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players, in facilitating modal and intonational navigation on an instrument which is ordinarily bereft of pitch markers. Some kanun-makers may also choose to divide the semitone distance from the nut of the lower registers into 7 parts instead for microtonal subtlety (and the highest registers, conversely, into 5 parts due to spacing constraints); but do so at the expense of
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scales. Pitch measurement analyses of relevant audio recordings reveal that, equal temperaments based on bike-chained "multiples of twelve" are essentially not compatible with authentic Middle
Eastern performances; substantiating the notion instruments strictly based on them would clash audibly with
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Arabic qanuns are usually constructed with five skin insets that support a single long bridge resting on five arching pillars, whereas the somewhat smaller
Turkish qanuns are based on just four. This allows Arabic variants of the instrument to have more room for the installation of extreme bass and
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are available on the
Turkish kanun, however, since kanun-makers affix mandals that only accommodate modulations/transpositions popularly demanded by performers. This has subsequently led to the familiar interrupted and irregular pattern of mandals on the Turkish kanun becoming a visual guide for
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are a critical component of what constitutes the accustomed timbre of qanun. However, they normally occupy different locations on the soundboard of
Turkish kanuns compared to Arabic qanuns, and may also vary in shape, size and number depending on geography or personal taste.
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The dimensions of a
Turkish kanun are typically 95 to 100 cm (37–39") in length, 38 to 40 cm (15–16") in width, and 4 to 6 cm (1.5–2.3") in height. In contrast, an Arabic qanun measures a bit larger as mentioned.
117:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
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Ejder Güleç (1939–2014) on a
Turkish kanun. Likewise, the late Swiss-French qānūn performer Julien Jalâl Ed-Dine Weiss (1953–2015), who was critical of the tuning deficiency of Eurocentric octave divisions in approximating
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On the other hand, the nowadays widespread application of equidistant 24-tones on Arabic and 72-tones on
Turkish qanun models presents an ongoing source of controversy. This is particularly in regards to how adequate such
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Alternate tuning approaches for the qanun thus also exist. Turkish music theorist Ozan Yarman has proposed, for example, an academical 79-tone temperament for the expression within tolerable error-margins of
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737:. Levantine qanuns, prior to that time, remained rather inflexible and cumbersome to perform on (especially as demanding modulations/transpositions came into vogue that were increasingly emulating Western
1163:"Weighing Diverse Theoretical Models on Turkish Maqam Music Against Pitch Measurements: A Comparison of Peaks Automatically Derived from Frequency Histograms with Proposed Scale Tones"
610:. The name derives ultimately from Ancient Greek: κανών kanōn, meaning "rule, law, norm, principle". The qanun traces one of its origins to a stringed Assyrian instrument from the
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791:. Despite the mentioned discrepancies, hundreds of mandal configurations are at the player's disposal when performing on an ordinary Turkish kanun.
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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strings that are stretched over the bridge poised on fish-skins as described on one end, and attached to wooden tuning pegs at the other end.
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The Land and the Book: Or, Biblical
Illustrations Drawn from the Manners and Customs, the Scenes and Scenery, of the Holy Land
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79-tone Tuning & Theory For
Turkish Maqam Music As A Solution To The Non-Conformance Between Current Model And Practice
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octave divisions are in faithfully reproducing the traditionally or classically understood fluid pitches and inflexions of
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Qanun is played on the lap while sitting or squatting, or sometimes on trestle support, by plucking the strings with two
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1095:. Istanbul Technical University: Institute of Social Sciences: unpublished Doctoral Dissertation. pp. 2–3, 92, 126.
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Hebrew
Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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of strings, with three strings per course in the case of all regional variants. Contemporary Arabic designs use
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682:-shell picks (one for each hand) or with fingernails, and has a standard range of three and a half
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1281:. Istanbul Technical University: Institute of Social Sciences: unpublished Doctorate Dissertation.
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played either solo, or more often as part of an ensemble, in much of Iran, Arab East, and Arab
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as a result, Turkish kanun-makers went so far as dividing the electroacoustically referenced
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from A2 to E6 that can be extended down to F2 and up to G6 in the case of Arabic designs.
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The instrument also features special metallic levers or latches under each course called
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into 6 equal parts, yielding – for all intents and purposes – 72 equal divisions (or
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intervals; which were once again built, on instructions from Weiss, by Ejder Güleç.
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Julien Jalâl Ed-Dine Weiss: A Novel Tuning System for the Middle-Eastern Qānūn
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Inside Arabic Music: Arabic Maqam Performance and Theory in the 20th Century
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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on the qanun began. While Armenian kanuns now employ only equidistant
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due to Arab migration. It was also common in ancient (and modern-day)
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Ubiquitous Listening: Affect, Attention, and Distributed Subjectivity
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technology was first implemented, according to Turkish musicologist
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treble strings. Kanuns manufactured in Turkey generally feature 26
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1108:"1. ULUSLARARASI KANUN SEMPOZYUMU VE FESTİVALİ Program ve Özetler"
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1217:. Washington: Asian Music Publications. pp. 37–47, 151–61.
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at all pitch levels, that was implemented by the renowned late
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Encyclopédie de la Musique et Dictionnaire du Conservatoire
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Kanun music during the 5th anniversary of Wikimedia Armenia
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1144:"2. ULUSLARARASI KANUN SEMPOZYUMU VE FESTİVALİ synopsis"
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some decades later, standardization of the placement of
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201:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1161:Bozkurt, Barış; Yarman, Ozan; et al. (2009).
1148:(II. International Qanun Symposium & Festival)
638:that is famous for its unique melodramatic sound.
1115:(I. International Qanun Symposium & Festival)
712:Typical Armenian qanun. Museum of Cognac (France)
614:, specifically from the nineteenth century BC in
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1013:. University of California Press. pp. 79–.
968:Aydoğdu, Gültekin; Aydoğdu, Tahir (2018-02-11).
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642:Regional variants and technical specifications
135:accompanying your translation by providing an
101:Click for important translation instructions.
88:expand this article with text translated from
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618:. This instrument came inscribed on a box of
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1215:Makam – Modal Practice in Turkish Art Music
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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1296:Farraj, Johnny; Shumays, Sami Abu (2019).
1063:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.L2285837
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279:Learn how and when to remove this message
261:Learn how and when to remove this message
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873:Kanûnî, from Rålamb Costume Book, 1657.
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3727:Instruments of Ottoman classical music
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782:pitch resolution. Not all pitches of
630:). The instrument is a type of large
3687:Ancient Egyptian musical instruments
1142:Aydoğdu, Tahir; et al. (2015).
1106:Aydoğdu, Tahir; et al. (2012).
940:
506:
199:adding citations to reliable sources
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29:
1302:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1034:Nasuhioğlu, Orhan (December 1986).
567:
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147:{{Translated|he|קאנון (כלי נגינה)}}
24:
3732:Instruments of Turkish makam music
3611:Musical Instrument Factory of Riga
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972:. turksanatmuzigi.org: Salih Bora.
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622:found in the old Assyrian capital
27:Middle-Eastern stringed instrument
25:
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3652:Ancient Greek musical instruments
1323:William McClure Thomson, (1860):
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1038:. Pan Yayıncılık. pp. 92–93.
45:This article has multiple issues.
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1075:– via Oxford Music Online.
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3722:Uzbekistani musical instruments
3672:Azerbaijani musical instruments
3012:Azerbaijani musical instruments
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186:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
2878:Macedonian musical instruments
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1036:Türk Musikisi – Rauf Yekta Bey
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145:You may also add the template
13:
1:
3677:Bulgarian musical instruments
2018:Azerbaijani traditional music
1170:Journal of New Music Research
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3697:Lebanese musical instruments
3667:Armenian musical instruments
3647:Albanian musical instruments
3091:Tar (Azerbaijani instrument)
1364:Armenian musical instruments
1228:Güleç, Levent & Bülent.
514:
303:Armenian Qanun, 19th century
7:
3717:Turkish musical instruments
3712:Turkmen musical instruments
3692:Persian musical instruments
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2391:Turkish musical instruments
2070:Turkish musical instruments
1568:Iranian musical instruments
1049:McCollum, Jonathan (2015).
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3707:Syrian musical instruments
3702:Culture of the Middle East
3657:Arabic musical instruments
1007:Kassabian, Anahid (2013).
988:www.middleeasterndance.net
109:Machine translation, like
3682:Early musical instruments
3662:Greek musical instruments
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90:the corresponding article
2014:Afghan traditional music
853:or simple integer ratio
760:and Arabic qanuns exact
704:, 1859. Thomson, p. 577.
634:with a thin trapezoidal
2401:Ottoman classical music
2030:Tajik traditional music
1277:Pohlit, Stefan (2011).
808:a justly tuned/intoned
805:Ottoman classical music
210:"Qanun" instrument
156:For more guidance, see
3167:Percussion instruments
2947:Percussion instruments
1372:Percussion instruments
1254:"79-tone qanun recipe"
1230:"Ejder Müzik Aletleri"
1213:Signell, Karl (1977).
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717:Tuning and temperament
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582:) is a Middle Eastern
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2406:Ottoman military band
1086:Yarman, Ozan (2008).
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158:Knowledge:Translation
129:copyright attribution
3581:Appalachian dulcimer
3174:Auxiliary Percussion
3119:Woodwind instruments
2311:Auxiliary percussion
1329:Vol II, p. 577.
195:improve this article
3555:Tambourine de Bearn
3475:Epinette des Vosges
3412:West and South Asia
3040:Plucked instruments
2115:Plucked instruments
884:Mohammad-abdo Saleh
789:octave equivalences
748:With the advent of
700:Qanun performer in
612:Old Assyrian Empire
594:, later it reached
358:Related instruments
293:
3105:Struck instruments
3020:String instruments
2886:String instruments
2692:Salamiyyah (flute)
2396:Turkish folk music
2188:Struck instruments
2106:Rebab/Kabak kemane
1453:String instruments
1258:www.ozanyarman.com
1234:www.ejdermuzik.com
1055:Grove Music Online
970:"'Kanun' hakkında"
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324:String instruments
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137:interlanguage link
18:Kanun (instrument)
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1309:978-01906-5-835-9
1072:978-1-56159-263-0
1020:978-0-520-27515-7
984:"About The Qanun"
754:reference mandals
750:electronic tuners
584:string instrument
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1969:Tonbak (Dombak)
1922:Kūbeheyī/Zarbī)
1921:
1918:
1917:
1906:
1887:
1876:
1835:
1774:(Sāzhāy-e Bādī)
1772:
1771:
1760:
1734:
1718:
1692:Azerbaijani Tar
1613:
1580:(Sāzhāy-e Zehī)
1578:
1577:
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1565:
1535:
1530:
1514:
1447:
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1290:Further reading
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896:Petros Tabouris
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867:
865:Notable players
769:semitone of 100
721:On the regular
719:
644:
626:(ancient name:
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3465:Bowed psaltery
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3436:
3434:Persian santur
3431:
3429:Indian santoor
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2129:Turkish tambur
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2082:
2074:
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2012:
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1680:Kurdish tanbur
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1318:External links
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955:furatmusic.com
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866:
863:
847:just intervals
766:equal-tempered
718:
715:
643:
640:
620:elephant ivory
588:Maghreb region
503:Sorani Kurdish
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317:Classification
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3616:Oscar Schmidt
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352:(F2)A2-E6(G6)
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346:Playing range
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184:This article
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97:(August 2017)
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86:You can help
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3565:Violinzither
3439:Iraqi santur
3418:
3183:Boyuk nagara
2903:
2565:
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2437:
2423:
2101:Yaylı tanbur
1919:
1773:
1739:Experimental
1675:Yaylı tambur
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1261:. Retrieved
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1237:. Retrieved
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1176:(1): 45–70.
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1126:. Retrieved
1119:the original
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991:. Retrieved
987:
978:
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801:Arabic music
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726:
723:diatonically
720:
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661:
645:
627:
600:Central Asia
592:North Africa
543:
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193:Please help
188:verification
185:
133:edit summary
124:
95:
87:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
3642:Box zithers
3188:Cura nagara
2785:Tabl baladi
2735:Goblet drum
2650:instruments
2575:Bowed lutes
2320:Cura nagara
2304:instruments
2287:Kargı Düdük
2282:Dilli düdük
2262:Dilli kaval
2247:Turkish ney
2204:instruments
2111:Sine kemanı
2080:instruments
1999:Zarbang Udu
887: [
879:Aytaç Doğan
855:Pythagorean
851:prime-limit
797:Eurocentric
743:key changes
664:sound holes
662:Ornamental
616:Mesopotamia
596:West Africa
556:Azerbaijani
292:Qanun/Kanun
3636:Categories
3545:Scheitholt
3540:Psalterium
3444:Swarmandal
3363:Ichigenkin
2970:Tambourine
2919:Aerophones
2801:percussion
2610:Simsimiyya
2302:Percussion
1916:Percussion
1811:Narmeh-ney
1263:2016-06-26
1239:2016-06-27
1191:11147/2853
1128:2016-06-27
993:2016-06-26
934:References
758:half-tones
731:Rauf Yekta
636:soundboard
329:Box zither
221:newspapers
50:improve it
3525:Langeleik
3338:Đàn tranh
3326:East Asia
3319:By region
3036:Kamancheh
2267:Dilli ney
1932:Auxiliary
1920:(Sāzhāy-e
1852:Nāy (Ney)
1847:Haft Band
1840:End-blown
1831:Ney anban
1751:Shurangiz
1602:Kamāncheh
1438:Parkapzuk
778:) of the
702:Jerusalem
573:romanized
529:romanized
492:romanized
367:Dan tranh
340:Antiquity
337:Developed
251:June 2008
151:talk page
92:in Hebrew
56:talk page
3591:Tremoloa
3574:Americas
3560:Tsymbaly
3535:Psaltery
3530:Langspil
3470:Cimbalom
3460:Autoharp
3398:Yanggeum
3348:Geomungo
3343:Gayageum
3258:See also
2960:Tarabuka
2809:Clapping
2582:Kamanjah
2508:Plucked
2458:Category
2384:See also
2370:Castanet
2277:Tárogató
2202:Woodwind
1770:Woodwind
1746:Sallāneh
1576:Stringed
1519:See also
1471:Kamancha
1200:57766225
1051:"Kanoun"
951:"Qanoon"
918:Psaltery
907:See also
859:harmonic
838:Dastgaha
834:Makamlar
822:kemenche
739:tonality
680:tortoise
535:kanonáki
524:κανονάκι
483:Armenian
417:Psaltery
372:Gayageum
127:provide
3505:Kanklės
3495:Kantele
3403:Yazheng
3393:Yangqin
3358:Guzheng
3312:Zithers
3228:Laggutu
3208:Naqareh
3137:Balaban
3096:Choghur
3076:Shahrud
3031:Chagane
2932:Šupelka
2909:Bağlama
2894:Tambura
2836:Sistrum
2832:(zills)
2815:Krakebs
2780:Taarija
2765:Naqareh
2745:Maktoum
2730:Duhulla
2615:Tanbūra
2558:Zithers
2533:Mandole
2340:Naqareh
2335:Darbuka
2227:Dankiyo
2169:Shahrud
2159:Baglama
1964:Naqāreh
1895:Natural
1857:Sheypur
1821:Dozaleh
1801:Balaban
1784:Exposed
1704:Shahrud
1618:Plucked
1597:Ghazhak
1486:Bağlama
842:luthier
830:Maqamat
691:mandals
684:octaves
666:called
649:courses
604:Armenia
575::
548:Turkish
531::
494::
475:Persian
402:Kantele
397:Kanklės
387:Jetigen
382:Jadagan
377:Guzheng
235:scholar
149:to the
131:in the
94:.
3510:Kokles
3500:Kannel
3490:Hummel
3453:Europe
3373:Kacapi
3333:Ajaeng
3270:Mugham
3249:Bülban
3218:Nagara
3203:Dümbek
3178:Bendir
3157:Miskal
3109:Santur
2899:Kemane
2825:Mihbaj
2820:Manjur
2811:(kaff)
2799:Other
2790:Tbilat
2760:Naqara
2755:Mirwas
2750:Mazhar
2720:Bendir
2715:Al-ras
2687:Rhaita
2682:Mizwad
2677:Mizmar
2672:Mijwiz
2662:Habbān
2657:Arghul
2633:Kawala
2625:Flutes
2605:Kissar
2587:Rababa
2548:Sintir
2543:Qanbūs
2523:Kwitra
2355:Nagara
2315:Bendir
2292:Miskal
2192:Santur
2139:Cümbüş
2078:String
1984:Dammam
1872:Miskal
1816:Donali
1806:Karnay
1756:Sorāhi
1730:Santur
1723:Struck
1670:Tanbūr
1625:Barbat
1511:Bambir
1508:Pandir
1505:Tavigh
1496:Santur
1476:Kamani
1466:Barbat
1390:Dmblak
1306:
1198:
1069:
1017:
928:Zither
923:Santur
810:tanbur
780:octave
776:commas
727:mandal
632:zither
624:Nimrud
608:Greece
606:, and
564:Uyghur
498:k’anon
472:kanoon
468:ganoun
432:Zither
392:Kacapi
237:
230:
223:
216:
208:
3621:Tōkai
3515:Kusle
3480:Gusli
3424:Nuzhe
3419:Kanun
3353:Guqin
3223:Spoon
3198:Davul
3147:Tütek
3142:Kaval
3132:Tulum
3127:Zurna
3101:Nuzhe
3086:Mugni
3071:Komuz
3049:Chang
3044:Kanun
2965:Dajre
2955:Tapan
2937:Zurna
2927:Kaval
2904:Kanon
2830:Sagat
2740:Hajir
2707:Drums
2697:Zukra
2667:Jirba
2597:Lyres
2566:Qanun
2528:Lavta
2518:Buzuq
2510:lutes
2375:Spoon
2350:Kudüm
2330:Davul
2257:Sipsi
2252:Kaval
2237:Çifte
2232:Gaida
2222:Karkm
2217:Tulum
2212:Zurna
2184:Mugni
2179:Lavta
2164:Komuz
2144:Ahenk
2119:Kanun
1954:Dāvūl
1949:Dohol
1939:Darāy
1902:Nafir
1886:Brass
1867:Pisha
1862:Zurna
1826:Kaval
1796:Zurna
1791:Sornā
1714:Mugni
1665:Setār
1660:Nuzhe
1650:Robāb
1645:Qānūn
1640:Dotār
1630:Chang
1590:Bowed
1501:Zagan
1461:Kanon
1443:Tulum
1428:Sring
1413:Zurna
1408:Duduk
1196:S2CID
1166:(PDF)
1122:(PDF)
1111:(PDF)
1093:(PDF)
891:]
820:, or
772:cents
668:kafes
653:Nylon
628:Caleh
579:qalon
568:قالون
560:qanun
552:kanun
544:qānūn
540:qanun
520:Greek
515:qānūn
507:قانون
487:քանոն
479:قانون
464:kanun
460:qanun
427:Yatga
407:Kokle
242:JSTOR
228:books
111:DeepL
3520:Krez
3383:Koto
3378:Khim
3054:Çeng
2648:Reed
2365:Zill
2154:Cura
2124:Çeng
1994:Zang
1989:Zarb
1979:Sanj
1635:Harp
1423:Blul
1418:Shvi
1380:Dhol
1304:ISBN
1067:ISBN
1015:ISBN
913:Çeng
857:and
741:and
542:; ,
458:The
412:Koto
214:news
125:must
123:You
3213:Kus
3193:Daf
3152:Ney
3081:Rud
3066:Saz
2775:Tar
2770:Riq
2725:Daf
2638:Ney
2538:Oud
2345:Kus
2325:Daf
2272:Mey
2242:Ney
2174:Rud
2149:Saz
1974:Kūs
1944:Daf
1709:Rud
1687:Tār
1655:Sāz
1491:Oud
1481:Tar
1433:Pku
1385:Dap
1186:hdl
1178:doi
1059:doi
818:ney
814:oud
803:or
657:PVF
655:or
590:of
562:;
481:(;
470:or
197:by
113:or
3638::
3388:Se
3061:Ud
2134:Ud
1699:Ūd
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1174:38
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59:.
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