1288:"Towering Kesh. You are the image of heaven and earth. Like the mighty viper of the desert, you spread fear. House of Ninhursanga, you stand on a land of wrath. Glorious Kesh: your heart is deep, your form is huge. Great lion . . . the upland, roaming through the wild. Great mountain, brought here by holy incantations. Your heart is dusk, moon light cannot enter you. The Lady of Birth has given you beauty. House of Kesh: your brickwork is your birthing. Your terrace is a crown of lapis lazuli: your frame is your creation. Your lady is the lady who imposes silence. The great good queen of heaven.When she speaks, heaven shakes. When she opens her mouth, storms roar. Ninhursanga, Enlil’s sister, has built a home in your holy court, House of Kesh, and has taken her seat upon your throne. Thirteen lines. House of Ninhursanga in Kesh."
2536:
968:," number eleven, entitled "A Fragment of the so-called 'Liturgy to Nintud.'" The tablet is 5.25 by 2.4 by 1.2 inches (13.3 by 6.1 by 3.0 cm) at its thickest point. Barton's tablet contained nine sections from which he was able to translate sections four, five and six. Barton argued for the abandonment of the myth's subtitle, the "creation of man." He claimed, "So far as the writer can see, there is no allusion in the text to the creation of man." He notes only the allusion to the goddess he called Nintu as "the mother of mankind." He suggested, "Apparently the text celebrated the primitive (or very early) conditions of some town; possibly the founding and growth of the town, but beyond this we can confidently affirm nothing."
69:
39:
868:
31:
1153:
of the temple with vast quantities of oxen and sheep. The temple is likened to the trees from which wood was used in its construction. The gods and functions of the temple are described and praised during temple dedication with different parts of the temple described: its interior and exterior appearance, its gate, courtyard, door and walls. The hymn ends on the conclusion to approach the temple.
1066:) between them. The Old Babylonian version is thus not a creation of Old Babylonian scribes using older material, but is a faithful reflection of a text that had already been fixed in the Sumerian literary tradition for centuries." Biggs suggested "that other traditional works of literature may also go back in essentially their present form to the last third of the third millennium BCE at least."
1112:
like a garden. Kesh was positioned there for him with head uplifted, and as Kesh lifted its head among all the lands, Enlil spoke the praises of Kesh. Nisaba was its decision-maker; with its words she wove it intricately like a net. Written on tablets it was held in her hands: House, platform of the Land, important fierce
1224:
suggests the hymn describes the statues of bulls or lions that were placed at the entrances to temples "Kesh temple, <before which> (something) in the shape of winged lions stands, (something) in the shape of 'white' wild bulls stands facing the desert." The hymn discusses music being played at
1111:
The princely one, the princely one came forth from the house. Enlil, the princely one, came forth from the house. The princely one came forth royally from the house. Enlil lifted his glance over all the lands, and the lands raised themselves to Enlil. The four corners of heaven became green for Enlil
1268:
Draw near, man, to the city, to the city -- but do not draw near! Draw near, man, to the house Kesh, to the city -- but do not draw near! Draw near, man, to its hero Acgi -- but do not draw near! Draw near, man, to its lady Nintud -- but do not draw near! Praise be to well-built Kesh, O Acgi! Praise
1152:
against the sky containing the life sources of Sumer and its cosmic dimensions filling the world. Lines forty five to fifty seven give a metaphorical description of the temple reaching both for the heaven and descending into the underworld. Lines fifty eight to seventy three discuss the complexities
1033:
contained in the "Ur excavations texts" from 1928. Other tablets and versions were used to bring the myth to its present form with the latest composite text by Miguel Civil produced in 1992 with latest translation by Gene Gragg in 1969 and
Joachim Krecher in 1966. Gragg described the text as "one of
1098:
commented on the presence and role of Nisaba (or Nidaba) in the establishment of the temple. She refers to her as the "goddess of vegetation, writing and literature including astronomical texts, the deity of the "house of understanding" (most likely intelligence), and as she who 'knows the (inmost)
1061:
as described and that Kesh could have just been a variation in the spelling of Kish. He discusses how the hymn is preserved for so long in later Nippur texts, saying "Although the Abu Saläbikh copies are approximately eight centuries earlier than copies known before, there is a surprisingly small
2487:
Wilcke, Claus., "Die
Inschriftenfunde der 7. und 8. Kampagnen (1983 und 1984)". In Isin-Išān Bahrīyāt III: Die Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen 1983–1984. Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-historische Klasse, Abhandlungen Neue Folge, 84. Hrouda, Barthel (ed). München: Verlag der
2506:
1208:
spoke; they were like messengers; The field invited the oxen all of them; The field strengthened the sheep all of them; Their fig-trees on the bank of the boat filled; The weapon the lord, the prince ... lifted up; The luluppi-tree of the wife of the god, the pi-pi-plants of ... In
1051:
and dated to a similar age by Anton Deimel in the 1920s. Subsequent radiocarbon dating of samples taken from Tell Abu
Salabikh date the site to 2550–2520 BCE however, a timeframe slightly more recent than the one Biggs proposed. Biggs recognized various differences in the archaic
2511:
1056:
and that "the literary texts of this period were unrecognized for so long is due to the fact that they present formidable obstacles to comprehension". He suggests that Abu
Salabikh could have been the location of Kesh, however points out that it is not near
1373:
noted that many kings had built temples and chapels to
Ninhursag, but that the Kesh sanctuary "was the centre of the goddess's cult from the Early Dynastic period into the Old Babylonian Dynasty; after this time it lost its importance".
1252:
The hymn finishes with an admonition repeated four times suggested to be both a warning and invocation of the divine presence in the temple. Such ambivalence about approaching temples has crucially influenced the development of
2480:
Gragg, Gene B., "The Keš Temple Hymn". In The
Collection of the Sumerian Temple Hymns. Texts from Cuneiform Sources III. Sjöberg, Åke W., Bergmann, E., and Gragg, Gene B. (ed). Locust Valley, New York: J.J. Augustin. 155–189,
975:
in "Sumerian
Lexical Texts". Chiera also published three more tablets—CBS 7802, CBS 13625 and CBS 14153—in "Sumerian Epics and Myths". Other translations were made from tablets in the Nippur collection of the
992:
amongst others worked to translate several others from the
Istanbul collection including Ni 4371, 4465, 4555 & 9773, 4597, 9649, 9810, 9861 & 9903. A further tablet source of the myth is held by the
1309:, the primary goddess of Kesh was "a form of Ninlil in Nippur : in other words she is Ninlil of Kesh, where her character as goddess of begetting was emphasized." He noted based on an observation of
949:. Langdon called it "A Liturgy to Nintud, Goddess of Creation" and noted that each section ended with the same refrain, which he interpreted as referring "to the creation of man and woman, the Biblical
1099:
secrets of numbers'." Nisaba records the events and provides a "standard version" of the events as they really happened. Charpin and Todd noted in the relationship between Enlil and Nisuba (similar to
933:
in modern-day Iraq. One fragment of the text found on CBS tablet number 11876 was first published by Hugo Radau in "Miscellaneous
Sumerian Texts," number 8 in 1909. Radau's fragment was translated by
2477:
Coetser, Wilhelmus
Johannes, "The natural and cultural elements in the Sumerian Temple Hymns with special reference to the Kesh Temple Hymn", Dissertation, University of South Africa, 2022
2177:
Michalowski Piotr., Epics, Hymns, and Letters pp. 248-256 in Jacques Briend and Michel Quesnel, eds., Supplément au Dictionnaire de la Bible, fascicule 72. Paris: Letouzy & Ané, 1999.
1144:
Will anyone else bring forth something as great as Kesh? Will any other mother ever give birth to someone as great as its hero Acgi? Who has ever seen anyone as great as its lady Nintud?.
1632:
Chiera, Edward., Cuneiform Series, Volume I: Sumerian Lexical Texts from the Temple School of Nippur, Oriental Institute Publications 11, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1929
1204:
In it their heroes were collected; they were noble. In decisions rendered, the word of all the gods, they rejoiced; The fields, - the sheep and oxen were like an ox of the stall; the
915:
1837:
Premières recherches archéologiques à Kich: Mission d'Henri de Genouillac 1911 - 1912. Rapport sur les travaux et inventaires, fac-similés, dessins, photographies et plans, B 150
1872:
1369:). Jeremy Black noted that Kesh was no longer a major settlement by the time of the later Babylonian versions but presumed that the temple of Nintud still functioned.
2521:
2015:
1273:
A.R. George suggests such hymns "can be incorporated into longer compositions, as with the eulogy to Nippur and Ekur which makes up a large portion of a well-known
1164:
Temple, great crown reaching heaven. Temple, rainbow reaching heaven. Temple, whose gleam stretches into 'Heaven's Midst', whose foundation is fastened on the Abzu.
1741:
1229:
instrument was made to thud." Samuel Noah Kramer suggested that the musical instruments mentioned in the hymn were played in accompaniment. He proposed that the
1124:
were the lords of the temple. He suggests that the hymn mentions "objects placed in the temple upon its completion." His translation of the introduction reads:
2531:
1915:
1325:
to the east of Babylon calling the temple of Kesh "Ekisigga". Raymond de Hoop noted similarities between Sumerian temple hymns and chapter forty nine of
1225:
the temple towards the end with drums and the coarse sound of a bull's horn sounding at temple ceremonies: "the wild bull's horn was made to growl, the
2472:
Biggs, Robert D., "An Archaic Sumerian version of the Kesh Temple Hymn from Tell Abū (S)alābīkh". In Zeitschrift für Assyriologie 61. 193–207, 1971.
1873:
British museum and Pennsylvania University. University museum. Joint expedition to Mesopotamia; Pennsylvania University. University museum (1928).
2527:
The Keš temple hymn., Black, J.A., Cunningham, G., Robson, E., and Zólyomi, G., The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature, Oxford 1998-.
1905:
The Keš temple hymn., Black, J.A., Cunningham, G., Robson, E., and Zólyomi, G., The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature, Oxford 1998-.
2337:
Helle, Sophus, "The Temple Hymns". Enheduana: The Complete Poems of the World's First Author, New Haven: Yale University Press, pp. 53-94, 2023
2522:
Biggs, Robert D., Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische, Archäologie , Volume 61 (2), de Gruyter – Jan 1, 1971 - Springerprotocols
2016:
Biggs, Robert D., Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische, Archäologie , Volume 61 (2), de Gruyter – Jan 1, 1971 - Springerprotocols
1742:
Musée du Louvre. Département des antiquités orientales et de la céramique antique; Musée du Louvre. Département des antiquités orientales.
1148:
Lines one to twenty one describe the election and praise of Kesh as recorded by Nisaba, twenty two to forty four liken the temple to the
854:
937:
in 1915. Langdon published a translation from a 4 by 4 by 4 by 4 inches (10 by 10 by 10 by 10 cm) perforated, four sided, Sumerian
2466:
Ansky, S.. "Hymn to Kesh". The Harps that Once..., edited by David G. Roskies, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992, pp. 377–385
1160:
in the myth saying it "occurs as a name for the cosmic waters of the water table beneath the earth's surface in Sumerian literature."
945:
in Oxford in 1913 (number 1911-405) in "Babylonian Liturgies." The prism contains around 145 lines in eight sections, similar to the
2484:
Jacobsen, Thorkild., The Harps that Once .. Sumerian Poetry in Translation. New Haven/London: Yale University Press. 151–166, 1987.
2568:
1573:
1571:
1128:
Temple ... Kesh Temple growing up like a mountain embracing the heaven. Growing up like Ekur when it lifted its head in the Land.
1757:
Ashmolean Museum; Stephen Langdon; Godfrey Rolles Driver; Herbert Joseph Weld; Oliver Robert Gurney; Samuel Noah Kramer (1923).
1214:
2475:
1568:
2544:
2441:
2407:
2373:
2315:
2270:
2236:
2202:
2154:
2115:
2078:
2038:
1808:
1502:
1463:
1132:
The hymn is composed of 134 lines, formally divided into eight songs or "houses" or "temples", each of which ends with three
1107:) how the text is the work of gods, who created and transmitted it to humans, giving the literature a reason for legitimacy.
965:
2146:
I have built you an exalted house: temple building in the Bible in the light of Mesopotamian and North-West semitic writings
1720:
Sumerian literary tablets and fragments in the archeological museum of Istanbul-I, 54, 89, 106, 118, 120, 132, 156 & 187
2292:
2563:
2507:
Cheira, Edward., Sumerian Epics and Myths, University of Chicago, Oriental Institute Publications, 1934. Online Version
82:
1969:
1956:
1413:
1388:
1278:
17:
2588:
847:
788:
730:
50:
2603:
2598:
1393:
129:
92:
68:
102:
58:
1321:, Ninmah, etc.) for seven different localities. He also discussed the location of Kesh appearing to be near
2573:
2491:
Geller, M.J., "Jabosen's "Harps" and the Keš Temple Hymn". In Zeitschrift für Assyriologie 86. 68–79, 1996.
1221:
977:
1796:
2583:
2502:
Barton, George Aaron., Miscellaneous Babylonian Inscriptions, Yale University Press, 1918. Online Version
1005:
number 48.1802, formerly called the "David prism". Further tablets containing the text were excavated at
2501:
2517:
Langdon, Stephen., Babylonian Liturgies. Museum of the University of Pennsylvania, 1919. Online Version
2512:
Chirea, Edward., Sumerian Religious Texts, Constantinople. Musée impérial ottoman, 1924. Online Version
1756:
1581:
Babylonian liturgies: Sumerian texts from the early period and from the library of Ashurbanipal, p. 86-
840:
448:
2469:
Römer, Willem H.P., Die Klage über die Zerstörung von Ur aoat 309, Münster: Ugarit, p. 97, 2004.
985:
899:
871:
Copper figure of a bull from the Temple of Ninhursag, Tell al-'Ubaid, southern Iraq, around 2600 BCE.
97:
124:
119:
2593:
1350:
1026:
934:
2526:
1904:
768:
2397:
2260:
2226:
2192:
2105:
1492:
2613:
2578:
2144:
2068:
1986:
1453:
1408:
1346:
1310:
705:
2542:
The Walters Art Museum, Accession Number: 48.1802, Hymn to Kesh (with high resolution photo)
2305:
2395:
1185:
715:
1490:
8:
2516:
1831:
1451:
1433:
1010:
961:
107:
2293:
Sanders, Seth L., Old light on Moses' shining face, Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2002.
1852:
1797:
Nies Babylonian Collection (Yale University); Paul-Alain Beaulieu; Ulla Kasten (1994).
1370:
1297:
Stephen Langdon suggested the hymn gave evidence of the Sumerian theological view that
1047:. He dated this version to around 2600 BCE based upon similarities to tablets found in
1041:
1002:
989:
903:
134:
2437:
2403:
2369:
2311:
2266:
2232:
2198:
2150:
2111:
2101:
2074:
2034:
1965:
1804:
1498:
1459:
1428:
919:
888:
802:
695:
112:
2176:
1695:
Sumerian literary texts from Nippur: in the Museum of the Ancient Orient at Istanbul
1180:, praised by Enlil, given an oracle by mother Nintud! ... house, at its upper end a
2064:
1998:
1666:
1398:
1095:
1074:
Victor Hurowitz referred to it as the "Kesh Temple building hymn" and suggests the
1034:
the best preserved literary texts that we possess from the Old Babylonian period".
938:
740:
690:
2541:
1491:
Jeremy A. Black; Jeremy Black; Graham Cunningham; Eleanor Robson (13 April 2006).
2548:
2431:
2363:
2070:
Gender reversals and gender cultures: anthropological and historical perspectives
2028:
1931:
1874:
1835:
1798:
1758:
1718:
1693:
1668:
1643:
1609:
1579:
1551:
1526:
1383:
1326:
1037:
795:
680:
363:
235:
2346:
38:
2608:
1120:
The myth goes on to describe the temple dedication rites and explains that the
998:
438:
433:
1366:
1362:
1156:
Wayne Horowitz working from Gragg's translation, discusses the mention of the
984:(Ni). Chiera translated number Ni 2402 in "Sumerian Religious Texts" in 1924.
2628:
2623:
2557:
1423:
1418:
1403:
1358:
1354:
1334:
1274:
972:
946:
867:
2002:
997:
in Paris, number AO 6717. Others are held in the Ashmolean number 1929-478,
1933:
The collection of the Sumerian temple hymns ; The Kes temple hymn: and
1342:
1322:
1258:
1044:
1014:
950:
548:
285:
1929:
1553:
Le poème sumérien du Paradis: du déluge et de la chute de l'homme, 135-146
710:
2618:
1338:
1314:
1063:
1058:
1018:
895:
891:
418:
368:
300:
295:
1200:
Barton translated the actions of the Annanuki in and around the temple:
1133:
781:
774:
631:
616:
558:
473:
393:
378:
280:
275:
2396:
Oudtestamentisch Werkgezelschap in Nederland; Raymond de Hoop (1999).
2349:
Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archaeology, Volume 33, Pl. XI
1876:
Ur excavations texts... 6 114, 6 115, 6 116, 6 11, 6 49, 6 103, 6 164
1318:
1261:
1169:
1053:
1048:
942:
611:
533:
528:
498:
493:
348:
218:
1452:
Mogens Herman Hansen; Københavns universitet. Polis centret (2002).
568:
563:
523:
320:
1181:
1121:
981:
735:
636:
606:
553:
508:
413:
373:
343:
30:
2365:
Princess, priestess, poet: the Sumerian temple hymns of Enheduanna
2149:. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 66, 67, 261.
1249:
possibly a hymn accompanied by another form of string instrument.
1188:! House, at its upper end threefold indeed ... Whose well-founded
1082:
praising the city Kesh and its selection and establishment of the
700:
1528:
Miscellaneous Sumerian texts from the temple library of Nippur, 8
1189:
1087:
926:
916:
University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology
720:
665:
641:
621:
573:
503:
468:
423:
383:
338:
315:
270:
265:
2100:
1455:
A comparative study of six city-state cultures: an investigation
1192:
is established as a household ... whose terrace is supported by
685:
2361:
1987:"Problems of Absolute Chronology in Protohistoric Messopotamia"
1306:
1302:
1254:
1210:
1205:
1100:
1091:
994:
930:
923:
826:
821:
750:
745:
675:
626:
601:
538:
518:
513:
488:
483:
478:
463:
458:
443:
403:
353:
310:
305:
230:
175:
171:
162:
153:
1667:
Edward Chiera; Constantinople. Musée impérial ottoman (1924).
964:
in 1918 and first published as "Sumerian religious texts" in "
953:." Langdon translated two further fragments in 1914 and 1917.
1330:
1298:
1104:
1079:
1040:
translated an exceptionally archaic version of the hymn from
725:
596:
543:
428:
408:
398:
388:
358:
290:
260:
208:
180:
166:
1549:
2231:. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 140–.
2224:
1242:
1234:
1157:
1149:
1137:
1113:
1083:
1075:
1022:
1006:
960:
was developed with the addition of CBS 8384, translated by
957:
670:
660:
578:
453:
213:
157:
1716:
1196:
deities; whose princely great wall ... the shrine of Urim!
2347:
Society of Biblical Archæology (London, England) (1911).
2026:
1177:
240:
203:
1365:) and " seed of a (the) steer, engendered by a wild ox (
1136:
questions discussing the birth of Nintud's warrior son,
1930:
Aake W. Sjoberg; Gene B. Gragg; Eugen Bergmann (1969).
1860:
Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale, 26, 13
1800:
Late Babylonian texts in the Nies Babylonian Collection
1030:
2488:
Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. 83–120, 1987.
2433:
A dictionary of ancient Near Eastern mythology, p. 132
1964:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. pp 24-26.
1790:
2030:
The International standard Bible encyclopedia, p. 754
1866:
2355:
1543:
1458:. Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. pp. 40–.
2362:Enheduanna; Betty De Shong Meador (1 August 2009).
2262:
The Sumerians: their history, culture and character
1925:
1923:
1830:
1607:
2258:
1691:
885:Liturgy to Nintud on the creation of man and woman
2399:Genesis 49 in its literary and historical context
2389:
1750:
1735:
1305:created mankind and living things. He noted that
2555:
2063:
1920:
1781:
1660:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1445:
1277:and the hymn to temples in Ur that introduces a
2537:Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative - CBS 8384
2429:
2186:
2184:
2142:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2094:
1710:
1577:
1168:The latest translation describes its founders,
1009:, modern Ishan al-Bahriyat. More were found at
2265:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 207–.
2218:
2190:
1824:
1641:
1479:
914:Fragments of the text were discovered in the
848:
2340:
2303:
2181:
2131:
2059:
2057:
2020:
1611:Miscellaneous Babylonian inscriptions, p. 52
1603:
1601:
1599:
922:section (CBS) from their excavations at the
2110:. Harvard University Press. pp. 179–.
1317:had seven different names (such as Nintud,
27:Oldest surviving literary text in the world
2297:
2252:
1685:
1524:
1497:. Oxford University Press. pp. 325–.
855:
841:
2423:
2054:
1760:Oxford editions of cuneiform inscriptions
1635:
1596:
1241:was perhaps one accompanied by a type of
971:CBS tablet 6520 was published in 1929 by
1900:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1784:Oxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts, 5, 7
1746:. Librairie orientaliste, Paul Geuthner.
1518:
866:
37:
29:
1698:. American Schools of Oriental Research
1550:Stephen Langdon; Ch Virolleaud (1919).
14:
2556:
2225:Jeremy Black; Jeremy A. Black (1998).
1984:
1775:
2009:
1954:
1891:
1763:. Oxford university press, H. Milford
1717:Muazzez Cig; Hatice Kizilyay (1969).
1645:Sumerian epics and myths, 108 and 109
1353:such as "the highly esteemed prince (
1284:The Enheduanna hymn/poem version is:
966:Miscellaneous Babylonian Inscriptions
898:as early as 2600 BCE. Along with the
2104:; Jane Marie Todd (1 January 2011).
1916:ETCSLtransliteration : c.4.80.2
1361:), "a great wild ox / a wild bull" (
2532:ETCSLtransliteration : c.5.3.2
2310:. Peeters Publishers. pp. 3–.
1958:Inscriptions from Tell Abu Salabikh
1233:was probably a hymn accompanied by
24:
2460:
2073:. Psychology Press. pp. 54–.
2027:Geoffrey William Bromiley (1979).
1090:of the hymn by another god called
83:Religions of the ancient Near East
67:
25:
2640:
2495:
2351:. Society of Biblical Archæology.
1670:Sumerian religious texts, pp. 26-
1648:. The University of Chicago Press
1357:), "a leopard, who seizes prey" (
1414:Self-praise of Shulgi (Shulgi D)
1389:Debate between Winter and Summer
1337:). He suggests remarkably close
1269:be to cherished Kesh and Nintud!
1086:by Enlil. He also discusses the
2569:1909 archaeological discoveries
2331:
2286:
2170:
2143:Victor Hurowitz (1 June 1992).
1978:
1948:
1909:
1494:The Literature of Ancient Sumer
1345:parallels in the sayings about
1062:amount of deviation (except in
789:Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta
2307:Babylonian topographical texts
2197:. Eisenbrauns. pp. 308–.
2107:Reading and Writing in Babylon
1626:
1394:Debate between sheep and grain
1078:begins with a description and
1069:
909:
13:
1:
2368:. University of Texas Press.
2194:Mesopotamian cosmic geography
1439:
1292:
1608:George Aaron Barton (1918).
978:Museum of the Ancient Orient
941:from Nippur and held in the
7:
2259:Samuel Noah Kramer (1964).
1692:Samuel Noah Kramer (1944).
1377:
904:oldest surviving literature
42:Ruins of a temple at Nippur
10:
2645:
2564:26th-century BC literature
1786:. Oxford University Press.
1744:Textes cunéiformes, 16, 55
1029:unearthed more tablets at
1782:Ashmolean Museum (1976).
986:Hermann Volrath Hilprecht
900:Instructions of Shuruppak
72:Chaos Monster and Sun God
2430:Gwendolyn Leick (1998).
2402:. BRILL. pp. 264–.
1578:Stephen Langdon (1913).
1556:. Éditions Ernest Leroux
2228:Reading Sumerian poetry
2191:Wayne Horowitz (1998).
2003:10.3406/paleo.1980.4262
1723:. Tarih Kurumu Basimevi
1614:. Yale University Press
1027:Charles Leonard Woolley
935:Stephen Herbert Langdon
2589:Mythological mountains
1955:Biggs, Robert (1974).
1642:Edward Chiera (1964).
1290:
1271:
1219:
1198:
1166:
1146:
1130:
1118:
1001:number 115798 and the
872:
73:
43:
35:
2604:Comparative mythology
2599:Religious cosmologies
2304:A. R. George (1992).
1409:Old Babylonian oracle
1311:Theophilus G. Pinches
1286:
1266:
1202:
1184:, at its lower end a
1174:
1162:
1142:
1126:
1109:
870:
193:Seven gods who decree
71:
61:Mesopotamian religion
41:
33:
716:Seven-headed serpent
655:Spirits and monsters
2574:Sumerian literature
1985:Wright, H. (1980).
1832:Henri de Genouillac
1525:Hugo Radau (1909).
1434:Sumerian literature
1011:Henri de Genouillac
962:George Aaron Barton
591:Demigods and heroes
255:Other major deities
2584:Mesopotamian myths
2547:2011-07-22 at the
1840:. Édouard Champion
1371:Wilfred G. Lambert
1021:'s excavations at
1013:'s excavations at
1003:Walters Art Museum
990:Samuel Noah Kramer
873:
74:
44:
36:
2443:978-0-415-19811-0
2409:978-90-04-10913-1
2375:978-0-292-71932-3
2317:978-90-6831-410-6
2272:978-0-226-45238-8
2238:978-0-485-93003-0
2204:978-0-931464-99-7
2156:978-1-85075-282-0
2117:978-0-674-04968-0
2102:Dominique Charpin
2080:978-0-415-11482-0
2040:978-0-8028-8160-1
2033:. W.B. Eerdmans.
1810:978-1-883053-04-8
1504:978-0-19-929633-0
1465:978-87-7876-316-7
1429:Sumerian religion
1313:, that Ninlil or
1215:garden of the god
1176:House founded by
918:catalogue of the
881:Liturgy to Nintud
865:
864:
803:Epic of Gilgamesh
148:Primordial beings
16:(Redirected from
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2065:Sabrina P. Ramet
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1399:Enlil and Ninlil
1096:Sabrina P. Ramet
877:Kesh temple hymn
857:
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696:Kuli-ana/Mermaid
85:
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21:
18:Kesh Temple Hymn
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1335:Genesis 49:1–28
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1038:Robert D. Biggs
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1424:Lament for Ur
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1419:Hymn to Enlil
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1404:Eridu Genesis
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2614:Kish (Sumer)
2579:Clay tablets
2447:. Retrieved
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2413:. Retrieved
2398:
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2379:. Retrieved
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2321:. Retrieved
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2242:. Retrieved
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2160:. Retrieved
2145:
2121:. Retrieved
2106:
2096:
2084:. Retrieved
2069:
2044:. Retrieved
2029:
2022:
2011:
1994:
1990:
1980:
1957:
1950:
1938:. Retrieved
1932:
1911:
1881:. Retrieved
1875:
1868:
1859:
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1842:. Retrieved
1836:
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1814:. Retrieved
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1765:. Retrieved
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1673:. University
1669:
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1650:. Retrieved
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1637:
1628:
1616:. Retrieved
1610:
1586:. Retrieved
1580:
1558:. Retrieved
1552:
1545:
1533:. Retrieved
1527:
1520:
1508:. Retrieved
1493:
1469:. Retrieved
1454:
1447:
1359:Genesis 49:9
1355:Genesis 49:8
1343:metaphorical
1296:
1287:
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1272:
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1246:
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1131:
1127:
1119:
1110:
1073:
1045:Abu Salabikh
1036:
1017:(B 150) and
970:
955:
951:Adam and Eve
913:
902:, it is the
896:clay tablets
884:
880:
876:
874:
801:
794:
787:
780:
773:
549:Paniĝinĝarra
225:
199:Four primary
198:
1997:(1). p 95.
1339:syntactical
1315:Belit Ilani
1279:Shulgi hymn
1217:were green.
1070:Composition
1064:orthography
1019:Jean Perrot
910:Compilation
691:Ušum/Dragon
434:Lugala'abba
369:Dumuzi-abzu
296:Geshtinanna
241:Utu/Shamash
103:Mesopotamia
2558:Categories
1991:Paléorient
1936:. Augustin
1584:. Geushner
1440:References
1293:Discussion
1190:storehouse
1134:rhetorical
920:Babylonian
796:Enūma Eliš
782:Atra-Hasis
632:Atra-Hasis
617:Lugalbanda
559:Shul-utula
439:Mami/Nintu
394:Hendursaga
281:Ereshkigal
276:Enmesharra
1319:Ninhursag
1262:mysticism
1259:Christian
1245:and that
1227:algarsura
1170:geography
1054:cuneiform
1049:Shuruppak
943:Ashmolean
775:An = Anum
769:Mythology
711:Ušumgallu
612:Gilgamesh
529:Ninsikila
499:Ningirima
494:Ningirida
349:Asaruludu
236:Nanna/Sin
219:Ninhursag
108:Babylonia
2545:Archived
2067:(1996).
1834:(1924).
1378:See also
1239:irshemma
1182:mountain
1122:Annanuki
982:Istanbul
889:Sumerian
736:Lamashtu
706:Mušmaḫḫū
637:Ziusudra
607:Enmerkar
554:Sarpanit
534:Ninšubur
509:Ninkilim
474:Ninmarki
449:Maštabba
414:Kajamanu
374:Enbilulu
344:Anunnaki
93:Anatolia
51:a series
49:Part of
1329:in the
1327:Genesis
1237:, that
1088:writing
927:library
887:, is a
721:Humbaba
642:Apkallu
622:Shamhat
504:Ninkasi
469:Nindara
384:Erragal
339:Agasaya
316:Ninurta
271:Enkimdu
266:Dumuzid
125:Semitic
120:Iranian
59:Ancient
2449:3 June
2440:
2415:2 June
2406:
2381:2 June
2372:
2323:3 June
2314:
2278:3 June
2269:
2244:3 June
2235:
2210:3 June
2201:
2162:2 June
2153:
2123:3 June
2114:
2086:3 June
2077:
2046:3 June
2037:
1968:
1940:2 June
1883:28 May
1844:2 June
1816:2 June
1807:
1767:3 June
1727:28 May
1702:28 May
1677:23 May
1652:28 May
1618:23 May
1588:2 June
1560:23 May
1535:23 May
1510:2 June
1501:
1471:2 June
1462:
1347:Joseph
1307:Nintud
1303:Ninlil
1255:Jewish
1211:hursag
1206:cedars
1194:lahama
1186:spring
1101:Yahweh
1092:Nisaba
1025:. Sir
995:Louvre
931:Nippur
924:temple
892:tablet
827:Sukkal
822:Dingir
751:Rabisu
746:Pazuzu
676:Edimmu
627:Siduri
602:Enkidu
574:Tišpak
569:Šulpae
564:Šubula
539:Ninsun
524:Ninšar
519:Ninmug
514:Ninlil
489:Ningal
484:Ninazu
479:Nisaba
464:Nanshe
459:Namtar
444:Mamitu
404:Isimud
354:Ashnan
321:Šulpae
311:Nergal
306:Marduk
176:Anshar
172:Kishar
163:Lahamu
154:Tiamat
135:Canaan
130:Arabia
2609:Hymns
2481:1969.
1962:(PDF)
1531:. n.p
1351:Judah
1331:Bible
1299:Enlil
1105:Moses
1080:Enlil
939:prism
883:, or
816:Terms
763:Tales
726:Hanbi
701:Bašmu
681:Siris
597:Adapa
544:Nuska
429:Lisin
419:Lahar
399:Igigi
389:Gibil
359:Ashgi
301:Lahar
291:Kingu
209:Enlil
181:Mummu
167:Lahmu
113:Sumer
2629:Isin
2624:Susa
2451:2011
2438:ISBN
2417:2011
2404:ISBN
2383:2011
2370:ISBN
2325:2011
2312:ISBN
2280:2011
2267:ISBN
2246:2011
2233:ISBN
2212:2011
2199:ISBN
2164:2011
2151:ISBN
2125:2011
2112:ISBN
2088:2011
2075:ISBN
2048:2011
2035:ISBN
1966:ISBN
1942:2011
1885:2011
1846:2011
1818:2011
1805:ISBN
1769:2011
1729:2011
1704:2011
1679:2011
1654:2011
1620:2011
1590:2011
1562:2011
1537:2011
1512:2011
1499:ISBN
1473:2011
1460:ISBN
1349:and
1341:and
1323:Kish
1301:and
1257:and
1247:adab
1243:drum
1235:lyre
1231:tigi
1213:the
1158:Abzu
1150:moon
1138:Acgi
1114:bull
1103:and
1084:Ekur
1076:hymn
1059:Adab
1042:Tell
1023:Susa
1015:Kish
1007:Isin
988:and
958:myth
956:The
875:The
741:Lilu
686:Anzû
671:Asag
661:Udug
579:Uttu
454:Nabu
409:Išum
379:Erra
261:Adad
214:Enki
174:and
165:and
158:Abzu
156:and
1999:doi
1281:."
980:in
929:at
731:Kur
424:Laṣ
364:Bel
204:Anu
2619:Ur
2560::
2183:^
2133:^
2056:^
1993:.
1989:.
1922:^
1893:^
1598:^
1570:^
1481:^
1264:.
1178:An
1140::
1094:.
1031:Ur
879:,
286:Ki
53:on
2453:.
2419:.
2385:.
2327:.
2282:.
2248:.
2214:.
2166:.
2127:.
2090:.
2050:.
2005:.
2001::
1995:6
1974:.
1944:.
1887:.
1848:.
1820:.
1771:.
1731:.
1706:.
1681:.
1656:.
1622:.
1592:.
1564:.
1539:.
1514:.
1475:.
1333:(
1116:!
856:e
849:t
842:v
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