163:
2574:
2643:
1942:
1134:
1048:
36:
2665:
1952:
2654:
901:(1967-1969), United Kingdom (1973-1974), and the United States (1975-1976). He first attempted to become a presidential candidate in 1974, but ended up supporting López Michelsen, who won the elections that year. The sector supporting López Michelsen was instrumental in Turbay's presidential campaign of 1978, and after a very narrow election he became president of Colombia in 1978.
881:. The next few years he spent as a member of the Assembly of Cundinamarca. In 1943 he was chosen for congress as a Chamber Representative. He was a leader of the opposition to conservative governments, and in 1953 became a member of the national directive of the liberal party. With the rise to power of the
941:
Although the
Security Statute allegedly benefited some of the counterinsurgency operations of the security forces, such as the capture of most of the M-19's command structure and many of the guerrilla group's urban cells, the measure became highly unpopular inside and outside Colombia, promoting some
933:
The
Security Statute gave the military an increased degree of freedom of action, especially in urban areas, to detain, interrogate and eventually judge suspected guerrillas or their collaborators before military tribunals. Human rights organizations, newspaper columnists, political personalities and
929:
Militants, unionists, social and university leaders, as well as intellectuals were considered opposed to the policies of the “Turbayista” government and were seen as enemies of the nation and its interests. It was a time of clear abuses of authority, disappearances, torture and other types of
1210:
On August 31, 2005, Turbay proposed that the government could exchange each jailed guerrilla for 10 "economic" hostages (those held for extortion purposes) and one "political" hostage (those held by the FARC in order to pressure the
Colombian government to release its jailed members).
1198:
guerrilla group. As part of this effort, Turbay participated in several meetings with the relatives of FARC hostages and signed several declarations of support, together with other former presidents such as
1015:
Turbay, despite pressure from military and political sectors, avoided deciding to solve the crisis through the use of direct military force, and instead eventually agreed to let the M-19 rebels travel to
393:
1027:
That a mostly peaceful resolution to the crisis was found has been generally considered as a positive aspect of Turbay's administration, as seen by later and contemporary commentators and historians.
1194:
Turbay was seen as being at odds with some of Uribe's policies, however, in particular due to Turbay's activism in favor of the implementation and negotiation of a prisoner exchange with the
290:
2735:
973:, a position that isolated the country from other Latin American nations. The controversy did not stop there, as under Turbay's administration, Colombia severed diplomatic relations with
2122:
239:
1988:
897:, and was chosen as senator for four consecutive periods between 1962 and 1974. He also served briefly as interim president in 1967. He was also appointed as ambassador the
1279:
and was buried at the
Sacromonte Caves at Canton Norte, an army base in Bogotá.. He visited Lebanon with his family in 2003 as a final trip to the homeland of his family.
2112:
2402:
2012:
460:
2322:
2272:
2252:
926:'s attempts to extend its political influence and a 1977 national strike, a 1978 decree, known as the Security Statute, was implemented by Turbay's administration.
2202:
2502:
2282:
2730:
2292:
2162:
2740:
2658:
2302:
2232:
2192:
2182:
2172:
2042:
1112:. He initially opposed the possibility of presidential reelection in Colombia, but later changed his views, contributing to founding a movement known as
2222:
1981:
1543:
1313:
2725:
2022:
1675:
2242:
2132:
2092:
2052:
2770:
2715:
2647:
1974:
989:'s embassy, during which sixteen ambassadors were held hostage for 61 days, presented a complicated challenge to the Turbay administration.
100:
2765:
2755:
2669:
1155:
1069:
72:
53:
2710:
1607:
1034:, the commander of the guerrilla group's operative unit at the time, later recognized and respected Turbay's handling of the situation.
966:. Turbay aligned the country with Ronald Reagan's conservative policies, which caused him problems with neighbouring American nations.
2720:
331:
79:
1800:
1784:
1569:
575:
2750:
1195:
919:
510:
86:
1231:, and in 1986, he married his longtime companion Amparo Canal, to whom he remained married until his death. He is related to
17:
1668:
1117:
68:
1997:
2705:
1515:
889:, Turbay was appointed Minister of Mines and Petroleum. He was later appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs by president
1410:"A la sombra del Plan Cóndor: Funcionamiento y aplicación del Estatuto de Seguridad Nacional en Colombia (1978-1982)"
1181:
1095:
849:, a fact that his political adversaries always poked fun at. He received a number of honorary degrees later in life.
119:
1163:
1077:
1904:
1398:; trans. Colombian Presidents; Interprint Editors Ltd., Italgraf, Segunda Edición; Page 249; Bogotá, Colombia; 1983
1275:
Turbay died on 13 September 2005, at the age of 89. He was honored by a state funeral personally led by
President
2760:
1945:
1661:
1024:
1 million as payment, instead of the initial $ 50 million that they had originally demanded from the government.
1219:
Turbay married his niece, Nydia
Quintero Turbay, on July 1, 1948. They had four children together: Julio César,
1955:
1702:
1497:
1246:
and died during a failed police rescue operation not sanctioned by her family. Her kidnapping is chronicled in
1159:
1073:
807:
57:
1593:
1443:
1341:
765:
2745:
2573:
1894:
845:. Turbay Ayala completed his secondary studies in Bogotá, but never attended college, and instead became an
2072:
1732:
992:
The incident soon spread throughout worldwide headlines, as ambassadors from the United States of
America,
93:
2352:
2262:
558:
1924:
1253:
2382:
1914:
1720:
1714:
1291:’s Colombia Blacklist, which comprised corrupt politicians and officers profiting from the drug trade.
813:
from 1978 to 1982. He also held the positions of
Foreign Minister and Ambassador to the United States.
2422:
1848:
1830:
1628:
1376:
1200:
946:
whether they were guerrillas or not, and was phased out towards the end of the Turbay administration.
874:
493:
363:
220:
2332:
1768:
923:
894:
878:
841:. Turbay's father, a hard working merchant, had built a fortune, which he completely lost during the
1796:
1780:
611:
263:
2212:
1144:
1058:
882:
168:
1842:
1738:
1224:
1148:
1062:
934:
opposition groups complained about an increase in the number of arbitrary detentions and acts of
858:
838:
691:
432:
46:
2542:
2492:
2342:
2152:
1806:
954:
In terms of foreign policy, the country moved to the right, showing itself to be an ally of the
2700:
1836:
1824:
1790:
915:
890:
866:
546:
481:
1744:
1257:
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2372:
2142:
2102:
1866:
1818:
1774:
1684:
1635:
1228:
1220:
1204:
886:
810:
708:
385:
314:
182:
1750:
1409:
2695:
2690:
2442:
1248:
806:(18 June 1916 – 13 September 2005) was a Colombian lawyer and politician who served as the
829:, on June 18, 1916. His father, Antonio Amín Turbay, was a businessman who emigrated from
8:
2512:
2312:
1708:
2522:
1900:
1860:
1645:
1468:
986:
232:
2452:
1884:
1243:
1031:
2412:
1349:
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In recent times, it was revealed that Turbay was the most prominent name included in
842:
2392:
1812:
2472:
1762:
1424:
1381:
2562:
2482:
2082:
1872:
1756:
1428:
969:
Turbay also became involved with the UK, supporting the
British cause during the
943:
1890:
1276:
1109:
680:
663:
162:
1878:
898:
775:
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1920:
1353:
970:
963:
955:
1910:
2532:
2432:
2362:
1966:
1726:
1288:
1239:
1232:
959:
770:
133:
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1653:
1008:
had been taken hostage, as well as
Colombia's top representative to the
870:
993:
846:
830:
1314:"Julio Turbay, 89, Who Negotiated to Free Colombia Hostages, Is Dead"
1005:
1133:
1047:
942:
measure of public sympathy for the victims of the real or perceived
826:
35:
1009:
1227:, and María Victoria. However, their marriage was annulled by the
1264:
935:
834:
137:
1123:
837:. His mother, Rosaura Ayala, was a peasant from the province of
1001:
791:
1263:
A personal idiosyncrasy of Turbay's was his custom of wearing
865:
in 1936. He would later be appointed as major of the city of
2736:
Permanent Representatives of Colombia to the United Nations
1017:
997:
974:
862:
914:
In response to an increase in guerrilla activity from the
461:
Permanent Representative of Colombia to the United Nations
1372:
1021:
1596:. September 13, 2005 – via www.telegraph.co.uk.
930:
punishment against those considered to be opponents.
893:
until 1961. He was known as a strong defender of the
1544:"De Turbay, Belisario y otras movidas matrimoniales"
1267:, a sartorial habit extremely uncommon in Colombia.
1570:"Publisher Slain in a Raid in Colombia to Free Her"
1377:
Julio César Turbay Ayala, ex presidente de Colombia
1238:In January 1991, Turbay's daughter, the journalist
1116:("New Homeland"), in order to help promote Uribe's
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1502:Semana.com Últimas Noticias de Colombia y el Mundo
2682:
980:
1610:. April 15, 2024 – via nsarchive.gwu.edu.
1417:Anuario de Historia Regional y de las Fronteras
144: and the second or maternal family name is
1030:In particular, former M-19 members, including
2731:Ambassadors of Colombia to the United Kingdom
1982:
1669:
1467:Tiempo, Casa Editorial El (9 December 1999).
1124:Support for a prisoner exchange with the FARC
2741:Ambassadors of Colombia to the United States
1996:
1608:"Jimmy Carter's Colombia Blacklist Revealed"
1388:
1162:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1076:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
869:(1937), and then councilman in the town of
857:Turbay started his political career in the
2664:
1989:
1975:
1951:
1683:
1676:
1662:
1516:"VIOLENCE IN COLOMBIA: A TRAIL OF TURMOIL"
821:Turbay was born in a rich neighborhood of
161:
1182:Learn how and when to remove this message
1096:Learn how and when to remove this message
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
909:
2726:Ambassadors of Colombia to the Holy See
1407:
14:
2683:
1495:
1466:
1441:
1408:Gallego, Manuel Felipe Burgos (2022).
1020:. Allegedly, the rebels also received
920:Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia
873:in 1938 along with fellow politicians
861:as a councilman in the (then) town of
531: – 1 September 1961
1970:
1657:
1538:
1536:
1320:. Associated Press. 15 September 2005
985:The M-19's late 1980 takeover of the
949:
417: – 15 January 1975
2771:Presidents of the Senate of Colombia
2716:Colombian people of Lebanese descent
2653:
1491:
1489:
1336:
1334:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1160:adding citations to reliable sources
1127:
1108:Turbay was a supporter of president
1074:adding citations to reliable sources
1041:
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
2766:Presidential Designates of Colombia
2756:Colombian Liberal Party politicians
852:
596: – 7 August 1958
203: – 7 August 1982
24:
2711:Colombian people of Basque descent
1567:
1533:
1252:by the Nobel Prize-winning author
1037:
816:
25:
2782:
1486:
1469:"SIGLO XX EN EL TIEMPO. AÑO 1978"
1331:
1301:
1242:, was kidnapped by orders of the
27:President of Colombia (1916–2005)
2721:Ambassadors of Colombia to Italy
2663:
2652:
2642:
2641:
2572:
1950:
1941:
1940:
1256:(1996) and depicted in multiple
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34:
1600:
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1498:"Julio César Turbay, 1916-2005"
1444:"Julio César Turbay, 1916-2005"
962:, and then with his successor,
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576:Minister of Mines and Petroleum
45:needs additional citations for
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1435:
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1366:
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1:
2751:Foreign ministers of Colombia
1429:10.18273/revanu.v28n1-2023009
1294:
981:1980 Dominican embassy crisis
904:
570:José Joaquín Caicedo Castilla
167:Turbay during a visit to the
1448:Julio César Turbay, 19162005
1442:Semana (18 September 2005).
136:, the first or paternal
7:
1394:Arismendi Posada, Ignacio;
511:Minister of Foreign Affairs
10:
2787:
1715:Manuel Antonio Sanclemente
326:Fernando Hinestrosa Forero
131:
69:"Julio César Turbay Ayala"
2581:
2570:
2004:
1936:
1691:
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1620:
924:Colombian Communist Party
797:
787:
758:
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804:Julio César Turbay Ayala
651:Julio César Turbay Ayala
505:Joaquín Vallejo Arbeláez
409:6 January 1973
394:Colombian Ambassador to
332:Colombian Ambassador to
291:Colombian Ambassador to
240:Colombian Ambassador to
155:Julio César Turbay Ayala
2706:Politicians from Bogotá
1849:Alfonso López Michelsen
1843:Misael Pastrana Borrero
1831:Guillermo León Valencia
1739:Carlos Eugenio Restrepo
1733:Ramón González Valencia
1629:Alfonso López Michelsen
1396:Gobernantes Colombianos
1201:Alfonso López Michelsen
958:, first with President
875:Alfonso López Michelsen
523:7 August 1958
494:Alfonso Patiño Rosselli
444:Camilo de Brigard Silva
433:Misael Pastrana Borrero
364:Alfonso López Michelsen
347:29 April 1975
221:Alfonso López Michelsen
195:7 August 1978
2761:Presidents of Colombia
1837:Carlos Lleras Restrepo
1825:Alberto Lleras Camargo
1797:Alfonso López Pumarejo
1791:Eduardo Santos Montejo
1781:Alfonso López Pumarejo
1685:Presidents of Colombia
1568:AP (26 January 1991).
1254:Gabriel García Márquez
916:19th of April Movement
891:Alberto Lleras Camargo
612:Gabriel París Gordillo
547:Alberto Lleras Camargo
482:Carlos Lleras Restrepo
285:Plinio Apuleyo Mendoza
264:César Gaviria Trujillo
1867:Virgilio Barco Vargas
1819:Gustavo Rojas Pinilla
1775:Enrique Olaya Herrera
1721:José Manuel Marroquín
1636:President of Colombia
1496:Semana (2005-09-18).
1229:Roman Catholic Church
1205:Ernesto Samper Pizano
910:1978 Security Statute
887:Gustavo Rojas Pinilla
885:that ousted dictator
811:President of Colombia
737:Amparo Canal Sandoval
709:Nydia Quintero Turbay
588:11 May 1957
386:Virgilio Barco Vargas
375:Douglas Botero Boshel
315:Virgilio Barco Vargas
183:President of Colombia
169:Hôtel de Ville, Paris
2746:Colombian economists
1807:Mariano Ospina Pérez
1769:Miguel Abadía Méndez
1594:"Julio César Turbay"
1385:, September 15, 2005
1342:"Julio César Turbay"
1258:onscreen productions
1249:News of a Kidnapping
1156:improve this section
1070:improve this section
922:, as well as to the
879:Álvaro Gómez Hurtado
723: 1948;
633:Jorge Ospina Delgado
54:improve this article
1745:José Vicente Concha
1709:Miguel Antonio Caro
1346:The Daily Telegraph
275:Oscar Mejía Vallejo
1901:Juan Manuel Santos
1861:Belisario Betancur
1855:Julio César Turbay
1751:Marco Fidel Suárez
1646:Belisario Betancur
1621:Political offices
1574:The New York Times
1520:The New York Times
1318:The New York Times
987:Dominican Republic
950:External relations
396:the United Kingdom
233:Belisario Betancur
18:Julio César Turbay
2678:
2677:
2630:Democratic Center
1964:
1963:
1652:
1651:
1643:Succeeded by
1522:. 8 November 1985
1192:
1191:
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843:Thousand Days War
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674:13 September 2005
334:the United States
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1118:2006 reelection
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1038:Post-presidency
1032:Rosemberg Pabón
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944:military abuses
918:(M-19) and the
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823:“Voto Nacional”
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817:Biographic data
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688:Political party
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39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2784:
2774:
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2768:
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2718:
2713:
2708:
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2698:
2693:
2676:
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2673:
2672:
2661:
2650:
2638:
2637:
2631:
2625:
2624:Green Alliance
2619:
2613:
2607:
2606:Radical Change
2601:
2595:
2589:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2565:(2024-present)
2556:
2546:
2536:
2526:
2516:
2506:
2496:
2486:
2476:
2466:
2456:
2446:
2436:
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2416:
2406:
2396:
2386:
2376:
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2316:
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2296:
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2276:
2266:
2256:
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2226:
2216:
2206:
2196:
2186:
2176:
2166:
2156:
2146:
2136:
2126:
2116:
2106:
2096:
2086:
2076:
2066:
2056:
2046:
2036:
2026:
2016:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1994:
1993:
1986:
1979:
1971:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1948:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1928:
1918:
1908:
1898:
1888:
1882:
1879:Ernesto Samper
1876:
1870:
1864:
1858:
1852:
1846:
1840:
1834:
1828:
1822:
1816:
1813:Laureano Gómez
1810:
1804:
1794:
1788:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1724:
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1712:
1706:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1692:Presidents and
1689:
1688:
1681:
1680:
1673:
1666:
1658:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1641:
1632:
1627:
1623:
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1614:
1613:
1599:
1585:
1560:
1532:
1507:
1485:
1459:
1434:
1419:(in Spanish).
1400:
1387:
1365:
1348:. 2005-09-13.
1330:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1284:
1281:
1272:
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1216:
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1190:
1189:
1140:
1138:
1131:
1125:
1122:
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1103:
1054:
1052:
1045:
1039:
1036:
982:
979:
951:
948:
911:
908:
906:
903:
895:National Front
883:military Junta
854:
851:
818:
815:
799:
798:
795:
794:
789:
785:
784:
782:
781:
780:María Victoria
778:
773:
768:
762:
760:
756:
755:
743:
739:
736:
735:
734:
733:
716:
712:
707:
706:
705:
704:
701:
699:
695:
694:
689:
685:
684:
678:(aged 89)
672:
668:
667:
650:
648:
644:
643:
639:
638:
635:
634:
631:
625:
624:
621:
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614:
609:
605:
604:
579:
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550:
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389:
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318:
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246:
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236:
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224:
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212:
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186:
185:
178:
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174:
173:
166:
158:
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128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2783:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
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2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
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2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2701:Turbay family
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2671:
2662:
2660:
2651:
2649:
2640:
2639:
2632:
2626:
2620:
2618:Historic Pact
2614:
2612:Team Colombia
2608:
2602:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2580:
2575:
2564:
2557:
2554:
2547:
2544:
2537:
2534:
2527:
2524:
2517:
2514:
2507:
2504:
2497:
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2487:
2484:
2477:
2474:
2467:
2464:
2457:
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2427:
2424:
2417:
2414:
2407:
2404:
2397:
2394:
2387:
2384:
2377:
2374:
2367:
2364:
2357:
2354:
2347:
2344:
2343:Vargas Lleras
2337:
2334:
2327:
2324:
2317:
2314:
2307:
2304:
2297:
2294:
2287:
2284:
2277:
2274:
2267:
2264:
2257:
2254:
2247:
2244:
2237:
2234:
2227:
2224:
2217:
2214:
2207:
2204:
2197:
2194:
2187:
2184:
2177:
2174:
2167:
2164:
2157:
2154:
2147:
2144:
2137:
2134:
2127:
2124:
2123:Díaz-Granados
2117:
2114:
2107:
2104:
2097:
2094:
2087:
2084:
2077:
2074:
2067:
2064:
2057:
2054:
2047:
2044:
2037:
2034:
2027:
2024:
2017:
2014:
2007:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1992:
1987:
1985:
1980:
1978:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1957:
1949:
1947:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1926:
1922:
1921:Gustavo Petro
1919:
1916:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1873:César Gaviria
1871:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1757:Jorge Holguín
1755:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1690:
1686:
1679:
1674:
1672:
1667:
1665:
1660:
1659:
1656:
1647:
1638:
1637:
1630:
1624:
1619:
1609:
1603:
1595:
1589:
1575:
1571:
1564:
1549:
1545:
1539:
1537:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1504:(in Spanish).
1503:
1499:
1492:
1490:
1474:
1470:
1463:
1449:
1445:
1438:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1411:
1404:
1397:
1391:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1335:
1319:
1315:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1300:
1292:
1290:
1280:
1278:
1268:
1266:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1215:Personal life
1212:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1186:
1183:
1175:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1141:This section
1139:
1135:
1130:
1129:
1121:
1120:aspirations.
1119:
1115:
1111:
1100:
1097:
1089:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1055:This section
1053:
1049:
1044:
1043:
1035:
1033:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
990:
988:
978:
976:
972:
971:Falklands War
967:
965:
964:Ronald Reagan
961:
957:
956:United States
947:
945:
939:
938:as a result.
937:
931:
927:
925:
921:
917:
902:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
859:Liberal Party
850:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
814:
812:
809:
805:
796:
793:
790:
786:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
763:
761:
757:
732:
731:
710:
703:
702:
700:
696:
693:
690:
686:
682:
673:
669:
665:
649:
645:
640:
636:
632:
626:
622:
616:
613:
610:
606:
585:
580:
577:
573:
569:
563:
560:
557:
551:
548:
545:
541:
520:
515:
512:
508:
504:
498:
495:
492:
486:
483:
480:
476:
470:
465:
462:
457:
453:
447:
443:
437:
434:
431:
427:
406:
401:
398:
390:
387:
384:
378:
374:
368:
365:
362:
358:
344:
339:
336:
329:
325:
319:
316:
313:
309:
303:
298:
295:
288:
284:
278:
274:
268:
265:
262:
258:
252:
247:
244:
237:
234:
231:
225:
222:
219:
213:
192:
187:
184:
179:
175:
170:
164:
159:
152:
147:
143:
139:
135:
124:
121:
113:
110:December 2006
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2588:Conservative
2063:Turbay Ayala
2062:
2033:Turbay Ayala
2032:
1925:2022–present
1891:Álvaro Uribe
1854:
1727:Rafael Reyes
1703:Rafael Núñez
1694:presidencies
1634:
1602:
1588:
1577:. Retrieved
1573:
1563:
1552:. Retrieved
1547:
1524:. Retrieved
1519:
1510:
1501:
1477:. Retrieved
1475:(in Spanish)
1472:
1462:
1451:. Retrieved
1447:
1437:
1420:
1416:
1403:
1395:
1390:
1380:
1368:
1357:. Retrieved
1345:
1322:. Retrieved
1317:
1289:Jimmy Carter
1286:
1277:Álvaro Uribe
1274:
1262:
1247:
1240:Diana Turbay
1237:
1233:Paola Turbay
1218:
1209:
1193:
1178:
1172:January 2016
1169:
1154:Please help
1142:
1114:Patria Nueva
1113:
1110:Álvaro Uribe
1107:
1092:
1086:January 2016
1083:
1068:Please help
1056:
1029:
1026:
1014:
991:
984:
968:
960:Jimmy Carter
953:
940:
932:
928:
913:
856:
839:Cundinamarca
822:
820:
803:
802:
681:Bogotá, D.C.
676:(2005-09-13)
664:Bogotá, D.C.
661:18 June 1916
629:Succeeded by
583:
566:Succeeded by
518:
501:Succeeded by
468:
450:Succeeded by
404:
381:Succeeded by
342:
322:Succeeded by
301:
293:the Holy See
281:Succeeded by
250:
228:Succeeded by
190:
145:
141:
134:Spanish name
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2696:2005 deaths
2691:1916 births
2636:Independent
2555:(2023-2024)
2535:(2022-2023)
2525:(2021-2022)
2515:(2020-2021)
2505:(2019-2020)
2495:(2018-2019)
2485:(2017-2018)
2475:(2016-2017)
2465:(2015-2016)
2455:(2014-2015)
2445:(2013-2014)
2435:(2012-2013)
2425:(2011-2012)
2415:(2010-2011)
2405:(2009-2010)
2395:(2008-2009)
2385:(2007-2008)
2375:(2006-2007)
2365:(2005-2006)
2355:(2004-2005)
2353:Gómez Gallo
2345:(2003-2004)
2335:(2002-2003)
2325:(2001-2002)
2315:(2000-2001)
2305:(1999-2000)
2295:(1998-1999)
2285:(1997-1998)
2275:(1996-1997)
2265:(1995-1996)
2255:(1994-1995)
2245:(1993-1994)
2243:Elías Nader
2225:(1992-1993)
2215:(1990-1991)
2205:(1989-1990)
2195:(1987-1989)
2185:(1986-1987)
2175:(1985-1986)
2165:(1984-1985)
2155:(1983-1984)
2145:(1982-1983)
2135:(1981-1982)
2125:(1980-1981)
2115:(1979-1980)
2105:(1978-1979)
2095:(1977-1978)
2085:(1976-1977)
2075:(1975-1976)
2065:(1974-1975)
2055:(1972-1974)
2045:(1970-1972)
2035:(1969-1970)
2025:(1968-1969)
2015:(1966–1968)
1887:(1998–2002)
1881:(1994–1998)
1875:(1990–1994)
1869:(1986–1990)
1863:(1982–1986)
1857:(1978–1982)
1851:(1974–1978)
1845:(1970–1974)
1839:(1966–1970)
1833:(1962–1966)
1827:(1958–1962)
1821:(1953–1957)
1815:(1950–1953)
1809:(1946–1950)
1793:(1938–1942)
1777:(1930–1934)
1771:(1926–1930)
1765:(1922–1926)
1759:(1921–1922)
1753:(1918–1921)
1747:(1914–1918)
1741:(1910–1914)
1735:(1909–1910)
1729:(1904–1909)
1723:(1900–1904)
1717:(1898–1900)
1711:(1894–1898)
1705:(1887–1894)
1283:Controversy
766:Julio César
619:Preceded by
554:Preceded by
489:Preceded by
440:Preceded by
371:Preceded by
271:Preceded by
216:Preceded by
2685:Categories
1911:Iván Duque
1640:1978–1982
1579:2018-06-18
1554:2019-08-04
1526:2018-06-18
1479:2018-06-18
1453:2018-06-18
1359:2018-06-18
1324:2018-06-18
1295:References
996:, Mexico,
994:Costa Rica
905:Presidency
847:autodidact
831:Tannourine
788:Occupation
683:, Colombia
666:, Colombia
657:1916-06-18
600:1958-08-07
592:1957-05-11
535:1961-09-01
527:1958-08-07
421:1975-01-15
413:1973-01-06
351:1975-04-29
207:1982-08-07
199:1978-08-07
80:newspapers
2413:Benedetti
2383:Gutiérrez
2223:Blackburn
2113:Echeverri
2043:Abuchaibe
1915:2018–2022
1905:2010–2018
1895:2002–2010
1801:1942–1946
1785:1934–1938
1473:El Tiempo
1354:0307-1235
1143:does not
1057:does not
1006:Venezuela
608:President
584:In office
543:President
519:In office
478:President
473:1967–1969
469:In office
459:11th
429:President
405:In office
360:President
343:In office
311:President
306:1987–1989
302:In office
260:President
255:1991–1993
251:In office
191:In office
181:25th
2648:Category
2600:Unionist
2533:Barreras
2433:Barreras
2293:Valencia
2213:Iragorri
2173:Villegas
2073:Balcázar
2013:Mosquera
1946:Category
1382:El Mundo
1265:bow ties
1010:Holy See
871:Engativá
867:Girardot
759:Children
132:In this
2659:Commons
2594:Liberal
2473:Lizcano
2463:Velasco
2403:Cáceres
2393:Andrade
2273:Londoño
2203:Giraldo
2153:Holguín
2053:Escobar
1225:Claudia
1164:removed
1149:sources
1078:removed
1063:sources
936:torture
835:Lebanon
776:Claudia
752:
744:
740:
729:
717:
713:
698:Spouses
692:Liberal
598: (
590: (
533: (
525: (
419: (
411: (
349: (
205: (
197: (
138:surname
94:scholar
2668:
2657:
2646:
2563:Cepeda
2561:
2551:
2545:(2023)
2541:
2531:
2521:
2511:
2503:García
2501:
2493:Macías
2491:
2483:Cepeda
2481:
2471:
2461:
2451:
2443:Cristo
2441:
2431:
2421:
2411:
2401:
2391:
2381:
2371:
2361:
2351:
2341:
2331:
2323:García
2321:
2311:
2303:Pinedo
2301:
2291:
2283:Acosta
2281:
2271:
2263:Guerra
2261:
2251:
2241:
2235:(1993)
2231:
2221:
2211:
2201:
2191:
2183:Peláez
2181:
2171:
2161:
2151:
2143:Guerra
2141:
2131:
2121:
2111:
2103:Guerra
2101:
2091:
2081:
2071:
2061:
2051:
2041:
2031:
2021:
2011:
1352:
1002:Israel
827:Bogotá
792:Lawyer
171:, 1979
142:Turbay
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2543:López
2523:Gómez
2423:Corzo
2333:Ramos
2313:Uribe
2253:Ángel
2233:Rueda
2193:López
2133:Dajer
2093:Dajer
2083:López
2023:Vivas
1413:(PDF)
1271:Death
1221:Diana
771:Diana
746:(
742:
719:(
715:
392:12th
242:Italy
146:Ayala
101:JSTOR
87:books
2670:List
2553:Name
2513:Char
2453:Name
2373:Toro
2363:Blum
2163:Name
1956:List
1350:ISSN
1203:and
1196:FARC
1147:any
1145:cite
1061:any
1059:cite
1018:Cuba
1004:and
998:Peru
975:Cuba
877:and
863:Usme
808:25th
725:ann.
671:Died
647:Born
73:news
1425:doi
1373:EFE
1158:by
1072:by
1022:USD
140:is
56:by
2687::
1572:.
1546:.
1535:^
1518:.
1500:.
1488:^
1471:.
1446:.
1423:.
1421:28
1415:.
1379:,
1375:,
1344:.
1333:^
1316:.
1303:^
1260:.
1235:.
1223:,
1207:.
1012:.
1000:,
977:.
899:UN
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