1629:
clitics indicates person, negation, and the exhortative mode. The constituents and the particles signal distinctions in time, aspect and modality. In
Kamayurá, a derivation of elements of a category from others of the same or distinct categories occurs through the addition of affixes to radicals and through a combination of roots and radicals. Both the affixation and the derivation can be used in a morphological level and a syntactic level. A prefix is used in the derivation of nominals while a suffix is used in other cases. In the verbal derivation, prefixes are used. Below we will only look at the diminutive and the augmentative forms of words.
219:
morphological structures and various phonological features of the
Kamayurá language, however, Lucy's work does not stop there, she is also responsible for having documented many works that were otherwise undocumented, this allows for the preservation of the Kamayurá as a language and as a culture. Through her work with the Kamayurá she has also earned the status of an honorary member in the Linguistic Society of America. In an interview done by “Nova Raiz” in September 2011 it appears that Lucy Seki has retired, but continues to speak positively of her work with the Kamayurá.
211:– who numbered about 600 individuals in 2014. There is speculation that as the indigenous peoples who spoke the Tupi languages mingled with other indigenous peoples, their languages gradually changed accordingly. This speculation is consistent with research done by linguists who study languages in different regions in order to find similarities and differences between languages. The Kamayurá people live in the Mato Grosso region of Brazil, specifically in the Upper Xingu area.
214:
The
Kamayurá people do not have their own specific schools and rely on teaching each other the language, however, there have been a couple of youths, since the year 2000, that have participated in the Teacher Training Course. The Teacher Training Course strives to keep an indigenous language alive as
2616:
Different from adverbs, particles do not occur isolated like a constituent and do not present adverbial characteristic properties. They are syntagmatically connected to the constituent which is or contains the element of which has scope. The particles can modify nominal, adverbial or the verb. This
985:
Affixes: a set of casual suffixes that indicate the noun in a nuclear function, locative, attributive, and external, and a set of relational prefixes including prefixes which encode the specified and indefinite third-person, reflexive and non-reflexive as well as the subject and object of the third
1012:
Personal
Pronouns present certain characteristics which justify its treatment separately. It constitutes a closed class of elements, which unlike nouns, do not receive casual suffixes. There are two different pronouns with syntactic distribution consistently distinct, these are: the series of free
1628:
As discussed above, in verbal morphology the verb receives affixes, clitics, constituents and particles. The affixes include prefixes and suffixes. The first are indicators of person, causes, reflexives and reciprocals. The suffixes indicate the mode, negation, and the causes of transitive. The
992:
Order of constituents: are relevant to distinguish “a” (feminine the) and “o” (masculine the) when both are expressed by nominal, both receive the same suffix . The basic order of the constituents are “AOV” in the transitive sentence and “SV” in the intransitive sentences, which vary in certain
218:
Currently, there are many transcribed works of the
Kamayurá language as well as many grammatical concepts. Lucy Seki, is credited with the completion of a book detailing the grammar of the Kamayurá language In her book “Gramatica do Kamaiura” (“Grammar of the Kamaiura”) Lucy goes into detail on
1904:
The
Kamayurá language is composed of combined aspects of the nominative-accusative, active-stative and the establishment of a final verb with initial interrogative words. The Kamayurá language is also hierarchical, for example: The forms in series I with transitive verbs in the indicative and
2266:
Words for numerals and quantifiers like “everyone” and “few” are understood as being associated with a countable item, and can be nominal in function of the subject, or of the object, or even an event, however, they do not occur as nominal determinants, but they present adverbial properties:
1021:
These are accented and syntactically occur in the following functions, and do not occur in subordinate sentences and also not as the possessor with nouns or as object of postpositions. There are also restrictions of the use of these pronouns in copulative sentences:
2090:
Depending on the hierarchy, given by both the A and O participants, the one higher hierarchical, will be expressed with the verb by the corresponding pronominal element. The following example explains lines 1 – 5 in the above hierarchical reference.
1002:
Particles: Certain particles ae used to indicate semantic/syntactic roles of the noun. There are several relations that are expressed in
Portuguese by nominal or postpositional phrases which in Kamayurá, are expressed by adverbs and other types of
2905:
Reduplication is a recourse used to express distinctions of an aspect and other types of quantification. It can reduplicate radical nominals, adverbials and verbals, generally marked the iterative, distributive and intensive:
3309:
Rodrigues, Arion Dall’Igna & Ana Suelly Arruda Câmara Cabral. (2012). "Tupían." In L. Campbell & V. Grondona (Eds.), The
Indigenous Languages of South America. A Comprehensive Guide. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
980:
In the
Kamayurá language, affixes, clitics, order of constituents, postpositions, derivational processes and certain particles are all needed in order to express the syntactic and semantic functions of the noun.
2799:
it is understood that the event/action covers the totality of the item, considered in its unit or the totality of the items. In the last case, in general, the indicator of number is present in construction:
3088:(%) Kamayurá villages consist of a ring of houses surrounding a flat central plaza of packed dirt, which is kept clean and swept frequently. The village of the departed souls is impeccable in this regard.
999:
Derivational
Processes: there are a series of derivational affixes which form complex nominal from verbs and adverbs and of which are used to indicate syntactic and semantics roles of the noun.
977:
involved ("he stopped in the canoe when he was inside it"). This is common in general in the languages of the Tupian stock, and both causatives have been posited to exist in Proto-Tupian.
2793:“end, finish, complete” expresses universal quantification associated to the subject arguments of the transitive verbs and the objects of transitive verbs. With the suffix
989:
Clitics: there are a set of flexible clitics which indicates a person and the number of the possessor as well as the subject of the object of verbs and postpositions.
3296:
Dixon, R.M.W. and Aikhenvald, A.Y. (1997). "A typology of argument-determined constructions." p. 83–4. In Bybee, J., Haiman, J., & Thompson, S.A., eds. (1997).
4620:
N: nuclear case REL: relational prefix AT: attested QUANT: quantifier CIRC: circumstantial MS: male speaker 1EXCL: first person, exclusive person
2963:
3091:($ ) The Kamayurá orchards are located at some distance from the village, and the path to them usually goes through the tropical the jungle.
1905:
exhortative modes are used to codify A, the clitic pronouns to codify O and the prefixes of series IV to indicate A and O simultaneously.
4638:
2068:
It is important to note that the choice of the participant is being governed by the hierarchy of reference indicated in following which:
3913:
697:
3510:. This is a detailed, comprehensive, and readable description of the Kamayurá grammar, including a lexicon with ~1200 entries.
1322:
These are not used alone, but they always appear syntactically linked to other elements occurring in the following functions.
4222:
4633:
4521:
928:
667:
168:
2498:“be numerous”. The first only occurs with a third person indicator and, like other descriptive, can occur as an adverb:
2974:. Here Arawitará has returned to the world of the living, and his describing his journey to the friend's old mother.
3503:
3563:
428:
288:
158:
3906:
3810:
2962:
The following sample is taken from Seki (2000), p. 438. It is a small excerpt of a folk take about hero
374:
267:
4145:
821:
594:
442:
295:
144:
721:
717:
3818:
851:
674:
367:
260:
3094:(#) The souls spat on the ground because the nauseating smell of the hero's living flesh made them sick.
4229:
4179:
3668:
939:
780:
773:
658:
553:
546:
435:
309:
200:
90:
4323:
3899:
4030:
4243:
2492:
There are two descriptive verb elements which occur as quantifiers “be very, very, many times” and
381:
274:
4372:
215:
well as educates individuals in the current national language of Brazil, in this case Portuguese.
4025:
3253:
2787:
In the verbal roots which are suffixed to the verb pointing out aspectual distinctions, the root
791:
562:
4557:
3800:
4450:
996:
Postpositions: Postpositions are used to express a variety of syntactic and semantic functions.
3976:
3743:
4593:
4432:
4257:
3572:
1632:
In the endocentric derivation of nouns, the following suffixes are used, all of them tonics:
969:
involved in the activity ("he stopped in the canoe when he was outside it") while the prefix
908:
877:
870:
625:
618:
48:
4541:
4104:
3952:
4358:
4208:
4020:
3795:
3524:(1990). "Kamaiurá (Tupi–Guarani) as an active–stative language". In Payne, Doris L. (ed.).
4396:
4377:
1029:
As a single constituent, whether or not accompanied by particles, in elliptical sentences:
8:
4547:
4382:
4120:
3556:
3247:
196:
4562:
4460:
4438:
4420:
4296:
4015:
3498:. Campinas, SP, Brasil: Editora da Unicamp & Imprensa Oficial do Estado S.A. IMESP.
1150:
As the emphatic subject or contrastive subject, in other types of independent sentences:
4530:
4492:
4482:
4347:
4334:
4135:
4060:
3946:
888:
745:
735:
634:
494:
489:
4470:
4426:
4367:
3997:
3987:
3603:
3187:
3133:
204:
136:
58:
4291:
4277:
4188:
4073:
4068:
4055:
3718:
3693:
3499:
760:
750:
509:
499:
4535:
4251:
4169:
4040:
4035:
3790:
3738:
3676:
164:
4552:
4476:
4286:
4236:
4202:
4129:
4090:
3982:
3970:
3962:
3930:
3922:
3723:
3708:
740:
85:
4444:
4197:
4153:
3728:
4487:
4410:
4340:
4329:
4110:
4098:
4007:
3992:
3939:
3733:
3713:
3703:
3687:
3681:
3628:
3598:
898:
864:
755:
504:
77:
3838:
149:
4609:
4584:
4306:
4079:
3879:
3828:
3618:
3549:
1773:“augmentative”. This is -u in the oral condition and -ũ in the nasal condition:
689:
3638:
3222:
3111:
4627:
4316:
4266:
4045:
3872:
3823:
3785:
3643:
3623:
3613:
3608:
3593:
3580:
3085:) is the path followed by the souls of the deceased to reach the other world.
2261:
1641:“diminutive” with two allomorphs: -i in oral context and -ĩ in nasal context:
856:
796:
681:
569:
522:
348:
331:
242:
3865:
3843:
3648:
3588:
803:
576:
957:
Kamayurá is one of the few languages in the world with two mechanisms for
120:
3848:
3833:
648:
470:
463:
456:
409:
402:
395:
326:
237:
44:
40:
3541:
3769:
3653:
3116:
612:
356:
335:
254:
247:
3633:
1013:
pronouns and the series of clitic pronouns which are described below:
4388:
3759:
3521:
3491:
3298:
Essays on language function and language type, dedicated to T. Givón.
958:
922:
835:
811:
586:
417:
303:
282:
129:
113:
961:
that differ in how involved the causer is in the action. The prefix
3891:
3533:
Saelzer, Meinke (1976). "Fonologia provisória da língua kamayurá".
176:
3658:
3526:
Amazonian linguistics: Studies in Lowland South American languages
767:
540:
172:
1513:
as a subject and an object, with certain verbal dependent forms:
4215:
3764:
3161:. Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Co. pp. 158–161.
208:
30:
3176:. London: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group. p. 137.
2971:
2967:
2262:
Words for numbers and quantifiers which work as adverbials
175:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
3496:
Gramática do Kamaiurá, Língua Tupi-Guarani do Alto Xingu
3223:"Coleção Lucy Seki - Biblioteca Digital Curt Nimuendajú"
3073:'Here comes someone who is still in his original skin.'"
3058:
Here we live as in the path to the orchards($ ), folks!
3067:
it is like one which has been swept a lot, our village
2072:
the first person has precedence over the second person
1243:
1222:
2966:, who is summoned by his deceased friend to help the
1839:
augmentative corresponds as well with “true genuine”:
1117:
As the subject of sentences with a nominal predicate:
2471:
3070:The poor spat on the ground for my being there(#)
1271:As a topicalized object, in independent sentences:
2979:jererahame rake ko‘yt a‘ɳa rupi rak orohome ko‘yt
4625:
3174:Encyclopedia of the world's endangered languages
1618:1SG =get =VOL 2S= die -SBJV NINTERR =MS friend -
2679:
2075:the second person has precedence over the third
1549:
1192:
1052:
3024:ipeiripyrera wite a‘ia‘iwine jeneretama ko‘ypy
2794:
2788:
2738:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2624:
2618:
2586:
2493:
2437:
2389:
1882:
1872:
1860:
1850:
1834:
1816:
1806:
1794:
1784:
1768:
1750:
1740:
1728:
1718:
1702:
1684:
1674:
1662:
1652:
1636:
1615:je =tsaro =k ne= mano -ramuẽ a’e =wa jyjryp -Ø
1520:
1474:
1428:
1382:
1336:
1165:
1073:
3907:
3557:
2970:of the dead in their eternal war against the
2782:
4162:
3159:Lessons from Documented Endangered Languages
2487:
4178:
724:assume the quality of the following vowel.
3914:
3900:
3564:
3550:
3245:
2999:jakatupe tete ne jene retama jaetsa ko‘ypy
2778:"Only in the afternoon I’m going to bathe"
3571:
2873:
2828:
2359:
1579:
1485:
1439:
1393:
1347:
1286:
1016:
2718:
1569:
3532:
3171:
3134:"Localização e população > Kamaiurá"
1619:
1609:
169:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
4626:
3055:There is not even a single weed there!
3043:Our straight path(*) is very beautiful
2775:afternoon -SBJV PTC 1SG- go water -LOC
2536:
1899:
3895:
3545:
3345:
3343:
3330:
3328:
3156:
2884:
2861:
2766:
2407:three beads -N REL- packs -N 1SG- buy
2404:mo'apyt moytsowy -a r- iru -a a- mepy
1539:
1300:
323:
3921:
3520:
3490:
3469:
3457:
3445:
3433:
3421:
3409:
3397:
3385:
3373:
3361:
3349:
3334:
3319:
3284:
3272:
3210:
2849:
2816:
2576:
2516:
2477:mojepete rak a- jot {são paulo} katy
2456:
2379:
2349:
2302:
2292:
1919:Indicated together with the verb by
1590:
1467:as an object, with transitive verbs:
1329:As a possessor with possessive nouns
1296:
3064:It is like one which has been swept
2994:te a‘ia‘iw a‘iwĩ jene retama ko‘ypy
2460:
1624:“Come get me when you die, friend!”
1421:as a subject with descriptive verbs
1232:
1063:
13:
4639:Languages of Xingu Indigenous Park
3415:
3340:
3325:
3249:TV. Raiz #9 - KAMAIURÁ - LUCY SEKI
3105:
3049:Ah, how beautiful is our village!
2647:“much”. Below are examples of the
2557:
2506:
1317:
14:
4650:
3188:"Educação indígena > Kamaiurá"
3052:I saw the village very clean(%),
2256:
938:
927:
907:
887:
876:
869:
855:
850:
820:
802:
795:
790:
779:
772:
696:
680:
673:
666:
657:
633:
624:
617:
593:
575:
568:
561:
552:
545:
469:
462:
455:
441:
434:
427:
408:
401:
394:
380:
373:
366:
308:
294:
287:
273:
266:
259:
3040:"He took me . We went this way.
3029:ojewunewunawa a‘iweru je wi kwãj
2900:
2728:
2669:
2427:
16:Tupian language spoken in Brazil
3479:
3463:
3451:
3439:
3427:
3403:
3391:
3379:
3367:
3355:
3313:
3303:
3290:
3278:
3256:from the original on 2021-12-21
3014:petsakame te jene retama ko‘ywa
2483:"I have come to Sao Paulo once”
2410:"I bought three packs of beads"
3266:
3239:
3215:
3204:
3180:
3165:
3150:
3126:
2957:
2772:ka'aruk -amuẽ tete a- ha 'y -p
1375:As an object of postpositions:
1086:"Hey boy, I am talking to you"
965:indicates that the causer was
1:
3172:Moseley, Christopher (2007).
3098:
3046:Here we live among ugly weeds
3009:kopiaip ehe‘aɳ jaju kwãj‘awan
2925:"my day to day, my everyday"
2840:"the stick burned completely"
2617:group of particles includes:
952:
3528:. University of Texas Press.
3061:You should see our village!
3034:okoj opiretepewewara ruri we
2984:jene peuan ikatu a‘ia ko‘ypy
2941:“very crooked, all crooked"
2611:
1083:{} boy 2SG =DAT {1SG-to say}
479:
222:
7:
2989:jawa‘ipaip ehe‘aɳ jajuw a‘e
2607:"I will bring many benches"
1207:ije a- je’eŋ ene ere- karãj
1007:
716:The "glottal approximants"
10:
4655:
3300:Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
2893:3- {to go (PL)} -COMPL =PL
2783:Roots suffixed to the verb
2480:one AT 1SG- come N.PR. ALL
1210:I 1SG- talk you 2SG- write
4603:
4583:
4520:
4501:
4459:
4409:
4357:
4324:Paulista General Language
4305:
4276:
4187:
4144:
4119:
4089:
4054:
4006:
3961:
3929:
3857:
3809:
3778:
3752:
3667:
3579:
3514:
3246:NOVA RAIZ. (2011-10-17),
3157:Drude, Sebastian (2008).
3081:(*) "The straight path" (
2949:"he cut a lot, shredded"
2604:QUANT bench -N 1SG- bring
2488:Descriptive verb elements
1918:
1915:
1913:
1313:“it is not you who I see”
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
486:
416:
355:
330:
325:
307:
293:
286:
265:
241:
227:
155:
143:
127:
111:
106:
74:
64:
54:
36:
26:
21:
3484:
3004:nite ne jawa‘iawa ko‘ypy
2601:i'ajaŋ apykaw -a a- erut
2078:A has precedence over O
1909:Hierarchical references
1080:A: kunu'um/ ne =upe a-'e
3227:www.etnolinguistica.org
3122:(subscription required)
2795:
2789:
2649:
2643:
2637:
2631:
2625:
2619:
2494:
1883:
1873:
1861:
1851:
1835:
1817:
1807:
1795:
1785:
1769:
1751:
1741:
1729:
1719:
1703:
1685:
1675:
1663:
1653:
1637:
203:, and is spoken by the
4634:Tupi–Guarani languages
3192:pib.socioambiental.org
3138:pib.socioambiental.org
2317:mokõj kunu'um -a o- yk
1213:“I talk and you write”
1017:Free personal pronouns
157:This article contains
3573:Xingu Indigenous Park
2320:two boys -N 3- arrive
49:Xingu Indigenous Park
3801:Villas-Bôas brothers
3796:Karl von den Steinen
2697:you PTC 2SG- {to be}
2179:“He sees (1excl) us”
2168:“He sees (1incl) us”
1260:1EXCL EXH -1EXCL -go
3448:, pp. 320, 321
3412:, pp. 140, 141
3019:ipeiripyrera witene
2890:o- jomono -pap =awa
2837:stick 3-burn -COMPL
2245:“We (excl) see you”
2234:“You see (excl) us”
2124:“We (excl) see him”
2113:“We (incl) see him”
1910:
1900:Case and agreements
1456:1SG =REL {-be good}
729:
728:Consonant Phonemes
320:
201:Tupi–Guarani family
4026:Gavião of Jiparaná
3322:, pp. 351–352
2545:QUANT 3- eat -CIRC
2323:“two boys arrived”
1908:
1307:ene ruẽj oro-etsak
1257:ore t -oro -jomono
973:expresses that it
727:
318:
4616:
4615:
4610:extinct languages
4579:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4571:
4570:
4400:
4391:
4260:
4246:
4239:
4232:
4225:
4218:
4211:
3889:
3888:
3535:Série Lingüística
3120:(18th ed., 2015)
2953:
2952:
2700:"it is only you?"
2635:“little, small”,
2542:i'ajaŋ i- karu -w
2252:
2251:
2201:“He sees you all”
2146:“You all see him”
2066:
2065:
1893:
1892:
1827:
1826:
1761:
1760:
1695:
1694:
1410:1SG =REL -because
1263:“we are who goes”
950:
949:
714:
713:
477:
476:
316:
315:
199:) belongs to the
183:
182:
165:rendering support
161:phonetic symbols.
4646:
4394:
4387:
4256:
4242:
4235:
4228:
4221:
4214:
4207:
4185:
4184:
4176:
4175:
4160:
4159:
3923:Tupian languages
3916:
3909:
3902:
3893:
3892:
3566:
3559:
3552:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3529:
3509:
3473:
3467:
3461:
3455:
3449:
3443:
3437:
3431:
3425:
3419:
3413:
3407:
3401:
3395:
3389:
3383:
3377:
3371:
3365:
3359:
3353:
3347:
3338:
3332:
3323:
3317:
3311:
3307:
3301:
3294:
3288:
3282:
3276:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3219:
3213:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3109:
2911:
2910:
2886:
2875:
2863:
2851:
2834:ywyra o-kaj -pap
2830:
2818:
2798:
2792:
2768:
2740:
2730:
2720:
2694:ene tete ere- ko
2681:
2671:
2652:
2646:
2640:
2634:
2628:
2622:
2588:
2578:
2559:
2538:
2518:
2508:
2497:
2473:
2462:
2458:
2439:
2429:
2391:
2381:
2361:
2351:
2304:
2294:
2096:
2095:
1911:
1907:
1886:
1876:
1864:
1854:
1847:
1846:
1838:
1820:
1810:
1798:
1788:
1781:
1780:
1772:
1754:
1744:
1735:“little flower”
1732:
1722:
1715:
1714:
1706:
1688:
1678:
1666:
1656:
1649:
1648:
1640:
1621:
1611:
1592:
1581:
1571:
1551:
1541:
1522:
1487:
1476:
1441:
1430:
1395:
1384:
1349:
1338:
1302:
1298:
1288:
1245:
1234:
1224:
1194:
1167:
1075:
1065:
1054:
942:
931:
911:
891:
880:
873:
859:
854:
824:
806:
799:
794:
783:
776:
730:
726:
723:
719:
700:
684:
677:
670:
661:
637:
628:
621:
597:
579:
572:
565:
556:
549:
535:
530:
525:
518:
484:
483:
473:
466:
459:
452:
445:
438:
431:
424:
412:
405:
398:
391:
384:
377:
370:
363:
351:
344:
321:
317:
312:
298:
291:
277:
270:
263:
232:
231:
139:
123:
116:
80:
19:
18:
4654:
4653:
4649:
4648:
4647:
4645:
4644:
4643:
4624:
4623:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4599:
4585:Proto-languages
4567:
4516:
4497:
4455:
4405:
4353:
4301:
4272:
4174:
4158:
4140:
4115:
4085:
4059:
4050:
4002:
3957:
3925:
3920:
3890:
3885:
3853:
3805:
3774:
3748:
3663:
3575:
3570:
3517:
3506:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3476:
3468:
3464:
3456:
3452:
3444:
3440:
3432:
3428:
3420:
3416:
3408:
3404:
3396:
3392:
3384:
3380:
3372:
3368:
3360:
3356:
3348:
3341:
3333:
3326:
3318:
3314:
3308:
3304:
3295:
3291:
3283:
3279:
3271:
3267:
3259:
3257:
3244:
3240:
3231:
3229:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3209:
3205:
3196:
3194:
3186:
3185:
3181:
3170:
3166:
3155:
3151:
3142:
3140:
3132:
3131:
3127:
3121:
3110:
3106:
3101:
2960:
2917:"our screams "
2903:
2898:
2896:"Everyone went"
2888:
2877:
2866:
2854:
2842:
2832:
2821:
2810:
2785:
2780:
2770:
2759:
2751:
2743:
2732:
2722:
2711:
2702:
2692:
2684:
2673:
2663:
2614:
2609:
2599:
2591:
2580:
2569:
2561:
2550:
2548:"He ate a lot "
2540:
2529:
2521:
2510:
2490:
2485:
2475:
2465:
2450:
2442:
2431:
2421:
2412:
2402:
2394:
2383:
2372:
2364:
2353:
2342:
2334:
2325:
2315:
2307:
2296:
2285:
2277:
2264:
2259:
1902:
1691:“small toucan”
1626:
1613:
1602:
1594:
1583:
1573:
1562:
1554:
1543:
1532:
1524:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1497:
1489:
1478:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1451:
1443:
1432:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1413:“because of me”
1405:
1397:
1386:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1364:1SG =REL -heart
1359:
1351:
1340:
1330:
1327:
1320:
1318:Clitic pronouns
1315:
1310:you NEG 1/2-see
1305:
1290:
1280:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1255:
1247:
1236:
1226:
1215:
1205:
1197:
1186:
1178:
1170:
1159:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1134:
1126:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1088:
1078:
1067:
1056:
1046:
1038:
1030:
1027:
1019:
1010:
955:
533:
528:
521:
516:
482:
450:
422:
389:
361:
347:
342:
319:Vowel Phonemes
230:
225:
205:Kamayurá people
163:Without proper
135:
119:
112:
102:
81:
78:Language family
76:
70:600 (2014)
67:
66:Native speakers
59:Kamayurá people
17:
12:
11:
5:
4652:
4642:
4641:
4636:
4618:
4614:
4613:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4597:
4589:
4587:
4581:
4580:
4577:
4576:
4573:
4572:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4538:
4533:
4527:
4525:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4514:
4508:
4506:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4474:
4466:
4464:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4453:
4448:
4441:
4436:
4429:
4424:
4416:
4414:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4403:
4402:
4401:
4392:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4364:
4362:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4351:
4344:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4320:
4312:
4310:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4283:
4281:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4270:
4263:
4262:
4261:
4249:
4248:
4247:
4240:
4233:
4226:
4219:
4212:
4200:
4194:
4192:
4182:
4173:
4172:
4166:
4164:
4157:
4156:
4150:
4148:
4146:Maweti–Guarani
4142:
4141:
4139:
4138:
4133:
4125:
4123:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4113:
4108:
4101:
4095:
4093:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4083:
4076:
4071:
4065:
4063:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4012:
4010:
4004:
4003:
4001:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3973:
3967:
3965:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3955:
3950:
3943:
3935:
3933:
3927:
3926:
3919:
3918:
3911:
3904:
3896:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3880:The Hyperwomen
3876:
3869:
3861:
3859:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3829:Curisevo River
3826:
3821:
3815:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3791:Cândido Rondon
3788:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3685:
3679:
3673:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3585:
3583:
3577:
3576:
3569:
3568:
3561:
3554:
3546:
3540:
3539:
3530:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3504:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3472:, pp. 322
3462:
3460:, pp. 321
3450:
3438:
3436:, pp. 320
3426:
3424:, pp. 319
3414:
3402:
3400:, pp. 140
3390:
3388:, pp. 138
3378:
3366:
3364:, pp. 372
3354:
3352:, pp. 371
3339:
3324:
3312:
3302:
3289:
3287:, pp. 410
3277:
3275:, pp. 415
3265:
3238:
3214:
3203:
3179:
3164:
3149:
3125:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3075:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2947:
2943:
2942:
2939:
2935:
2934:
2931:
2927:
2926:
2923:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2902:
2899:
2878:
2867:
2855:
2844:
2843:
2822:
2811:
2803:
2802:
2784:
2781:
2760:
2752:
2744:
2733:
2723:
2712:
2704:
2703:
2685:
2674:
2664:
2656:
2655:
2613:
2610:
2592:
2581:
2570:
2562:
2552:
2551:
2530:
2522:
2511:
2501:
2500:
2489:
2486:
2466:
2451:
2443:
2432:
2422:
2414:
2413:
2395:
2384:
2373:
2365:
2354:
2343:
2335:
2327:
2326:
2308:
2297:
2286:
2278:
2270:
2269:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2257:Quantification
2255:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2248:(1ep Vs. 2sg)
2246:
2243:
2239:
2238:
2237:(2sg Vs. 1ep)
2235:
2232:
2228:
2227:
2226:(2sg Vs. 1sg)
2224:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2165:jene = r-etsak
2162:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2076:
2073:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1887:
1880:
1877:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1858:
1855:
1841:
1840:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1814:
1811:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1792:
1789:
1775:
1774:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1757:“little arch”
1755:
1748:
1745:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1726:
1723:
1709:
1708:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1682:
1679:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1660:
1657:
1643:
1642:
1603:
1595:
1584:
1574:
1563:
1555:
1544:
1533:
1525:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1490:
1479:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1444:
1433:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1398:
1387:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1352:
1341:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1316:
1291:
1281:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1248:
1237:
1227:
1217:
1216:
1198:
1187:
1179:
1171:
1160:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1136:ije morerekwat
1127:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1089:
1068:
1057:
1047:
1039:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1018:
1015:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1004:
1003:constructions.
1000:
997:
994:
990:
987:
954:
951:
948:
947:
945:
943:
936:
934:
932:
925:
919:
918:
916:
914:
912:
905:
903:
901:
895:
894:
892:
885:
883:
881:
874:
867:
861:
860:
848:
846:
844:
842:
840:
838:
832:
831:
829:
827:
825:
818:
816:
814:
808:
807:
800:
788:
786:
784:
777:
770:
764:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
712:
711:
709:
707:
705:
703:
701:
694:
692:
686:
685:
678:
671:
664:
662:
655:
653:
651:
645:
644:
642:
640:
638:
631:
629:
622:
615:
609:
608:
606:
604:
602:
600:
598:
591:
589:
583:
582:
580:
573:
566:
559:
557:
550:
543:
537:
536:
531:
526:
519:
513:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
481:
478:
475:
474:
467:
460:
453:
447:
446:
439:
432:
425:
420:
414:
413:
406:
399:
392:
386:
385:
378:
371:
364:
359:
353:
352:
345:
339:
338:
329:
324:
314:
313:
306:
300:
299:
292:
285:
279:
278:
271:
264:
257:
251:
250:
245:
240:
235:
229:
226:
224:
221:
181:
180:
167:, you may see
153:
152:
147:
141:
140:
133:
125:
124:
117:
109:
108:
107:Language codes
104:
103:
101:
100:
99:
98:
84:
82:
75:
72:
71:
68:
65:
62:
61:
56:
52:
51:
47:region of the
38:
34:
33:
28:
27:Native to
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4651:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4621:
4611:
4607:
4602:
4596:
4595:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4586:
4582:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4543:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4519:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4500:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4472:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4458:
4452:
4451:Xingu Asurini
4449:
4447:
4446:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4434:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4422:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4408:
4399:
4398:
4393:
4390:
4386:
4385:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4356:
4350:
4349:
4345:
4343:
4342:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4325:
4321:
4319:
4318:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4304:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4275:
4269:
4268:
4264:
4259:
4255:
4254:
4253:
4250:
4245:
4244:West Bolivian
4241:
4238:
4234:
4231:
4227:
4224:
4223:East Bolivian
4220:
4217:
4213:
4210:
4206:
4205:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4177:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4163:Aweti–Guarani
4161:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4147:
4143:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4131:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4118:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4106:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4092:
4088:
4082:
4081:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4057:
4053:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4031:Guariba Arára
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4009:
4005:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3964:
3960:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3948:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3917:
3912:
3910:
3905:
3903:
3898:
3897:
3894:
3882:
3881:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3824:Culuene River
3822:
3820:
3819:Arraias River
3817:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3786:Percy Fawcett
3784:
3783:
3781:
3777:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3751:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3689:
3686:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3666:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3581:Xingu peoples
3578:
3574:
3567:
3562:
3560:
3555:
3553:
3548:
3547:
3544:
3536:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3518:
3507:
3505:85-268-0498-7
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3488:
3471:
3466:
3459:
3454:
3447:
3442:
3435:
3430:
3423:
3418:
3411:
3406:
3399:
3394:
3387:
3382:
3376:, pp. 18
3375:
3370:
3363:
3358:
3351:
3346:
3344:
3337:, pp. 62
3336:
3331:
3329:
3321:
3316:
3306:
3299:
3293:
3286:
3281:
3274:
3269:
3255:
3251:
3250:
3242:
3228:
3224:
3218:
3212:
3207:
3193:
3189:
3183:
3175:
3168:
3160:
3153:
3139:
3135:
3129:
3119:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3104:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2948:
2946:o-kytsi-kytsi
2945:
2944:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2933:"one by one"
2932:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2914:jene rae-raem
2913:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2907:
2901:Reduplication
2897:
2894:
2891:
2887:
2881:
2876:
2870:
2865:
2858:
2853:
2847:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2831:
2825:
2820:
2814:
2809:
2806:
2801:
2797:
2791:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2763:
2758:
2755:
2750:
2747:
2742:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2715:
2710:
2707:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2688:
2683:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2659:
2654:
2651:
2645:
2639:
2633:
2627:
2621:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2590:
2584:
2579:
2573:
2568:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2533:
2528:
2525:
2520:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2496:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2454:
2449:
2446:
2441:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2417:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2393:
2387:
2382:
2376:
2371:
2368:
2363:
2357:
2352:
2346:
2341:
2338:
2333:
2330:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2311:
2306:
2300:
2295:
2289:
2284:
2281:
2276:
2273:
2268:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2231:ore = r-etsak
2230:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2212:“He sees you”
2211:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2190:“He sees you”
2189:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2176:ore = r-etsak
2175:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2135:“You see him”
2134:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1912:
1906:
1888:
1885:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1832:
1822:
1819:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1766:
1756:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1707:“diminutive”:
1705:
1701:
1700:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1672:
1669:“small moth”
1668:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1625:
1622:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1601:
1598:
1593:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1566:
1561:
1558:
1553:
1547:
1542:
1536:
1531:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1506:
1503:
1502:1SG =REL -see
1500:
1496:
1493:
1488:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1442:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1396:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1350:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1323:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1276:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1246:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1196:
1190:
1185:
1182:
1177:
1174:
1169:
1163:
1158:
1155:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1125:
1122:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1077:
1071:
1066:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1042:
1037:
1034:
1023:
1014:
1001:
998:
995:
991:
988:
984:
983:
982:
978:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
946:
944:
941:
937:
935:
933:
930:
926:
924:
921:
920:
917:
915:
913:
910:
906:
904:
902:
900:
897:
896:
893:
890:
886:
884:
882:
879:
875:
872:
868:
866:
863:
862:
858:
853:
849:
847:
845:
843:
841:
839:
837:
834:
833:
830:
828:
826:
823:
819:
817:
815:
813:
810:
809:
805:
801:
798:
793:
789:
787:
785:
782:
778:
775:
771:
769:
766:
765:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
731:
725:
710:
708:
706:
704:
702:
699:
695:
693:
691:
688:
687:
683:
679:
676:
672:
669:
665:
663:
660:
656:
654:
652:
650:
647:
646:
643:
641:
639:
636:
632:
630:
627:
623:
620:
616:
614:
611:
610:
607:
605:
603:
601:
599:
596:
592:
590:
588:
585:
584:
581:
578:
574:
571:
567:
564:
560:
558:
555:
551:
548:
544:
542:
539:
538:
532:
527:
524:
520:
515:
514:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
485:
472:
468:
465:
461:
458:
454:
449:
448:
444:
440:
437:
433:
430:
426:
421:
419:
415:
411:
407:
404:
400:
397:
393:
388:
387:
383:
379:
376:
372:
369:
365:
360:
358:
354:
350:
346:
341:
340:
337:
333:
328:
322:
311:
305:
302:
301:
297:
290:
284:
281:
280:
276:
272:
269:
262:
258:
256:
253:
252:
249:
246:
244:
239:
236:
234:
233:
220:
216:
212:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
193:
188:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
160:
154:
151:
148:
146:
142:
138:
134:
132:
131:
126:
122:
118:
115:
110:
105:
97:
94:
93:
92:
89:
88:
87:
83:
79:
73:
69:
63:
60:
57:
53:
50:
46:
42:
39:
35:
32:
29:
25:
20:
4619:
4605:
4594:Proto-Tupian
4592:
4548:Urubu–Kaapor
4540:
4511:
4502:
4469:
4443:
4433:Ararandewara
4431:
4419:
4395:
4373:Avá-Canoeiro
4346:
4339:
4322:
4315:
4265:
4258:Pai Tavytera
4180:Tupi–Guarani
4128:
4103:
4078:
3975:
3945:
3938:
3878:
3871:
3864:
3844:Ronuro River
3839:Jabotá River
3698:
3534:
3525:
3495:
3480:Bibliography
3465:
3453:
3441:
3429:
3417:
3405:
3393:
3381:
3369:
3357:
3315:
3305:
3297:
3292:
3280:
3268:
3258:, retrieved
3248:
3241:
3230:. Retrieved
3226:
3217:
3206:
3195:. Retrieved
3191:
3182:
3173:
3167:
3158:
3152:
3141:. Retrieved
3137:
3128:
3115:
3107:
3082:
3076:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2961:
2930:mojepetepete
2904:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2882:
2879:
2871:
2868:
2859:
2856:
2848:
2845:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2826:
2823:
2815:
2812:
2807:
2804:
2786:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2764:
2761:
2756:
2753:
2748:
2745:
2737:
2734:
2727:
2724:
2716:
2713:
2708:
2705:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2686:
2678:
2675:
2668:
2665:
2660:
2657:
2615:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2593:
2585:
2582:
2574:
2571:
2566:
2563:
2556:
2553:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2534:
2531:
2526:
2523:
2515:
2512:
2505:
2502:
2491:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2470:
2467:
2455:
2452:
2447:
2444:
2436:
2433:
2426:
2423:
2418:
2415:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2388:
2385:
2377:
2374:
2369:
2366:
2358:
2355:
2347:
2344:
2339:
2336:
2331:
2328:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2301:
2298:
2290:
2287:
2282:
2279:
2274:
2271:
2265:
2223:“You see me”
2220:je = r-etsak
2204:(3 Vs. 2pl)
2198:pe = n-etsak
2187:ne = r-etsak
2182:(3 Vs. 1ep)
2171:(3 Vs. 1ip)
2157:“He sees me”
2154:je = r-etsak
2149:(2pl Vs. 3)
2138:(2sg Vs. 3)
2127:(1ep Vs. 3)
2116:(1ip Vs. 3)
2105:(1sg Vs. 3)
2089:
2067:
1916:Participant
1903:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1617:
1614:
1607:
1604:
1599:
1596:
1588:
1585:
1578:
1575:
1567:
1564:
1559:
1556:
1548:
1545:
1537:
1534:
1529:
1526:
1519:
1516:
1505:“You see me”
1504:
1501:
1499:je =r -etsak
1498:
1494:
1491:
1483:
1480:
1473:
1470:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1445:
1437:
1434:
1427:
1424:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1391:
1388:
1381:
1378:
1366:
1363:
1361:je =r -ekowe
1360:
1356:
1353:
1345:
1342:
1335:
1332:
1321:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1295:
1292:
1285:
1282:
1277:
1274:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1241:
1238:
1231:
1228:
1221:
1218:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1191:
1188:
1183:
1180:
1175:
1172:
1164:
1161:
1156:
1153:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1123:
1120:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1072:
1069:
1061:
1058:
1051:
1048:
1043:
1040:
1035:
1032:
1020:
1011:
979:
974:
970:
966:
962:
956:
715:
217:
213:
191:
190:
186:
184:
156:
128:
95:
91:Tupi–Guaraní
4558:Wayampipukú
4021:Cinta Larga
3849:Xingu River
3834:Ferro River
3470:Seki (2000)
3458:Seki (2000)
3446:Seki (2000)
3434:Seki (2000)
3422:Seki (2000)
3410:Seki (2000)
3398:Seki (2000)
3386:Seki (2000)
3374:Seki (2000)
3362:Seki (2000)
3350:Seki (2000)
3335:Seki (2000)
3320:Seki (2000)
3285:Seki (2000)
3273:Seki (2000)
3211:Seki (2000)
2958:Sample text
2938:i-kana-kana
2922:je='a-je'at
2193:(3 Vs. 2g)
2160:(2Vs. 1sg)
2102:“I see him”
2081:1>2>3
1889:“big leaf”
1867:“big head”
1823:“big bird”
1801:“big fish”
1752:à ywyrapapĩ
1459:“I am good”
1453:je =Ø -katu
1142:“I am boss”
1106:B: awa/ ije
649:Approximant
171:instead of
45:Upper Xingu
41:Mato Grosso
4628:Categories
4479:(Jau-Navo)
4383:Tenetehara
4359:Tenetehara
4237:Paraguayan
3977:Kepkiriwát
3770:Yamurikuma
3744:Yawalapití
3654:Yawalapiti
3522:Seki, Lucy
3492:Seki, Lucy
3260:2016-12-06
3232:2016-12-06
3197:2016-12-06
3143:2016-12-06
3117:Ethnologue
3099:References
2653:particle:
2215:(3 Vs. 3)
1936:Series IV
1862:à -akaŋete
1407:je =r -ehe
1367:“my heart”
1129:morerekwat
1109:“Who, me?”
953:Morphology
197:Portuguese
189:language (
4608:indicate
4542:Takunyapé
4531:Emerillon
4493:Uru-Pa-In
4483:Kagwahiva
4389:Guajajara
4348:Potiguara
4335:Nheengatu
4136:Munduruku
4121:Munduruku
4105:Maritsauá
3953:Karitiâna
3947:Kabixiana
3779:Explorers
3760:Huka-huka
3669:Languages
2964:Arawitará
2709:afternoon
2641:“a lot”,
2612:Particles
2453:são paulo
2242:oro-etsak
2132:ere-etsak
2121:oro-tscak
1930:Series I
1293:oro-etsak
993:contexts.
959:causation
923:Semivowel
836:Fricative
812:Affricate
587:Affricate
529:unrounded
517:unrounded
480:Consonant
343:unrounded
223:Phonology
130:Glottolog
114:ISO 639-3
55:Ethnicity
4522:Northern
4512:Kamayurá
4503:Kamayurá
4477:Karipuna
4397:Turiwára
4378:Tapirapé
4317:Old Tupi
4292:Pauserna
4074:Puruborá
4061:Ramarama
4056:Puruborá
3719:Mehinaku
3699:Kamayurá
3694:Kalapalo
3684:(Txikão)
3629:Mehinako
3604:Kamayurá
3599:Kalapalo
3494:(2000).
3310:495–574.
3254:archived
3112:Kamayurá
2629:“each”,
2623:“only”,
2416:mojepete
2337:moytsowy
2143:pe-etsak
2110:ja-etsak
1884:à -owete
1796:à ipirau
1742:ywyrapat
1725:“flower”
1686:à tukanĩ
1681:“toucan”
1449:-be good
1403:-because
1041:kunu'um/
1008:Pronouns
746:Alveolar
736:Bilabial
495:Alveolar
490:Bilabial
192:Kamaiurá
187:Kamayurá
177:Help:IPA
150:Kamayurá
137:kama1373
96:Kamayurá
22:Kamayurá
4606:Italics
4553:Wayampi
4461:Kawahíb
4439:Araweté
4421:Amanayé
4297:Sirionó
4287:Guarayu
4278:Guarayu
4209:Chiripá
4203:Guarani
4189:Guarani
4130:Kuruaya
4016:Aruáshi
3983:Makurap
3971:Akuntsu
3753:Rituals
3724:Nahukwa
3709:Kuikuro
3690:(Yudja)
3634:Nahukuá
3619:Kuikuro
3077:Notes:
2860:to go (
2706:ka'aruk
2644:a’ia’ip
2329:mo'apyt
2280:kunu'um
2209:o-etsak
2099:a-etsak
1933:Clitic
1818:à wyrau
1730:à y’apĩ
1580:NINTERR
1250:-jomono
1139:am boss
1076:-to say
986:person.
768:Plosive
761:Glottal
751:Palatal
541:Plosive
534:rounded
523:rounded
510:Glottal
500:Palatal
349:rounded
332:Central
243:Central
173:Unicode
4524:(VIII)
4488:Kayabi
4471:Apiaká
4427:Anambé
4368:Akwáwa
4341:Omagua
4330:Cocama
4216:Jopara
4111:Xipaya
4099:Juruna
4091:Yuruna
3998:Wayoró
3993:Tupari
3988:Mekens
3963:Tupari
3940:Arikem
3931:Arikem
3873:Kaurup
3811:Rivers
3765:Quarup
3734:Trumai
3714:Matipu
3704:Kayabi
3688:Juruna
3682:Ikpeng
3644:Trumai
3624:Matipu
3614:Kayapo
3609:Kaiabi
3594:Ikpeng
3515:Papers
3502:
2857:jomono
2564:apykaw
2554:i'ajaŋ
2503:i'ajaŋ
2313:arrive
2084:A>O
2016:1excl
1879:“leaf”
1857:“head”
1813:“bird”
1791:“fish”
1747:“arch”
1664:à kawi
1659:“moth”
1600:friend
1597:jyjryp
1565:-ramuẽ
1527:=tsaro
1492:-etsak
1357:-heart
1354:-ekowe
1036:
971:(e)ro-
741:Dental
228:Vowels
209:Brazil
86:Tupian
37:Region
31:Brazil
4536:Guajá
4505:(VII)
4411:Xingu
4309:(III)
4252:Kaiwá
4170:Awetï
4080:Urumi
4041:Suruí
4036:Mondé
4008:Mondé
3866:Xingu
3858:Films
3739:Waurá
3677:Awetï
3659:Yudjá
3649:Wauja
3589:Aweti
3485:Books
2972:birds
2968:souls
2874:COMPL
2829:COMPL
2819:-burn
2813:o-kaj
2808:stick
2805:ywyra
2757:water
2714:-amuẽ
2690:to be
2597:bring
2567:bench
2558:QUANT
2507:QUANT
2370:packs
2340:beads
2332:three
2272:mokõj
1965:1, 2
1944:1, 2
1852:-akaŋ
1786:ipira
1676:tukan
1446:-katu
1244:1EXCL
1223:1EXCL
1203:write
1200:karãj
1173:je’eŋ
899:Trill
865:Nasal
756:Velar
613:Nasal
505:Velar
451:nasal
390:nasal
327:Front
238:Front
4563:Zo'é
4463:(VI)
4445:Aurá
4361:(IV)
4307:Tupi
4280:(II)
4267:Xeta
4230:Mbyá
4198:Aché
4154:Mawé
4069:Karo
4046:Zoro
3729:Suyá
3639:Suyá
3500:ISBN
3083:peu-
2880:=awa
2869:-pap
2824:-pap
2796:-pap
2790:-pap
2725:tete
2719:SBJV
2676:ere-
2666:tete
2650:tete
2638:utsu
2632:atsã
2626:meme
2620:tete
2594:erut
2537:CIRC
2524:karu
2495:-eta
2468:katy
2448:come
2397:mepy
2283:boys
2062:A/O
2055:2pl
2044:A/O
2037:2sg
2034:1sg
2019:2sg
1836:-ete
1808:wyra
1570:SBJV
1557:mano
1530:=get
1495:-see
1418:iii)
1400:-ehe
1303:-see
1283:ruẽj
1239:-oro
1189:ere-
1176:talk
1147:iii)
1132:boss
1097:awa/
1070:a-'e
1059:=upe
722:/hʷ/
720:and
690:Flap
423:oral
362:oral
357:High
336:Back
255:High
248:Back
185:The
4413:(V)
4191:(I)
3114:at
2767:LOC
2739:1SG
2729:PTC
2680:2SG
2670:PTC
2661:you
2658:ene
2587:1SG
2527:eat
2472:ALL
2445:jot
2438:1SG
2424:rak
2419:one
2400:buy
2390:1SG
2367:iru
2360:REL
2275:two
2049:7)
2031:6)
2013:5)
1995:4)
1977:3)
1959:2)
1941:1)
1874:-op
1720:y’a
1704:-pĩ
1654:kap
1586:=wa
1576:a’e
1560:die
1546:ne=
1540:VOL
1521:1SG
1486:REL
1475:1SG
1464:iv)
1440:REL
1429:1SG
1394:REL
1383:1SG
1372:ii)
1348:REL
1337:1SG
1287:NEG
1278:you
1275:ene
1268:iv)
1253:-go
1233:EXH
1219:ore
1193:2SG
1184:you
1181:ene
1166:1SG
1154:ije
1121:ije
1114:ii)
1102:ije
1074:1SG
1064:DAT
1053:2SG
1044:boy
975:was
967:not
963:mo-
718:/h/
418:Low
304:Low
283:Mid
207:of
195:in
159:IPA
145:ELP
121:kay
4630::
3342:^
3327:^
3252:,
3225:.
3190:.
3136:.
2885:PL
2862:PL
2846:o-
2762:-p
2754:'y
2749:go
2746:ha
2735:a-
2687:ko
2583:a-
2572:-a
2532:-w
2513:i-
2461:PR
2434:a-
2428:AT
2386:a-
2375:-a
2356:r-
2345:-a
2310:yk
2299:o-
2288:-a
2052:1
2022:A
2006:O
2001:1
1998:2
1986:A
1983:3
1980:3
1970:O
1962:3
1950:A
1947:3
1927:O
1924:A
1770:-u
1638:-i
1605:-Ø
1591:MS
1550:2S
1535:=k
1517:je
1510:v)
1481:=r
1471:je
1435:=Ø
1425:je
1389:=r
1379:je
1343:=r
1333:je
1326:i)
1162:a-
1124:am
1092:B:
1049:ne
1033:A:
1026:i)
857:hʷ
822:ts
797:kʷ
682:hʷ
595:ts
570:kʷ
403:ɨ̃
43::
4058:–
3915:e
3908:t
3901:v
3565:e
3558:t
3551:v
3537:.
3508:.
3235:.
3200:.
3146:.
2883:=
2872:-
2864:)
2852:-
2850:3
2827:-
2817:3
2765:-
2741:-
2717:-
2682:-
2589:-
2577:N
2575:-
2535:-
2519:-
2517:3
2463:.
2459:.
2457:N
2440:-
2392:-
2380:N
2378:-
2362:-
2350:N
2348:-
2305:-
2303:3
2293:N
2291:-
1620:Ø
1610:Ø
1608:-
1589:=
1568:-
1552:=
1538:=
1484:=
1438:=
1392:=
1346:=
1301:2
1299:/
1297:1
1242:-
1229:t
1195:-
1168:-
1157:I
1062:=
940:j
929:w
909:r
889:ŋ
878:n
871:m
852:h
804:ʔ
792:k
781:t
774:p
698:ɾ
675:h
668:w
659:j
635:ŋ
626:n
619:m
577:ʔ
563:k
554:t
547:p
471:õ
464:ã
457:ẽ
443:o
436:a
429:e
410:ũ
396:ĩ
382:u
375:ɨ
368:i
334:/
310:a
296:o
289:e
275:u
268:ɨ
261:i
179:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.