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1024:, can be eaten and are slightly aperient (laxative). Many sources claim that roasting the seeds for a certain length of time can reduce or eliminate the cytisine thought to be in them, but this is not based on scientific evidence. There are however, many anecdotal accounts of people drinking a coffee-like drink made from the seeds without suffering any adverse health effects, although most reported the taste to be unpleasant.
817:. The tough, leathery seed pods are too difficult for many extant animals to chew through (in addition to being poisonous) and they are too heavy for either wind or water dispersal. It has been hypothesized that the tree would have been browsed upon by now-extinct mammalian megafauna, which ate the pods and nicked the seeds with their large teeth, aiding in germination. This behavior is seen among
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meters (13 feet) tall. It usually separates 3 to 4½ meters (10–15 feet) from the ground into three or four divisions which spread slightly and form a narrow pyramidal head; or when crowded by other trees, sending up one tall central branchless shaft to the height of 15–21 m (50–70 ft). Branches are stout, pithy, and blunt; roots are fibrous.
679:, "Tap Root in proportion like a carrot". A seedling tree grows many times in root length to its growth upward in height. The Kentucky coffee tree is not commonly offered in the nursery trade because the taproot makes the tree somewhat difficult to transplant. Being in the Legume family the roots fix nitrogen in the soil.
589:, two to two and one-half inches long, wedge-shaped or irregularly rounded at base, with wavy margin, acute apex. They come out of the bud bright pink, but soon become bronze green, smooth and shining above. When full grown are dark yellow green above, pale green beneath. In autumn turn a bright clear yellow.
597:
large, heart shaped with 3 to 5 conspicuous bundle scars. The flowers are dioecious (male and female flowers on separate plants). The female flowers are 8 to 12 inches long, greenish white in color, appear in early summer, and are quite fragrant. The male flowers are about half the size of the female flowers.
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that were common in eastern tribes. It is likely that indigenous community members carved patterns on coffeetree seeds used in ceremonial dice games, which also served to scarify the seeds and prepare them for germination. The seeds were also used in jewelry. The importance of the
Kentucky coffeetree
809:
This tree usually occurs as widely dispersed individuals or small colonial groups with interconnected root systems. This tree is found in floodplains and river valleys but is also sometimes seen on rocky hillsides and limestone woods. In the northeastern part of its range, seemingly natural groves of
995:
When
Kentucky was first settled by the adventurous pioneers from the Atlantic states who commenced their career in the primeval wilderness, almost without the necessaries of life, except as they produced them from the fertile soil, they fancied that they had discovered a substitute for coffee in the
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Trees prefer a rich moist soil, such as bottom lands. Their growth is largely unaffected by heat, cold, drought, insects, disease, road salt, ice, and alkaline soil. Kentucky coffeetree is easy to grow from seed. Filing the seedcoat by hand with a small file, and then soaking the seeds in water for
673:, six to ten inches (150–250 mm) long, one and one-half to two inches wide, somewhat curved, with thickened margins, dark reddish brown with slight glaucous bloom, crowned with remnant of the styles. Stalks an inch or two long. Seeds six to nine, surrounded by a thick layer of dark, sweet pulp.
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is a moderately fast-growing tree, and male trees are often grown in parks and along city streets for ornamental purposes. The tree is typically fairly short-lived, healthy trees living from 100 to 150 years. The
Kentucky coffeetree sheds its leaves early during the fall and appears bare for up to 6
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relatives in Africa. Because of this, its prehistoric range may have been much larger than it has been in historical times. Today, in the wild, it only grows well in wetlands, and it is thought that only in such wet conditions can the seed pods rot away to allow germination in the absence of large
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Winter twigs are very stout and dark reddish brown to green brown in color; the pith is very thick and salmon pink to brown in color. The terminal bud is absent, and the lateral buds are small, bronze in color, and appear to be partially sunken beneath the bark of the twig. The leaf scars are very
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Carstens, J.D.; Schmitz, A.P. 2017. Kentucky coffeetree, Gymnocladus dioicus (L.) K. Koch: Current abundance in nature and prospective persistence. In: Sniezko, Richard A.; Man, Gary; Hipkins, Valerie; Woeste, Keith; Gwaze, David; Kliejunas, John T.; McTeague, Brianna A., tech. cords. 2017. Gene
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In 2022, the Tree Board for the town of
Hillsborough, North Carolina, selected a grove of Kentucky coffeetrees as its 2022 Treasure Tree. Originally the grove was mis-identified as a part of a program to remove invasive species, but the North Carolina Forest Service helped to confirm the proper
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The tree varies from 18 to 21 meters (60–70 feet) high with a spread of 12–15 meters (40–50 feet) and a trunk up to one meter (3 feet) in diameter. The tree grows at a medium rate with height increases of anywhere from 12" to 24" per year. A 10-year-old sapling will stand about 4
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seeds of this tree; and accordingly the name of coffee-tree was bestowed upon it. But when communication was established with the sea-ports, they gladly relinquished their
Kentucky beverage for the more grateful flavor of the Indian berry; and no use is at present made of it in that manner.
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in south-west France, growing in a typical calcareous soil (see
Minutes of Congrès international de sylviculture de Paris, June 1900). Cut during the 20th century, it had a circumference of 2.8 metres (9 ft 2 in) and was the tallest in the country at this time.
519:
is a hard-shelled bean in heavy, woody, thick-walled pods filled with sweet, thick, gooey pulp. Pod length ranges from 5 to 10 inches (130 to 250 mm); unfertilized female trees may bear miniature seedless pods. The beans are commonly thought to contain the
925:. The peculiarly late-emerging and early-dropping leaves, coupled with the fact that the large leaves mean few twigs in the winter profile, make it a tree that is ideal for urban shading where winter sunlight is to be maximized (such as in proximity to
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The
Kentucky coffeetree is considered a rare tree species. "Rare species are those that are so uncommon that they should be monitored to determine whether their populations are becoming threatened." It is widely distributed, but rare.
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is considered well-suited to urban environments, as it is tolerant of poor soils, has extreme drought tolerance, and is not vulnerable to serious insect infestations or disease problems. It is cultivated by specialty tree
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The
Meskwaki also drank the roasted ground seeds in a hot beverage similar to coffee. The common name "coffeetree" derives from this latter use of the roasted seeds, which was imitated by settlers because it seemed a
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conservation of tree species—banking on the future. Proceedings of a workshop. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-963. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. p. 92.
810:
this tree are actually associated with known prehistoric village sites. In some parts of its range, this tree may be used as an indicator of the presence of limestone or of calcareous soils.
488:, "stubby". The expanding leaves are conspicuous because of the varied colors of the leaflets; the youngest are bright pink, while those which are older vary from green to bronze.
1008:
The roasted seeds can be eaten like sweet chestnuts. Usefully, the fruits can be collected and picked up from the tree or ground at any time during fall, winter, and spring.
2020:
484:, branches are absent of fine spray; smaller branches are thick and lumpish. Because of the absence of smaller branches and its later leafing, the French in Canada named it
2108:
581:. One to three feet long, eighteen to twenty-four inches broad, by the greater development of the upper pairs of pinnae. Leaf stalks and stalks of pinnae, are
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Caution should be used when consuming, as unroasted or only partially roasted beans and pods are considered poisonous and are reputed to contain the alkaloid
955:
The
Kentucky coffeetree is typically found on "alluvial soils of river and flood plains and nearby terraces". Here it may be locally abundant and form large
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551:: Minute, depressed in downy cavities of the stem, two in the axil of each leaf, the smaller sterile. Bud scales two, ovate, coated with brown
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months. The naked appearance of the tree is reflected through the Kentucky coffeetree's Greek genus name, which means "naked branch". Like the
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534:: Tan or dark gray, deeply fissured, surface scaly, often with prominent narrow ridges. Branchlets at first coated with short reddish down.
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Zaya, D.N., Howe, H.F. The anomalous Kentucky coffeetree: megafaunal fruit sinking to extinction?. Oecologia 161, 221–226 (2009).
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in the south. It is planted as an urban shade tree across the United States and eastern Canada, including California. It has a
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1182:. Texas A&M Forest Service said, has a circumference of 92 inches, a height of 51 feet and a crown spread of 52 feet.
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It is often planted because of its unique appearance and interesting character. There are several Kentucky coffeetrees at
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1527:"Gymnocladus dioicus (Kentucky Coffeetree, Kentucky Coffee Tree) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox"
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2080:
Native Trees, Shrubs, and Vines for Urban and Rural America: A Planting Design Manual for Environmental Designers
1596:"University of Arkansas, Division of Agriculture Research and Extension, Plant of the Week, Kentucky Coffee Tree"
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663:: Ovary superior, sessile, hairy, contracted into a short style, with two stigmatic lobes; ovules in two rows.
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1985:
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The name is sometimes hyphenated as 'coffee-tree'; the form 'coffeetree' here is as used officially by the
1634:
Gill, Jacquelyn L. (2014-03-01). "Ecological impacts of the late Quaternary megaherbivore extinctions".
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540:: Light brown; heavy, strong, coarse-grained; durable in contact with the ground, takes a fine polish.
1957:
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2044:
https://unhcoopext.maps.arcgis.com/apps/Shortlist/index.html?appid=bc24f6238db1475e9d6bc3ef2d061c0f
1345:"Toxicants that Affect the Autonomic Nervous System (and, in some Cases, Voluntary Nerves as Well)"
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and growing with the shoot, become orange green, hairy and about one inch long, before they fall.
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1932:
1904:"Kentucky Coffee Tree – Plants toxic to animals – Veterinary Medicine library at U of Illinois"
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The Ghosts of Evolution: Nonsensical Fruit, Missing Partners, and Other Ecological Anachronisms
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A specimen with a height of 26 metres (85 ft) was referenced in La Turpinerie, commune of
1001:
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regarding the occasional appearance of miniature seedless pods on female Kentucky coffeetrees.
1911:
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1200:, 19 Kentucky coffeetrees are planted in the Apollo courtyard prior to entry into the museum.
585:, enlarged at base, smooth when mature, pale green, often purple on the upper side. Leaflets
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685:: Prefers rich, moist soils in floodplains, terraces, ravines, coves, and lower slopes.
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beans; however, unroasted pods and seeds are toxic. The wood from the tree is used by
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629:: Tubular, hairy, ten-ribbed, five-lobed; lobes valvate in bud, acute, nearly equal.
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1442:"Kentucky Trees: Gymnocladus dioicus (Kentucky Coffeetree), Pea Family (Fabaceae)"
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1447:. Cooperative Extension Service, College of Agriculture, University of Kentucky.
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1958:"Ecological Importance of Native Americans Culture to the Kentucky Coffee Tree (
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1489:"Notes on "Coffee" from the Kentucky Coffeetree (Gymnocladusdioicus, Fabaceae)"
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570:
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2007:"Kentucky coffeetree in Amarillo confirmed to be largest of its kind in Texas"
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991:. The European colonialists, however, considered it inferior to real coffee:
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In addition to use as a food, the seeds of Kentucky coffeetree were used by
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728:) "naked" and refers to the stout branchlets unclothed with small twigs.
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1119: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
864: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
443: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
359:
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1853:. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 2008. p. 578.
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for ceremonial and recreational purposes. Seeds were used as dice in
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Kentucky coffeetree (upright trunk) at Minnesota Landscape Arboretum
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1354:. Ithaca, New York: International Veterinary Information Service.
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NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life, Version 7.1
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From 1976 to 1994, the Kentucky coffeetree was the state tree of
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Report of the Iowa State Horticultural Society, for the Year ...
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to Native Americans undoubtedly contributed to its dispersal.
739:; the other four being native to South, Southeast and Eastern
544:, 0.6934; weight of cubic foot, 43.21 lb (19.60 kg).
1835:"Gymnocladus dioica Kentucky Coffee Tree PFAF Plant Database"
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five, oblong, hairy, spreading or reflexed, imbricate in bud.
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521:
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1394:"Kentucky Coffeetree Tree on the Tree Guide at arborday.org"
936:, in the gardens along the path leading up to the house of
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The plant is toxic to some animals and intoxicates dogs.
967:
The beans of the tree were eaten, after roasting, in the
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in a raceme ten to twelve inches (250–300 mm) long.
548:
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A Kentucky coffeetree, said to have been brought to the
1174:
A Kentucky coffeetree found in the Will Rogers Park in
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The Kentucky coffeetree is considered an example of an
1548:
1546:
507:
The bark is ash-gray and scaly, flaking similarly to
1978:
1178:
has been confirmed to be the largest of its kind in
527:, although this has yet to be confirmed in a study.
1621:"Exploring the Native Range of Kentucky Coffeetree"
1543:
1185:A Kentucky coffeetree lives in Rhode Island in the
762:The tree's native range is limited, occurring from
1678:
770:(where it was first encountered by Europeans) and
2021:"Tree Board Spotlights Kentucky Coffeetree Grove"
1751:Stubbendieck, James L.; Milby, Jessica L (2021).
1750:
1431:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, pp. 109–112.
1320:"Gymnocladus dioica (L.) K.Koch — The Plant List"
1268:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T62026160A62026162.en
645:: Ten, five long and five short, free, included;
2653:
1753:Legumes of the Great Plains an illustrated guide
1577:Society, Iowa State Horticultural (1910-01-01).
2082:. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. pp 216–217.
1876:
1373:"Kentucky: Adoption of the Kentucky State Tree"
1061:. It resists harsh winters and de-icing salts.
959:, reproducing by shoots sprouting from roots.
1486:
987:, especially in times of poverty, similar to
657:; in the pistillate flower small and sterile.
619:three to four inches (75–100 mm) long,
1755:. Lincoln: U of Nebraska Press. p. 17.
1029:"Kentucky Coffee Tree intoxication in a dog"
2692:Trees of the Plains-Midwest (United States)
1810:"Kentucky Coffeetree (Gymnocladus Dioicus)"
1342:
1281:
1242:
2060:Native Trees for North American Landscapes
1880:; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905).
1487:Spaeth, John P.; Thieret, John W. (2004).
1304:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1275:
1211:, at 91 ft tall, is on the campus of
593:leaf-like, lanceolate, serrate, deciduous.
257:
77:
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29:
1707:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-009-1372-3
1593:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1429:Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them
1266:
1135:Learn how and when to remove this message
1053:is used as a street tree as far north as
950:root cuttings from December through March
880:Learn how and when to remove this message
459:Learn how and when to remove this message
1955:
1717:
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1020:. The pods, preserved like those of the
944:24 hours will ensure rapid germination.
891:
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378:. The seed may be roasted and used as a
1967:. University of Wisconsin Stevens Point
1804:
1802:
1774:
1772:
1594:Klingaman, Gerald (February 14, 2003).
1576:
766:, Canada and in the United States from
731:It is one of five species in the genus
607:by abortion, terminal, greenish white.
2717:Plants used in Native American cuisine
2654:
1872:
1870:
1781:"Native American Ethnobotany Database"
1676:
1458:
2126:
2125:
1892:(1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
1482:
1480:
1454:from the original on 24 January 2009.
1434:
1410:
1799:
1785:Native American Ethnobotany Database
1769:
1633:
1361:from the original on 22 August 2006.
1189:at 1000 Elmwood Avenue, Providence.
1117:adding citations to reliable sources
1088:
1084:
862:adding citations to reliable sources
833:
441:adding citations to reliable sources
412:
2066:University of Fort Smith Tree Guide
1988:. London Gardens Online. 1905-08-07
1867:
1778:
1254:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1207:The largest Kentucky coffeetree in
13:
2096:images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu
2052:
1720:"The Trees That Miss The Mammoths"
1477:
569:, ten to fourteen pinnate, lowest
405:was returned to that designation.
14:
2728:
2451:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1195073-2
2109:Interactive Distribution Map for
2086:
2662:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
2613:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:316253-2
2117:KENTUCKY COFFEETREE, USDA Plants
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1104:needs additional citations for
849:needs additional citations for
753:
495:Bark of the Kentucky coffeetree
428:needs additional citations for
2697:Garden plants of North America
1889:New International Encyclopedia
1471:Barnes, Wagner et al. (1977).
1386:
1365:
1336:
1312:
1236:
1232:Morton Arboretum acc. 586-81-1
1224:
1194:U.S. Space & Rocket Center
1064:
900:
794:in the north, and to northern
577:, the other seven to thirteen
408:
1:
1493:SIDA, Contributions to Botany
1343:Beasley, V. (9 August 1999).
1218:
1204:identification of the trees.
735:, and the only one native to
511:, but more so. The trees are
2078:Hightshoe, Gary L. (1988).
1956:VanNatta, Andrew R. (2009).
1558:Natural Resource Stewardship
1151:, a short distance from the
748:United States Forest Service
7:
2071:Personal conversation with
1850:The Woody Plant Seed Manual
1427:Keeler, Harriet L. (1900).
1011:
697:
10:
2733:
2682:Flora of the United States
2667:NatureServe secure species
2101:NCRS: USDA Plants Profile
2046:New Hampshire Big Tree Map
1169:London Borough of Lewisham
1033:
979:Native American cultures.
948:is also easy from dormant
720:
710:
390:. It is also planted as a
2687:Trees of Northern America
2517:
2134:
1685:. New York: Basic Books.
1069:The wood is used both by
786:in the west, to southern
277:
270:
265:
256:
234:
227:
97:Scientific classification
95:
75:
53:
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23:
2712:Plants described in 1753
1815:. US Dept of Agriculture
1787:. University of Michigan
1602:. University of Arkansas
1261:: e.T62026160A62026162.
815:evolutionary anachronism
2058:Sternberg, Guy, (2004)
1986:"London Gardens Online"
1718:Bronaugh, Whit (2010).
1677:Barlow, Connie (2000).
1187:Roger Williams Park Zoo
962:
829:
362:, and small pockets of
2025:www.hillsboroughnc.gov
1937:Silver Run Forest Farm
1294:. Arlington, Virginia.
1006:
1002:Andrew Jackson Downing
897:
694:
504:
496:
281:Gymnocladus canadensis
1933:"Kentucky Coffeetree"
1554:"Kentucky Coffeetree"
1352:Veterinary Toxicology
1077:. It has very little
993:
985:substitute for coffee
895:
692:
502:
494:
380:substitute for coffee
346:of the legume family
324:American coffee berry
24:Kentucky coffee tree
2073:The Morton Arboretum
2062:. Timber Press, Inc.
1600:Kentucky Coffee Tree
1324:www.theplantlist.org
1282:NatureServe (2009).
1243:Carrero, C. (2020).
1113:improve this article
858:improve this article
705:is derived from the
567:bipinnately compound
437:improve this article
314:Kentucky coffee tree
2402:Gymnocladus_dioicus
2166:Gymnocladus dioicus
2136:Gymnocladus dioicus
2111:Gymnocladus dioicus
2103:Gymnocladus dioicus
1960:Gymnocladus dioicus
1883:"Gymnocladus"
1531:plants.ces.ncsu.edu
1286:Gymnocladus dioicus
1247:Gymnocladus dioicus
1198:Huntsville, Alabama
1163:in 1812, stands in
1051:Gymnocladus dioicus
906:Gymnocladus dioicus
800:disjunct population
782:, and southeastern
477:Kentucky coffeetree
319:Gymnocladus dioicus
299:Gymnocladus dioicus
238:Gymnocladus dioicus
47:Conservation status
39:Gymnocladus dioicus
2094:Gymnocladus dioica
929:hot-air systems).
898:
695:
621:pistillate flowers
505:
497:
401:, after which the
2677:Flora of Michigan
2649:
2648:
2519:Guilandina dioica
2387:Open Tree of Life
2128:Taxon identifiers
1860:978-0-16-081131-9
1692:978-0-465-00551-2
1648:10.1111/nph.12576
1623:. 16 August 2018.
1300:cite encyclopedia
1213:Dartmouth College
1145:
1144:
1137:
1085:Notable specimens
938:George Washington
890:
889:
882:
819:African elephants
609:Staminate flowers
469:
468:
461:
342:in the subfamily
328:Kentucky mahogany
322:), also known as
310:
309:
304:
295:
291:Guilandina dioica
287:
90:
70:
2724:
2707:Dioecious plants
2702:Ornamental trees
2672:Caesalpinioideae
2642:
2641:
2629:
2628:
2616:
2615:
2603:
2602:
2590:
2589:
2577:
2576:
2564:
2563:
2551:
2550:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2510:
2509:
2497:
2496:
2487:
2486:
2477:
2476:
2467:
2466:
2454:
2453:
2441:
2440:
2428:
2427:
2415:
2414:
2405:
2404:
2395:
2394:
2382:
2381:
2369:
2368:
2356:
2355:
2343:
2342:
2330:
2329:
2320:
2319:
2307:
2306:
2294:
2293:
2281:
2280:
2268:
2267:
2255:
2254:
2242:
2241:
2229:
2228:
2216:
2215:
2203:
2202:
2190:
2189:
2180:
2179:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2123:
2122:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1966:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1910:. Archived from
1900:
1894:
1893:
1885:
1874:
1865:
1864:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1814:
1806:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1776:
1767:
1766:
1748:
1742:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1730:(Winter): 38–43.
1724:American Forests
1715:
1709:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1684:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1642:(4): 1163–1169.
1631:
1625:
1624:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1550:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1484:
1475:
1469:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1446:
1438:
1432:
1425:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1398:www.arborday.org
1390:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1349:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1303:
1295:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1240:
1234:
1228:
1165:Mountsfield Park
1140:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1120:
1097:
1089:
1040:Native Americans
1004:
975:(Winnebago) and
917:for planting in
885:
878:
874:
871:
865:
842:
834:
804:Central New York
774:in the east, to
764:Southern Ontario
723:
722:
713:
712:
653:orange colored,
542:Specific gravity
464:
457:
453:
450:
444:
421:
413:
350:, native to the
344:Caesalpinioideae
302:
293:
283:
261:
240:
196:Caesalpinioideae
105:
104:
84:
81:
80:
64:
59:
58:
33:
21:
20:
16:Species of plant
2732:
2731:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2637:
2632:
2624:
2619:
2611:
2606:
2598:
2593:
2585:
2580:
2572:
2567:
2559:
2554:
2546:
2541:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2513:
2505:
2500:
2492:
2490:
2482:
2480:
2472:
2470:
2462:
2457:
2449:
2444:
2436:
2431:
2423:
2418:
2410:
2408:
2400:
2398:
2390:
2385:
2377:
2374:Observation.org
2372:
2364:
2359:
2351:
2346:
2338:
2333:
2325:
2324:MichiganFlora:
2323:
2315:
2310:
2302:
2297:
2289:
2284:
2276:
2271:
2263:
2258:
2250:
2245:
2237:
2232:
2224:
2219:
2211:
2206:
2198:
2193:
2185:
2183:
2175:
2173:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2130:
2089:
2068:Pod dimensions.
2055:
2053:Further reading
2050:
2042:
2038:
2029:
2027:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1991:
1989:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1954:
1950:
1941:
1939:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1917:
1915:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1875:
1868:
1861:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1800:
1790:
1788:
1777:
1770:
1763:
1749:
1745:
1739:
1735:
1716:
1712:
1704:
1700:
1693:
1675:
1671:
1636:New Phytologist
1632:
1628:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1605:
1603:
1592:
1588:
1575:
1571:
1562:
1560:
1552:
1551:
1544:
1535:
1533:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1485:
1478:
1470:
1459:
1451:
1444:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1426:
1411:
1402:
1400:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1378:
1376:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1358:
1347:
1341:
1337:
1328:
1326:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1297:
1296:
1280:
1276:
1241:
1237:
1230:Cirrus Digital
1229:
1225:
1221:
1176:Amarillo, Texas
1141:
1130:
1124:
1121:
1110:
1098:
1087:
1067:
1044:games of chance
1036:
1014:
1005:
1000:
965:
957:clonal colonies
915:ornamental tree
911:plant nurseries
903:
886:
875:
869:
866:
855:
843:
832:
756:
718:) "branch" and
700:
465:
454:
448:
445:
434:
422:
411:
252:
242:
236:
223:
220:G. dioicus
99:
91:
82:
78:
71:
60:
56:
49:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2730:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2639:wfo-0000180558
2630:
2617:
2604:
2591:
2578:
2565:
2552:
2539:
2523:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2507:wfo-0000185803
2498:
2488:
2478:
2468:
2455:
2442:
2429:
2416:
2406:
2396:
2383:
2370:
2357:
2344:
2331:
2321:
2308:
2295:
2282:
2269:
2256:
2243:
2230:
2217:
2204:
2191:
2181:
2171:
2156:
2140:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2106:
2098:
2088:
2087:External links
2085:
2084:
2083:
2076:
2069:
2063:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2036:
2012:
1998:
1977:
1948:
1924:
1895:
1866:
1859:
1840:
1826:
1798:
1779:Moerman, Dan.
1768:
1762:978-1496224583
1761:
1743:
1733:
1710:
1698:
1691:
1669:
1626:
1612:
1586:
1569:
1542:
1518:
1499:(1): 345–356.
1476:
1473:Michigan Trees
1457:
1433:
1409:
1385:
1364:
1335:
1311:
1274:
1235:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1143:
1142:
1101:
1099:
1092:
1086:
1083:
1066:
1063:
1035:
1032:
1013:
1010:
998:
964:
961:
902:
899:
888:
887:
846:
844:
837:
831:
828:
755:
752:
699:
696:
687:
686:
680:
674:
664:
658:
640:
630:
624:
598:
594:
556:
545:
535:
467:
466:
425:
423:
416:
410:
407:
308:
307:
306:
305:
296:
288:
275:
274:
268:
267:
266:Natural range
263:
262:
254:
253:
243:
232:
231:
225:
224:
217:
215:
211:
210:
203:
199:
198:
193:
189:
188:
183:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
163:
156:
155:
150:
143:
142:
137:
130:
129:
124:
117:
116:
111:
107:
106:
93:
92:
76:
73:
72:
54:
51:
50:
45:
42:
41:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2729:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2544:
2540:
2535:
2529:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2508:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2489:
2485:
2479:
2475:
2469:
2465:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2407:
2403:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2384:
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2375:
2371:
2367:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2167:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2146:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2045:
2040:
2026:
2022:
2016:
2009:. 2016-01-11.
2008:
2002:
1987:
1981:
1963:
1961:
1952:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1914:on 2008-07-06
1913:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1891:
1890:
1884:
1879:
1878:Gilman, D. C.
1873:
1871:
1862:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1844:
1836:
1830:
1811:
1805:
1803:
1786:
1782:
1775:
1773:
1764:
1758:
1754:
1747:
1737:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1694:
1688:
1683:
1682:
1673:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1630:
1622:
1616:
1601:
1597:
1590:
1582:
1581:
1573:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1547:
1532:
1528:
1522:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1483:
1481:
1474:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1450:
1443:
1437:
1430:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1399:
1395:
1389:
1374:
1368:
1357:
1353:
1346:
1339:
1325:
1321:
1315:
1307:
1301:
1293:
1289:
1287:
1278:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1248:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1223:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1209:New Hampshire
1205:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1139:
1136:
1128:
1125:February 2021
1118:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1102:This section
1100:
1096:
1091:
1090:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1071:cabinetmakers
1062:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1009:
1003:
997:
992:
990:
986:
980:
978:
974:
970:
960:
958:
953:
951:
947:
941:
939:
935:
930:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
907:
894:
884:
881:
873:
870:February 2021
863:
859:
853:
852:
847:This section
845:
841:
836:
835:
827:
824:
820:
816:
811:
807:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
760:
751:
749:
744:
742:
738:
737:North America
734:
729:
727:
717:
708:
707:Ancient Greek
704:
691:
684:
681:
678:
677:Rooting Habit
675:
672:
668:
665:
662:
659:
656:
652:
649:thread-like;
648:
644:
641:
638:
634:
631:
628:
625:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
599:
595:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
557:
554:
550:
546:
543:
539:
536:
533:
530:
529:
528:
526:
523:
518:
514:
510:
501:
493:
489:
487:
483:
478:
473:
463:
460:
452:
449:February 2021
442:
438:
432:
431:
426:This section
424:
420:
415:
414:
406:
404:
400:
395:
393:
389:
385:
384:cabinetmakers
381:
377:
373:
369:
368:United States
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
320:
315:
300:
297:
292:
289:
286:
282:
279:
278:
276:
273:
269:
264:
260:
255:
251:
247:
241:
239:
233:
230:
229:Binomial name
226:
222:
221:
216:
213:
212:
209:
208:
204:
201:
200:
197:
194:
191:
190:
187:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
158:
157:
154:
151:
148:
145:
144:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
127:Tracheophytes
125:
122:
119:
118:
115:
112:
109:
108:
103:
98:
94:
88:
74:
68:
63:
52:
48:
43:
40:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2518:
2135:
2110:
2102:
2093:
2079:
2059:
2039:
2028:. Retrieved
2024:
2015:
2001:
1990:. Retrieved
1980:
1969:. Retrieved
1959:
1951:
1940:. Retrieved
1936:
1927:
1916:. Retrieved
1912:the original
1907:
1898:
1887:
1849:
1843:
1829:
1817:. Retrieved
1789:. Retrieved
1784:
1752:
1746:
1736:
1727:
1723:
1713:
1701:
1680:
1672:
1639:
1635:
1629:
1615:
1604:. Retrieved
1599:
1589:
1579:
1572:
1561:. Retrieved
1557:
1534:. Retrieved
1530:
1521:
1496:
1492:
1472:
1436:
1428:
1401:. Retrieved
1397:
1388:
1377:. Retrieved
1367:
1351:
1338:
1327:. Retrieved
1323:
1314:
1291:
1285:
1277:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1238:
1226:
1206:
1202:
1191:
1184:
1173:
1158:
1146:
1131:
1122:
1111:Please help
1106:verification
1103:
1068:
1050:
1049:
1037:
1026:
1015:
1007:
994:
981:
966:
954:
942:
934:Mount Vernon
931:
905:
904:
876:
867:
856:Please help
851:verification
848:
826:herbivores.
822:
812:
808:
784:South Dakota
761:
757:
754:Distribution
745:
732:
730:
725:
715:
702:
701:
509:black cherry
506:
485:
476:
474:
470:
455:
446:
435:Please help
430:verification
427:
403:tulip poplar
396:
335:
331:
327:
323:
318:
317:
313:
311:
298:
290:
280:
237:
235:
219:
218:
206:
159:
146:
133:
120:
38:
18:
2348:NatureServe
2260:iNaturalist
2160:Wikispecies
1065:Woodworking
946:Propagation
901:Cultivation
772:Connecticut
733:Gymnocladus
703:Gymnocladus
611:in a short
573:reduced to
409:Description
392:street tree
356:Upper South
332:nicker tree
303:L.) K.Koch
207:Gymnocladus
192:Subfamily:
140:Angiosperms
87:NatureServe
2656:Categories
2491:WisFlora:
2420:Plant List
2030:2022-06-05
1992:2013-07-15
1971:2013-07-17
1942:2023-02-03
1918:2008-05-30
1819:23 October
1606:2016-10-07
1583:The State.
1563:2020-04-15
1536:2023-01-06
1403:2017-08-11
1379:2013-06-12
1375:. NETSTATE
1329:2020-12-03
1219:References
1075:carpenters
778:, eastern
515:, and the
388:carpenters
360:Appalachia
336:stump tree
62:Vulnerable
2534:Q21874437
2425:ild-32123
2278:1195073-2
1656:1469-8137
1505:0036-1488
796:Louisiana
788:Wisconsin
647:filaments
605:Dioecious
563:Alternate
513:dioecious
214:Species:
110:Kingdom:
2626:13019894
2621:Tropicos
2600:11163668
2587:316253-2
2528:Wikidata
2481:VASCAN:
2464:13047714
2459:Tropicos
2399:PalDat:
2353:2.151008
2317:62026160
2291:10746823
2184:BioLib:
2145:Wikidata
1908:uiuc.edu
1791:9 August
1664:24649488
1513:41969015
1449:Archived
1356:Archived
1153:Charente
1055:Montréal
1022:tamarind
1018:cytisine
1012:Toxicity
999:—
973:Ho-Chunk
969:Meskwaki
823:Fabaceae
792:Michigan
780:Nebraska
768:Kentucky
698:Taxonomy
655:introrse
603:: June.
591:Stipules
575:leaflets
553:tomentum
525:cytisine
399:Kentucky
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348:Fabaceae
272:Synonyms
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2151:Q549418
1192:At the
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971:(Fox),
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821:eating
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643:Stamens
633:Corolla
601:Flowers
579:foliate
547:Winter
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85: (
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2471:uBio:
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2340:370147
2304:502851
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1857:
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1059:Québec
977:Pawnee
913:as an
776:Kansas
726:gumnós
721:γυμνός
716:kládos
711:κλάδος
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637:Petals
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583:terete
571:pinnae
559:Leaves
486:Chicot
376:Canada
334:, and
166:Rosids
2595:IRMNG
2574:18060
2548:3HL2H
2409:PFI:
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2286:IRMNG
2252:18091
2226:GYMDI
2200:3HR6W
2187:39868
2174:APA:
1965:(PDF)
1813:(PDF)
1509:JSTOR
1452:(PDF)
1445:(PDF)
1359:(PDF)
1348:(PDF)
1180:Texas
927:solar
923:parks
693:Fruit
667:Fruit
627:Calyx
587:ovate
522:toxin
517:fruit
482:Sumac
160:Clade
147:Clade
134:Clade
121:Clade
2608:POWO
2582:IPNI
2569:GRIN
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2446:POWO
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2327:1304
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2247:GRIN
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1855:ISBN
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538:Wood
532:Bark
475:The
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340:tree
312:The
285:Lam.
2634:WFO
2543:CoL
2502:WFO
2208:EoL
2195:CoL
1728:115
1644:doi
1640:201
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1115:by
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