169:
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2267:"Prenatal and postnatal prevalence of Klinefelter syndrome: a national registry study"
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may be considered for psychological benefits and to reduce the risk of breast cancer.
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Samplaski MK, Lo KC, Grober ED, Millar A, Dimitromanolakis A, Jarvi KA (April 2014).
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Blaschke RJ, Rappold G (June 2006). "The pseudoautosomal regions, SHOX and disease".
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Those with XXY are more likely than others to have certain health problems, such as
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1986:
1985:(First ed.). San Diego: Elsevier Science & Technology Books. p. 780.
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132:
81:
2719:"Clinical and diagnostic features of patients with suspected Klinefelter syndrome"
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Gravholt CH, Chang S, Wallentin M, Fedder J, Moore P, Skakkebæk A (August 2018).
1947:
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362:
353:. These complications commonly include infertility and small, poorly functioning
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149:
2190:"Klinefelter Syndrome: Integrating Genetics, Neuropsychology, and Endocrinology"
761:
The standard diagnostic method is the analysis of the chromosomes' karyotype on
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Samplaski MK, Lo KC, Grober ED, Millar A, Dimitromanolakis A, Jarvi KA (2014).
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Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
1006:
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
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692:
642:
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and more severe physical manifestations than those with 48 chromosomes (XXXY).
234:
51:
XXY syndrome, Klinefelter's syndrome, Klinefelter-Reifenstein-Albright syndrome
3756:
3752:
3071:"Should non-mosaic Klinefelter syndrome men be labelled as infertile in 2009?"
2850:
Swerdlow AJ, Higgins CD, Schoemaker MJ, Wright AF, Jacobs PA (December 2005).
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238:
216:
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3019:
2852:"Mortality in patients with Klinefelter syndrome in Britain: a cohort study"
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1990:
726:. Despite this misunderstanding of the term, testicular growth is arrested.
361:, occurring in one to two per 1,000 live births. It is named after American
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Hultborn R, Hanson C, Köpf I, Verbiené I, Warnhammar E, Weimarck A (1997).
1965:
1916:
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1182:"How many people are affected by or at risk for Klinefelter syndrome (KS)?"
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31:
3356:"A Woman with a Sword? – Weapon Grave at Suontaka Vesitorninmäki, Finland"
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2780:
10.1002/(SICI)1097-0223(199704)17:4<363::AID-PD79>3.0.CO;2-O
2594:"Random X chromosome inactivation in patients with Klinefelter syndrome"
2114:
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was common practice, as well. To investigate the presence of a possible
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Groth KA, Skakkebæk A, Høst C, Gravholt CH, Bojesen A (January 2013).
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3229:
2071:"Prevalence of Klinefelter's syndrome in male breast cancer patients"
1898:
966:
820:
770:
766:
623:
595:
566:. It has not been demonstrated that hypertension is related with KS.
385:
304:
270:
157:
145:
66:
2963:"What are the treatments for symptoms in Klinefelter syndrome (KS)?"
2652:
National Library for Health, Specialist Libraries, Clinical Genetics
1606:"The Impact and Management of Gynaecomastia in Klinefelter Syndrome"
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technology with surgically removed sperm material from men with KS.
4393:
4343:
4339:
4211:
3890:
3407:
Jacobs PA (1979). "Recurrence risks for chromosome abnormalities".
2884:
2129:
1535:. Drugs & Diseases: Pediatrics: Genetics and Metabolic Disease.
1239:"What are the treatments for symptoms in Klinefelter syndrome (KS)"
956:
901:
354:
3793:
1213:"How do health care providers diagnose Klinefelter syndrome (KS)?"
4446:
4229:
3902:
1741:"Neuropsychological profiles of adults with Klinefelter syndrome"
1655:
Denschlag D, Tempfer C, Kunze M, Wolff G, Keck C (October 2004).
586:
439:
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occurs in one in 18,000–50,000 male births. The incidence of 49,
3747:
3720:
3017:
2849:
2717:
Kamischke A, Baumgardt A, Horst J, Nieschlag E (Jan–Feb 2003).
602:
502:
465:
424:
420:
325:
242:
111:
4535:
4474:
4450:
4380:
3353:
1880:
1821:
1738:
1127:"Klinefelter syndrome and other sex chromosomal aneuploidies"
1030:
666:
578:
rather than affected by these X-linked recessive conditions.
481:
3299:
2808:
2187:
1929:
4581:
4573:
4517:
4503:
4478:
4406:
4376:
4366:
3557:"Gender Identity and Questioning in Klinefelter's Syndrome"
3068:
2809:
Bojesen A, Juul S, Birkebaek N, Gravholt CH (August 2004).
2099:
658:
558:
due to the predominance of metabolic abnormalities such as
102:
93:
2934:
2896:"Clinical review: Klinefelter syndrome--a clinical update"
2893:
2068:
2025:
1654:
4362:
3433:
3548:
1695:
1002:"What are common symptoms of Klinefelter syndrome (KS)?"
3468:
2675:
2591:
2503:
1745:
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society
831:
569:
In contrast to these potentially increased risks, rare
3112:
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
857:
The syndrome was named after American endocrinologist
686:
2935:
Gabriele R, Borghese M, Conte M, Egidi F (2002). "".
594:
event of one X chromosome from a Y chromosome during
99:
96:
87:
3725:
3069:
Fullerton G, Hamilton M, Maheshwari A (March 2010).
2900:
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
2856:
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
2815:
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
2419:
2271:
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
2227:
2225:
349:, is a chromosome anomaly where a male has an extra
108:
105:
90:
3203:
3201:
2349:
2264:
84:
3173:(Pbk. ed.). New York: Guilford. p. 113.
2304:
2302:
933:. The prevalence of KS is higher than expected in
893:in her 1981 William Allan Memorial Award address.
516:
3511:
2641:
2639:
2311:"Novel genetic aspects of Klinefelter's syndrome"
2308:
2222:
819:is useful in children, especially those who have
678:Approximately 15–20% of males with KS may have a
4678:
3603:
3198:
2550:
2454:
2265:Bojesen A, Juul S, Gravholt CH (February 2003).
1786:
1784:
1782:
1527:Defendi GL (January 31, 2022). Rohena LO (ed.).
1427:
1265:"Is there a cure for Klinefelter syndrome (KS)?"
487:
3567:(S1). Royal College of Psychiatrists: S44–S45.
3252:
3138:"The Klinefelter-Reifenstein-Albright syndrome"
2765:
2384:
2299:
1124:
3462:
2636:
2457:"Chromosomal Variants in Klinefelter Syndrome"
2260:
2258:
1392:
1390:
618:The extra chromosome is retained because of a
4621:46,XX testicular disorders of sex development
3867:
2811:"Increased mortality in Klinefelter syndrome"
2669:
2654:. National Library for Health. Archived from
2387:Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
1779:
1648:
1580:
1207:
1205:
1203:
368:, who identified the condition in the 1940s.
3881:
3505:
3427:
3293:
3207:
2928:
2843:
2802:
2585:
2499:
2497:
2455:Frühmesser, A.; Kotzot, D. (29 April 2011).
2352:Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics
2233:"Klinefelter Syndrome – Inheritance Pattern"
1982:Animal models for the study of human disease
1354:
1352:
1350:
1176:
1174:
1172:
590:Birth of a cell with karyotype XXY due to a
530:to their feminine physical characteristics.
4443:Acute myeloblastic leukemia with maturation
3400:
2255:
1387:
1358:
3874:
3860:
1464:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1257:
1200:
841:Methods of reproductive medicine, such as
454:
56:
3641:
3588:
3383:
3373:
3322:
3276:
3103:
3086:
3045:
3035:
2984:
2911:
2867:
2826:
2734:
2710:
2693:
2619:
2609:
2521:
2494:
2326:
2282:
2205:
2164:
2138:
1955:
1906:
1857:
1847:
1672:
1631:
1621:
1347:
1283:
1169:
1152:
1142:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1058:
1048:
994:
920:This syndrome, evenly distributed in all
3160:
1790:
1732:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1500:
1317:
1231:
830:
826:
601:
585:
492:
2990:
2007:from the original on September 10, 2017
1604:Raheem, Amr Abdel (February 12, 2021).
1526:
1416:
1125:Visootsak J, Graham JM (October 2006).
14:
4679:
3554:
3406:
3258:
3170:Handbook of developmental disabilities
1603:
1105:
533:
3855:
3668:
3409:Birth Defects Original Article Series
3368:. Cambridge University Press: 42–60.
2645:
2364:10.1146/annurev.genom.6.080604.162350
2309:Tüttelmann F, Gromoll J (June 2010).
1539:
1501:Puscheck, Elizabeth (June 16, 2023).
1472:"Klinefelter Syndrome (KS): Overview"
1404:from the original on 8 September 2020
1305:from the original on 15 November 2012
741:, leading to decreased production of
733:cause a reduction in the function of
729:Destruction and hyalinization of the
391:
3166:
2559:European Journal of Medical Genetics
2538:from the original on 11 October 2020
2243:from the original on 30 January 2017
1978:
1797:Clinical Genetics Specialist Library
1581:Zierler-Browm SL (August 25, 2006).
1335:from the original on 17 January 2024
4556:Desmoplastic small-round-cell tumor
1583:"Klinefelter's Syndrome: XXY Males"
753:and further endocrine dysfunction.
687:Random versus skewed X-inactivation
24:
3662:
3608:; Nolan, Brendan J. (2022-04-15).
3347:
3265:American Journal of Human Genetics
2993:"Klinefelter Syndrome – Treatment"
2736:10.1002/j.1939-4640.2003.tb02638.x
2145:Deutsches Ärzteblatt International
1593:. West Palm Beach, Florida: 43–51.
1482:from the original on 18 March 2015
1271:from the original on 17 March 2015
1245:from the original on 15 March 2015
1219:from the original on 17 March 2015
1188:from the original on 17 March 2015
1093:from the original on 15 April 2019
908:of the individual buried with the
626:, maternal meiosis I, or maternal
25:
4718:
3693:
2598:Molecular and Cellular Pediatrics
2103:European Journal of Endocrinology
1131:Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases
1012:from the original on 2 April 2015
423:is on his right breast above the
375:, yielding a total of 47 or more
4687:Diseases named after discoverers
4129:22q11.2 distal deletion syndrome
2999:from the original on 2 July 2012
2695:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.12.051
2523:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.12.051
1674:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2003.09.085
1610:Frontiers in Reproductive Health
1373:10.1097/00007611-198609000-00012
843:intracytoplasmic sperm injection
836:Intracytoplasmic sperm injection
409:
400:
296:, Testosterone Supplementation,
80:
4528:Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans
4471:Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia
4399:Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma
4061:Chromosome 5q deletion syndrome
3555:Cai, Valerie; Yap, Tet (2022).
3361:European Journal of Archaeology
3187:from the original on 2017-09-10
3130:
3062:
3011:
2973:from the original on 2020-07-09
2955:
2759:
2448:
2413:
2378:
2343:
2181:
2093:
2062:
2019:
1972:
1923:
1874:
1815:
1689:
1597:
1574:
1520:
1494:
915:
906:bioarchaeological investigation
701:
517:Behavior and personality traits
1075:
1024:
867:Massachusetts General Hospital
806:surgical removal of the breast
724:hypergonadotropic hypogonadism
13:
1:
4251:Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY)
4016:1q21.1 copy number variations
3448:10.1016/S0140-6736(61)92486-2
3315:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01476-3
1791:GenePool (October 17, 2005).
1558:. 24 May 2007. Archived from
1442:10.1016/j.metabol.2017.09.017
987:
652:
548:venous thromboembolic disease
488:Psychological characteristics
202:venous thromboembolic disease
4457:Acute promyelocytic leukemia
4413:Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
4105:17q12 microdeletion syndrome
3980:22q11.2 duplication syndrome
3958:16p11.2 duplication syndrome
3526:10.1097/IJG.0b013e31824477ef
3259:Jacobs PA (September 1982).
2315:Molecular Human Reproduction
1948:10.1097/PSY.0000000000000718
1849:10.1371/journal.pone.0206932
1299:National Library of Medicine
798:
789:
756:
716:follicle-stimulating hormone
673:
7:
4702:Sex chromosome aneuploidies
4024:1q21.1 duplication syndrome
3911:1q21.1 duplication syndrome
940:
749:. This results in impaired
445:
294:speech and language therapy
27:Human chromosomal condition
18:Klinefelter's syndrome
10:
4723:
3483:10.1177/000992280104001201
2571:10.1016/j.ejmg.2005.09.001
861:, who in 1942 worked with
852:
690:
29:
4599:
4570:Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma
4492:
4421:
4351:
4338:
4329:
4305:XYYYY syndrome (49,XYYYY)
4271:XXXXY syndrome (49,XXXXY)
4266:XXXYY syndrome (49,XXXYY)
4228:
4210:
4196:
4005:
3898:
3889:
3803:
3729:
3678:. Virginia Isaacs Cover.
3024:Human Reproduction Update
2611:10.1186/s40348-020-0093-x
2399:10.1016/j.gde.2006.04.004
2157:10.3238/arztebl.2013.0347
1757:10.1017/S1355617701744013
1087:rarediseases.info.nih.gov
1050:10.3389/fgene.2021.724625
865:and E. C. Reifenstein at
778:of KS cases are found by
472:(i.e., small testicles).
324:
316:
303:
285:
277:
260:
248:
230:
222:
211:
179:
138:
126:
72:
64:
55:
47:
42:
4045:Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome
4020:1q21.1 deletion syndrome
3883:Chromosome abnormalities
2937:Il Giornale di Chirurgia
2646:Leask K (October 2005).
2139:Nieschlag E (May 2013).
1623:10.3389/frph.2021.629673
1361:Southern Medical Journal
947:Sex chromosome anomalies
883:Western General Hospital
581:
30:Not to be confused with
4429:Philadelphia chromosome
4300:XYYY syndrome (48,XYYY)
4261:XXXY syndrome (48,XXXY)
4256:XXYY syndrome (48,XXYY)
4141:22q13 deletion syndrome
3916:2q31.1 microduplication
3711:considered for deletion
2682:Fertility and Sterility
2510:Fertility and Sterility
2389:. Genetics of disease.
1991:10.1016/C2011-0-05225-0
1661:Fertility and Sterility
1329:National Health Service
1295:Genetics Home Reference
647:pseudoautosomal regions
455:Physical manifestations
190:intellectual disability
4288:Pentasomy X (49,XXXXX)
4220:Turner syndrome (45,X)
4101:Smith–Magenis syndrome
4097:Miller–Dieker syndrome
4032:1p36 deletion syndrome
3614:Clinical Endocrinology
2648:"Klinefelter syndrome"
2284:10.1210/jc.2002-021491
2239:. NIH. July 10, 2023.
1936:Psychosomatic Medicine
1793:"Klinefelter syndrome"
1552:"Klinefelter Syndrome"
1529:"Klinefelter Syndrome"
1503:"Early Pregnancy Loss"
1398:"Klinefelter Syndrome"
1325:"Klinefelter syndrome"
1291:"Klinefelter syndrome"
1144:10.1186/1750-1172-1-42
1083:"Klinefelter syndrome"
847:in vitro fertilization
838:
714:level, but high serum
622:event during paternal
611:
599:
556:cardiovascular disease
4295:XYY syndrome (47,XYY)
4283:Tetrasomy X (48,XXXX)
4166:Prader–Willi syndrome
3124:10.1210/jcem-2-11-615
3088:10.1093/humrep/dep431
3037:10.1093/humupd/dmx008
2434:10.1542/peds.96.4.672
2328:10.1093/molehr/gaq019
2207:10.1210/er.2017-00212
2040:10.1542/peds.96.2.302
1803:on September 27, 2007
1710:10.1542/peds.81.6.795
1037:Frontiers in Genetics
871:Boston, Massachusetts
834:
827:Infertility treatment
605:
589:
493:Cognitive development
359:chromosomal disorders
4387:Mantle cell lymphoma
4057:Cri du chat syndrome
3840:Klinefelter syndrome
3717:Klinefelter syndrome
3573:10.1192/bjo.2022.176
2913:10.1210/jc.2012-2382
2869:10.1210/jc.2005-1077
2828:10.1210/jc.2004-0777
2723:Journal of Andrology
1331:. 20 February 2023.
879:John Anderson Strong
817:occupational therapy
731:seminiferous tubules
540:autoimmune disorders
339:Klinefelter syndrome
194:autoimmune disorders
170:less interest in sex
146:above average height
43:Klinefelter syndrome
4697:Intersex variations
4373:Follicular lymphoma
3514:Journal of Glaucoma
3471:Clinical Pediatrics
3375:10.1017/eaa.2021.30
3222:1959Natur.183..302J
2428:(4 Pt 1): 672–682.
2115:10.1530/EJE-15-1025
2075:Anticancer Research
2034:(2 Pt 1): 302–308.
1840:2018PLoSO..1306932S
1562:on 27 November 2012
1301:. 30 October 2012.
1008:. 25 October 2013.
887:Edinburgh, Scotland
720:luteinizing hormone
534:Concomitant illness
499:executive functions
255:Older age of mother
166:small testicle size
4612:Uniparental disomy
4607:Fragile X syndrome
4542:Myxoid liposarcoma
4394:t(11 CCND1:14 IGH)
4278:Trisomy X (47,XXX)
4156:genomic imprinting
3936:Distal trisomy 10q
3804:External resources
3620:(1). Wiley: 3–12.
3309:(10353): 691–692.
3075:Human Reproduction
2768:Prenatal Diagnosis
2461:Sexual Development
1887:Brain and Behavior
839:
813:behavioral therapy
780:prenatal diagnosis
612:
600:
571:X-linked recessive
392:Signs and symptoms
4692:Genetic anomalies
4674:
4673:
4626:Marker chromosome
4595:
4594:
4488:
4487:
4325:
4324:
4192:
4191:
4162:Angelman syndrome
4117:DiGeorge syndrome
4085:Jacobsen syndrome
4073:Williams syndrome
3849:
3848:
3685:978-0-615-57400-4
3669:Cover VI (2012).
3626:10.1111/cen.14734
3442:(7199): 406–408.
3216:(4657): 302–303.
2969:. December 2016.
2862:(12): 6516–6522.
2473:10.1159/000327324
2194:Endocrine Reviews
2081:(6D): 4293–4297.
935:transgender women
859:Harry Klinefelter
657:The condition 48,
366:Harry Klinefelter
345:), also known as
336:
335:
331:Harry Klinefelter
262:Diagnostic method
154:poor coordination
37:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
4714:
4707:1940s neologisms
4617:XX male syndrome
4514:Synovial sarcoma
4391:Multiple myeloma
4359:Burkitt lymphoma
4349:
4348:
4336:
4335:
4239:other karyotypes
4208:
4207:
3990:Cat-eye syndrome
3896:
3895:
3876:
3869:
3862:
3853:
3852:
3727:
3726:
3714:
3689:
3677:
3656:
3655:
3645:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3466:
3460:
3459:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3387:
3377:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3326:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3280:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3230:10.1038/183302a0
3205:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3167:Odom SL (2009).
3164:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3144:. Archived from
3142:Biomedsearch.com
3134:
3128:
3127:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3090:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3049:
3039:
3015:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3004:
2995:. medscape.com.
2988:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2943:(6–7): 250–252.
2932:
2926:
2925:
2915:
2891:
2882:
2881:
2871:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2830:
2821:(8): 3830–3834.
2806:
2800:
2799:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2738:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2697:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2643:
2634:
2633:
2623:
2613:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2525:
2501:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2330:
2306:
2297:
2296:
2286:
2262:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2229:
2220:
2219:
2209:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2168:
2136:
2127:
2126:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2012:
1979:Conn PM (2013).
1976:
1970:
1969:
1959:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1910:
1899:10.1002/brb3.645
1878:
1872:
1871:
1861:
1851:
1834:(11): e0206932.
1819:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1799:. Archived from
1788:
1777:
1776:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1676:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1635:
1625:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1548:
1537:
1536:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1425:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1394:
1385:
1384:
1367:(9): 1089–1093.
1356:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1209:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1178:
1167:
1166:
1156:
1146:
1122:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1062:
1052:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1017:
998:
900:, north-eastern
630:, also known as
413:
404:
290:Physical therapy
144:Varied; include
133:Medical genetics
118:
117:
114:
113:
110:
107:
104:
101:
98:
95:
92:
89:
86:
60:
40:
39:
21:
4722:
4721:
4717:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4712:
4711:
4677:
4676:
4675:
4670:
4631:Ring chromosome
4591:
4484:
4417:
4321:
4237:
4224:
4188:
4001:
3900:
3885:
3880:
3850:
3845:
3844:
3799:
3798:
3738:
3699:
3696:
3686:
3675:
3665:
3663:Further reading
3660:
3659:
3604:Liang, Bonnie;
3602:
3598:
3553:
3549:
3510:
3506:
3477:(12): 639–651.
3467:
3463:
3432:
3428:
3405:
3401:
3352:
3348:
3298:
3294:
3257:
3253:
3206:
3199:
3190:
3188:
3181:
3165:
3161:
3151:
3149:
3136:
3135:
3131:
3118:(11): 615–624.
3108:
3104:
3067:
3063:
3016:
3012:
3002:
3000:
2989:
2985:
2976:
2974:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2933:
2929:
2892:
2885:
2848:
2844:
2807:
2803:
2764:
2760:
2715:
2711:
2674:
2670:
2661:
2659:
2644:
2637:
2590:
2586:
2555:
2551:
2541:
2539:
2502:
2495:
2485:
2483:
2453:
2449:
2418:
2414:
2383:
2379:
2348:
2344:
2307:
2300:
2263:
2256:
2246:
2244:
2231:
2230:
2223:
2186:
2182:
2151:(20): 347–353.
2137:
2130:
2098:
2094:
2067:
2063:
2024:
2020:
2010:
2008:
2001:
1977:
1973:
1928:
1924:
1879:
1875:
1820:
1816:
1806:
1804:
1789:
1780:
1737:
1733:
1694:
1690:
1653:
1649:
1602:
1598:
1587:U.S. Pharmacist
1579:
1575:
1565:
1563:
1550:
1549:
1540:
1525:
1521:
1511:
1509:
1499:
1495:
1485:
1483:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1426:
1417:
1407:
1405:
1400:. Mayo Clinic.
1396:
1395:
1388:
1357:
1348:
1338:
1336:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1308:
1306:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1274:
1272:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1248:
1246:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1222:
1220:
1211:
1210:
1201:
1191:
1189:
1180:
1179:
1170:
1123:
1106:
1096:
1094:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1029:
1025:
1015:
1013:
1000:
999:
995:
990:
972:Turner syndrome
943:
931:gender identity
918:
875:Patricia Jacobs
863:Fuller Albright
855:
829:
801:
792:
759:
751:spermatogenesis
704:
695:
689:
676:
655:
584:
564:type 2 diabetes
536:
519:
495:
490:
457:
448:
431:
430:
429:
428:
416:
415:
414:
406:
405:
394:
363:endocrinologist
311:life expectancy
267:Genetic testing
122:
83:
79:
38:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4720:
4710:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4668:
4667:
4666:
4628:
4623:
4614:
4609:
4603:
4601:
4597:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4590:
4589:
4567:
4553:
4539:
4525:
4511:
4496:
4494:
4490:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4482:
4468:
4454:
4440:
4425:
4423:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4415:
4410:
4396:
4384:
4370:
4355:
4353:
4346:
4333:
4331:Translocations
4327:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4319:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4291:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4274:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4247:
4245:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4222:
4216:
4214:
4205:
4194:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4186:
4176:
4175:
4174:
4173:
4151:
4150:
4149:
4148:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4114:
4113:
4112:
4094:
4093:
4092:
4082:
4081:
4080:
4070:
4069:
4068:
4054:
4053:
4052:
4042:
4041:
4040:
4011:
4009:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3999:
3998:
3997:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3949:
3948:
3941:Patau syndrome
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3907:
3905:
3893:
3887:
3886:
3879:
3878:
3871:
3864:
3856:
3847:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3831:
3820:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3801:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3785:
3774:
3759:
3739:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3730:Classification
3724:
3723:
3695:
3694:External links
3692:
3691:
3690:
3684:
3664:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3606:Cheung, Ada S.
3596:
3547:
3504:
3461:
3426:
3399:
3346:
3292:
3271:(5): 689–698.
3251:
3197:
3179:
3159:
3129:
3102:
3081:(3): 588–597.
3061:
3030:(3): 265–275.
3010:
2983:
2967:nichd.nih.gov/
2954:
2939:(in Italian).
2927:
2883:
2842:
2801:
2774:(4): 363–368.
2758:
2709:
2688:(4): 950–955.
2668:
2635:
2584:
2565:(4): 331–337.
2549:
2516:(4): 950–955.
2493:
2467:(3): 109–123.
2447:
2412:
2393:(3): 233–239.
2377:
2342:
2321:(6): 386–395.
2298:
2277:(2): 622–626.
2254:
2221:
2200:(4): 389–423.
2180:
2128:
2109:(1): R27–R40.
2092:
2061:
2018:
1999:
1971:
1942:(7): 629–640.
1922:
1873:
1814:
1778:
1751:(4): 446–456.
1731:
1704:(6): 795–806.
1688:
1667:(4): 875–879.
1647:
1596:
1573:
1538:
1519:
1493:
1463:
1415:
1386:
1346:
1316:
1282:
1256:
1230:
1199:
1168:
1104:
1074:
1023:
992:
991:
989:
986:
985:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
942:
939:
917:
914:
910:Suontaka sword
854:
851:
828:
825:
800:
797:
791:
788:
758:
755:
703:
700:
693:X-inactivation
691:Main article:
688:
685:
675:
672:
654:
651:
643:X inactivation
620:nondisjunction
592:nondisjunction
583:
580:
535:
532:
518:
515:
494:
491:
489:
486:
470:microorchidism
456:
453:
447:
444:
418:
417:
408:
407:
399:
398:
397:
396:
395:
393:
390:
334:
333:
328:
322:
321:
318:
314:
313:
309:Nearly normal
307:
301:
300:
287:
283:
282:
279:
275:
274:
264:
258:
257:
252:
246:
245:
235:Nondisjunction
232:
228:
227:
224:
220:
219:
213:
209:
208:
183:
177:
176:
158:less body hair
150:weaker muscles
142:
136:
135:
130:
124:
123:
121:
120:
76:
74:
70:
69:
62:
61:
53:
52:
49:
45:
44:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4719:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4684:
4682:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4634:
4633:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4598:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4568:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4554:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4540:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4526:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4512:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4500:Ewing sarcoma
4498:
4497:
4495:
4491:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4469:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4455:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4441:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4424:
4420:
4414:
4411:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4388:
4385:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4371:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4328:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4244:
4240:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4213:
4209:
4206:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4185:
4184:Proximal 18q-
4181:
4178:
4177:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4153:
4152:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4142:
4139:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4130:
4127:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4118:
4115:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4095:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4083:
4079:
4076:
4075:
4074:
4071:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4062:
4058:
4055:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4043:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4008:
4004:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3969:
3968:Down syndrome
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3899:Duplications,
3897:
3894:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3877:
3872:
3870:
3865:
3863:
3858:
3857:
3854:
3841:
3837:
3836:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3825:
3821:
3819:
3815:
3814:
3810:
3809:
3806:
3802:
3795:
3791:
3790:
3786:
3784:
3780:
3779:
3775:
3773:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3740:
3737:
3732:
3728:
3722:
3718:
3712:
3708:
3707:
3703:
3698:
3697:
3687:
3681:
3674:
3673:
3667:
3666:
3653:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3600:
3591:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3551:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3508:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3465:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3430:
3422:
3418:
3415:(5C): 71–80.
3414:
3410:
3403:
3395:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3350:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3296:
3288:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3255:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3204:
3202:
3186:
3182:
3180:9781606232484
3176:
3172:
3171:
3163:
3148:on 2017-08-27
3147:
3143:
3139:
3133:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3106:
3098:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3065:
3057:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3014:
2998:
2994:
2991:Harold Chen.
2987:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2958:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2931:
2923:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2890:
2888:
2879:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2846:
2838:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2805:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2762:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2672:
2658:on 2007-09-27
2657:
2653:
2649:
2642:
2640:
2631:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2588:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2553:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2500:
2498:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2451:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2416:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2381:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2346:
2338:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2305:
2303:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2261:
2259:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2228:
2226:
2217:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2184:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2135:
2133:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2096:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2006:
2002:
2000:9780124159129
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1975:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1926:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1893:(3): e00645.
1892:
1888:
1884:
1877:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1818:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1692:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1651:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1600:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1577:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1534:
1530:
1523:
1508:
1504:
1497:
1481:
1477:
1476:nichd.nih.gov
1473:
1467:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1403:
1399:
1393:
1391:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1286:
1270:
1266:
1260:
1244:
1240:
1234:
1218:
1214:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1078:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1027:
1011:
1007:
1003:
997:
993:
983:
982:XXYY syndrome
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
944:
938:
936:
932:
927:
923:
922:ethnic groups
913:
911:
907:
903:
899:
894:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
850:
848:
844:
837:
833:
824:
822:
818:
814:
809:
807:
804:present, the
796:
787:
783:
781:
776:
772:
768:
764:
754:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
735:Sertoli cells
732:
727:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
699:
694:
684:
681:
671:
668:
664:
660:
650:
648:
644:
639:
635:
633:
632:gametogenesis
629:
625:
621:
616:
610:in the female
609:
604:
597:
593:
588:
579:
577:
572:
567:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
544:breast cancer
541:
531:
527:
523:
514:
511:
506:
504:
500:
485:
483:
477:
473:
471:
467:
466:breast tissue
461:
452:
443:
441:
437:
426:
422:
412:
403:
389:
387:
383:
378:
374:
369:
367:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
332:
329:
327:
323:
320:1 in 500–1000
319:
315:
312:
308:
306:
302:
299:
295:
291:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
265:
263:
259:
256:
253:
251:
247:
244:
240:
239:gametogenesis
236:
233:
229:
225:
221:
218:
217:fertilisation
214:
210:
207:
203:
199:
198:breast cancer
195:
191:
187:
184:
182:
181:Complications
178:
175:
171:
167:
163:
162:breast growth
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
141:
137:
134:
131:
129:
125:
116:
78:
77:
75:
73:Pronunciation
71:
68:
63:
59:
54:
50:
46:
41:
33:
19:
4250:
4154:
4028:TAR syndrome
3931:Tetrasomy 9p
3833:
3822:
3811:
3787:
3776:
3761:
3742:
3704:
3671:
3617:
3613:
3599:
3564:
3561:BJPsych Open
3560:
3550:
3520:(5): e7–e8.
3517:
3513:
3507:
3474:
3470:
3464:
3439:
3435:
3429:
3412:
3408:
3402:
3385:10138/340641
3365:
3359:
3349:
3324:10316/101524
3306:
3302:
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