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to convert the kernels to an edible form, and mention that if the processing was not done with the greatest care, poisoning would result with symptoms including violent convulsions and severe muscle spasms which could leave the limbs permanently fixed in contorted positions. Death occurred in a few
376:
This evergreen tree is a popular place for smaller birds to sleep during the winter. It is of great value to birds and other fauna, including invertebrates that feed on the fruits and disperse the seeds. The ability to bear fruit in early summer (January) gives this plant an important ecological
399:
Karaka may be easily grown from fresh seed, but cuttings are very difficult to strike. Young plants are frost-tender and sensitive to cold. The tree often naturalises in suitable habitats. It is common in cultivation and widely available for sale both in New
Zealand and in suitable climates
381:
are known to disperse karaka seeds, although there are reports of blackbirds pecking at fruits carrying them away from the tree if disturbed. Most of the seed crop lies beneath the tree where carpets of shade suppressed seedlings grow.
377:
value, being a good food source for many species, especially birds, at a time when most other berries are not yet ripe. Centuries ago the seeds would have been dispersed by moa and possibly other large birds. Today only
446:
The berries are toxic if ingested by dogs and may result in death. There is also evidence from beekeepers that the flowers may be narcotic or toxic to bees, causing bee loss and resulting in lower honey production.
390:
There is a marked difference of quantity of fruit between the male and female plants. Male plants produce some sparse fruit only. The flowers are also a way of distinguishing between male and female plants.
768:
Fraser W. Jopson and Craig R. McKibbin, "Moriori tree carvings, Chatham
Islands: Close-range photogrammetric record and survey," Department of Conservation Technical Series 20 (September 2000), p. 8.
426:, washed in rivers to remove the outer pulp, afterwards baked and sun dried, a process that would remove toxicity from the seeds. Properly prepared karaka kernels would keep for 2–3 years.
344:
up to 1 m in diameter. The thick, leathery leaves are glossy, dark green above and paler beneath, 50–200 mm long, and 30–70 mm wide with
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1007:
419:
Every autumn (March to May), pre-European Māori would collect the seeds dropped from the coastal karaka trees. The seeds would be placed in
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356:. Individual flowers are 4–5 mm in diameter and greenish-cream to off-white or pale yellow. The fruit is an ellipsoid to ovoid
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467:. A report in 2000 noted the existence of 147 kopi trees with dendroglyphs, though some may not have been authentically Moriori.
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258:. It is widespread in coastal habitats, often forming a major component of coastal forest, though it rarely dominates. Most
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Karaka is a leafy canopy tree with erect or spreading branches. It grows to heights up to 15 m and has a stout
640:"Preliminary Notes on the Isolation of the Bitter Substance of the Nut of the Karaka Tree (Corynocarpus lævigata)"
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604:"Karaka (Corynocarpus laevigatus J.R. et G. Forst.) in Wellington Conservancy (excluding Chatham Islands)"
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consider it to be native only to the northern half of the North Island, having been planted elsewhere by
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364:. The fruit ripens in summer and autumn (January to April) and the seeds are mostly dispersed by
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Gynodioecy, sexual dimorphism and erratic fruiting in
Corynocarpus laevigatus (Corynocarpaceae)
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The pulp of ripe fruit is edible, sweet and aromatic, but the fresh kernels contain the toxic
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10–15 mm long. In winter and spring (August to
November), karaka produces stout, erect
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karakin. Accounts from the 19th century record that extensive processing was used by
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elsewhere. It was one of the most grown food crops by pre-European Māori (alongside
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25–46 mm long, with pale yellow to orange flesh, containing a single
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581:"On the vegetable food of the ancient New Zealanders before Cook's visit"
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Transactions and
Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand
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The orange fruit, produced in summer, contain highly poisonous
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http://www.wondermondo.com/Countries/Au/NZ/Chatham/Hapupu.htm
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Sawyer, John; McFadgen, Bruce; Hughes, Paul (March 2003).
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Transactions and
Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute
492:. New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. 15 January 2012
463:: the soft bark of these trees has been used for making
266:
near former village sites, and subsequently spread by
601:
525:
Garnock-Jones PJ, Brockie RE, FitzJohn RG.
459:) has played a distinguished role in the history of
694:Anderson, Antonia; Pratt, Ciara (2 February 2015).
455:On the Chatham Islands this tree (locally known as
746:http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/chatham-islands/page-3
617:. Department of Conservation, New Zealand: 1–26.
1141:
756:Wondermondo armchair guide to world attractions
560:; 2023-01-07 [Retrieved 2024-01-07].
416:and seed after a long detoxification process.
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283:
720:"How Real Is The Risk To Bees From Karaka?"
784:Karaka leaves used for scientific research
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270:. The common name karaka comes from the
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744:Chatham Islands - Te Ara encyclopedia
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793:
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316:Mature tree showing trunk and foliage
1023:6e444b5e-4cc7-464e-8265-d2388df0b69f
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477:
429:
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696:"Toxic karaka fruit can kill dogs"
669:Fawcett, Stephanie (29 Feb 2012).
14:
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412:(bracken fern root), who ate the
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533:. 2007;55(8):803-808.
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226:. It is common throughout the
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531:Australian Journal of Botany
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611:DOC Science Internal Series
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368:birds which eat the fruit.
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512:The New Zealand Dictionary
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490:"Corynocarpus laevigatus"
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47:Scientific classification
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1170:Austronesian agriculture
1165:Plants described in 1776
833:Corynocarpus laevigatus
803:Corynocarpus laevigatus
284:
208:Corynocarpus laevigatus
178:Corynocarpus laevigatus
671:"Danger in the garden"
552:PJ Garnock-Jones.
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40:John Frederick Miller
1155:Trees of New Zealand
244:Three Kings Islands
215:tree of the family
514:. New House. 1994.
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288:, its name in the
242:(43°20′S), on the
203:New Zealand laurel
160:C. laevigatus
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1044:Open Tree of Life
795:Taxon identifiers
726:. 19 October 2020
638:Skey, W. (1871).
430:Toxicity and uses
336:Karaka male fruit
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38:Illustration by
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16:Species of plant
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236:Banks Peninsula
217:Corynocarpaceae
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136:Corynocarpaceae
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248:Raoul Island
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147:Corynocarpus
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126:Cucurbitales
109:
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995:NatureServe
920:iNaturalist
827:Wikispecies
395:Cultivation
366:columbiform
308:Description
294:naturalised
224:New Zealand
90:Angiosperms
1144:Categories
1057:Plant List
730:31 January
705:2020-01-15
680:2020-01-15
471:References
421:open-weave
185:J.R.Forst.
1062:kew-48199
650:: 316–321
278:. In the
260:botanists
252:Kermadecs
213:evergreen
154:Species:
60:Kingdom:
1109:Tropicos
1000:2.140402
961:10765042
948:272100-1
818:Q5477982
812:Wikidata
579:(1880).
436:alkaloid
386:Fruiting
352:of tiny
350:panicles
346:petioles
298:invasive
292:. It is
211:) is an
189:G.Forst.
132:Family:
103:Eudicots
1114:8800002
899:3169083
591:: 3–38.
451:Culture
443:cases.
372:Ecology
354:flowers
326:kernels
250:in the
240:Ōkārito
220:endemic
142:Genus:
122:Order:
64:Plantae
24:Karaka
1070:PLANTS
1049:253321
1020:NZOR:
925:160928
873:594842
847:136759
654:22 May
621:
556:.
529:.
496:21 May
408:) and
402:kūmara
379:kererū
302:Hawaii
199:Karaka
191:, 1776
187:&
116:Rosids
1075:COLA6
1031:NZPCN
987:18875
974:59069
956:IRMNG
932:IPA:
912:11663
886:CCKLA
700:Stuff
675:Stuff
607:(PDF)
440:Māori
414:drupe
410:aruhe
358:drupe
342:trunk
276:fruit
268:birds
264:Māori
246:, on
228:North
110:Clade
97:Clade
84:Clade
71:Clade
1101:4522
1083:POWO
1036:1762
1013:4312
1008:NCBI
982:ITIS
943:IPNI
935:5373
907:GRIN
894:GBIF
881:EPPO
860:YRB3
842:APNI
732:2021
656:2013
619:ISBN
498:2013
457:kopi
424:kete
362:seed
285:kōpī
230:and
1122:WFO
1096:RHS
969:ISC
868:EoL
855:CoL
615:101
535:doi
300:in
234:to
222:to
201:or
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