Kingdom of Chiang Mai

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British firms. Herbert Slade suggested that, in order to gain full control over timber business, Bangkok government should take over forest ownership from Lanna lords. Northern teak forests were then transferred from traditional ownership by Lanna princes to the Forestry Department. British companies rented forest lands from Forestry Department instead of Lanna princes. Growth of Western timber companies undermined economic dominance of Lanna lords. Lanna princes had to become renters in their own ancestral lands to earn living and many princes failed in their businesses. Prince Boonwat Wongmanit of Lampang conducted his own timber operation but was outcompeted by British companies and his business had to shut down, earning him the debt of 145,000 baht.

899:, posing to be an independent ruler. Maha Hkanan faced intensive attacks from the Burmese who were eager to reconquer Kengtung. Thammalangka led Lanna forces to support Maha Hkanan in 1808 but was defeated by the Burmese. Maha Hkanan eventually decided to accept Burmese suzerainty in 1813 and Kengtung was restored as a Burmese vassal. After the death of Kawila in 1816, Lanna's northern campaigns largely ceased. It is estimated that, during this period, about 50,000 to 70,000 people were deported from northern Tai principalities into Lanna towns. These resettled people were viewed by Lanna as belonging to 'Lanna cultural zone' because they spoke mutually intelligible languages and used similar writing system. 2228:

instead. However, Kawila was unable to restore Chiang Mai right away due to inadequate population and Lampang remained the main city in Kawila's dominions. Khamsom moved the city of Lampang from the old site on eastern bank to the new town of southwestern bank. Kawila repelled two Burmese attacks on Lampang in 1786 and 1788. Khamsom died in 1794 and was succeeded by his younger brother Duangthip. In 1796, Kawila took a portion of population from Lampang to restore Chiang Mai. Lord Duangthip of Lampang joined forces in the capture of Chiang Saen in 1804 and received a population of thousands of people from Chiang Saen into Lampang, where Duangthip had them settled on eastern bank of Wang River.

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McDonald, a Presbyterian missionary, apparently did not comply. Two native Lanna Protestant converts, by the names of Noi Sunya and Nanchai, were martyred in September 1869 during the judiciary tortures. McDonald travelled to Chiang Mai in 1869 to remind Kawilorot that he could not harm American subjects but could do nothing about native Lanna converts as they were totally under the sway of autonomous Lanna lords. Kawilorot asserted that the missionaries could stay as physicians but if they preached Christianity they would be expelled. Kawilorot went to Bangkok in 1869 to attend the funeral of King Mongkut but died on his way back to Chiang Mai in June 1870.

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industry that benefitted only the elites, Lanna economy by then had still been self-sufficient and mostly barter-based. Lanna common people did not manage to conduct trade to acquire currency. Resistances arose against these Bangkok-led financial reforms. Princess Ubonwanna, daughter of Kawilorot and sister of Queen Thipkraisorn, posed herself as a shaman and spoke that ancestral spirits were against tax monopolies. In 1889, it was decreed that the fruit tax was to be levied annually at fixed rate instead of per transaction, leading to sudden increase of tax obligation by areca nut growers in

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belonged to Lanna aristocrats, were confiscated to be under control of the Forestry Department. Lanna lords found themselves transforming from landlord leasers to become renters in their own ancestral lands. Inthawichayanon died in 1897 when his son Uparaj Noi Suriya was away in Bangkok. Phraya Songsuradet took this chance to seize control of all Lanna finance, outraging the Lanna lords. Lanna lords expressed their negative opinions about Songsuradet to King Chulalongkorn, who eventually recalled Songsuradet in 1899 but the progress of integration had already taken pace.

2425: 1427:) or Northwestern Circle was established as a full-fledged Monthon to succeed the previous Monthon Lao Chiang. Direct administration by central government was imposed and indigenous institutions were simply abolished as Lanna was eventually annexed into Siam, ending centuries of tributary relationships between Lanna and Siam as well as the existence of Lanna as distinct polity itself. Establishment of Monthon Phayap was formalized in 1900 with Bangkok achieving full control of the north. Noi Suriya, son of Inthawichayanon, was appointed as Prince 3928:. McLeod then used this data to estimate the population of Lanna. McLeod proposed that there were 50,000 people in the province of Chiang Mai, 30,000 people in province of Lampang and 10,000 people in province of Lamphun. However, both McLeod himself and modern historians took critical view on this information as traditional Lanna census method was far from reliable. Lanna authorities conducted census only on able-bodied men on purpose of conscription of these men into labor and warfare. Women, children, elders and slaves were not counted. 2213: 1166:). However, abandoning Buddhism was considered sedition and punishable by death according to Lanna law. In 1869, Kawilorot executed two Lanna Protestant converts. McGilvary then filed the case to Bangkok, who was unable to interfere in Chiang Mai. Also in 1869, Kawilorot sent forces to plunder Mawkmai because the latter refused to submit to Chiang Mai. The Chiang Mai ruler traveled to Bangkok in late 1869. During Kawilorot's journey to Bangkok, however, Kolan of Mawkmai retaliated by attacking and burning down Lanna towns of 4602:(whose wife Sophia was a daughter of Bradley) to work on 'Lao' people. McGilvary and his wife Sophia then took a three-month journey from Bangkok to Chiang Mai, reaching the city in April 1867 to found a Christian mission there. McGilvary was also credited with introduction of Western medicine into Lanna. In April 1868, McGilvary announced the establishment of the First Church in Chiang Mai as the first ever Christian organization in Lanna. Board of Foreign Missions, Presbyterian Church of USA endorsed formation of the 4587: 4032: 2124: 1203: 998: 4019:. Richardson observed that Chinese horse merchant caravans from Yunnan sold gold, silver and ironwares, carpet and dyes and, in return, purchased native products including cotton, ivory and animal skin. Cattle was the most valuable Lanna export until it was surpassed by teak in the 1860s. Salt was imported from Nan to be sold elsewhere. Imports were foreign exotic products including textile, iron, opium, beeswax and brass pans. Teak timber logging was the monopoly of Lanna royalty or 4385: 3731: 4074:, owing to precipitous rise in transactions, poured into Lanna to totally replace local currencies. The rupee became the main currency in use in Lanna and was even preferred over Central Siamese currency. Cutting fees were fixed and improvised to depend on the breadth size of the logs, from one to three rupees per log. Lanna was more connected to Lower Burma than to Central Siam. It took around two weeks for traders from Chiang Mai to go through the 3787: 1349: 2040: 1072: 182: 22: 1118: 2971: 908: 1114:

was no mention about Siam's tributary states in the agreement. Kawilorot also viewed that Lanna teak forest was his personal property not subjected to free trade regulations stipulated by the treaty. Kawilorot even suggested the British to conclude a separate treaty with Chiang Mai. The British, however, chose to refer the issue to Bangkok, who was unable to coerce the ruler of Chiang Mai to accept anything.

2753: 4182:. The areca nut tax collector imprisoned and physically tortured the growers who failed to deliver their taxes. Phaya Phap, a local leader in Nongchom, decided to take up arms and raise forces against this new tax aimed at Chinese tax collectors. Even though the rebellion was eventually defeated, Bangkok then chose to stall further reforms and loosened its control over Lanna for some years until 1894. 1148:. Kawilorot responded by sending war elephants to aid Kolan in his wars. However, the Uparaj Prince informed Bangkok in 1865 that Kawilorot had exchanged gifts with and sent elephants as tributes to the Burmese king at Ava. Kawilorot was then summoned to Bangkok for trials, in which he was acquitted of accusations. Kawilorot was known for his absolutist and autocratic ruling style, earning him epithet 1771: 680: 4162: 3063:) – namely Chiang Mai, Lampang and Lamphun. His primary duty was to act as judge in legal cases involving British subjects in the Anglo-Siamese mixed court on behalf of the British consul at Bangkok. In practice, Phra Narin was also to oversee the Lanna government to comply with British treaty terms including maintenance of security forces on the frontiers and regulation of teak-forest leasing. 832: 1268: 3231:

Songsuradet seized control of Lanna state finance, procuring animosity from Lanna lords who wrote to Chulalongkorn to express their dissatisfactions over Songsuradet. Songsuradet was eventually recalled in 1899 but his withdrawal meant the end of autonomy and political identity of Lanna as Monthon Phayap was established that year, ending tributary status and fully annexed Lanna into Siam.

2247:. In 1848, possibly out of political motives, Lord Mahawong of Chiang Mai and the ruler of Lamphun informed Bangkok that Noi-in of Lampang was disloyal. Noi-in was called to Bangkok for judiciary trial where he fell ill and died. This incident left the princely seat of Lampang vacant for eight years with Worayanrangsi, another son of Khamsom, in charge. Worayanrangsi was eventually made 3553: 3270: 1522:. Initially, there were only two princedoms: Chiang Mai and Lampang. Deportation of Tai Lue people from Mong Yawng to Lamphun in 1805 led to establishment of Lamphun as the third princedom in 1805, which was officially endorsed by Bangkok in 1814. The ruler of Chiang Mai commanded respects from all over Lanna and also sent tributes to Bangkok in traditional tributary relations per 720:) as nominal governor of Chiang Mai in efforts to restore Chiang Mai as a population center and forefront citadel against Burmese invasions. After decades of warfare, however, Lanna as a whole suffered from manpower shortage. Kawila was unable to take position at Chiang Mai right away due to inadequate population so he instead established himself temporarily at 2263:

occurred in 1893 when Phrommaphipong decided to give powers to his own preferred heir instead of Norananthachai – a son of Worayanrangsi and the candidate endorsed by Bangkok. Bangkok forced Phrommaphipong to retire in 1893 with Norananthachai becoming the new ruler. By this time, Siamese government had exerted much control over Lanna as

3907:. After the death of Kawila in 1816, resettlement campaigns largely ceased albeit with minor occurrences into mid-nineteenth century. Resettled war captives contributed to a large part of Lanna population. It is estimated that, by the 1830s, about one-third or a half of Lanna population descended from the ethnic war captives. 3103:

However, native Lanna institutions were not entirely dismissed. In fact, both Lanna and Siamese governments 'coexisted' in this period. Bangkok government preferred gradual and reconciliatory approach over abrupt, precipitous changes. Those reforms aimed at integration of Lanna into Siam and solving economic issues including;

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Burmese and British individual timber loggers, in which the contracts were written on palm leaves. Teak cutters were obliged to pay cutting fees, which were negotiation per occasion, to Lanna prince-leasers depending on the number of logs produced. Teak logs were dumped afloat into the river to be transported to Moulmein.

3053:) to Chiang Mai to oversee the legal cases as judge and to provide security to British loggers. The treaty gave Bangkok the context to begin the decades-long process of gradual takeover of indigenous Lanna government in the course of centralization. In 1875, Phra Narintha Ratchaseni was appointed as the first 2459:. Lamphun was then restored as the third princely seat of the Chetton dynasty. Kawila appointed his younger brother Khamfan to be the ruler of Lamphun in 1806, who was officially endorsed as ruler of Lamphun by Bangkok in 1814. Lamphun was visited by both Richardson and McLeod on their way to Chiang Mai. 4551:). Unlike in Central Siam, Lanna government did not exert direct control over monastic institutions in bureaucratic hierarchy and did not attempt to purify doctrinal practices. Lanna rulers were patrons of Buddhism and the monks, who were left at much freedom. There was no single unified leader of the 4645:

himself to seek support, leading the king to issue a toleration edict in October 1878 confirming freedom of religion in Lanna. ฺ By 1880, the Protestant Church of the North had eighty-three members. The mission later expanded to Lampang (1885), Phrae (1893), Nan (1895) and Chiang Rai (1897). In 1888,

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or slaves in Lanna. Unlike 'free' Phrai who were allowed to return to their homes, slaves were always in service of their masters. Lanna slaves were either war captive slaves from resettlement campaigns or those who were unable to pay debts. Indebted slaves were freed when their debts were paid. Most

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in 1896, which Herbert Slade the British forester was appointed as the first director and other British personnel filled the positions. Forestry Department was to regulate forest renting contract terms and profit sharing between companies and the government and to possibly contain concession to large

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Chiang Mai was the second most populated city after Bangkok in the Siamese empire. As the days of warfare had been gone, Lanna experienced relative peace and stability and its population grew considerably during the course of the nineteenth century. William Couperus McLeod visited Chiang Mai in 1837,

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were left depopulated in early nineteenth century to create buffer zone with Burma until they were later restored (Chiang Rai and Phayao in 1843, Chiang Saen and Fang in 1881) by migrations from Chiang Mai and Lampang. Each of the princedoms – Chiang Mai, Lampang and Lamphun – had their own satellite

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or heir would perform native Lanna coronation ceremony before taking journey to Bangkok to pay tributes, waiting to be endorsed. Siamese king at Bangkok would then confer rulership titles to the new ruler and his relatives in the princely college. In each princedom, there were five available princely

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even collaborated with Chiang Mai against the reforms. In 1889, Phaya Phap, a local Lanna nobleman, arose in armed rebellion against unpopular tax system. Even though the rebellion was quelled, Bangkok decided to tone down the reform pace and preceding changes were rescinded – a temporary triumph for

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the British consul at Bangkok traveled to Chiang Mai to observe political situation. Schomburgk complained to King Kawilorot of Chiang Mai that British subjects in Lanna were not treated in accordance with Bowring Treaty terms. Kawilorot replied that the Bowring Treaty did not apply to Lanna as there

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at Bangkok was determined to take Chiang Hung and ordered Mahawong to send Lanna forces of 7,500 men to capture Kengtung (Chiang Tung) in 1850 to pave way to Sipsongpanna. Mahawong sent his own son Noi Mahaphrom to attack Mong Hsat and Uparaj Phimphisan to attack Mong Yawng, in which both armies were

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but not much the case in Lanna. Kawilorot was against the preaching and, influenced by his Portuguese advisor Fonseca, asked Noah A. McDonald the acting American consul at Bangkok to remove the missionaries from Chiang Mai because their proselytism had upset natural spirits and caused crop failures.

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However, the forest-leasing system led by Lanna aristocrats was not perfect. Owing to ill-defined nature of land ownership, sometimes Lanna lords granted duplicated and conflicting land leases such as granting land that was not theirs or issuing to more than one renters at the same time. This led to

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in 1826 led to British economic interest in Lanna over valuable teak forestry and subsequent entrance of British entrepreneurs into Lanna. Lanna rulers were the hereditary owners of vast northern teak forests. Starting around 1835 or 1840, Lanna rulers and princes began to lease teak forest lands to

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to the north and Siam to the south, Chiang Mai had been an important trade entrepôt and served as the place for commodity exchanges between regions. There was no indigenous merchant class as all non-elite Lanna men were subjected to periodic corvée obligations. Long-distance trades were conducted by

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in 1881 in order to push the border proclamations against the Shans. Mae Hong Son became ambiguous contesting area between Chiang Mai and Mawkmai. Kolan of Mawkmai gave Mae Hong Son to his niece Lady Nang Mya, while Chiang Mai appointed a Shan man named Taikdaga Sa as governor of Mae Hong Son at the

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to the south of Chiang Mai as his temporary headquarters. Kawila spent a decade clearing the forests, rebuilding fortifications in Chiang Mai and accumulating people. Eventually in 1797, King Rama I ordered Kawila to take some population from Lampang to found Chiang Mai right away. After two decades

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Chiangmai Treaty of 1874 provided context for Siam to interfere with Lanna administration. Siamese intervention in Lanna was to preserve the kingdom's sovereignty but also put strain on relations between Bangkok and Chiang Mai, who viewed their traditional powers and privileges as being compromised.

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with British India (despite the name, the treaty was concluded in Calcutta not in Chiang Mai and no Lanna delegates was present in negotiations). Siam and Lanna were obliged to pose police forces at Salween frontiers to prevent 'dacoity and heinous crimes', in which the British indirectly recognized

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on his state visit to British India in 1872. In 1873, British India urged Siamese government to ensure safety in the frontiers lest they would take matter into their own hands by occupying those areas. Both Siam and the British agreed that Lanna autonomy was the cause of these problems. Chiang Mai's

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to the British in Siam, meaning that legal cases concerning any British subjects in Siam would be under jurisdiction of British consular court at Bangkok rather than indigenous court and law. Question about whether the Bowring Treaty affected the autonomous Lanna was, however, subjected to political

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or palace as his predecessors and constructed his own palace. Political reconciliation took place as Phimphisan eventually returned to Chiang Mai. Tenure of Phutthawong was largely peaceful, earning him the epithet 'Lord of the Peaceful Reign'. Only military mobilization in his time was in 1827 when

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laid in the hands of his anti-Western younger brother Prince Chao Uparaj Bunthawong. Charles W. Vrooman arrived in 1872 as surgeon-pastor and he was noted for his exploration of Lanna lands to expand the mission. In 1878, Nan Inta was to marry his daughter to another native-convert man in the first

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tribes. In 1809, remaining people of Kengtung and Mong Yawng were again deported into Lanna. On many occasions, the princely ruler of that state was deported along with his subjects as a whole to resettle in Lanna, where a whole community was set up to imitate the town that he came from, reflecting

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of Chiang Mai wrote to King Chulalongkorn to rescind the reforms in Chiang Mai because it 'upset the ancestral spirits'. Princess Ubonwanna, younger sister of Queen Thipkraisorn, even posed herself as a shaman and spoke, by the words of the spirit of her late father King Kawilorot, that Chinese tax

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of Chiang Mai in 1892 to cede 'Thirteen Shan and Karenni Towns' of the Trans-Salween area to British Burma. Siam sent its own officials to join with British commissioner Arthur H. Hildebrand to demarcate Anglo-Siamese Trans-Salween borders in January 1894, taking the same line previously defined by

3010:) and sent forces to occupy this area in 1889. However, the British viewed these towns as belonging to Shan states of Mongpan and Mawkmai, which were under British control. In 1889, the British Government of India requested Bangkok to settle the Trans-Salween boundaries and sent a commission led by 2262:

After being ruled by sons of Khamsom for four decades, the rulership of Lampang went to Phrommaphipong, a son of Duangthip, in 1873. Lampang, like Chiang Mai, was subjected to Bangkok-led centralization reforms in late nineteenth century aimed at integration of Lanna into Siam. A succession dispute

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departments were established. More effective and stringent taxation were imposed to raise revenue. Prince Bunthawong died in 1882, leaving Thipkraisorn in power. Bangkok favored Thipkraisorn as capable and cooperative leader but her abrupt death in 1884 left Inthawichayanon broken. Other successive

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of Chiang Mai but also inherited 466,000-rupee compensation debt to British loggers from his predecessor that was obliged to be paid in seven years. Inthawichayanon was considered inexperienced and actual handling of government affairs laid in the hands of competing factions led by his conservative

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became the main trade center connecting inland trade from Chiang Mai to the British-Burmese port. However, Lanna rulers sometimes granted overlapping and conflicting patents to loggers owing to ill-defined nature of land ownership and contracting terms. This led to legal disputes between individual

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After decades of Burmese-Siamese Wars, Lanna, as the frontline battlegrounds, was ravaged by warfare and faced manpower shortage. After reestablishment of Chiang Mai in 1797, Kawila and other Lanna lords pursued the policy of "putting vegetables into baskets, putting people into towns" to wage wars

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These taxes, however, affected Lanna common folk because they had to pay more taxes while earning the same income. Moreover, these taxes were to be paid in currency money not in commodities. Unlike Central Siam, whose economy was monetized due to trade liberalization, in spite of burgeoning timber

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polities, economy of Lanna before arrival of Western entrepreneurs mainly involved self-subsistence rice agriculture and forest products gathering with limited trade contacts with outside world. Lanna court levied tax from common people in form of commodity and shares of their produces. There were

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appointed Kawila as Phraya Wachiraprakarn the new governor of Chiang Mai and tasked him with restoration of Chiang Mai as political center of Lanna and as frontline defense against Burma. However, due to inadequate population, Kawila was not able to take his position in Chiang Mai right away so he

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Khamfan succeeded his elder brother Thammalangka as ruler of Chiang Mai in 1822 and there began political conflicts between branches of Chetton dynasty that would plague the Chiang Mai polity for several decades. Khamfan faced political opposition from his cousin Khammoon and his brother Duangthip

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s at many temples in Lanna but they were not more than local spiritual leaders. Buddhist knowledge and strict observation of monastic rules made a Lanna monk respectable. However, there was no examination to testify and qualify doctrinal knowledge of the monks, who were chosen from popularity and

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or Dynasty of Seven Princes who were sons of Chaikaew including Kawila himself and his siblings. In 1804, combined allied forces from Bangkok, Chiang Mai, Lampang, Nan and Vientiane attacked Chiang Saen, the last Burmese stronghold in Lanna, to eliminate all Burmese influence on Lanna. Chiang Mai

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who managed treasury and distributed 'salaries' to Lanna princes and aristocrats. King Inthawichayanon of Chiang Mai was accorded the annual stipend of 80,000 rupees, while Prince Norananthachai the ruler of Lampang received 30,000 rupees annually and the ruler of Lamphun received 30,000 rupees.

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in 1896 to regulate forest leasing in Northern Siam. Herbert Slade, a British forestry expert, was hired as the first director of Forestry Department. Slade suggested that Siamese government should end traditional ownership of Lanna princes over the forests. So, northern teak forests, previously

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sent armies of 15,000 men to reclaim Lanna. Phaya Chaban Boonma the governor of Chiang Mai was eventually compelled to abandon the city due to overwhelming Burmese forces. Inhabitants of Chiang Mai fled into the jungles and authorities collapsed. Due to Burmese military pressure, Chiang Mai was

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The Burmese were keen on reclaiming Lanna. In 1777, Burmese forces invaded Chiang Mai. Phaya Chaban had to abandon his city in the face of the Burmese invasion due to numerical inferiority of his defense forces. Chiang Mai was, therefore, abandoned, ceased to exist as a functional city with its

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or commissioner at Chiang Mai in 1884. Prince Phichit Prichakorn had more powers than his predecessors as he introduced sweeping reforms that imposed Central Siamese governance onto Lanna. Traditional powers and prestige of Lanna rulers eroded and diminished in the face of integration reforms.

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After expeditions, the British realized that Tenasserim–Yunnan trade route operated on relatively low scale not enough to sustain the economy. The British were then poised to promote the Yunnanese commerce themselves. In late 1836, Blundell sent William C. McLeod, accompanied by Richardson, on

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or Central Siamese royal commissioner to oversee Chiang Mai government and to act as judge. Phra Narin sent forces to expel Kengtung occupying forces from Chiang Saen. Anglo-Siamese system postulated by 1874 Treaty to govern British subjects in Lanna was proven to be ineffective due to lack of

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recognized the Salween as the Burmese-Lanna border in 1847 and sent delegates to put up boundaries markers along the Salween. Under this definition, trans-Salween states on eastern side of Salween including Kengtung, Mong Yawng and Mong Hsat were to be territories of Chiang Mai. However, with

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was spared from abandonment and depopulation in late eighteenth century and stood as frontline citadel against Burmese attacks. Kawila the governor of Lampang was made Phraya Wicharaprakarn the nominal governor of Chiang Mai in 1782 and his younger brother Khamsom was made governor of Lampang

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Protestant mission in Chiang Mai took a negative turn in September 1869. In pre-modern Thailand, religion was closely tied with ethnicity. Westerners were allowed to practice their religion freely but conversion of native people was viewed by government as being seditious. Negative stance on

3764:, took Chiang Saen the last Burmese power center in Lanna. The 23,000 inhabitants of Chiang Saen were divided equally into five portions and given to each victor party. Northern Lanna inhabitants from Chiang Saen were settled on the eastern outskirts of Chiang Mai. Northern Lanna area around 989:. In 1847, the British asked Chiang Mai court to put on boundaries markers at the Salween. Chiang Mai told the British to do right away because it was British concern not theirs. The British then took the liberty to explore upstream the Salween river between 1847 and 1849 to survey the area. 3230:

or the Supreme Commissioner. Phraya Songsuradet took absolute control over government personnel appointment, manpower control and taxation in Lanna. Lanna rulers and their government became largely powerless and ceremonial. At the death of King Inthawichayanon of Chiang Mai in 1897, Phraya

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Buddhist monks were of a special social class and commanded respects from all classes of the society. Monks were spared from corvée obligations and taxes, serving as social mobility pathway. Lanna women were also conscripted, albeit rarely, to produce some kinds of commodities and even in

3899:. As the trans-Salween states, including Kengtung, Mong Yawng and Mong Hsat, were vassals of Lanna in most of pre-Burmese period, these captured Tai Khuen and Tai Lue people were not considered by Lanna people as foreigners but as people belonging to the same greater Lanna cultural zone. 4190:

allowed Westerners to handle logging directly without having to buy from the natives. In 1882–84, Siam-Lanna exported 20,000 tons of teak, worth 130,000 pounds, generating the revenue of 686,000 baht annually in 1886. Teak became a major export commodity of Siamese kingdom as a whole.

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British legation in Chiang Mai. In 1878, Nan Inta was to marry his daughter away in the first Christian marriage in Lanna but faced opposition from Prince Uparat Bunthawong. McGilvary sought assistance from King Chulalongkorn, prompting the king to issue an edict in 1878 guaranteeing

2714:, they saw Yunnan as their economic savior. Edward Blundell the Commissioner of British Tenasserim dispatched David Richardson in 1834 from Moulmein to explore Tai-Shan States on the highlands to navigate Chinese trade routes to Yunnan, which apparently had to pass through Lanna. In 3014:

for the task. However, Siamese representatives did not show up at the place so Elias was obliged to conduct frontier exploration in December 1889 without Siamese participation. During the expedition, Elias met with Siamese garrisons who agreed to leave the area at Elias' requests.

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or royal commissioner in Chiang Mai. Phra Narin introduced financial reforms. In order to pay debts owed to the British, more taxes were needed to generate revenue. Central-Siamese style taxes were introduced including land tax, alcohol tax, swine tax, lacquer tax and fruits tax.

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in 1825, met with 'Western Lao chiefs' at Bangkok – purportedly Lord Phutthawong of Chiang Mai and Lord Bunma of Lamphun, who were on visit to Bangkok to pay tributes at the time. Phutthawong sent another letter in 1828 and the ruler of Lamphun sent one in December 1829. In 1829,

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of Burma sent Burmese forces of 30,000 men from Burmese-held Chiang Saen to lay siege on Lampang. Kawila held out Burmese besiegers for four months until Bangkokian forces arrived to relieve the siege. Again, in 1788, the Burmese forces of 45,000 men attacked Lampang and Pasang.

1294:, although this arrangement was not found in British documents. The rumor alarmed Chulalongkorn and Bangkok government as it invoked their biggest fear of Lanna being incorporated into British Burma. Dararasami was engaged to be Chulalongkorn's future consort in 1882. Siam and 2800:

to the northwest. However, in reality, Chetton dynasty had powers in core Lanna territories centered around Chiang Mai, Lampang and Lamphun. Kengtung and Salween Shan States were under Burmese suzerainty. Chetton dynasty did not have authorities over 'Eastern Lanna' including

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the ruler of Lampang marched to Chiang Mai in attempts to capitalize the conflicts. When Khamfan died in 1825, Duangthip of Lampang marched to seize Chiang Mai, prompting Khamfan's son Phimphisan to flee and take refuge in Bangkok. Eventually, rulership of Chiang Mai went to

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forces under Thammalangka managed to capture Chiang Saen in 1804 with its inhabi,tants deported and distributed among the victors. With the conquest and destruction of Chiang Saen in 1804, the Burmese were finally driven out from Lanna and Burmese incursions virtually ended.

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of Kengtung had earlier broken free from Lanna rule and returned to Burmese suzerainty in 1813.), the King of Siam had forbidden all communications with Chiang Tung. After difficulties, McLeod managed to reach Chiang Tung, meeting with Maha Hkanan and later proceeded to

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that confirmed implementation of existing Bowring Treaty in Lanna, stipulated establishment of Anglo-Siamese mixed judicial court and appointment of British Vice-Consul in Chiang Mai. Second Chiangmai Treaty of 1883 escalated Anglo-Siamese efforts to end Lanna autonomy.

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abandoned for twenty years from 1777 to 1797. Chiang Mai Chronicle describes the deserted city of Chiang Mai in this period as being overgrown by forests and filled with wild animals. Other Southern Lanna cities and towns suffered similar fate. Lampang or Lakhon under

924:

from Bangkok court. There were three vassal rulers, each of them in Chiang Mai, Lampang and Lamphun, who were from the Chetton dynasty. Chiang Mai ruler presided over Lanna lords and, in turn, owed tributary obligations to Chakri kings of Bangkok in alignment with the

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planned to converge on Kengtung. However, Phimphisan and Noi Mahaphrom failed to cooperate due to political resentment, resulting in failure of the campaign. Bangkok resumed another campaign against Kengtung in late 1852. This time Bangkok sent its own troops under

4327:, at eligible age, were drafted into government services including crop production in princely lands, construction works and military, which they were obliged to serve in alternating periods of time, allowing some free time to return to their normal life. Lanna 865:

had political and cultural affinity towards Lanna and centers other than Burma. These states were the main victims of Lanna's subjugations and subsequent forced resettlements into Lanna towns previously damaged and depopulated. In 1805, Thammalangka captured

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of that time even sided with Chiang Mai aristocrats. Therefore, these reforms gave away, culminating in the Phaya Phap Rebellion in 1889. The event shocked Bangkok, who chose to postpone further reforms for some years – a temporary triumph for Lanna rulers.

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the British consul that Bowring Treaty did not apply to Lanna and his teak business was not subjected to free trade agreement. The most famous case was a dispute between a Burmese logger and Kawilorot himself. Kawilorot was called to Bangkok in 1863, where

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retook control of Chiang Mai in 1763, nearly the whole inhabitants of Chiang Mai were deported to Burma. Due to chronic warfare in the late eighteenth century, Lanna as a whole suffered from depopulation and manpower shortage. Southern Lanna, including

2722:

as boundaries between Lanna and British Burma, in which Phutthawong eagerly agreed, without Bangkok's knowledge, as the Salween had already been traditionally considered to be border between Lanna and Burmese areas of influence. Richardson also visited

2271:

Phraya Songsuradet. Norananthachai died in 1896 and was succeeded by his son Boonwat Wongmanit in 1898. With annexation of Lanna into Monthon Phayap under Siam in 1899, like the rest of Lanna, the Prince of Lampang became a powerless figurehead prince.

4331:

served in periods of ten days with ten days in government services and other ten days at their homes, except for during warfare when they were conscripted on faraway campaigns. Comparing to Central Siam, manpower control of Lanna was decentralized.

4185:

Demand on teak in Lanna was on the rise in the 1880s when teak resources in Burma faced shortage as Burmese teak forest was depleted. Teak was to replace oak in British constructions of railroad sleepers in India and in shipbuilding. Anglo-Siamese

3825:

took on the policy of 'Gathering vegetables and putting them into baskets, gathering people and putting them into towns' – a metaphor of waging military campaigns against other smaller Tai states to capture those Tai population to resettle in

3949:, who visited Chiang Mai in 1860, estimated that the population of Chiang Mai was 'less than 50,000'. An indigenous Thai report in 1859 told that there were 30,000 able-bodied men in Chiang Mai, 32,000 men in Lampang and 8,000 men in Lamphun. 2254: 3931:

As the Burmese threats subsided, Lanna princes commanded people to repopulate Northern Lanna, which had previously been left depopulated. Chiang Mai took its own population to restore Chiang Rai in 1843 and Lampang also founded Phayao and

2677:

In the early nineteenth century, the Chiang Mai Kingdom was so autonomous that it was able to conduct its own diplomatic overtures with the British, who called Lanna as 'Western Laos'. In March 1825, when the British had just conquered

2985:

in 1885, as the British took control of Shan States by 1889, they began to take eyes on these teak-rich trans-Salween states. Siam took quick action by laying claims on trans-Salween Shans towns. In 1884, Prince Phichit Prichakorn the

3895:

in modern place names. It is estimated that the total of 50,000 to 70,000 people from northern Tai states were deported to settle in Lanna during this period. These resettlement campaigns also shaped ethnolinguistic profile of modern

888:, respectively, leading to foundation of Lamphun as the third princely seat in 1806. These major events were accompanied by minor rounds of deportation that gradually transferred population from northernmost Tai states into Lanna. 3162:

After an optimistic year in Chiang Mai, Prince Phichit Prichakorn returned to Bangkok in 1885. His reforms were the foundation for later commissioners to follow. However, after Phichit Prichakorn, there were hardly any effective

2731:

expedition to Lanna to find the way to Yunnan. Passing through Labong (Lamphun), McLeod reached Zimme (Chiang Mai) in January 1837 and Richardson in April, where McLeod asked for permission from Phutthawong to go to Chiang Tung (

1628:) and constituted five highest-ranking princes in each princedom. These five titles existed separately in Chiang Mai, Lampang and Lamphun. Initially, the five princes of each princedom were ranked relatively lower by Bangkok as 3973:

same time. Nevertheless, Nang Mya and Taikdaga Sa had been married to each other. Taikdaga Sa died in 1884, leaving his wife Nang Mya as the sole governess of Mae Hong Son and she eventually chose to be under Siamese control.

3834:

river valleys of Southern Lanna in order to serve as manpower force in defense against Burma, to work as government labor forces and to sustain economy. Major deportation events conducted by the rulers of Chetton dynasty were:

1339:

in 1889, however, the British also claimed this area, leading to Anglo–Siamese dispute over Trans-Salween frontiers. Eventually, Siam officially acceded to British acquisition of this teak-abundant Trans-Salween area in 1892.

3944:

but were not able to take Kengtung itself. In spite of campaign failures, Lanna managed to deport another up to 5,000 people from these towns into Chiang Mai. By 1850, the total population of Lanna probably exceeded 500,000.

4141:

auction was also introduced from Bangkok, in which mostly-Chinese merchants from Central Siam competed for tax monopolies granted by the government. The most prominent Chinese entrepreneur in Chiang Mai was Tio Teng (張丁), a

597:

weakened, Chiang Mai was able to exert independence from Burma in 1727 and the rest of Lanna followed but Lanna became fragmented into city-states, descending into anarchy. A local man named Thipchang was declared ruler of

617:

or Burmese governor of Chiang Mai. His rule was marked by oppression and cultural assimilation policies. Thado Mindin also held Chaikaew in political hostage in Chiang Mai, leaving Lampang under the rule of Chaikaew's son

657:, retaining northern parts of Lanna. Kawila's sister, Sri Anocha, was married to Chaophraya Surasi. King Taksin appointed Phaya Chaban as governor of Chiang Mai and Kawila as governor of Lampang in 1775 as vassal rulers. 4336:

i were registered at cities and towns and were conscripted to work only for their cities. There was no central authority to organize and control manpower as a whole. Manpower control belonged to individual cities. Lanna

4259:. Native Siamese entrepreneurs did not favor timber industry as it was considered dangerous and labor-consuming. The whole process was under control of British companies, from cutting to transportation and distribution. 4086:

and Shan laborers were hired instead in saw mills for the wood to be cut into pieces. By 1851, Chiang Mai court received annual income of 150,000 rupees from timber leasing, not including bribes forced onto the loggers.

1329:

s were either corrupted or ineffective. In 1885, Dararasami left Chiang Mai to enter royal palace at Bangkok as one of Chulalongkorn's consorts. Inthawichayanon strove to stall Bangkok-pioneered integration reforms. One

3085:

The system postulated by the 1874 Treaty to govern British subjects in Lanna was ineffective due to the lack of British legation in Lanna and the fact that Bangkok had yet to take tighter control over Lanna. After the

1091:

after Second Anglo-Burmese War in 1852, leading to British economic interests in Lanna. Traditional timber production was transformed into larger-scale industry as economy of Lanna was adjoined to world trade. British

939:

would be entitled to succeed. Lanna rulers were permitted to retain great autonomy and to appoint their own officials as they had proven themselves to be loyal allies in mutual Lanna-Siam cooperation against Burma.

2612:

or the ruler was the executive head of the princedom. There were rulers in Chiang Mai, Lampang and Lamphun with Chiang Mai standing foremost over other princedoms. However, the power of the ruler was limited by

1526:. Tributes to Bangkok were sent triennially, in which, usually, rulers of Chiang Mai, Lampang and Lamphun would join in their procession to Bangkok on the same occasion. Tributes consisted of symbolic tributes; 4641:

Christian marriage in Lanna but faced opposition from Uparaj Bunthawong his overlord, who demanded a compensation fee to fund the exorcising of supposedly angry ancestral spirits. McGilvary wrote a letter to

1543:

would be entitled to succeed. Rulers of Lanna princedoms can only be nominated by King of Siam. Succession of these princedoms was also absolutely determined by Bangkok. Upon death of the previous ruler, the

968:

visited Chiang Mai in 1829 to purchase cattle to Burma. In 1834, the British sent Richardson as representative to Chiang Mai to ask Lord Phutthawong of Chiang Mai to settle boundaries between Chiang Mai and

811:

In December 1802, in recognition of Kawila's contribution in defense of the north against Burma, King Rama I appointed Kawila as the tributary 'King of Chiang Mai' with regnal name Phra Boromma Rachathibodi

919:

King Kawila died in 1816 and was succeeded by his younger brother Thammalangka as the next ruler of Chiang Mai. After Kawila, rulers of Chiang Mai were not appointed as kings but were given a noble rank of

3870:) population of Mong Yawng to resettle in Lamphun, leading to establishment of Lamphun as the third princely seat in 1819. Another portion of people from Kengtung were also deported to Chiang Mai in 1805. 848:

to acquire manpower. Elimination of Burmese influence in Lanna in 1804 allowed Lanna lords to expand their dominions and military campaigns to the northernmost Tai princely states including Kengtung and

652:

to successfully take Chiang Mai in January 1775. After two centuries of Burmese rule, most parts of Lanna were transferred to Siam. However, the Burmese regrouped and reestablished their headquarters at

4250:

By 1899, investment in teak industry was 2.5 million pounds, mostly from European companies. Teak transportation took the second route. Apart from going to British Burma, teak logs were float along the

2710:

The British, who had just acquired Tenasserim, found the new territory to be of little economic production and unprofitable. When the British discovered local cattle trade route between Tenasserim and

2627:

or princes (who were relatives of the ruler) and high-ranking nobles, totally numbering from thirty to thirty-five dignitaries, serving as the central government. Four highest-ranking ministers of the

1185:, also a grandson of Khamfan, was expected to succeed. Also in 1870, Tai Khuen Kengtung forces came to occupy the ruins of Chiang Saen. Inthanon visited Bangkok in 1873 to be confirmed as the new 740:

After twenty years of abandonment, Chiang Mai was finally restored as political and cultural center of Lanna in 1797. Kawila entered Chiang Mai in March 1797 in a ceremony that involved chasing a

4066:

In the 1850s, profitable teak timber business in Lanna grew exponentially. British logging industry took over Lanna economy as Lanna was suddenly exposed to world capitalism. British Moulmein in

4078:

to reach Moulmein, while it took arduous three months to journey from Bangkok to Chiang Mai. British entrepreneurs cannot hire native Lanna men because they were bound by their corvée to their

3760:

of abandonment, Chiang Mai was restored as political and cultural center of Lanna in 1797. In 1804, the combined, allied forces of five cities, namely Bangkok, Chiang Mai, Lampang, Nan and

4124:

became ruler of Chiang Mai in 1870, he took over the burden of 466,000-rupee indemnity to the British inflicted by legal defeats of his predecessor to the loggers. After signing of the

973:

at Salween river, in which Phutthawong eagerly agreed without Bangkok's acknowledgement. Initially, native rulers did not realize significance of sovereignty territorial proclamations.

2941:

In the reign of King Kawila, Chiang Mai forces made occasional raids into Salween Shan States of Monghsat, Mongpu and Mongpan in search for ethnic Shan war captives to populate Lanna.

2707:

went to Zimmay (Chiang Mai) to purchase cattle to feed British soldiers at Moulmein. Richardson's visit to Chiang Mai in 1829 was the first recorded Western visit to Lanna since 1613.

948:, another cousin of the Seven Princes. Phutthawong was an outlier as he was not among the Seven Princes, who had previously been influential. Phutthawong refused to reside in the same 3874:

These major deportation events were accompanied by smaller events resulting from minor perennial raids by Lanna princes against the small states. Some expeditions went far to reach

4646:

Dr. Vrooman established first modern hospital in Lanna – the American Mission Hospital, now McCormick Hospital. Nan Ta became the first native ordained minister of Lanna in 1889.

4348:

including betel nuts, cotton, fermented tea leaves, animal products and ironworks. Some whole villages were specialized in production of a commodity and were exempted from corvée.

3196:) administration system in 1892 that would replace tributary relationships between Bangkok and satellite polities with a hierarchy of territorial administrative units. After the 1217:

Legal cases involving British subjects in Lanna had been watched by British Government of India with worrying eyes. Burma-Lanna Salween perimeter was far from stable. Occasional

2231:

Duangthip of Lampang marched to Chiang Mai two times in 1822 and 1825 to lay claims on the supreme seat of Chiang Mai. In 1826, King Rama III specifically bestowed the rank of

4425:

in the thirteenth century, from Wat Inthakhin to Wat Chedi Luang in 1794. Buddhist temples in Lanna during this period were denoted by their ethnocultural affiliations called

1518:. Each ruler was autonomous concerning internal administration. Rulers of Chiang Mai held highest prestige and claimed ceremonial overlord title of all 'fifty-seven' towns of 4616:

the ruler of Chiang Mai greeted American missionaries with warmth as he liked them distributing modern medicine to his people and also granted them a land on eastern bank of

634:. Phaya Chaban Boonma, a native Lanna nobleman in Chiang Mai, joined with Kawila of Lampang to cooperate with the invading Siamese to overthrow Burmese rule, initiating the 3991:

taxes on agricultural products including rice, coconuts, betel, areca nuts and fruits. Lanna had some forms of currency but they were handcrafted and not so widely used as

4187: 4125: 3378: 3087: 3040: 1299: 1239: 452: 427: 1039:

of Kengtung. Due to rugged mountainous terrain and uncooperative sentiments of Lanna commanders, the invaders were obliged to retreat. To light up Lanna rulers, King

4150:

down to Bangkok, where his warehouse Kim Seng Lee (金成利) stood. Chinese merchants from Bangkok migrated to Chiang Mai to seek for opportunities, settling down around

2962:

and Kengtung occupied Chiang Saen. Siam-Lanna then expelled these invaders and push boundaries by restoration of border towns of Mae Hong Son, Chiang Saen and Fang.

1436: 3212:, in direct contact with French Indochina. Monthon Lao Chiang was established over Lanna in 1894. King Chulalongkorn appointed Phraya Songsuradet (An Bunnag) to be 1087:

forests. Lanna princes issued land leases to Burmese and British loggers, in which Lanna aristocrats reaped income from taxation on teak logs. The British acquired

699:

population dispersed and left to be claimed by jungles. Phaya Chaban was called to Thonburi where he was imprisoned for his failures and died. With Chiang Mai and

4578:

and other fields such as astrology, traditional medicine and craftsmanship, after which they would be given prefix titles 'Noi' for boys and 'Nan' for adult men.

2718:, the ruler of Lamphun consulted Richardson about the Burney Treaty. Richardson continued to Chiang Mai, where he also proposed to Lord Phutthawong to establish 3772:

were cleared and intentionally depopulated in order to serve as buffer zone between Lanna and the invading Burmese. Northern Lanna towns including Chiang Saen,

5972: 3821:

Depopulation of Lanna put it in military and economic disadvantages, especially against Burmese threats. Kawila and his relatives who were the princes of the

1372:) administrative system that would replace traditional allegiance system of tributary polities with hierarchy of territorial administrative units governed by 1194:

anti-Western younger brother Chao Uparaj Bunthawong and another faction led by his more liberal, pro-Western wife Queen Thipkraisorn – Kawilorot's daughter.

5967: 1022:

In 1849, dynastic conflicts in Tai Lue Sipsongpanna confederacy prompted some Tai Lue royal figures to take refuge in Siam to seek for assistance. King

929:. Succession of these Lanna princedoms was exclusively determined by Bangkok. There was no succession pattern as whoever held the princely position of 690:, became ruler of Chiang Mai in 1797 and was appointed as King of Chiang Mai in 1802 as a vassal ruler. Kawila played a great role in the transfer of 606:

reconquered Chiang Mai in 1763 and installed Chaikaew, son of Thipchang, as ruler of Lampang in 1764. Lanna then again came under Burmese domination.

3222:) or Grand Commissioner, extending reforms to Nan and Phrae. Phraya Songsuradet reintroduced previous reforms. Songsuradet appointed his subordinate 1667:

Inthanon (also known as Inthawichayanon) to the throne rather than the old king's logical successor who was viewed as less friendly towards Bangkok.

1572:) or heir presumptive; entitled to succeed the princedom, usually held by younger brother of the ruler or candidate from a different familial branch. 3204:

in 1893, Siam was even more at urgent agenda to end autonomies of local dynasties and to incorporate them. This also put 'Eastern Lanna', including

1439:

in 1902, under banners of Lanna traditions, as a resistance to centralization policies. Inthawarorot died in 1910 to be succeeded by his son Prince

1431:

the nominal ruler of Chiang Mai in 1901, serving as nothing but ceremonial figurehead as he held no actual powers. The government was to run by the

1234:

debts and mishandling of British entrepreneurs might provoke British intervention, in the eyes of Bangkok. Chulalongkorn sent his representative to

5373: 1229:

raids damaged British business in teak forest areas and sometimes British subjects were hurt. Government of India addressed these issues to young

4987:

Early Mapping of Southeast Asia: The Epic Story of Seafarers, Adventurers, and Cartographers Who First Mapped the Regions Between China and India

5906: 610: 2447:. Like other Lanna towns, Lamphun was abandoned after 1776 due to Burmese wars. In 1805, Uparaj Thammalangka led Chiang Mai forces to capture 5579: 4574:

was the main educational institution in Lanna. Lanna men and boys temporarily ordained as monks in order to learn Buddhist Pali scriptures,

5997: 5942: 3859:

Sao Kawng Tai, were deported down south to resettle in southern outskirts of Chiang Mai. 5,000 people from Mong Hsat were also deported.

512: 351: 4308:. Lanna rulers commanded loyalty and respect from their own Lanna subjects. Lanna princes held absolute powers over their subjects as 4215:

By the 1890s, teak cutting fee price had risen to twelve rupees per tree owing to increasing demand and declining availability due to

3039:

Legal dispute cases between British entrepreneurs versus Lanna lords and instability at Burma–Lanna frontiers prompted the signing of

1380:

that threatened Siam's sovereignty, Siam took more serious steps at integration of satellite princedoms. In 1894, Monthon Lao Chiang (

5932: 4238:

Siamese government took cautious eyes on rapid flourishing of British timber companies. Tremendous scale of timber industry prompted

3940:

of Chiang Mai, under commands from Bangkok, sent troops to attack Kengtung. Lanna troops were able to take Mong Hsat, Mong Yawng and

3920:

the ruler of Chiang Mai provided McLeod the information about number of troops previously deployed by Lanna in 1827 to fight against

3022:

left Siam with no choices but to comply with British demands. King Chulalongkorn officially gave royal orders to Phraya Kraikosa the

2764:

Rulers of Chiang Mai laid traditional claims over 'fifty-seven' cities and towns of former Lanna kingdom. This claim included modern

5718:

Sternstein, Larry (Mar 1984). "The Growth of the Population of the World's Pre-eminent "Primate City": Bangkok at its Bicentenary".

1443:

as the last ruler of Chiang Mai. Trainline from Bangkok finally reached Chiang Mai in 1921, connecting Lanna to the Central Plains.

1335:

the Chiang Mai ruler. Siam initially laid claims on trans-Salween Shan states on eastern side of Salween. After British conquest of

796: 86: 5992: 4219:. Timber industry in Lanna escalated to involve large European firms rather than individual private entrepreneurs as it had been. 3391: 3066: 58: 5982: 2022: 1017: 1009: 981:

were restored as towns in 1843 after about forty years of abandonment. Phutthawong died in 1846, succeeded by Thammalangka's son

852: 790: 752: 725: 674: 670: 666: 1031:

to join with Lanna forces to attack Kengtung. High hope was at stake as Burma, the suzerain of Kengtung, had been embroiling in

891:

After the capture of Kengtung (Chiang Tung) by Chiang Mai forces in 1802, Kengtung was left abandoned and depopulated with its

39: 4120:

Before 1874, Siamese authority at Bangkok did not control leasing conducts between Lanna and British entrepreneurs. When King

3004:

and Monghta, also including Karenni towns of Mongmau and Mehsakun, into a single administrative unit called Wiang Chaipricha (

767:

brought the allied forces to repel the Burmese. In 1800, Kawila named his new Chiang Mai city as Rattana Tingsa Aphinawaburi (

5987: 5518: 4632:

After the death of Kawilorot in 1870, situation for Christian Mission in Lanna improved as Bangkok took more steps to ensure

65: 4405:

Kawila restored many temples in Chiang Mai previously left in disrepair through period of warfare and abandonment including

4158:. The commissioner was also to control forest-leasing patents by Lanna princes to make sure that they were not conflicting. 2267:

Lao Chiang was established in 1894 and Prince Norananthachai of Lampang received an annual salary of 30,000 rupees from the

1318:

of Chiang Mai. Phichit Prichakorn introduced sweeping reforms to integrate Chiang Mai government. Central-Siamese-style six

167: 5977: 4366:

elite in order to make religious merits. Temple slaves 'served' their temples and were immune to regular government levies.

4235:. Bombay Burmah took over enormous Chinese timber business of Kim Seng Lee and became the largest timber producer in Siam. 1125: 711: 445: 4606:

in July 1868, separating from Siamese Mission at Bangkok. McGilvary made his first convert in January 1869 when Nan Inta (

4231:

arrived in 1892. Largest European companies in Lanna by the 1890s were British Borneo Company, Bombay Burmah Company and

1457:

was the last Prince of Chiang Mai, and after his death in 1939, the title was abolished under the government of General

5952: 1079:(r. 1856–1870) of Chiang Mai, whose strong absolutist rulership was respected by Bangkok and undeterred by the British. 1047:

of Chiang Mai in July 1853, first since appointment of Kawila as king in 1802 and raised the ranks of Lanna lords from

72: 4228: 1410: 895:

Sao Kawng Tai deported to Chiang Mai. However, Maha Hkanan, younger brother of Sao Kawng Tai, established himself at

631: 580: 105: 1405:

By this time, timber logging in Lanna had escalated into competition between large European conglomerates including

1386:) was formed, composing all of Lanna or modern Northern Thailand. Phraya Songsuradet (An Bunnag) was sent to be the 3964:

and Kengtung sent forces to occupy the ruins of Chiang Saen. Fearing that the Shans would claim these territories,

4203:

administration system. Phraya Songsuradet (An Bunnag) was appointed as supreme royal commissioner over all Lanna.

4146:

from Bangkok who acquired vast array of tax monopolies and possessed chains of timber business from Chiang Mai to

1390:

or supreme commissioner of Lao Chiang or Lanna. Songsuradet reintroduced previous reforms, which were extended to

793:

again in 1802. Siamese relief forces from the south managed to repel the Burmese from Chiang Mai for second time.

54: 4070:

became the main export market for Lanna products. Lanna became integrated into British-Burmese trading network.

1178:, nearly reaching Chiang Mai but was eventually repelled. Kawilorot died on his way back to Chiang Mai in 1870. 5580:"Diplomatic missions to Tai states by David Richardson and W.C. McLeod 1830-1839: Anthropological Perspectives" 4598:, an American Presbyterian missionary and a notable figure living in Bangkok. Bradley convinced his son-in-law 181: 43: 3718:

stood as the only Southern Lanna stronghold against Burmese invasions. Meanwhile, Northern Lanna, centered on

1035:. Joint Lanna-Siamese forces attacked Kengtung in March 1853 but were effectively resisted by Maha Hkanan the 5957: 5937: 4556: 3925: 3019: 2239:

visited Lampang in 1835. In 1843, Lord Noi-in of Lampang gave some of his population to restore the towns of

1659:

Siamese interference in Chiang Mai's internal affairs remained sporadic. In 1870 however, the Siamese regent

1398:. Six Departments were reinstated and Lanna's financial autonomy was ended. Revenue was in direct control of 1377: 1243:

the Salween as border. Siam was to appoint judges at Chiang Mai to oversee cases involving British subjects.

954: 2977:

shows the thirteen Shan and Karenni towns of Trans-Salween region given up by Siam to British Burma in 1892.

5962: 554:

kingdom, which had been under Burmese rule for two centuries until it was captured by Siamese forces under

3226:

s in other Lanna cities including Lampang, Nan and Phrae and also in the Six Departments, with himself as

2251:

Prince-ruler of Lampang in 1856. The Prince of Lampang also leased teak forests to British entrepreneurs.

5476:

When the Young Cannot Speak Their Own Mother Tongue: Explaining a Legacy of Cultural Domination in Lan Na

4344:

Those who were unwilling to participate in corvée could pay taxes in form of commodity tributes known as

3028: 1413:, with huge amount of money at stake in business. To prevent disputes, Prince Damrong established modern 3081:

or viceroy in Chiang Mai in 1884–85. He introduced reforms aimed at integration of Chiang Mai into Siam.

2950:

exception of temporary conquests, Chiang Mai exerted minimal to no control over these states. In 1870,

2735:). However, due to political animosity between Chiang Mai and Chiang Tung at the time (Maha Hkanan the 2694:, styling himself as 'ruler of fifty-seven provinces and possessor of the richest throne in the East'. 2456: 1444: 1156:

the American Protestant missionary took an arduous journey from Bangkok to Chiang Mai to establish his

789:

or Chiang Tung, which had been under Burmese suzerainty, in 1802. These advances provoked Bodawpaya to

277: 4169:, was one of the most prominent entrepreneurs in Lanna in 1870s as she owned wide array of businesses. 2468:

1775–?: Phraya Aphaiwong, Thonburi Period, not from Chetton dynasty. Lamphun was abandoned after 1776.

2455:

from Mong Yawng (called Tai Yong) to settle in Lamphun on the eastern bank of Kuang River opposite of

1160:

there. The American missionary made some Lanna converts. The first and most notable one was Nan Inta (

5359: 4486:

In Chiang Mai, temples were organized into groups, each led by a head temple such as Wat Hua Khuang,

4223:, who had been in Siam since 1862, entered teak timber business in Lanna in 1889 under management of 4104: 4046:

forests. Owing to its strong and weather-resistant wood, teak global demand rose in the 19th century.

3946: 2235:

or Prince on Duangthip. Prince Duangthip of Lampang died in 1826 to be succeeded by sons of Khamsom.

2086: 1523: 1110: 926: 270: 5495: 985:. Mahawong coexisted with Phimphisan, who had potential claims to Chiang Mai rulership and was then 5947: 4624:

Christian conversion had already relaxed in Central Siam in mid-nineteenth century by the reign of

4414: 2152: 1660: 1428: 1032: 79: 2223:

Chetton dynasty originated in Lampang. Unlike other Lanna cities, Lampang (also called Lakhon) on

751:

As soon as Chiang Mai was restored, however, King Bodawpaya of Burma sent forces of 55,000 men to

4243: 4059: 4012: 3987: 3445: 2982: 2901: 2704: 2683: 2236: 2192: 1644:

or Prince. Hence, for example, Phraya Uparat became Chao Uparat. Rulers of princedoms were given

1533:

There was no clear succession pattern in Lanna princedoms. Whoever held the princely position of

1500: 1414: 965: 961: 32: 4112:

told the ruler of Chiang Mai to conduct business in accordance with the new trade treaty terms.

4575: 4505: 4220: 4138: 4071: 3155: 1406: 777:'). In 1802, Bodawpaya installed a Chinese man named Chom Hong to be the ruler of all Lanna at 756: 525: 244: 149: 5237:"Oblique Intervention: The Role of US Missionaries in Siam's Incorporation of Lanna—1867–1878" 4362:

or Lanna royal princes. There were also 'temple slaves' or slaves dedicated to temples by the

2821:, in which Nan and Phrae were ruled by their own local dynasties. 'Northern Lanna', including 1307:

was also to control forest leasing of Lanna princes to make sure that it was not conflicting.

546:

in the 18th and 19th century before being annexed according to the centralization policies of

4067: 3961: 3709:

came under Siamese suzerainty in 1775 after centuries of Burmese rule. In 1777, Burmese King

3659: 3552: 3269: 3197: 2959: 2946: 2847: 2810: 1484: 1458: 1055:. However, Mahotaraprathet died five months after. Uparaj Phimphisan also died in 1856. King 970: 703:

abandoned, Lampang under Kawila stood as main frontline defense against Burmese incursions.

4613: 4443: 4319:

or 'free' commoners: Like many other Southeast Asian cultures, able-bodied commoner men or

4166: 4100: 3995:

was more prevalent. There was also household tax that was levied from every single family.

3900: 3761: 3743: 3719: 2863: 2822: 2818: 2604:

Chiang Mai kingdom retained most of government institutions and traditions of the original

2045: 1879:

Known as Lord of the White Elephant because he brought a white elephant to Bangkok in 1815.

1832: 1076: 1060: 804: 764: 654: 543: 209: 5260: 5236: 4535:

or monkhood was a highly-autonomous institution. Lanna monks followed Buddhist practices,

4272:

Traditional Lanna social structure continued mostly unchanged since the times of original

8: 4633: 4096: 4023:. Small-scale marketplaces thrived in towns and Lanna authorities collected market fees. 2905: 2855: 1253: 1171: 1144:, whose ancestor was from Chiang Mai, sought Kawilorot's support in his conflict against 1105: 734: 649: 2424: 1083:

Lanna lords had benefitted from their traditional hereditary ownership of vast northern

5743: 5685: 5677: 5483: 5441: 5433: 5256: 4418: 4392: 4296:

or royal dignitaries and the nobility who controlled government, manpower and economy.

4239: 4224: 4055: 3180: 2925: 2917: 2887: 2679: 1356: 1152:

or Lord Taker of Life. During his reign, Chiang Mai enjoyed a great autonomy. In 1867,

1028: 1001: 896: 260: 5735: 5689: 5514: 5445: 5367: 4595: 4252: 4051: 4043: 3896: 2921: 2765: 2428:

Wat Huakhua on eastern bank of Kuang river was the center of Tai Yong community from

590: 5747: 737:, Kawila's brother-in-law, brought relief forces from Bangkok to repel the Burmese. 5727: 5669: 5425: 5248: 5041:

Grabowsky, Volter (2017). "Population Dynamics in Lan Na during the 19th Century".

4599: 4305: 4179: 4075: 3822: 3756: 3689: 3397: 3201: 3095: 3070: 2757: 2092: 1818: 1812: 1745: 1540: 1515: 1311: 1153: 1121: 936: 912: 819: 721: 627: 603: 563: 559: 334: 187: 5135:

Asymmetrical Neighbors: Borderland State Building Between China and Southeast Asia

4781:

Forced Resettlement Campaigns in Northern Thailand during the Early Bangkok Period

4586: 4455: 3852: 3810: 1464:

The modern descendants of the rulers of Chiang Mai bear the surname Na Chiangmai (

871: 836: 807:

is one of the few structures that survived the destruction of Chiang Saen in 1804.

4637: 4406: 4398: 4121: 3937: 3904: 3863: 3781: 3168: 2909: 2814: 2773: 2448: 2429: 2129: 2076: 1983: 1943: 1275: 1206: 1190: 1182: 1044: 982: 594: 308: 205: 4031: 3167:

s, the fact that allowed resistance from Lanna rulers to re-exert their powers.

2123: 1506:

Kingdom of Chiang Mai was rather a federation of three princedoms – Chiang Mai,

1247:

In 1875, King Chulalongkorn appointed Phra Narinthra Ratchaseni to be the first

1202: 997: 5252: 4594:

Idea of Protestant Christian proselytizing of Lanna-Lao people originated from

4459: 4410: 4232: 4143: 4092: 3891: 3867: 3848: 3844: 3814: 2879: 2851: 2789: 2769: 2732: 2452: 2212: 1828: 1295: 1291: 1222: 1175: 1101: 881: 840: 786: 745: 377: 5731: 5429: 5322:

From Extraterritoriality to Equality: Thailand's Foreign Relations 1855 - 1939

4541:

or Buddhist rules and also upheld local Lanna traditions and customs known as

3968:

was founded in 1874 and Bangkok ordered Chiang Mai to restore Chiang Saen and

3183:

the Minister of Interior announced the formation of British-colonial-inspired

2444: 5926: 4642: 4449: 4216: 4151: 4147: 4129: 3969: 3957: 3933: 3903:, Khuen and Lue people speak mutually intelligible languages and use similar 3887: 3879: 3706: 3205: 3091: 3074: 2955: 2942: 2935: 2897: 2875: 2859: 2834: 2802: 2797: 2719: 2699: 2244: 2106: 1465: 1391: 1279: 1261: 1230: 1145: 1141: 1088: 862: 700: 547: 497: 338: 229: 133: 4276:

in the thirteenth century. Lanna society was divided roughly into the elite

3001: 2258:

Prince Boonwat Wongmanit the penultimate ruler of Lampang from 1898 to 1922.

1549:

titles granted by Bangkok to Lanna lords including, in descending prestige;

1530:

and economic tributes requested by Bangkok including teak logs and lacquer.

5739: 4603: 4491: 4199:

Monthon Lao Chiang was established over Lanna in 1894. Lanna was put under

3965: 3883: 3840: 2883: 2871: 2867: 2793: 2781: 2777: 2695: 2201: 1854: 1803: 1454: 1440: 1257: 1218: 1210: 1167: 1157: 1129: 953:

Lanna lords were asked by Bangkok to contribute forces to quell Anouvong's

785:

to capture Mong Hsat and Chom Hong. Thammalangka then proceeded to capture

782: 390: 320: 5776:

Murashima, Eiji (2019). "The origins of Chinese nationalism in Thailand".

4665:

Tort, Custom, and Karma: Globalization and Legal Consciousness in Thailand

4590:

Wooden building of the First Church of Chiang Mai was constructed in 1891.

2945:

was regarded as traditional border between Lanna and Burmese Shan States.

4871:

Woman Between Two Kingdoms: Dara Rasami and the Making of Modern Thailand

4466: 4437: 4384: 4256: 4083: 4008: 3941: 3917: 3875: 2931: 2785: 2741: 2687: 1929: 1911: 1336: 1226: 945: 849: 741: 5437: 5413: 3730: 2039: 1071: 5821: 5705:

Intercourse between Burma and Siam as recorded in Hmannan Yazawindawgyi

5681: 5657: 4617: 4522: 4480: 4473: 4155: 4016: 3831: 3827: 3802: 3773: 3735: 3694: 3109: 2843: 2826: 2691: 2441: 2224: 1961: 1836: 1473: 1320: 1287: 1271: 1093: 974: 867: 800: 219: 5763:

BCIM Economic Cooperation: Interplay of Geo-economics and Geo-politics

4207:

government took control of state finance from Lanna lords. It was the

4015:

arrived in Chiang Mai to purchase cattle to feed British garrisons at

1348: 4811:

Repossessing Shanland: Myanmar, Thailand, and a Nation-State Deferred

4487: 4175: 3769: 3710: 3011: 1527: 1488: 778: 755:

in 1797. Kawila again held the city out until Prince Sura Singhanat,

729: 5673: 644:, 'to liberate from Burma') movement. King Taksin sent his generals 21: 5086: 4570:

without official government endorsement. Like in Central Siam, the

3921: 3450: 2997: 2970: 1117: 1023: 875: 760: 473: 5414:"Modernization and Centralization in Northern Thailand, 1875-1910" 5087:"The "International Court" System in the Colonial History of Siam" 1632:, which was a noble rank in Central Siamese bureaucracy. In 1853, 884:

people from Mong Yawng, were deported to settle in Chiang Mai and

520:

Rattanatingsa Aphinawa Puri Si Khuru Rattha Phra Nakhon Chiang Mai

517: 4625: 4422: 4109: 4091:

loggers suing Lanna overlords in legal dispute cases. Signing of

4004: 4003:

Shan and Yunnanese merchants in cattle and horse caravans. Teak,

3702: 3698: 3185: 3043:, in which Siamese government at Bangkok was entitled to appoint 2913: 2724: 2715: 2472: 2433: 2217: 1894: 1871: 1648:

rank initially. In 1853, the ruler of Chiang Mai was elevated to

1633: 1535: 1511: 1507: 1361: 1235: 1056: 1040: 1005: 931: 907: 885: 687: 599: 478: 5702: 5161:

The Lost Territories: Thailand's History of National Humiliation

4699:

A Brief History of Lanna: Northern Thailand from Past to Present

3722:, was still flourishing because it remained under Burmese rule. 2965: 1461:

who sought to unify Thailand and suppress regional differences.

4537: 4531: 4388: 4273: 3999: 3992: 3777: 3765: 3751: 3715: 3587:

Recognition of British acquisition of trans-Salween Shan states

2893: 2830: 2752: 2711: 2605: 2285: 2240: 1965: 1776: 1652:

or King whereas rulers of Lampang and Lamphun were elevated to

1519: 978: 781:

in direct challenge to Kawila. Kawila sent his younger brother

707: 691: 683: 645: 623: 619: 586: 555: 432: 364: 296: 3866:

in 1805 and deported the whole 10,000 Tai Yong (a subgroup of

1770: 1359:

became Minister of Interior in 1892 and proposed formation of

679: 5703:

Phraison Salarak (Thien Subindu), Luang (February 15, 1916).

4161: 3798: 3209: 2806: 2066:

1856–1867: Thammapanyo (cousin), son of Khamfam, died in 1867

1395: 831: 774: 694:

from Burma to Siam and in defenses against Burmese invasions.

551: 5658:"Thai Regional Elites and the Reforms of King Chulalongkorn" 2376:), son of Duangthip, retired in 1893 and died the same year. 1267: 1209:(r. 1873–1896), last king of a semi-independent Chiang Mai. 4341:

were not tattooed like their Central Siamese counterparts.

4035: 4011:, ivory and cattle were native products of Lanna. In 1829, 1622:

These titles were collectively known as the 'Five Titles' (

1282:

in 1886. She played important role in Lanna-Siam relations.

1084: 960:

The British gained first foothold in Burma in aftermath of

5511:

A Brief History of Lan Na: Civilizations of North Thailand

1278:, entered Bangkok royal palace as one of the consorts of 1181:

At the death of Kawilorot in 1870, his son-in-law Uparaj

4026: 1957:

Richardson's visit to Lanna in 1829, 1834, 1835 and 1836

1128:

missionary, went to Chiang Mai in 1867 to establish the

1059:

then appointed Nan Suriyawong, a son of Kawila, as King

5185:

AHP 48 GREAT LORDS OF THE SKY: BURMA'S SHAN ARISTOCRACY

5113:

Regions and National Integration in Thailand, 1892-1992

4212:

Other Lanna princes and nobles received lesser shares.

4095:

by Bangkok in 1855 complicated the issue as it granted

861:) in Thai sources. Trans-Salween states to the east of 3154:

Financial reforms: Central-Siamese style taxation and

1402:

who distributed 'salary' to Lanna rulers and princes.

5458: 4636:

in Lanna. Government powers of Kawilorot's successor

4323:

of Lanna were subjected to periodic corvée levy. The

4194: 3490:

Collaborated with Inthawichayanon against the reforms

3307:

Sent troops to expel Kengtung forces from Chiang Saen

2142:

1873–1882: Bunthawong (younger brother), died in 1882

1824:

Repelled Burmese attacks in 1786, 1788, 1797 and 1802

1663:

intervened in Chiang Mai's royal succession, lifting

1100:

In 1855, Siamese government in Bangkok concluded the

593:

had been mostly under Burmese rule. With the Burmese

550:

in 1899. The kingdom was a successor of the medieval

4566:

reverence. Some monks were praised and respected as

2475:, younger brother of Kawila, endorsed by Bangkok as 1753:

Abandoned Chiang Mai in 1777 due to Burmese Invasion

1447:

put the end to both Lanna ceremonial titles and the

870:. In the same year, around 10,000 people, including 5539:

Culture and Power in Traditional Siamese Government

5513:(Subsequent ed.). Silkworm Books. p. 85. 5473: 3738:just outside of Thaphae Gate, was a head temple of 3158:

auction system were introduced to generate revenue.

744:man around four corners of the city and staying at 535: 139: 46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4969:Siam Mapped: A History of the Geo-Body of a Nation 4304:were family members of the rulers who were of the 1514:, whose rulers were united by being from the same 1256:in Lanna. To combat Kengtung and Shan aggression, 5795: 5640: 5605:China and Southeast Asia: Historical Interactions 5340:Thailand: Buddhist Kingdom As Modern Nation State 5319: 4612:), a local Lanna man, was baptised on January 3. 2698:, during his mission to Bangkok to negotiate the 2162:Anglo-Siamese Chiangmai Treaties of 1874 and 1883 2098:Persecution of Lanna Protestant Christians (1869) 1264:were restored in 1881 to push boundaries claims. 5924: 5822:Society of Economic Anthropology (U.S.) (2006). 5452: 4868: 1914:(cousin), son of Phoruean (brother of Chaikaew) 1636:decided to elevate the rank of Lanna lords from 724:to the south of Chiang Mai. In 1785, during the 5798:Capital and Entrepreneurship in South-East Asia 5276:Sharing Jesus Effectively in the Buddhist World 4132:sent Phra Narinthra Ratchaseni to be the first 2990:of Chiang Mai organized the 'Five Shan Towns' ( 2784:to the east, Kengtung to the north and Salween 2690:of Chiang Mai wrote a letter to the British at 2608:that endured during centuries of Burmese rule. 1376:s and centrally-appointed officials. After the 5551: 5234: 4794:Stratton, Carol; Scott, Miriam McNair (2004). 4714: 3234: 3107:Government reforms: Central-Siamese style Six 2727:(Lakon or Lagong in British sources) in 1835. 2184:Figurehead rulers under Siamese administration 1739:killed by Phaya Chaban Boonma himself in 1778 855:, which were known collectively as Lue-Khuen ( 835:Expeditions by Lanna princedoms into northern 574: 5973:States and territories disestablished in 1899 4793: 3172:collector system should be discontinued. The 2966:Anglo–Siamese dispute over Trans–Salween area 2301:Duangthip, younger brother of Kawila, became 1874:(younger brother), formerly ruler of Lamphun 5622: 5556:(2nd ed.). Silkworm Books. p. 179. 5372:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4774: 4772: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4764: 4762: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4719:(2nd ed.). Silkworm Books. p. 143. 2482:1815–1827: Boonma, younger brother of Kawila 2462: 2275: 1670: 911:Territorial speculation of dominions of the 538:ᩁᨲ᩠ᨲᨶᨲᩥᩴᩈᩣᩋᨽᩥᨶᩅᨷᩩᩁᩦᩈᩕᩦᨣᩩᩁᩩᩁᨭᩛᨻᩕᨶᨣᩬᩁᨩ᩠ᨿᨦᩉ᩠ᨾᩲ᩵ 507:รัตนติงสาอภินวปุรีสรีคุรุรัฎฐพระนครเชียงใหม่ 4744: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4726: 3147:, were introduced to preside over existing 3057:or royal commissioner of the Three Cities ( 1352:Map of Chiang Mai as Monthon Phayap in 1900 1286:In 1881, there was rumor about adoption of 714:appointed Kawila as Phraya Wachiraprakarn ( 5968:States and territories established in 1802 5890:A History of Christianity in Asia, Vol. II 5717: 5641:Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk (2022). 4966: 4942: 4662: 4607: 4546: 4516: 4510: 3981: 3792: 3642: 3630: 3611: 3599: 3573: 3566:formerly Phraya Thepprachun (second term) 3559: 3551: 3520: 3508: 3479: 3467: 3434: 3422: 3390: 3367: 3355: 3334: 3322: 3296: 3284: 3276: 3268: 3217: 3191: 3118: 3058: 3048: 3005: 2991: 2663: 2654: 2645: 2636: 2618: 2585: 2572: 2559: 2546: 2533: 2516: 2503: 2490: 2410: 2397: 2384: 2371: 2358: 2339: 2326: 2313: 2122: 2038: 2005: 1993: 1935: 1934:Phraya Kaka Wannathiparaj Wachiraprakarn ( 1902: 1862: 1794: 1782: 1769: 1728: 1717: 1623: 1613: 1603: 1591: 1579: 1567: 1435:system. Dissention about changes inspired 1422: 1381: 1367: 1161: 856: 813: 768: 715: 639: 505: 180: 125: 5775: 5760: 5536: 5467: 5294:Gift and Duty: Where Grace and Merit Meet 5110: 5091:Taiwan Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 5040: 4922: 4778: 4555:in Lanna, in contrast to Central Siamese 3855:inhabitants of Kengtung, including their 2479:in 1814, later became ruler of Chiang Mai 1491:sent from Chiang Mai to Bangkok, kept at 106:Learn how and when to remove this message 5849: 5602: 5502: 4808: 4723: 4585: 4504: 4383: 4160: 4030: 3817:who were deported to Chiang Mai in 1802. 3786: 3746:who were deported to Chiang Mai in 1804. 3742:Chiang Saen, originating from people of 3729: 3065: 2969: 2751: 2528:Chailangka, son of Khamfan, elevated to 2423: 2253: 2211: 1483: 1347: 1343: 1266: 1201: 1116: 1070: 996: 906: 830: 795: 678: 5907:"U.S.-Thai Friendship in Public Health" 5887: 5852:Theravada Buddhism in Colonial Contexts 5707:. Bangkok: Journal of the Siam Society. 5655: 5407: 5405: 5403: 5291: 5230: 5228: 5226: 5224: 5222: 5220: 5218: 5216: 5214: 4796:Buddhist Sculpture of Northern Thailand 4515:), now called Wat Saen Mueangma Luang ( 4494:, Wat Muen Ngeon Kong, Wat Mahawan (of 1821:until restoration of Chiang Mai in 1797 1066: 992: 902: 5925: 5911:U.S. Embassy and Consulate in Thailand 5901: 5899: 5883: 5881: 5879: 5863: 5861: 5845: 5843: 5841: 5839: 5837: 5835: 5833: 5817: 5815: 5813: 5811: 5809: 5807: 5791: 5789: 5787: 5636: 5634: 5623:Forbes, Andrew; Henley, David (1997). 5618: 5616: 5614: 5598: 5596: 5577: 5573: 5571: 5569: 5567: 5565: 5563: 5532: 5530: 5411: 5401: 5399: 5397: 5395: 5393: 5391: 5389: 5387: 5385: 5383: 5357: 5353: 5351: 5349: 5333: 5331: 5315: 5313: 5311: 5309: 5307: 5305: 5303: 5287: 5285: 5212: 5210: 5208: 5206: 5204: 5202: 5200: 5198: 5196: 5194: 5178: 5176: 5174: 5172: 5170: 5158: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5100: 5084: 5080: 5078: 5076: 5074: 5072: 5036: 5034: 5032: 5030: 5028: 5026: 5024: 5022: 5020: 5018: 5016: 4984: 4945:Tourism and Monarchy in Southeast Asia 4242:the Minister of Interior to found the 4099:to the British in Siam. In 1860, King 3283:later promoted to Phraya Thepprachun ( 2744:, which was under Chinese suzerainty. 826: 773:, 'Great New city as jeweled abode of 542:) was the vassal state of the Siamese 5796:Ampalavanar Brown, Rajeswary (2016). 5761:Thomas, Joshua; Das, Garudas (2018). 5508: 5337: 5182: 5154: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5128: 5126: 5124: 5122: 5070: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5054: 5052: 5014: 5012: 5010: 5008: 5006: 5004: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4980: 4978: 4962: 4960: 4958: 4956: 4954: 4938: 4936: 4934: 4925:Regional Economic History of Thailand 4918: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4902: 4900: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4858: 4856: 4854: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4846: 4844: 4842: 4840: 4696: 4663:Engel, David; Engel, Jaruwan (2010). 4429:according their origins. There were; 4379: 4165:Princess Ubonwanna, daughter of King 4115: 4050:Teak forest was abundant in Lanna or 4027:Arrival of British loggers: 1840–1874 3998:Situating between Burma to the west, 3734:Wat Mahawan, on eastern outskirts of 3670:Extension of reforms to Nan and Phrae 3398:Prince Kromma Muen Phichit Prichakorn 3096:Prince Kromma Muen Phichit Prichakorn 2599: 1584:); usually held by a son of the ruler 1260:was founded in 1874, Chiang Saen and 1010:Lanna-Siamese expeditions to Kengtung 5867: 5603:Wade, Geoff; Chin, James K. (2018). 5235:Chambers, Paul; Pascal, Eva (2009). 4898: 4896: 4894: 4892: 4890: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4882: 4880: 4838: 4836: 4834: 4832: 4830: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4710: 4708: 4692: 4690: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4682: 4680: 4678: 4676: 4674: 4391:moved the Chiang Mai city pillar or 3027:Elias and becoming a part of modern 1292:Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom 874:people from Kengtung along with its 660: 44:adding citations to reliable sources 15: 5998:Former monarchies of Southeast Asia 5896: 5876: 5858: 5830: 5824:Labor in Cross-cultural Perspective 5804: 5784: 5711: 5696: 5631: 5611: 5593: 5560: 5527: 5380: 5346: 5328: 5300: 5282: 5273: 5191: 5167: 5132: 5097: 4267: 4255:to reach Bangkok, with stopover at 3664:Establishment of Monthon Lao Chiang 3407:Laid claims to trans-Salween states 2686:, which had not yet finished, Lord 2577:), son of Dara Direkrattana Phairoj 1954:Known as Lord of the Peaceful Reign 566:and came under Thonburi tributary. 13: 5943:Former countries in Southeast Asia 5720:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 5537:Englehart, Neil A. (31 May 2018). 5478:. Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 85. 5418:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 5141: 5119: 5049: 4993: 4975: 4951: 4931: 4195:Incorporation into Siam: 1894–1899 3784:were evacuated and left deserted. 3667:Reintroduction of previous reforms 2495:), became ruler of Lampang in 1838 2294:Khamsom, younger brother of Kawila 1781:1782–1802: Phraya Wachiraprakarn ( 1756:Died in prison at Thonburi in 1779 1596:), held by a relative of the ruler 1528:ceremonial golden and silver trees 1421:In December 1899, Monthon Phayap ( 1290:, daughter of Inthawichayanon, by 1197: 791:send invading forces to Chiang Mai 352:Siamese conquest of Lan Na Kingdom 14: 6009: 5870:Mission History of Asian Churches 5320:Suthiwartnarueput, Owart (2021). 4877: 4869:Castro-Woodhouse, Leslie (2020). 4817: 4705: 4671: 4620:to establish themselves in 1869. 4498:Chiang Saen) and Wat Muensan (of 4284:'freemen' commoners and non-free 3809:Khuen sect, originating from the 2838:towns under their jurisdictions; 2451:and deported about 10,000 ethnic 2165:Reforms and Integration into Siam 2079:(son-in-law), grandson of Khamfan 1310:In 1884, Chulalongkorn appointed 632:to attack Burmese-held Chiang Mai 581:Siamese conquest of Lan Na (1775) 5933:Former countries in Thai history 5778:The Thammasat Journal of History 4947:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 4813:. University of Wisconsin Press. 3936:in the same year. In 1850, Lord 3584:Abandonment of preceding reforms 2440:Lamphun was the seat of Ancient 2195:, 1901-1909 (Siam annexed Lanna) 915:, tributary to Siam, around 1850 622:. In December 1774, the Siamese 450: 425: 166: 20: 5993:1890s disestablishments in Siam 5769: 5754: 5649: 5545: 5267: 5187:. ASIAN HIGHLANDS PERSPECTIVES. 4581: 3839:Chiang Mai forces under Uparaj 3725: 3683: 1018:Burmese–Siamese War (1849–1855) 1004:, younger half-brother of King 675:Burmese–Siamese War (1802–1805) 671:Burmese–Siamese War (1797–1798) 667:Burmese–Siamese War (1785–1786) 31:needs additional citations for 5983:1899 disestablishments in Asia 5625:Traders of the Golden Triangle 5463:. Silkworm Books. p. 201. 5459:Sarassawadee Ongsakul (2005). 4967:Winichakul, Thongchai (1997). 4927:. ISEAS Yusof Ishak Institute. 4802: 4787: 4656: 3404:Introduced fundamental reforms 2747: 2204:, 1911-1939 (title abolished) 2060:Phrachao Kawilorot Suriyawong 1992:1847–1854: Phraya Chiang Mai ( 1806:or Noi Tham (younger brother) 1560:; the ruler of each princedom. 585:Since the Burmese conquest of 1: 5645:. Cambridge University Press. 5241:Journal of World Christianity 5163:. University of Hawaii Press. 4971:. University of Hawaii Press. 4783:. Journal of Siamese Society. 4649: 3862:Uparaj Thammalangka captured 3678: 3020:Franco-Siamese crisis of 1893 2623:) – the council composing of 2594: 2089:'s visit to Chiang Mai (1860) 2016:son of Khamfan, died in 1856 1937:พระยากากวรรณทีปะราชวชิรปราการ 1378:Franco-Siamese crisis of 1893 562:in 1774. It was ruled by the 191: 5988:1800s establishments in Siam 5662:The Journal of Asian Studies 5509:Penth, Hans (1 March 2001). 5474:Thanet Charoenmuang (1995). 5412:Ramsay, James Ansil (1976). 4943:Porananond, Ploysri (2016). 4923:Ouyyanont, Porphant (2018). 4667:. Stanford University Press. 4312:or 'Lord Owner of the Life'. 3910: 2672: 2532:Chailangka Phisansophakkul ( 1479: 1476:under his 1912 Surname Act. 7: 5978:1802 establishments in Asia 5888:Moffett, Samuel H. (2014). 5872:. William Carey Publishing. 5541:. Cornell University Press. 5360:"THE PACIFICATION OF BURMA" 5278:. William Carey Publishing. 5115:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. 4873:. Cornell University Press. 4374: 4233:Danish East Asiatic Company 4042:) is native to mountainous 3988:Continental Southeast Asian 3352:Phraya Ratcha Sampharakorn 3275:Phra Narinthra Ratchaseni ( 2756:Three princedoms under the 2545:Dara Direkrattana Phairoj ( 2535:เจ้าไชยลังกาพิศาลโสภาคย์คุณ 2168:Phaya Phap Rebellion (1889) 1988:formerly known as Mahawong 1793:Phra Boromma Rachathibodi ( 1043:appointed Mahawong as King 575:Transfer from Burma to Siam 518: 10: 6014: 5358:Croswaithe, Charles, Sir. 5338:Keyes, Charles F. (2019). 5261:10.5325/jworlchri.2.1.0029 5253:10.5325/jworlchri.2.1.0029 5137:. Oxford University Press. 5111:Grabowsky, Volker (1995). 4809:Ferguson, Jane M. (2021). 4779:Grabowsky, Volker (1999). 4358:of the slaves belonged to 4262: 4103:of Chiang Mai asserted to 3976: 3034: 2590:), son of Inthayongyotchot 2457:Wat Phra That Hariphunchai 2419: 2207: 2054:Chao Kawilorot Suriyawong 2023:Expeditions to Chiang Tung 2004:Phrachao Mahotaraprathet ( 1445:Siamese Revolution of 1932 1015: 664: 578: 569: 536: 529: 376:• Became part of the 140: 5953:Former monarchies of Asia 5868:Park, Timothy K. (2011). 5850:Borchert, Thomas (2018). 5732:10.1017/S0022463400012200 5656:Vickery, Michael (1970). 5554:Thailand: A Short History 5430:10.1017/S0022463400010249 5292:De Neui, Paul H. (2017). 5183:Simms, Sao Sanda (2017). 4717:Thailand: A Short History 4608: 4547: 4517: 4511: 4054:. British acquisition of 3801:on southern outskirts of 3793: 3643: 3631: 3612: 3600: 3581: 3574: 3560: 3544: 3539: 3528: 3521: 3509: 3496: 3480: 3468: 3435: 3423: 3419:Phraya Montri Suriyawong 3396: 3368: 3356: 3335: 3323: 3297: 3285: 3277: 3218: 3192: 3119: 3071:Prince Phichit Prichakorn 3059: 3049: 3006: 2992: 2664: 2655: 2646: 2637: 2619: 2586: 2573: 2560: 2547: 2534: 2517: 2504: 2491: 2463:List of rulers of Lamphun 2411: 2398: 2385: 2383:Norananthachai Chawalit ( 2372: 2359: 2340: 2327: 2314: 2276:List of rulers of Lampang 2137:Phrachao Inthawichayanon 2006: 1994: 1936: 1903: 1863: 1795: 1783: 1729: 1718: 1671:List of Chiang Mai rulers 1624: 1614: 1604: 1592: 1580: 1568: 1469: 1423: 1382: 1368: 1312:Prince Phichit Prichakorn 1162: 1097:loggers and Lanna lords. 1029:Prince Wongsathirat Sanit 1002:Prince Wongsathirat Sanit 857: 814: 769: 716: 640: 602:in 1732. The new Burmese 589:in 1558, Lanna or modern 506: 501: 466: 404: 400: 387: 374: 361: 348: 344: 330: 326: 314: 302: 292:• 1802–1813 (first) 290: 286: 276: 266: 256: 235: 225: 215: 201: 179: 163: 158: 126: 120: 5800:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. 5296:. Resource Publications. 4521:), was a head temple in 4421:, dated to the times of 4417:. Kawila also moved the 4415:the temple of Doi Suthep 4280:class and the non-elite 4188:Chiangmai Treaty of 1883 4126:Chiangmai Treaty of 1874 3952:In the 1870s, Kolan the 3379:Chiangmai Treaty of 1883 3088:Chiangmai Treaty of 1883 3041:Chiangmai Treaty of 1874 3029:Myanmar-Thailand borders 2548:เจ้าดาราดิเรกรัตนไพโรจน์ 2402:), son of Norananthachai 2216:Wat Pongsanuk temple in 1750:Not from Chetton dynasty 1661:Chaophraya Si Suriyawong 1300:Chiangmai Treaty of 1883 1240:Chiangmai Treaty of 1874 1238:in 1873 to conclude the 1033:Second Anglo-Burmese War 490:Kingdom of Rattanatingsa 316:• 1910–1939 (last) 5854:. Taylor & Francis. 5765:. Taylor & Francis. 5607:. Taylor & Francis. 5587:Journal of Siam Society 5578:Turton, Andrew (1998). 5552:David K. Wyatt (2004). 5342:. Taylor & Francis. 5043:Journal of Siam Society 4985:Suarez, Thomas (2012). 4715:David K. Wyatt (2004). 4561:at Bangkok. There were 4154:on the eastern bank of 4082:or overlord princes so 4060:First Anglo-Burmese War 4013:David Lester Richardson 3982:Pre-modern: Before 1840 3755:established himself at 3558:Chaophraya Phonlathep ( 3446:Third Anglo-Burmese War 3200:and cession of Laos to 2983:Third Anglo-Burmese War 2705:David Lester Richardson 2684:First-Anglo Burmese War 2389:), son of Worayanrangsi 2193:Inthawarorot Suriyawong 2025:in 1850, 1852 and 1853. 1501:Bangkok National Museum 1437:Shan Rebellion of Phrae 1429:Inthawarorot Suriyawong 1063:of Chiang Mai in 1856. 966:David Lester Richardson 962:First Anglo-Burmese War 630:marched his army north 363:• Installation of 226:Official languages 55:"Kingdom of Chiang Mai" 5159:Strate, Shane (2015). 5085:Iijima, Akiko (2008). 4591: 4526: 4419:Chiang Mai city pillar 4402: 4397:from Wat Inthakhin to 4244:Department of Forestry 4221:British Borneo Company 4170: 4047: 3818: 3747: 3476:Thongchin Charuchinda 3094:sent his half-brother 3082: 2978: 2761: 2437: 2370:Phrommaphipong Thada ( 2259: 2220: 1737:Noi Konkaew (nephew), 1725:Phraya Wachiraprakarn 1503: 1489:Ceremonial golden tree 1415:Department of Forestry 1407:British Borneo Company 1353: 1283: 1214: 1133: 1080: 1013: 916: 844: 808: 695: 686:, originally ruler of 5643:A History of Thailand 4589: 4508: 4387: 4229:Bombay Burmah Company 4164: 4034: 3790: 3733: 3660:Franco-Siamese crisis 3198:Franco-Siamese crisis 3069: 2973: 2755: 2584:Chakkham Khachonsak ( 2427: 2399:เจ้าบุญวาทย์วงษ์มานิต 2257: 2215: 2014:Phimphisan (cousin), 1487: 1472:) as granted by King 1459:Plaek Phibunsongkhram 1411:Bombay Burmah Company 1351: 1344:Integration into Siam 1270: 1205: 1142:Shan state of Mawkmai 1126:American Presbyterian 1120: 1074: 1000: 910: 834: 799: 735:Prince Sura Singhanat 682: 494:Kingdom of Chiang Mai 389:• Death of Lord 122:Kingdom of Chiang Mai 5958:Rulers of Chiang Mai 5938:19th century in Siam 5627:. Cognoscenti Books. 4989:. Tuttle Publishing. 4697:Penth, Hans (2001). 4614:Kawilorot Suriyawong 4371:construction works. 4101:Kawilorot Suriyawong 4072:British Indian rupee 3531:Phaya Phap Rebellion 3522:บุตร บุณยรัตน์พันธุ์ 2564:), son of Chailangka 2558:Hemphinthuphaichit ( 2551:), son of Chailangka 2445:Hariphunchai Kingdom 2046:Kawilorot Suriyawong 1948:son of Thammalangka 1719:พระยาจ่าบ้าน (บุญมา) 1715:Phaya Chaban Boonma 1077:Kawilorot Suriyawong 1067:Arrival of modernity 1061:Kawilorot Suriyawong 993:Kengtung expeditions 903:Vassalage to Bangkok 818:), establishing the 712:Rattanakosin Kingdom 544:Rattanakosin Kingdom 446:Kingdom of Siam 40:improve this article 5963:Chiang Mai province 5274:Lim, David (2005). 4634:freedom of religion 4097:extraterritoriality 3627:Phraya Songsuradet 3540:Prince Sonnabandit 3464:Phraya Phetphichai 3424:พระยามนตรีสุริยวงศ์ 3244: 3113:Departments called 2760:and their expansion 2587:เจ้าจักรคำขจรศักดิ์ 2396:Boonwat Wongmanit ( 1699:(heir presumptive) 1676: 1493:Phutthai Sawan Hall 1455:Prince Kaew Nawarat 1288:Princess Dararasami 1272:Princess Dararasami 1254:freedom of religion 1213:is named after him. 1136:In 1865, Kolan the 1106:extraterritoriality 827:Northern expansions 5133:Han, Enze (2019). 4643:King Chulalongkorn 4592: 4529:Traditional Lanna 4527: 4403: 4380:Theravada Buddhism 4225:Louis T. Leonowens 4171: 4130:King Chulalongkorn 4116:Reforms: 1874–1894 4048: 3960:seized control of 3901:Yuan Northern Thai 3819: 3805:, was a temple of 3748: 3331:Suea Phayakkhanan 3319:Phraya Ratchasena 3243: 3092:King Chulalongkorn 3083: 3075:King Chulalongkorn 3073:, half-brother of 3060:ข้าหลวงสามหัวเมือง 2993:เมืองเงี้ยวทั้งห้า 2979: 2762: 2635:Phraya Saenluang ( 2600:Central government 2571:Inthayongyotchot ( 2561:เจ้าเหมพินธุไพจิตร 2438: 2386:เจ้านรนันทไชยชวลิต 2373:เจ้าพรหมาภิพงษธาดา 2260: 2221: 2007:พระเจ้ามโหตรประเทศ 1899:Phraya Chiang Mai 1859:Phraya Chiang Mai 1675: 1600:Phraya Mueang Kaew 1504: 1354: 1284: 1280:King Chulalongkorn 1231:King Chulalongkorn 1215: 1134: 1109:reality. In 1860, 1081: 1014: 917: 880:Sao Kawng Tai and 845: 809: 770:รัตนติงสาอภินวบุรี 757:Prince Thepharirak 696: 261:Theravada Buddhism 5826:. AltaMira Press. 5520:978-974-7551-32-7 5461:History of Lan Na 4701:. Silkworm Books. 4596:Dan Beach Bradley 4518:วัดแสนเมืองมาหลวง 4472:Nikai Yong (from 4105:Robert Schomburgk 4052:Northern Thailand 3962:Mae Hong Son area 3947:Robert Schomburgk 3897:Northern Thailand 3688:When the Burmese 3676: 3675: 3517:But Bunyaratphan 3357:พระยาราชสัมภารากร 2960:Mae Hong Son area 2766:Northern Thailand 2363:), son of Khamsom 2344:), son of Khamsom 2331:), son of Khamsom 2318:), son of Khamsom 2305:or Prince in 1826 2181: 2180: 2175:Lao Chiang (1894) 2171:Establishment of 2109:into Lanna (1869) 2095:'s arrival (1867) 2087:Robert Schomburgk 1124:(1828-1911), the 1111:Robert Schomburgk 753:attack Chiang Mai 706:In 1782, the new 661:Burmese invasions 650:Chaophraya Surasi 646:Chaophraya Chakri 591:Northern Thailand 516: 487: 486: 462: 461: 458: 457: 438: 437: 304:• 1871–1897 186:Dominions of the 116: 115: 108: 90: 6005: 5915: 5914: 5903: 5894: 5893: 5885: 5874: 5873: 5865: 5856: 5855: 5847: 5828: 5827: 5819: 5802: 5801: 5793: 5782: 5781: 5773: 5767: 5766: 5758: 5752: 5751: 5715: 5709: 5708: 5700: 5694: 5693: 5653: 5647: 5646: 5638: 5629: 5628: 5620: 5609: 5608: 5600: 5591: 5590: 5584: 5575: 5558: 5557: 5549: 5543: 5542: 5534: 5525: 5524: 5506: 5500: 5499: 5493: 5489: 5487: 5479: 5471: 5465: 5464: 5456: 5450: 5449: 5409: 5378: 5377: 5371: 5363: 5355: 5344: 5343: 5335: 5326: 5325: 5317: 5298: 5297: 5289: 5280: 5279: 5271: 5265: 5264: 5232: 5189: 5188: 5180: 5165: 5164: 5156: 5139: 5138: 5130: 5117: 5116: 5108: 5095: 5094: 5082: 5047: 5046: 5038: 4991: 4990: 4982: 4973: 4972: 4964: 4949: 4948: 4940: 4929: 4928: 4920: 4875: 4874: 4866: 4815: 4814: 4806: 4800: 4799: 4791: 4785: 4784: 4776: 4721: 4720: 4712: 4703: 4702: 4694: 4669: 4668: 4660: 4611: 4610: 4600:Daniel McGilvary 4550: 4549: 4520: 4519: 4514: 4513: 4509:Wat Hua Khuang ( 4433:Nikai Chiang Mai 4292:composed of the 4268:Social Structure 4253:Chaophraya river 3796: 3795: 3690:Konbaung dynasty 3646: 3645: 3634: 3633: 3615: 3614: 3603: 3602: 3596:Phraya Kraikosa 3577: 3576: 3575:พุ่ม ศรีไชยยันต์ 3563: 3562: 3555: 3524: 3523: 3512: 3511: 3505:Phraya Mahathep 3483: 3482: 3481:ทองจีน จารุจินดา 3471: 3470: 3438: 3437: 3426: 3425: 3394: 3371: 3370: 3369:เลื่อน สุรนันทน์ 3359: 3358: 3338: 3337: 3326: 3325: 3300: 3299: 3298:พุ่ม ศรีไชยยันต์ 3288: 3287: 3280: 3279: 3278:พระนรินทรราชเสนี 3272: 3245: 3242: 3221: 3220: 3202:French Indochina 3195: 3194: 3149:Khao Sanam Luang 3122: 3121: 3062: 3061: 3052: 3051: 3009: 3008: 2996:) of Mong Hsat, 2995: 2994: 2976: 2667: 2666: 2662:Phraya Dekchai ( 2658: 2657: 2649: 2648: 2640: 2639: 2629:Khao Sanam Luang 2622: 2621: 2615:Khao Sanam Luang 2589: 2588: 2576: 2575: 2574:เจ้าอินทยงยศโชติ 2563: 2562: 2550: 2549: 2537: 2536: 2521:), son of Boonma 2520: 2519: 2508:), son of Boonma 2507: 2506: 2494: 2493: 2414: 2413: 2401: 2400: 2388: 2387: 2375: 2374: 2362: 2361: 2343: 2342: 2330: 2329: 2317: 2316: 2237:David Richardson 2126: 2093:Daniel McGilvary 2042: 2009: 2008: 1997: 1996: 1939: 1938: 1906: 1905: 1866: 1865: 1798: 1797: 1786: 1785: 1773: 1732: 1731: 1721: 1720: 1677: 1674: 1627: 1626: 1617: 1616: 1607: 1606: 1595: 1594: 1583: 1582: 1571: 1570: 1541:heir presumptive 1471: 1426: 1425: 1385: 1384: 1371: 1370: 1165: 1164: 1154:Daniel McGilvary 1122:Daniel McGilvary 937:heir presumptive 860: 859: 817: 816: 772: 771: 726:Nine Armies' War 719: 718: 643: 642: 604:Konbaung dynasty 564:Chet Ton dynasty 541: 540: 539: 533: 532: 523: 511: 509: 508: 503: 454: 453: 442: 441: 429: 428: 422: 421: 406: 405: 335:Early modern era 237:Spoken languages 196: 193: 188:Chet Ton dynasty 184: 170: 153: 145: 144: 143: 137: 129: 128: 118: 117: 111: 104: 100: 97: 91: 89: 48: 24: 16: 6013: 6012: 6008: 6007: 6006: 6004: 6003: 6002: 5948:Former kingdoms 5923: 5922: 5919: 5918: 5905: 5904: 5897: 5886: 5877: 5866: 5859: 5848: 5831: 5820: 5805: 5794: 5785: 5774: 5770: 5759: 5755: 5716: 5712: 5701: 5697: 5674:10.2307/2943093 5654: 5650: 5639: 5632: 5621: 5612: 5601: 5594: 5582: 5576: 5561: 5550: 5546: 5535: 5528: 5521: 5507: 5503: 5491: 5490: 5481: 5480: 5472: 5468: 5457: 5453: 5410: 5381: 5365: 5364: 5356: 5347: 5336: 5329: 5318: 5301: 5290: 5283: 5272: 5268: 5233: 5192: 5181: 5168: 5157: 5142: 5131: 5120: 5109: 5098: 5083: 5050: 5039: 4994: 4983: 4976: 4965: 4952: 4941: 4932: 4921: 4878: 4867: 4818: 4807: 4803: 4798:. Buppha Press. 4792: 4788: 4777: 4724: 4713: 4706: 4695: 4672: 4661: 4657: 4652: 4638:Inthawichayanon 4584: 4490:, Wat Phantao, 4407:Wat Chedi Luang 4399:Wat Chedi Luang 4382: 4377: 4306:Chetton dynasty 4270: 4265: 4197: 4180:Sansai district 4144:Teochew Chinese 4122:Inthawichayanon 4118: 4040:Tectona grandis 4029: 3993:barter exchange 3984: 3979: 3913: 3851:in 1802. 6,000 3823:Chetton dynasty 3791:Wat Yangkuang ( 3728: 3686: 3681: 3570:Phum Sichaiyan 3336:เสือ พยัคฆนันท์ 3293:Phum Sichaiyan 3241: 3169:Inthawichayanon 3037: 2974: 2968: 2758:Chetton dynasty 2750: 2675: 2653:Phraya Chaban ( 2644:Phraya Samlan ( 2602: 2597: 2465: 2422: 2357:Worayanrangsi ( 2278: 2210: 2196: 2130:Inthawichayanon 1984:Mahotaraprathet 1960:Restoration of 1813:Chetton dynasty 1796:พระบรมราชาธิบดี 1784:พระยาวชิรปราการ 1746:Thonburi Period 1730:พระยาวชิรปราการ 1673: 1516:Chetton dynasty 1482: 1451:system itself. 1346: 1276:Inthawichayanon 1207:Inthawichayanon 1200: 1198:Reform attempts 1191:Inthawichayanon 1069: 1045:Mahotaraprathet 1020: 995: 913:Chetton dynasty 905: 829: 820:Chetton dynasty 815:พระบรมราชาธิบดี 717:พระยาวชิรปราการ 677: 665:Main articles: 663: 595:Toungoo dynasty 583: 577: 572: 537: 531:ᨻᩕᨶᨣᩬᩁᨩ᩠ᨿᨦᩉ᩠ᨾᩲ᩵ 530: 483: 451: 426: 393: 380: 367: 357:15 January 1775 354: 317: 309:Inthawichayanon 305: 293: 271:Mandala kingdom 252: 238: 197: 194: 175: 174: 171: 154: 147: 142:ᨻᩕᨶᨣᩬᩁᨩ᩠ᨿᨦᩉ᩠ᨾᩲ᩵ 141: 138: 131: 123: 112: 101: 95: 92: 49: 47: 37: 25: 12: 11: 5: 6011: 6001: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5917: 5916: 5895: 5892:. Orbis Books. 5875: 5857: 5829: 5803: 5783: 5768: 5753: 5710: 5695: 5668:(4): 863–881. 5648: 5630: 5610: 5592: 5559: 5544: 5526: 5519: 5501: 5466: 5451: 5379: 5345: 5327: 5299: 5281: 5266: 5190: 5166: 5140: 5118: 5096: 5048: 4992: 4974: 4950: 4930: 4876: 4816: 4801: 4786: 4722: 4704: 4670: 4654: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4583: 4580: 4576:Lanna language 4484: 4483: 4477: 4470: 4463: 4452: 4446: 4440: 4434: 4411:Wat Phra Singh 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4368: 4367: 4353:There existed 4351: 4350: 4349: 4313: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4240:Prince Damrong 4196: 4193: 4117: 4114: 4093:Bowring Treaty 4028: 4025: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3912: 3909: 3905:Dharma scripts 3872: 3871: 3860: 3727: 3724: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3674: 3673: 3672: 3671: 3668: 3665: 3662: 3657: 3649: 3637: 3632:พระยาทรงสุรเดช 3625: 3623: 3619: 3618: 3608:Thet Phumirat 3606: 3594: 3591: 3590: 3589: 3588: 3585: 3580: 3568: 3561:เจ้าพระยาพลเทพ 3556: 3549: 3542: 3541: 3538: 3535: 3534: 3533: 3532: 3527: 3515: 3503: 3501: 3494: 3493: 3492: 3491: 3486: 3474: 3469:พระยาเพชรพิชัย 3462: 3460: 3456: 3455: 3454: 3453: 3448: 3441: 3429: 3417: 3415: 3411: 3410: 3409: 3408: 3405: 3400: 3395: 3388: 3384: 3383: 3382: 3381: 3374: 3364:Luean Suranan 3362: 3350: 3348: 3344: 3343: 3341: 3329: 3317: 3315: 3311: 3310: 3309: 3308: 3303: 3291: 3286:พระยาเทพประชุน 3273: 3266: 3262: 3261: 3258: 3257:Personal Name 3255: 3252: 3249: 3240: 3233: 3181:Prince Damrong 3160: 3159: 3152: 3036: 3033: 2967: 2964: 2939: 2938: 2928: 2890: 2749: 2746: 2674: 2671: 2670: 2669: 2660: 2651: 2642: 2601: 2598: 2596: 2593: 2592: 2591: 2578: 2565: 2552: 2539: 2522: 2518:พระยาน้อยลังกา 2509: 2496: 2492:พระยาน้อยอินท์ 2483: 2480: 2469: 2464: 2461: 2453:Tai Lue people 2421: 2418: 2417: 2416: 2403: 2390: 2377: 2364: 2360:เจ้าวรญาณรังษี 2351: 2345: 2341:พระยาน้อยอินท์ 2332: 2319: 2306: 2295: 2288: 2277: 2274: 2209: 2206: 2186: 2185: 2179: 2178: 2177: 2176: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2158: 2157: 2156: 2149: 2143: 2138: 2132: 2127: 2120: 2117: 2113: 2112: 2111: 2110: 2099: 2096: 2090: 2082: 2081: 2080: 2073: 2067: 2062: 2048: 2043: 2036: 2033: 2029: 2028: 2027: 2026: 2018: 2012: 1995:พระยาเชียงใหม่ 1990: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1972: 1971: 1970: 1969: 1958: 1955: 1950: 1941: 1932: 1927: 1925: 1922: 1918: 1917: 1915: 1909: 1904:พระยาเชียงใหม่ 1897: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1883: 1882: 1881: 1880: 1875: 1869: 1864:พระยาเชียงใหม่ 1857: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1843: 1842: 1841: 1840: 1825: 1822: 1815: 1807: 1801: 1779: 1774: 1767: 1764: 1760: 1759: 1758: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1741: 1735: 1723: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1704: 1701: 1692: 1691:Formal Titles 1689: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1672: 1669: 1620: 1619: 1615:พระยาบุรีรัตน์ 1610:Phraya Burirat 1608:), changed to 1605:พระยาเมืองแก้ว 1597: 1585: 1573: 1561: 1524:mandala system 1481: 1478: 1357:Prince Damrong 1345: 1342: 1298:agreed to new 1296:British Empire 1274:, daughter of 1199: 1196: 1102:Bowring Treaty 1068: 1065: 1016:Main article: 994: 991: 927:mandala system 904: 901: 828: 825: 662: 659: 579:Main article: 576: 573: 571: 568: 485: 484: 482: 481: 476: 470: 468: 464: 463: 460: 459: 456: 455: 448: 439: 436: 435: 433:Lan Na Kingdom 430: 418: 417: 412: 402: 401: 398: 397: 394: 388: 385: 384: 381: 378:Monthon Phayap 375: 372: 371: 368: 362: 359: 358: 355: 349: 346: 345: 342: 341: 332: 331:Historical era 328: 327: 324: 323: 318: 315: 312: 311: 306: 303: 300: 299: 294: 291: 288: 287: 284: 283: 280: 274: 273: 268: 264: 263: 258: 254: 253: 251: 250: 247: 241: 239: 236: 233: 232: 227: 223: 222: 217: 213: 212: 203: 199: 198: 185: 177: 176: 172: 165: 164: 161: 160: 156: 155: 124: 121: 114: 113: 96:September 2015 28: 26: 19: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6010: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5930: 5928: 5921: 5912: 5908: 5902: 5900: 5891: 5884: 5882: 5880: 5871: 5864: 5862: 5853: 5846: 5844: 5842: 5840: 5838: 5836: 5834: 5825: 5818: 5816: 5814: 5812: 5810: 5808: 5799: 5792: 5790: 5788: 5779: 5772: 5764: 5757: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5714: 5706: 5699: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5652: 5644: 5637: 5635: 5626: 5619: 5617: 5615: 5606: 5599: 5597: 5588: 5581: 5574: 5572: 5570: 5568: 5566: 5564: 5555: 5548: 5540: 5533: 5531: 5522: 5516: 5512: 5505: 5497: 5485: 5477: 5470: 5462: 5455: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5408: 5406: 5404: 5402: 5400: 5398: 5396: 5394: 5392: 5390: 5388: 5386: 5384: 5375: 5369: 5361: 5354: 5352: 5350: 5341: 5334: 5332: 5323: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5310: 5308: 5306: 5304: 5295: 5288: 5286: 5277: 5270: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5231: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5223: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5215: 5213: 5211: 5209: 5207: 5205: 5203: 5201: 5199: 5197: 5195: 5186: 5179: 5177: 5175: 5173: 5171: 5162: 5155: 5153: 5151: 5149: 5147: 5145: 5136: 5129: 5127: 5125: 5123: 5114: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5092: 5088: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5075: 5073: 5071: 5069: 5067: 5065: 5063: 5061: 5059: 5057: 5055: 5053: 5044: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5025: 5023: 5021: 5019: 5017: 5015: 5013: 5011: 5009: 5007: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4988: 4981: 4979: 4970: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4946: 4939: 4937: 4935: 4926: 4919: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4909: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4881: 4872: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4855: 4853: 4851: 4849: 4847: 4845: 4843: 4841: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4829: 4827: 4825: 4823: 4821: 4812: 4805: 4797: 4790: 4782: 4775: 4773: 4771: 4769: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4761: 4759: 4757: 4755: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4729: 4727: 4718: 4711: 4709: 4700: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4666: 4659: 4655: 4647: 4644: 4639: 4635: 4630: 4627: 4621: 4619: 4615: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4588: 4579: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4564: 4560: 4559: 4554: 4544: 4540: 4539: 4534: 4533: 4524: 4507: 4503: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4482: 4478: 4475: 4471: 4468: 4465:Nikai Ngiao ( 4464: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4451: 4447: 4445: 4441: 4439: 4435: 4432: 4431: 4430: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4400: 4396: 4395: 4390: 4386: 4372: 4365: 4361: 4356: 4352: 4347: 4343: 4342: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4298: 4297: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4274:Lanna kingdom 4260: 4258: 4254: 4248: 4245: 4241: 4236: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4217:deforestation 4213: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4192: 4189: 4183: 4181: 4177: 4168: 4163: 4159: 4157: 4153: 4152:Wat Ket Karam 4149: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4113: 4111: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4088: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4068:British Burma 4064: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4024: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3994: 3989: 3974: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3950: 3948: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3929: 3927: 3926:Lao Rebellion 3923: 3919: 3908: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3880:Salween river 3877: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3837: 3836: 3833: 3829: 3824: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3789: 3785: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3732: 3723: 3721: 3717: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3691: 3669: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3655:Kha Luang Yai 3652: 3651: 3650: 3648: 3638: 3636: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3620: 3617: 3613:เทศ ภูมิรัตน์ 3607: 3605: 3595: 3593: 3592: 3586: 3583: 3582: 3579: 3569: 3567: 3557: 3554: 3550: 3548: 3543: 3537: 3536: 3530: 3529: 3526: 3516: 3514: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3495: 3489: 3488: 3487: 3485: 3475: 3473: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3457: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3443: 3442: 3440: 3431:Chuen Bunnag 3430: 3428: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3412: 3406: 3403: 3402: 3401: 3399: 3393: 3389: 3386: 3385: 3380: 3377: 3376: 3375: 3373: 3363: 3361: 3351: 3349: 3346: 3345: 3342: 3340: 3330: 3328: 3318: 3316: 3313: 3312: 3306: 3305: 3304: 3302: 3292: 3290: 3274: 3271: 3267: 3264: 3263: 3259: 3256: 3253: 3250: 3247: 3246: 3238: 3232: 3229: 3228:Kha Luang Yai 3225: 3215: 3214:Kha Luang Yai 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3193:มณฑลเทศาภิบาล 3189: 3187: 3182: 3178: 3175: 3170: 3166: 3157: 3153: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3116: 3112: 3111: 3106: 3105: 3104: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3056: 3046: 3042: 3032: 3030: 3025: 3021: 3018:The imminent 3016: 3013: 3007:เวียงไชยปรีชา 3003: 2999: 2989: 2984: 2972: 2963: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2948: 2947:British Burma 2944: 2943:Salween river 2937: 2933: 2929: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2840: 2839: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2759: 2754: 2745: 2743: 2738: 2734: 2728: 2726: 2721: 2720:Salween River 2717: 2713: 2708: 2706: 2701: 2700:Burney Treaty 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2661: 2652: 2643: 2634: 2633: 2632: 2630: 2626: 2616: 2611: 2607: 2606:Lanna kingdom 2583: 2579: 2570: 2566: 2557: 2553: 2544: 2540: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2514: 2510: 2501: 2497: 2488: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2467: 2466: 2460: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2443: 2435: 2431: 2426: 2408: 2404: 2395: 2391: 2382: 2378: 2369: 2365: 2356: 2352: 2350: 2346: 2337: 2333: 2324: 2320: 2311: 2307: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2293: 2289: 2287: 2284: 2280: 2279: 2273: 2270: 2266: 2256: 2252: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2229: 2226: 2219: 2214: 2205: 2203: 2200: 2194: 2191: 2183: 2182: 2174: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2160: 2159: 2154: 2150: 2148: 2144: 2141: 2140: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2131: 2128: 2125: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2114: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2088: 2085: 2084: 2083: 2078: 2074: 2072: 2068: 2065: 2064: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2053: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2030: 2024: 2021: 2020: 2019: 2017: 2013: 2011: 2003: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1982: 1980: 1977: 1974: 1973: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1952: 1951: 1949: 1945: 1942: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1884: 1878: 1877: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1844: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1816: 1814: 1810: 1809: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1792: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1761: 1755: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1743: 1742: 1740: 1736: 1734: 1724: 1722: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1706: 1702: 1700: 1696: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1679: 1678: 1668: 1666: 1662: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1611: 1601: 1598: 1589: 1586: 1577: 1574: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1555: 1552: 1551: 1550: 1547: 1542: 1538: 1537: 1531: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1520:Lanna kingdom 1517: 1513: 1509: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1477: 1475: 1467: 1462: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1419: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1403: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1388:Kha Luang Yai 1379: 1375: 1369:มณฑลเทศาภิบาล 1365: 1363: 1358: 1350: 1341: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1322: 1317: 1313: 1308: 1306: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1250: 1244: 1241: 1237: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1195: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1179: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1112: 1107: 1104:that granted 1103: 1098: 1095: 1090: 1086: 1078: 1073: 1064: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1025: 1019: 1012:in 1852–1854. 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 990: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 971:British Burma 967: 963: 958: 956: 955:Lao Rebellion 951: 947: 941: 938: 934: 933: 928: 923: 914: 909: 900: 898: 894: 889: 887: 883: 879: 878: 873: 869: 864: 863:Salween River 854: 851: 842: 838: 833: 824: 821: 806: 802: 798: 794: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 766: 762: 758: 754: 749: 747: 746:Wat Chiangman 743: 738: 736: 731: 727: 723: 713: 709: 704: 702: 693: 689: 685: 681: 676: 672: 668: 658: 656: 651: 647: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 616: 612: 607: 605: 601: 596: 592: 588: 582: 567: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 548:Chulalongkorn 545: 534:, full name: 527: 526:Northern Thai 522: 521: 514: 504:, full name: 499: 495: 491: 480: 477: 475: 472: 471: 469: 467:Today part of 465: 449: 447: 444: 443: 440: 434: 431: 424: 423: 420: 419: 416: 413: 411: 408: 407: 403: 399: 395: 392: 386: 383:December 1899 382: 379: 373: 370:December 1802 369: 366: 360: 356: 353: 347: 343: 340: 339:modern period 336: 333: 329: 325: 322: 319: 313: 310: 307: 301: 298: 295: 289: 285: 281: 279: 275: 272: 269: 265: 262: 259: 255: 248: 246: 245:Northern Thai 243: 242: 240: 234: 231: 228: 224: 221: 218: 214: 211: 207: 204: 200: 189: 183: 178: 169: 162: 157: 151: 150:Northern Thai 135: 119: 110: 107: 99: 88: 85: 81: 78: 74: 71: 67: 64: 60: 57: – 56: 52: 51:Find sources: 45: 41: 35: 34: 29:This article 27: 23: 18: 17: 5920: 5910: 5889: 5869: 5851: 5823: 5797: 5777: 5771: 5762: 5756: 5726:(1): 43–68. 5723: 5719: 5713: 5704: 5698: 5665: 5661: 5651: 5642: 5624: 5604: 5586: 5553: 5547: 5538: 5510: 5504: 5475: 5469: 5460: 5454: 5424:(1): 16–32. 5421: 5417: 5339: 5321: 5293: 5275: 5269: 5247:(1): 29–81. 5244: 5240: 5184: 5160: 5134: 5112: 5090: 5042: 4986: 4968: 4944: 4924: 4870: 4810: 4804: 4795: 4789: 4780: 4716: 4698: 4664: 4658: 4631: 4626:King Mongkut 4622: 4604:Laos Mission 4593: 4582:Christianity 4571: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4542: 4536: 4530: 4528: 4499: 4495: 4485: 4426: 4423:King Mangrai 4404: 4393: 4369: 4363: 4359: 4354: 4345: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4309: 4301: 4293: 4289: 4288:slaves. The 4285: 4281: 4277: 4271: 4249: 4237: 4214: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4198: 4184: 4172: 4133: 4119: 4110:King Mongkut 4089: 4079: 4065: 4049: 4044:Indo-Malayan 4039: 4020: 3997: 3985: 3966:Mae Hong Son 3953: 3951: 3930: 3914: 3873: 3856: 3841:Thammalangka 3830:, Kuang and 3820: 3811:Khuen people 3806: 3749: 3739: 3726:Accumulation 3687: 3684:Depopulation 3654: 3640: 3628: 3609: 3601:พระยาไกรโกษา 3597: 3571: 3565: 3546: 3518: 3506: 3498: 3477: 3465: 3432: 3420: 3365: 3353: 3332: 3324:พระยาราชเสนา 3320: 3294: 3282: 3236: 3227: 3223: 3213: 3184: 3179: 3173: 3164: 3161: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3114: 3108: 3099: 3084: 3078: 3054: 3044: 3038: 3023: 3017: 3000:, Monghang, 2987: 2980: 2951: 2940: 2872:Mae Hong Son 2842:Chiang Mai: 2811:Chiang Khong 2782:Luang Namtha 2778:Vieng Phouka 2763: 2736: 2729: 2709: 2696:Henry Burney 2676: 2665:พระญาเด็กชาย 2656:พระญาจ่าบ้าน 2647:พระญาสามล้าน 2638:พระญาแสนหลวง 2628: 2624: 2620:เค้าสนามหลวง 2614: 2609: 2603: 2581: 2568: 2555: 2542: 2529: 2525: 2515:Noi Langka ( 2512: 2499: 2486: 2476: 2439: 2406: 2393: 2380: 2367: 2354: 2348: 2335: 2322: 2315:พระยาไชยวงศ์ 2309: 2302: 2298: 2291: 2282: 2268: 2264: 2261: 2248: 2232: 2230: 2222: 2202:Kaew Nawarat 2198: 2189: 2187: 2172: 2146: 2134: 2102: 2101:Invasion of 2070: 2057: 2055: 2051: 2015: 2001: 1999: 1987: 1947: 1900: 1860: 1855:Thammalangka 1804:Thammalangka 1790: 1788: 1738: 1726: 1716: 1698: 1694: 1664: 1658: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1634:King Mongkut 1629: 1625:เจ้าขันห้าใบ 1621: 1609: 1599: 1587: 1575: 1563: 1557: 1553: 1545: 1534: 1532: 1505: 1497:Front Palace 1463: 1453: 1448: 1441:Kaew Nawarat 1432: 1420: 1404: 1399: 1387: 1383:มณฑลลาวเฉียง 1373: 1360: 1355: 1331: 1326: 1319: 1315: 1309: 1304: 1285: 1258:Mae Hong Son 1248: 1245: 1216: 1211:Doi Inthanon 1186: 1180: 1158:Laos Mission 1149: 1137: 1135: 1130:Laos Mission 1099: 1082: 1052: 1048: 1036: 1021: 986: 959: 949: 942: 930: 921: 918: 892: 890: 876: 853:Sipsongpanna 846: 810: 783:Thammalangka 750: 739: 705: 697: 635: 614: 611:Thado Mindin 608: 584: 519: 502:นครเชียงใหม่ 493: 489: 488: 415:Succeeded by 414: 409: 321:Kaew Nawarat 249:Central Thai 230:Central Thai 173:Coat of arms 127:นครเชียงใหม่ 102: 93: 83: 76: 69: 62: 50: 38:Please help 33:verification 30: 5492:|work= 4492:Wat Chetyot 4460:Chiang Tung 4444:Chiang Saen 4310:Chao Chiwit 4139:Tax farming 4076:Maesot Pass 3986:Like other 3942:Mong Hpayak 3918:Phutthawong 3916:where Lord 3876:Shan states 3752:King Rama I 3744:Chiang Saen 3720:Chiang Saen 3644:อั๋น บุนนาค 3510:พระยามหาเทพ 3436:ชื่น บุนนาค 3254:Title Name 3219:ข้าหลวงใหญ่ 3188:Thesaphiban 3156:tax farming 3137:Kromma Wang 2864:Chiang Saen 2848:Wiang Papao 2823:Chiang Saen 2786:Shan States 2748:Territories 2742:Chiang Hung 2688:Phutthawong 2580:1911–1943: 2567:1896–1911: 2554:1888–1896: 2541:1871–1888: 2524:1843–1871: 2511:1841–1843: 2498:1838–1841: 2485:1827–1838: 2471:1806–1815: 2412:เจ้าราชบุตร 2409:Ratchabut ( 2405:1922–1925: 2392:1898–1922: 2379:1893–1896: 2366:1873–1893: 2353:1856–1871: 2347:1848–1856: 2334:1838–1848: 2328:พระยาขัติยะ 2308:1827–1837: 2297:1794–1826: 2290:1782–1794: 2281:1775–1782: 2151:1897–1901: 2145:1882–1897: 2075:1869–1873: 2069:1867–1869: 2056:1862–1870: 2050:1856–1862: 1930:Phutthawong 1912:Phutthawong 1835:(1804) and 1833:Chiang Saen 1829:Chiang Tung 1827:Capture of 1789:1802–1816: 1656:or Prince. 1558:Chao Mueang 1470:ณ เชียงใหม่ 1364:Thesaphiban 1337:Shan States 1150:Chao Chiwit 1089:Lower Burma 946:Phutthawong 850:Chiang Hung 805:Chiang Saen 759:and Prince 708:King Rama I 655:Chiang Saen 624:King Taksin 613:became the 410:Preceded by 396:3 June 1939 195: 1883 5927:Categories 4650:References 4618:Ping river 4609:หนานอินต๊ะ 4563:Sangharaja 4558:Sangharaja 4523:Chiang Mai 4512:วัดหัวข่วง 4474:Mong Yawng 4178:in modern 4156:Ping river 4058:after the 4056:Tenasserim 3882:including 3864:Mong Yawng 3803:Chiang Mai 3774:Chiang Rai 3736:Chiang Mai 3695:Chiang Mai 3679:Demography 3639:An Bunnag 3622:1893–1899 3547:(jointly) 3545:1889–1893 3499:(jointly) 3497:1888–1889 3459:1887–1888 3414:1885–1887 3387:1884–1885 3347:1883–1884 3314:1880–1883 3289:) in 1877 3265:1875–1880 3239:s of Lanna 3141:Phrakhlang 3123:), namely 3110:Chatusadom 3098:to be the 3077:, was the 2906:Mueang Pan 2844:Chiang Rai 2827:Chiang Rai 2819:Chiangkham 2774:Mong Yawng 2680:Tenasserim 2610:Chao Muang 2595:Government 2538:) in 1854. 2505:พระยาคำตัน 2449:Mong Yawng 2430:Mong Yawng 2325:Khattiya ( 2312:Chaiwong ( 2225:Wang River 2153:Noi Suriya 2119:1873–1897 2035:1856–1870 1978:1847–1854 1962:Chiang Rai 1946:(cousin), 1924:1826–1846 1889:1823–1825 1849:1815–1822 1837:Mong Yawng 1817:Stayed at 1766:1782–1815 1710:1775–1779 1618:) in 1853. 1588:Ratchawong 1554:Chao Luang 1474:Vajiravudh 1321:Chatusadom 1314:to be new 1187:Chao Luang 1172:Chiang Dao 1163:หนานอินต๊ะ 1008:, led the 975:Chiang Rai 868:Mong Yawng 267:Government 220:Chiang Mai 66:newspapers 5690:140123610 5494:ignored ( 5484:cite book 5446:162852559 4502:Wualai). 4488:Wat 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1189:King 1176:Phrao 1075:King 775:Indra 692:Lanna 587:Lanna 552:Lanna 87:JSTOR 73:books 5736:PMID 5515:ISBN 5496:help 5374:link 4467:Shan 4413:and 4360:Chao 4355:That 4346:Suai 4334:Phra 4315:The 4302:Chao 4300:The 4294:Chao 4286:That 4084:Khmu 4080:Chao 4036:Teak 4021:Chao 3970:Fang 3934:Ngao 3890:and 3847:and 3832:Wang 3828:Ping 3780:and 3768:and 3705:and 3208:and 3143:and 2936:Phan 2924:and 2902:Long 2898:Ngao 2886:and 2860:Fang 2835:Fang 2833:and 2817:and 2796:and 2780:and 2625:Chao 2303:Chao 2249:Chao 2245:Ngao 2243:and 2233:Chao 2135:King 2058:King 2002:King 1964:and 1791:King 1665:Chao 1654:Chao 1642:Chao 1510:and 1466:Thai 1409:and 1394:and 1262:Fang 1227:Shan 1225:and 1174:and 1085:teak 1053:Chao 977:and 839:and 742:Lawa 648:and 513:RTGS 498:Thai 391:Kaew 210:Siam 134:Thai 59:news 5728:doi 5670:doi 5426:doi 5249:doi 4481:Mon 4450:Nan 4438:Lua 4364:Nai 4290:Nai 4278:Nai 4148:Tak 4009:lac 3956:of 3924:'s 3813:of 3707:Nan 3653:As 3564:), 3281:), 3206:Nan 2884:Hot 2876:Tak 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