Juche - Knowledge

2116: 1979: 1583:: "Independence is not in conflict with internationalism but is the basis of its strengthening". Kim Il Sung acknowledged that it was important for North Korea to learn from other socialist states, in particular the Soviet Union and China, but he did not want to follow their examples dogmatically. In this regard, Kim Il Sung said that the WPK needed to "resolutely repudiate the tendency to swallow things of others undigested or imitate them mechanically", attributing the early success of North Korea to the WPK's independence in policymaking. 1092: 1065: 2202: 2193: 1776: 2839: 179: 2377:

understand that the Soviet experience was based on specific historical and social circumstances and could not be used by other countries aside from the Soviet Union itself. He added that "if experience is considered absolute and accepted dogmatically it is impossible to build Socialism properly, as the times change and the specific situation of each country is different from another". Kim Jong Il went on to criticize "dogmatic application" of Marxism–Leninism, stating:

2853: 979: 7573: 56: 6524: 1625:) is also crucial for a state to maintain its political independence. To accomplish military self-reliance, states must develop a domestic defence industry to avoid dependence on foreign arms suppliers. Kim Jong Il argued that it was acceptable for socialist states to receive military aid from their allies, but such aid would only be effective if the state is militarily strong in its own right. 2969:), defends the racial 'cleanliness' of Korea in a big intrusive world, insists that ethnic Koreans of other nationalities are still Koreans, and routinely uses racist language in its diplomacy. On top of this, it is one of the most highly militarised states in the world. Racism plus hypermilitarism looks a lot more like fascism than communism." 2414:. He believed that the situation in North Korea was more complex because of the American presence in nearby South Korea. Thanks to Kim Il Sung, Kim Jong Il argued, the revolution had "put forward original lines and policies suited to our people's aspirations and the specific situation of our country". "The 2772:

of "one for all and all for one" and the ensuing emotional bond and loyalty to the leader. According to the accounts of refugees who have been recruited to mass gymnastics, the collectivist principle has been nurtured through physical punishment such as beatings and more importantly the organization

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idea defined and strengthened Korean socialism. He then conceded by stating that Socialism of Our Style was "a man-centered Socialism", explicitly making a break with basic Marxist–Leninist thought, which argues that material forces are the driving force of historical progress, not people. Socialism

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meant "the leadership method under the principle of giving priority to the military and resolving the problems that may occur in the course of revolution and construction as well as establishing the military as the main body of the revolution in the course of achieving the total tasks of socialism".

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The political and ideological might of the motive force of revolution is nothing but the power of single-hearted unity between the leader, the Party, and the masses. In our socialist society, the leader, the Party, and the masses throw in their lot with one another, forming a single socio-political

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countries, Kim Jong Il explicitly stated that North Korea needed – and survived because of – Socialism of Our Style. He argued that socialism in Eastern Europe failed because they "imitated the Soviet experience in a mechanical manner". According to Kim, they failed to

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believes history is law-governed, but that it is only man who drives progress, stating that "the popular masses are the drivers of history". The process for the masses to reach consciousness, independence, and creativity requires the "leadership of a great leader". Marxism–Leninism argues that the

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First, the government of the republic will implement with all consistency the line of independence, self-sufficiency, and self-defence to consolidate the political independence of the country, build up more solidly the foundations of an independent national economy capable of insuring the complete

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ideology in the 1960s signalled North Korea's desire to separate from the "fraternity of international socialism", the ideology also replaced Stalin as the father figure with Kim Il Sung. In effect, North Korea's familial nationalism has supplanted the "rather abstract, class-oriented language of

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argues that North Korea may appear "Stalinist in form" but is "nationalist in content". Shin Gi-wook similarly argues that "there is no trace of Marxism–Leninism or the Stalinist notion of nationhood" in North Korea, and its government instead stresses the importance of the Korean people's blood,

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were formally introduced by Kim Jong Il in 1974. Kim Jong Il reportedly did so to strengthen his position within the WPK, taking advantage of his father's political supremacy. Kimilsungism refers to the ideas of Kim Il Sung, while the Ten Principles serve as a guide for North Korean political and

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has its roots in Marxism–Leninism, it is not merely a creative application of the ideas of Marx and Lenin to Korean conditions. Rather, it is a "new phase of revolutionary theory" and represents "a new era in the development of human history". Kim Jong Il also criticized the Korean communists and

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The Arirang Festival has been described to demonstrate the power of the North Korean government to arrange a form of religious gathering. It has done so by "appropriating a mass of bodies for calisthenic and performative arts representing the leader as the father and his faithful followers". The

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The theory says the leader has a decisive role as an absolute supreme leader. The leader is like the brain of the working class, who is the driving force of revolution. The leader is also a flawless human being who never commits mistakes, who guides the masses. The popular masses are the driving

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had used to describe "the neurotic replacement of a child's real parents with fantasy substitutes". Kim Il Sung's consecration as the "Great Father" has been strengthened by the development of the North Korean family romance with the language, symbols, and rituals associated with familism.

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of recruits into small units, whose performances were held accountable by larger units. The festival's ritual components of collectivism serve to reinforce a "certain structure of sociality and affect", establishing Kim Il Sung as the "father" in both the body and psyche of the performers.

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Regardless of the opposition forces, the determination of the people and their strength and conviction are not measured by territorial dimensions, possession of advanced technology, still less, opulence or riches. For those who wish to forget the lesson of history so easily and so quickly,

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idea, the leader gave a profound explanation of the theories, strategies and tactics of national liberation, class emancipation and human liberations in our era. Thus, it can be said that the revolutionary theory of Kimilsungism is a perfect revolutionary theory of Communism in the era of

6926: 2146: creation of the lead figure) is a revolutionary theory concerning the relationship between leadership and society. Unlike Marxism–Leninism, which considers developments in the material conditions of production and exchange as the driving force of historical progress (known as 1163:

posits that a country will prosper once it has become self-reliant by achieving political, economic, and military independence. As Kim Jong Il emerged as Kim Il Sung's likely successor in the 1970s, loyalty to the leader was increasingly emphasized as an essential part of

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era. Guided by Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism, we should conduct Party building and Party activities, so as to sustain the revolutionary character of our Party and advance the revolution and construction in line with the ideas and intentions of the President and the General

1610:, as this sector would theoretically drive the rest of the economy. Kim Jong Il also emphasized the importance of technological independence and self-sufficiency in resources. However, he stated that this did not rule out "economic cooperation" between socialist states. 2797:

as North Korea's guiding political principle since the 1960s, the familial relationship within the micro-family unit has been translated into a national, macro-unit with Kim Il Sung representing the father figure and the North Korean people representing his children.

2322:) at the 4th Conference of the Workers' Party of Korea in April 2012. Party members at the conference also stated that the WPK was "the party of Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il" and declared Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism "the only guiding idea of the party". Afterwards, the 6708: 1864:

are excellent examples which make them deeply reflect on. What we want is not the perfection of political independence alone. The evil forces craftily manipulate the economic levers in order to perpetuate their supremacy and reduce us to vassals and eternal

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After attaining significant positions in the WPK and military in the early 1980s, Kim Jong Il transformed the personality cult surrounding Kim Il Sung into a family cult and became the heir apparent. Armstrong calls this a "family romance", which is a term

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fiber", which was invented by a Korean and which is made from locally available coal and limestone. The history of the development of vinylon often featured in propaganda that preached the virtues of technological self-reliance. North Korea had 10,000

6693: 2358:), also referred to as "Korean-style socialism" and "our-style socialism" within North Korea, is an ideological concept Kim Jong Il introduced on 27 December 1990 in the speech "Socialism of Our Country is a Socialism of Our Style as Embodied by the 7286: 7281: 6713: 2717:

doctrine is reinforced in North Korea's constitution as the country's guiding principle. The parallel relationship structure between Kim Il Sung and his people to religious founders or leaders and their followers has led many scholars to consider

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has led this school, which argues that North Korea is a misunderstood racist state based on Japanese and German fascist forms from the early twentieth century. It rallies its citizens through aggressive race-based nationalism (the defence of

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is North Korea's leading ideology, regarding its public exaltation as being designed to deceive foreigners. He argues that it exists to be praised and not actually read. Based on his own experiences living in North Korea, Swiss businessman

2033:). Its description in the article echoed the military-centered thinking of the time: " the revolutionary philosophy to safeguard our own style of socialism under any circumstances". The concept was credited to Kim Jong Il, who posited that 6748: 2604:

ideology which advocates the establishment of a unified Arab state based on socialism and national self-reliance. South Korean political commentator Park Sang-seek argues that Syrian Ba'athism in particular has rhetorical similarities to

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popular masses will lead (on the basis of their relation to production), but in North Korea the role of a correct leadership is required to organize a unified and effective group. South Korean political scientist Lee Kyo-duk argues that

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After the devastation of the Korean War, North Korea began to rebuild its economy with a base in heavy industry, with the aim of becoming as self-sufficient as possible. As a result, North Korea developed what has been called the "most

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The revolutionary theory of Kimilsungism is a revolutionary theory which has provided solutions to problems arising in the revolutionary practice in a new age different from the era that gave rise to Marxism–Leninism. On the basis of

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idea, which constitutes the quintessence of Kimilsungism, is an idea newly discovered in the history of mankind". Kim Jong Il went further, stating that Marxism–Leninism had become obsolete and must be replaced by Kimilsungism:

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unification, independence, and prosperity of our nation and increasing the country's defence capabilities, so as to safeguard the security of the fatherland reliably by our own force, by splendidly embodying our party's idea of

6881: 2158:, North Korea maintains, is a "man-centered ideology" in which "man is the master of everything and decides everything". In contrast to Marxism–Leninism, in which a people's decisions are conditioned by their relations to the 6703: 5063: 6827: 2759:

in Pyongyang. All components of the festival, from the selection of performers, mobilization of resources, recruitment of the audience and publicity for the show have been compared to facets of a national religious event.

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idea and a far-reaching revolutionary theory and leadership method evolved from this idea". He further added that "Kimilsungism is an original idea that cannot be explained within the frameworks of Marxism–Leninism. The

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The ideology teaches that the role of a Great Leader is essential for the popular masses to succeed in their revolutionary movement because without leadership they are unable to survive. This is the foundation of the

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Marxism–Leninism presented a series of opinions on building of Socialism and Communism, but it confined itself to presupposition and hypothesis owing to the limitations of the conditions of their ages and practical

1727:

Commentators have often pointed out the discrepancy between the principle of self-sufficiency and North Korea's dependence on foreign aid, especially during its economic crisis in the 1990s. The pursuit of economic

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is to establish a self-reliant state which independently determines its political, economic, and military affairs. Kim Il Sung summarized the application of this objective to North Korea in a 1967 speech to the

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idea is a revolutionary theory which occupies the highest stage of development of the revolutionary ideology of the working class", Kim Jong Il said, further stating that the originality and superiority of the

2984:: " had a problem: There wasn't really a leftist intelligentsia or officialdom to draw upon. So the Soviets ended up recycling in many of the Koreans who'd been a part of the Japanese fascist project in Korea. 2230:

social life. Kim Jong Il argued that his father's ideas had evolved and they therefore deserved their own distinct name. North Korean state media had previously described Kim Il Sung's ideas as "contemporary

2210:

At its fourth party conference in April 2012, the Workers' Party of Korea declared itself "the party of Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il" and Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism as "the only guiding idea of the party".

1679:

National survival has been seen as a guiding principle of North Korea's diplomatic strategy. As countries in the Eastern Bloc collapsed and introduced market reforms, North Korea increasingly emphasized

2481:, saying that he had failed to explain how Marxism–Leninism had been applied to Korean conditions. American historian Derek R. Ford, by contrast, emphasizes the continuity between Marxism–Leninism and 2326:(KCNA) stated that "the Korean people have long called the revolutionary policies ideas of the President and Kim Jong Il as Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism and recognized it as the guiding of the nation". 5579: 1767:. CNC machines are used for production of missiles and centrifuges. North Korea's propaganda since the Korean War has contrasted its military autonomy with the presence of U.S. forces in the South. 7322: 7221: 1820:. Many prominent party and government officials, public figures, representatives of revolutionary and progressive organizations, scientists and journalists from more than fifty countries attended. 520: 7488: 2226: 1169: 1093: 5164: 473: 2739:

intellectuals. They argue that the North Korean working class or the proletariat has been stripped of their honour and therefore call the cult of personality non-Marxist and non-democratic.

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and Kimilsungism are in essence the "expressions of North Korean particularism over supposedly more universalistic Marxism–Leninism". The new terminology signalled a move from socialism to

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considers human beings in general the driving force in history. It is summarized as "the popular masses are placed in the center of everything, and the leader is the center of the masses".

1645:

and a war which it fought alongside Chinese communists. However, North Korea also opposed what it viewed as Soviet and Chinese attempts to interfere in its post-war affairs. For example, a

2253:, and that the two terms are interchangeable. However, in his 1976 speech "On Correctly Understanding the Originality of Kimilsungism", Kim Jong Il said that Kimilsungism comprises the " 1732:

has been blamed for contributing to the crisis. On this view, attempts at self-sufficiency led to inefficiency and to the neglect of export opportunities in industries where there was a

7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 516: 1555:. Yielding to foreign pressure or intervention would violate the principle of political independence and threaten a country's ability to defend its sovereignty. This is in contrast to 6348:

Activities Conducted in Japan Signal Beginning of 2020: To Celebrate Birth Anniversary of Chairman Kim Jong Un New Year Seminar, Celebration Party and Art Performances Held in Okinawa

1602:. Kim Il Sung believed that excessive foreign aid threatened a country's ability to develop socialism, which only a state with a strong, independent economy could build. In his work 1066: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7261: 7256: 7251: 6634: 394: 357: 2751:

can also be seen in the perspectives of the North Korean people through refugee interviews from former participants in North Korea's ritual occasions. One pertinent example is the

7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 502: 1455: 7044: 6975: 2293:, in which he stated that love for the nation came before love for socialism. This particularism gave birth to such concepts as "A Theory of the Korean Nation as Number One" ( 7271: 7210: 7160: 6886: 6650: 6645: 5691:

Helgesen, Geir (1991). "Political Revolution in a Cultural Continuum: Preliminary Observations on the North Korean "Juche" Ideology with its Intrinsic Cult of Personality".

5082:"On Socialist Construction in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the South Korean Revolution: Lecture at the 'Ali Archam' Academy of Social Sciences of Indonesia" 390: 353: 7506: 6964: 6625: 6177: 2713:

Through the fundamental belief in the essential role of the Great Leader, the former North Korean leader Kim Il Sung has become the "supreme deity for the people" and the

772: 760: 531: 304: 6395: 6139: 5905: 6095: 5402: 467: 6104: 2477:, which Kim Il Sung stated that he supported, and nationalism, which Kim Il Sung stated that he opposed. Suh also criticized Kim Il Sung's initial conceptualization of 7048: 6979: 6454: 2988:... 'Almost all intellectuals who moved to Pyongyang after liberation had collaborated with the Japanese so some degree,' the historian B.R. Myers writes in his book 7164: 7069: 7064: 6998: 6993: 6985: 422: 7521: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7367: 7059: 7054: 6298: 7377: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7149: 7104: 7033: 288: 5986: 2945:

is a complete sham, merely disguising the Kim family despotism, to those who see it as a quasi-religion more or less believed by a majority of the population."

463: 2398:. In his words, North Korea was "a backward, colonial semifeudal society" when the communists took over, but since the North Korean communists did not accept 7154: 7038: 7511: 7311: 6833: 6823: 6513: 496: 8861: 6273: 5568: 8129: 7139: 6799: 6537: 1684:

in both theory and practice. Even in the midst of economic and political crises, North Korea continues to emphasize its independence on the world stage.

1470: 284: 263: 252: 2513:

is that the latter places the primacy of ideology over materialism; the vocabulary of family lineage and nationalism is retained and given primacy over

2429:

organism. The consolidation of blood relations between the leader, the Party and the masses is guaranteed by the single ideology and united leadership.

7129: 7119: 7114: 7109: 1518:

entitled "Let Us Embody the Revolutionary Spirit of Independence, Self-sustenance and Self-defence More Thoroughly in All Fields of State Activity":

1016: 347: 1703:

industrial economy in the world". While North Korea received economic aid and technical assistance from the Soviet Union and China, it did not join

6898: 6893: 6007: 5133: 5115: 5092: 5072: 5002: 4990: 641: 8524: 7836: 7824: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6248: 308: 298: 5934: 5126:

Let Us Brilliantly Accomplish the Revolutionary Cause of Juche, Holding Kim Jong-il in High Esteem as the Eternal General Secretary of Our Party

2735:

emphasis on the political and sacred role of the leader and the ensuing worshipping by the popular masses has been critiqued by various Western

6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6194: 2569:

describes Myers' arguments as "shaky" and "questionable". Having seen the extent to which North Korean university students actually believe in

507: 256: 8916: 8139: 7094: 6640: 343: 1606:, Kim Jong Il argued that a state can only achieve economic self-sufficiency once it has created an "independent national economy" based on 2802:

is thus based on the language of family relationships with its East Asian or neo-Confucian "resonances of filial piety and maternal love".

2682:

ideology has been able to endure until today, even during the North Korean government's undeniable dependence on foreign assistance during

2073:

While the article often referred to "our Party", this was not a reference to the WPK but rather to the personal leadership of Kim Jong Il.

450: 8255: 8165: 8134: 8021: 7439: 7023: 6630: 890: 825: 294: 6364: 5065:

Let Us Embody the Revolutionary Spirit of Independence, Self-sustenance and Self-defense More Thoroughly in All Fields of State Activity

7454: 7444: 6491: 1948: 872: 868: 5591: 8158: 2115: 962: 852: 651: 562: 8248: 6548: 6506: 1905: 695: 690: 685: 8153: 8117: 8001: 7968: 7414: 5722: 1271:

has a connotation of "self-reliance", "autonomy", and "independence". It is often defined in opposition to the Korean concept of

735: 550: 279: 6167: 1361:, Kim Il Sung's top adviser on philosophy, was the actual person responsible for the conceptualization and early development of 7610: 6387: 6120: 5894: 1460: 1444: 1137:

in the 1980s and 1990s by making ideological breaks from Marxism–Leninism and increasing the importance of his father's ideas.

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argues that people's decisions take consideration of, but are independent from, external factors. Just like Marxism–Leninism,

989: 8447: 8238: 8196: 8085: 8070: 8016: 6112: 5519: 5500: 5391: 5372: 5349: 5242: 5198: 5152: 5052: 4976: 4920: 4814: 4772: 4753: 4719: 2046:

A joint editorial entitled "Our Party's Military-First Politics Will Inevitably Achieve Victory and Will Never Be Defeated" (

1009: 6447: 6091: 6037: 2637:. Korean cultural anthropologists Byung Ho Chung and Heonik Kwon liken the commemorations of Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il to 1724:

machines in 2010. The first domestic homemade CNC machine was introduced in 1995 and in 2017 it had around 15,000 machines.

1385:

and rewrote Korean communist history to make it appear as though Kim Il Sung had been the WPK's leader since its inception.

8243: 6668: 6208: 4791: 2675: 1708: 1370: 412: 6412: 5943: 2234:"; by calling them "Kimilsungism", Kim Jong Il sought to elevate the ideas of his father to the same level of prestige as 8080: 7768: 7576: 7434: 6673: 6499: 417: 267: 8921: 8856: 8851: 8394: 8389: 8318: 6290: 5330: 5307: 5284: 5221: 4901: 4846: 2818:

socialism with a more easily understandable and identifiable language of familial connections, love and obligations".

1958: 8836: 8432: 8404: 8328: 5976: 5658:

David-West, Alzo (2013). "'Man is the Master of Everything and Decides Everything': De-constructing the North Korean

5481: 5462: 5439: 5416: 5173: 5031: 4954: 4878: 4698: 4675: 4496: 1817: 1800:

principles could be applied around the world, not just in Korea. North Korea has organized international seminars on

1073: 947: 717: 712: 707: 443: 3241: 8931: 8911: 8514: 8191: 8065: 7864: 7860: 7559: 7554: 7483: 7424: 5865: 2549: 1954: 1821: 1397:

entitled "On Socialist Construction in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the South Korean Revolution" (

1347: 1248:, meaning "the entity perceiving or acting upon an object or environment") into Japanese. The word migrated to the 1002: 845: 3260: 2657:

to the enthusiasm and fervor displayed by North Koreans for their supreme leader. Armstrong accordingly describes

2573:, Abt says it is "rather absurd" to describe the ideology as "window-dressing" for foreigners. American historian 8901: 8846: 8437: 8260: 7905: 7716: 1749: 5081: 2722:

a religious movement as much as a political ideology. However, those familiar with cults would again posit that

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is not mere rhetoric, but rather an ideal of self-reliance that North Korea has attempted to put into practice.

2424:

of Our Style was presented as an organic sociopolitical theory, using the language of Marxism–Leninism, saying:

1641:

North Korea maintained close relations with the Soviet Union and China during the Cold War, having emerged from

8223: 6265: 5265: 2769: 1133:, Kim Il Sung's son and successor, declared it a distinct ideology in the 1970s. Kim Jong Il further developed 957: 803: 221: 127: 8896: 8519: 8275: 8211: 8011: 7978: 7973: 6438: 4708:

Armstrong, Charles K. (2012). "The Role and Influence of Ideology". In Park, Kyung-Ae; Snyder, Scott (eds.).

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led to the purge of both pro-Soviet and pro-Chinese elements from the WPK. Although North Korea rejected the

1469:

regulations regarding its use in August 1997, and the calendar entered public usage on 9 September 1997, the

792: 766: 752: 556: 8841: 8691: 8600: 8170: 1515: 1440:

nationalists of the 1920s for their "elitist posture", claiming that they were "divorced from the masses".

1435:

is inexorably linked with Kim Il Sung and "represents the guiding idea of the Korean revolution". Although

1407:

was not adopted as the "basic ideological principle of North Korean politics" until after the 1965 speech.

880: 814: 437: 6213:[Our Party's Military-First Politics Will Inevitably Achieve Victory and Will Never Be Defeated]. 3336: 2289:. This was evident in a speech presented by Kim Jong Il in 1982, during celebrations of his father's 70th 8936: 8906: 8891: 8881: 8504: 8499: 8462: 8457: 8371: 8218: 8186: 8097: 8060: 7840: 2756: 2081: 2077: 1642: 1327: 932: 626: 608: 492: 192: 6521: 6466: 6003: 2390:

dogmatically, failing to advance revolution continually after the establishment of the socialist system.

2249:

Political analyst Lim Jae-cheon argues that there is no discernible difference between Kimilsungism and

2066:(the WPK's theoretical magazine and newspaper, respectively) on 16 June 1999. In it, it was stated that 8886: 8681: 8351: 8124: 8006: 7925: 7676: 7603: 7549: 7429: 6527: 6523: 6125: 4893: 2323: 1378: 1114: 895: 246: 17: 6238: 2934: 8926: 8797: 8741: 8201: 8075: 7819: 7671: 7666: 7478: 5926: 5730:

Jung, Hyang Jin (2013). "Jucheism as an Apotheosis of the Family: The Case of the Arirang Festival".

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When Leaders Learn and When They Don't: Mikhail Gorbachev and Kim Il Sung at the End of the Cold War

4826:

Pyongyang Between Peking and Moscow: North Korea's Involvement in the Sino-Soviet Dispute, 1958–1975

2462: 2080:, the highest military body, was designated the supreme body of the state by a 1998 revision of the 8802: 8759: 8709: 8643: 8452: 8442: 8414: 8338: 8265: 8233: 8206: 8112: 7993: 7960: 7915: 7737: 7544: 6058: 2892: 2887: 2882: 2691: 2557: 1202: 937: 747: 671: 487: 456: 2726:

bypasses the tenets of religion completely and instead meets the criteria of a totalitarian cult.

2027:

under the headline "There Is a Victory for Socialism in the Guns and Bombs of the People's Army" (

1827:

expressed strong sympathies and support for North Korea. An excerpt from the opening speech says:

8792: 8764: 8714: 8228: 8107: 8102: 7930: 7744: 7516: 7419: 7124: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6753: 6347: 6068: 4745: 2578: 2545: 1760: 1745: 1646: 1423:'s name in 1982. In North Korea it serves as "the authoritative and comprehensive explanation of 169: 4890:

Why Communism Did Not Collapse: Understanding Authoritarian Regime Resilience in Asia and Europe

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of nationalism in the family of the leader himself" by positioning Kim Il Sung as the universal

1551:

stresses equality and mutual respect among nations, asserting that every state has the right to

8769: 8751: 8719: 8701: 8409: 8381: 8333: 8310: 8270: 8090: 7983: 7945: 7920: 7855: 7851: 2387: 2147: 1693: 1144: 614: 602: 4506: 3349: 3270: 8866: 8399: 8366: 8323: 7596: 6375: 6024: 5716: 5190: 3254: 2902: 2626: 1733: 1427:". According to the treatise, the WPK is responsible for educating the masses in the ways of 1330:

during Korea's liberation struggle against Japan. However, the first documented reference to

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even before the word was attributed to Kim Il Sung in its supposedly novel meaning in 1955.

8876: 8871: 8774: 8724: 8509: 7784: 7539: 5606: 5538:

Armstrong, Charles K. (2005). "Familism, Socialism and Political Religion in North Korea".

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and encourages cooperation between socialist states. As Kim Jong Il summarizes in his work

1374: 1303: 1245: 1126: 908: 156: 5773: 3181: 8: 8661: 8638: 8605: 8356: 6371: 2683: 2541: 2490: 2369: 2246:, Kim Jong Il began calling for a "Kimilsungist transformation" of North Korean society. 2159: 1928: 1897: 1443:

The North Korean government issued a decree on 8 July 1997, the third anniversary of the

5821: 5743:

Kim, Young Kun; Zagoria, Donald S. (December 1975). "North Korea and the Major Powers".

2560:'s monopoly over political power in North Korea. However, Myers dismisses the idea that 2536:

cannot be described as a true political ideology because it does not have an underlying

1711:, using hydroelectric power and coal instead of imported oil. Its textile industry uses 1334:

as an ideology did not appear until 1955, when Kim Il Sung delivered a speech entitled "

8729: 8666: 7935: 7887: 7709: 6321: 5817: 5760: 5646: 5555: 2897: 2858: 2786: 1748:

is one of the largest on earth and has developed its own nuclear missiles. It produces

1552: 1474: 983: 952: 6130: 1403:). Lankov posits that the 1955 speech "used the word in a different meaning" and that 8676: 8620: 8615: 7831: 6432: 5852: 5679: 5638: 5559: 5515: 5496: 5477: 5458: 5435: 5412: 5387: 5368: 5361: 5345: 5326: 5303: 5280: 5261: 5238: 5217: 5194: 5169: 5148: 5096: 5048: 5027: 5006: 4972: 4950: 4932: 4916: 4897: 4874: 4867: 4842: 4835: 4810: 4803: 4787: 4768: 4749: 4734: 4715: 4694: 4671: 2622: 2518: 1944: 1658: 1654: 1411: 1241: 1225: 5234:

Sources of Korean Tradition, Volume 2: from the Sixteenth to the Twentieth Centuries

8610: 8572: 8419: 8343: 7940: 7761: 7648: 5881: 5842: 5807: 5752: 5671: 5547: 5408: 2937:: "Among observers outside of North Korea, opinions about the 'ruling ideology' of 2844: 2752: 2703: 2642: 2601: 2466: 1824: 1650: 1393:

as an ideology did not come until 14 April 1965, when Kim Il Sung gave a speech in

1040: 7588: 6314: 5432:

A Concise History of Modern Korea: From the Late Nineteenth Century to the Present

5124: 2764:

festival's effectiveness in transforming its participants into loyal disciples of

2334:

Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism is an integral system of the idea, theory and method of

1978: 8686: 8590: 8536: 7950: 6073: 5253: 5232: 5184: 5142: 5109: 5042: 4944: 4709: 2699: 1249: 1086: 903: 6220: 5847: 3952: 3868: 117: 114: 96: 93: 8831: 8595: 6195:"White Juche: How North Korea captured the imagination of the global far right" 5794:"North Korea's Hereditary Succession Comparing Two Key Transitions in the DPRK" 3157: 2662: 2522: 2514: 2451: 2394:

North Korea would not encounter such difficulties because of the conceiving of

2290: 1607: 1576: 1478: 1448: 1358: 1179: 577: 478: 319: 31: 5830: 5627:"Between Confucianism and Marxism-Leninism: Juche and the Case of Chŏng Tasan" 5551: 5209: 1775: 8825: 7814: 7697: 6777: 6215: 5856: 5812: 5793: 5683: 5642: 5100: 4741: 4729: 2873: 2707: 2574: 2537: 2022: 1841: 1753: 1386: 636: 403: 381: 334: 5703: 3187: 8671: 8633: 7793: 7773: 7705: 6564: 6558: 5798: 5322: 5010: 2806: 2695: 2650: 2597: 2470: 2373: 1869:

The North Korean government established the International Institute of the

1809: 1764: 1598:) is required to achieve political independence, according to adherents of 1322:

Official statements by the North Korean government attribute the origin of

1152: 858: 631: 5944:"How Black Panthers turned to North Korea in fight against US imperialism" 2243: 2242:. Not long after the introduction of "Kimilsungism" into the North Korean 2123:

in Pyongyang bow to massive bronze statues of Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il.

1389:, a Russian scholar of Korean studies, argues that the first reference to 1369:

speech sometime in the late 1950s, when Kim Il Sung, having established a

8782: 8553: 7701: 7633: 7628: 6606: 6594: 6582: 6576: 6570: 6419:. Asia Times (Book review). Archived from the original on 12 January 2013 6163: 5675: 5023: 2506: 2489:

as the unique guiding principle which allowed North Korea to survive the

2447: 2327: 2286: 2201: 2192: 2179:

force of history, but they require the guidance of the party leadership.

2093:

In late 2021, Kim Jong Un declared that the "military-first" politics of

1988:. The Korean text reads, "Long live the great victory of military-first ( 1886: 1784: 1669: 1568: 1466: 1420: 1278: 1183: 1156: 1130: 1118: 1110: 656: 646: 619: 587: 567: 376: 366: 329: 324: 314: 272: 231: 226: 65: 5650: 5626: 1477:

dates are used for years before 1912 while years from 1912 (the year of

178: 8653: 8361: 7844: 7729: 7489:

Ten Principles for the Establishment of a Monolithic Ideological System

5885: 5764: 5299: 4690: 2630: 2502: 2501:

soul, and national traits, echoing earlier Korean nationalists such as

2403: 2330:, the son of Kim Jong Il who succeeded him as leader of the WPK, said: 2227:

Ten Principles for the Establishment of a Monolithic Ideological System

1845: 1813: 1170:

Ten Principles for the Establishment of a Monolithic Ideological System

1148: 5493:

Korean Communism, 1945–1980: A Reference Guide to the Political System

5363:

The Cleanest Race: How North Koreans See Themselves and Why It Matters

5165:

The Real North Korea: Life and Politics in the Failed Stalinist Utopia

2990:

The Cleanest Race: How North Koreans See Themselves and Why It Matters

2019: military-first politics) was first mentioned on 7 April 1997 in 132: 8531: 5404:

North Korea in 2012: Domestic Politics, the Economy and Social Issues

4625: 2810: 2566: 2509:. Shin believes that the key difference between Marxism–Leninism and 2235: 1893: 1885:

study groups. Tribute plaques from these groups are contained in the

1557: 1394: 1354:

speech" and is considered one of Kim Il Sung's most important works.

1257: 1213: 1187: 72: 5756: 2805:

Armstrong also notes that North Korea has actually transferred the "

2517:, while social distinction and hierarchy are supported instead of a 2450:

ideology and a departure from Marxist–Leninist principles. American

55: 7749: 7692: 5422: 2870:, political ideology of South Korea's first president, Syngman Rhee 2867: 2407: 1853: 1756: 1106: 4997: 4985: 4946:

Historical Dictionary of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea

3958: 3874: 3229: 3163: 2386:... But many countries applied the principles of Marxist–Leninist 1783:

from foreign delegates, contained in the interior entrance of the

8625: 8494: 8427: 7789: 6784: 6758: 6470: 6199: 6172: 5981: 5512:

Origins of North Korea's Juche: Colonialism, War, and Development

4668:

A Capitalist in North Korea: My Seven Years in the Hermit Kingdom

2736: 2473:

argues that Kim Il Sung failed to explain the difference between

2399: 2055: 1857: 1837: 1833: 1729: 1712: 1704: 1700: 6168:"White Power and apocalyptic cults: Pro-DPRK Americans revealed" 5977:"North Korea's Kim family cult: Roots in Japanese state Shinto?" 5231:

Lee, Peter H.; Ch'oe, Yongho; de Bary, William Theodore (2001).

5144:

North Korea's Foreign Policy under Kim Jong Il: New Perspectives

2175:

helped Kim Il Sung establish a unitary system over North Korea.

1927:

and reportedly has connections with North Korean officials. The

1493:

years" are often accompanied by the Gregorian equivalent, i.e. "

8541: 7809: 7804: 7777: 7753: 7733: 7472: 4736:

Rogue Regime: Kim Jong Il and the Looming Threat of North Korea

3820: 2239: 1973: 1861: 1849: 211: 85: 5957:"The single most important fact for understanding North Korea" 5592:"The Destruction and Reconstruction of North Korea, 1950–1960" 5216:. Korean Institute for National Reunification. pp. 1–52. 3991: 2633:, and Confucianism were appropriated by and incorporated into 1881:

in 1978 in order to supervise the activities of international

8787: 8546: 7910: 7797: 7757: 7725: 7721: 6388:"The Democratic People's Republic of Korea Beyond Propaganda" 5927:"Assessing North Korea's Nuclear Gambit: A View from Beijing" 5044:

Human Remolding in North Korea: A Social History of Education

3046: 2823: 1878: 1343: 1281:

use the word without reference to the North Korean ideology.

1273: 1252:

at around the turn of the century and retained this meaning.

1052: 1049: 106: 5451:

Ethnic Nationalism in Korea: Genealogy, Politics, and Legacy

3085: 2879:, a political faction within South Korea's student movements 2410:, which was based on Russia's experience, they conceived of 1816:, from 28 to 30 September 1976 under the sponsorship of the 7550:

North Korean Branch Bureau / Communist Party of North Korea

4462: 4460: 4212: 3602: 2785:

argues that familism has transformed itself into a kind of

2638: 1707:, the communist common market. In the 1990s, it had one of 1147:

ideas of Marxism–Leninism but also strongly emphasizes the

1055: 6140:"How a homemade tool helped North Korea's missile program" 5711:(3–4). Asiatic Research Institute, Korea University. 1970. 5210:"'Peaceful Utilization of the DMZ' as a National Strategy" 4364: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3554: 3518: 2755:, which is a gymnastics and artistic festival held in the 1668:

in 1975 and has since presented itself as a leader of the

1232:. The word was coined in 1887 to translate the concept of 1117:. North Korean sources attribute its conceptualization to 1046: 5937:

from the original on 2 February 2016 – via Sino-NK.

4711:

North Korea in Transition: Politics, Economy, and Society

4637: 4613: 4601: 4589: 4577: 3964: 3655: 3653: 2338:

and a great revolutionary ideology representative of the

1721: 1647:

failed challenge against Kim Il Sung's leadership in 1956

1260:'s writings. North Korean editions of Marx used the word 146: 6365:"Bashar's Syria: The Regime and its Strategic Worldview" 6055: 4765:

Juche: A Christian Study of North Korea's State Religion

4631: 4524: 4457: 4279: 4277: 4241: 4239: 4202: 4200: 4121: 4119: 4117: 3981: 3979: 3626: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3291: 2540:, while Alzo David-West describes it as "meaningless on 1804:

since 1976. The International Scientific Seminar on the

1342:". The speech had been delivered to promote a political 1336:

On Eliminating Dogmatism and Formalism and Establishing

8118:

Politics of North Korea#Political parties and elections

3880: 3784: 3733: 3665: 3590: 3566: 3169: 3145: 3073: 1381:(WPK). Hwang subsequently expanded upon the meaning of 5831:"Ideology as Smokescreen: North Korea's Juche Thought" 5041:

Kim, Hyung-chan; Kim, Dong-khu; Kim, Tong-gyu (2005).

4934:

North Korea: The Paranoid Peninsula – A Modern History

4555: 4553: 4551: 4447: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4330: 4328: 3856: 3709: 3699: 3697: 3682: 3650: 3638: 3097: 3063: 3061: 2926: 2924: 6266:"North Korea: Hopefully Not a Potential Global Waco?" 5732:

Journal of Korean Religions, North Korea and Religion

4472: 4400: 4274: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4236: 4197: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4162: 4152: 4150: 4148: 4146: 4114: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4096: 3976: 3940: 3808: 3542: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3324: 3288: 3246: 3244: 1074: 4565: 4536: 4289: 3892: 3844: 3796: 3578: 3506: 3472: 3470: 3217: 3121: 3000: 2998: 2834: 2137: 2090:

era is considered to have begun with this revision.

2010: 1709:

the world's lowest rates for dependence on petroleum

1620: 1593: 1538: 1267:

In contemporary political discourse on North Korea,

7618: 6415:

The Cleanest Race, How North Koreans See Themselves

6350:(Report). International Institute of the Juche Idea 5924: 5230: 4828:. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press. 4548: 4512: 4484: 4436: 4412: 4340: 4325: 4059: 4057: 4044: 4042: 4029: 4027: 4014: 4012: 4010: 4008: 4006: 3826: 3772: 3762: 3760: 3694: 3530: 3360: 3358: 3314: 3312: 3235: 3193: 3109: 3058: 2921: 2813:. He argues that while the official pursuit of the 2609:, but the latter has a stronger ideological basis. 1043: 6313: 6038:"If North Korea isn't communist, then what is it?" 5360: 4866: 4860:(2nd ed.). New York: W.W. Norton and Company. 4834: 4733: 4376: 4352: 4251: 4174: 4143: 4093: 3997: 3916: 3614: 3482: 3394: 3370: 3341: 3339: 3276: 3205: 3034: 3022: 3010: 2686:in the 1990s. The concept of a "sacred leader" in 2588: 2469:than Marxism–Leninism. Korean political scientist 1485:years". The Gregorian year 2024, for example, is " 4424: 4388: 4313: 4301: 3928: 3832: 3721: 3494: 3467: 3455: 3443: 3431: 3419: 3382: 3188:Asiatic Research Institute, Korea University 1970 2995: 1190:ideology, and a deviation from Marxism–Leninism. 8823: 6092:"City of devotees devotes itself to development" 4969:Brothers at War – The Unending Conflict in Korea 4687:Building Bridges: Is There Hope for North Korea? 4224: 4131: 4081: 4069: 4054: 4039: 4024: 4003: 3757: 3355: 3309: 3133: 2649:, comparing the ecstatic state experienced in a 2281:According to analyst Shin Gi-wook, the ideas of 8525:International adoption of South Korean children 7837:United States Army Military Government in Korea 7825:Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea 5925:Beauchamp-Mustafaga, Nathan (3 December 2014). 4767:. Bartlesville: Living Sacrifice Book Company. 3904: 3745: 2402:, which was based on European experiences with 1915:A number of far-right groups have also adopted 1676:as a model for developing countries to follow. 5895:"Juche's Role in North Korea's Foreign Policy" 5540:Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions 2668: 2625:. Jung Tae-il argues that certain elements of 2099:would be replaced by "people-first politics" ( 1256:went on to appear in Japanese translations of 1218: 1206: 7604: 6507: 6453:(Report). National Committee on North Korea. 6207: 5917: 5251: 3970: 3091: 2977: 2975: 2617:A number of scholars have compared facets of 2532:is an ideology altogether. Myers argues that 2528:A few critics have dismissed the notion that 1178:has been variously described by critics as a 1010: 6413:"Lifting the cloak on North Korean secrecy: 5902:International Symposium on Communism in Asia 5569:"Juche and North Korea's Global Aspirations" 5495:. Honolulu: The University Press of Hawaii. 5141:Kwak, Tae-hwan; Joo, Seung-ho, eds. (2016). 5020:North Korea: The Politics of Regime Survival 4684: 4218: 2953: 2951: 2363: 2353: 2317: 2300: 2294: 2220: 2182: 2131: 2100: 2094: 2085: 2067: 2061: 2053: 2047: 2034: 2028: 2020: 2004: 1998: 1989: 1983: 1923:-affiliated Rural People's Party adheres to 1614: 1587: 1562: 1532: 1398: 1289: 1234: 112: 91: 8256:South Korea and weapons of mass destruction 8166:North Korea and weapons of mass destruction 8022:List of World Heritage Sites in South Korea 7440:General Federation of Trade Unions of Korea 6446:Wertz, Daniel; Oh, JJ; Kim, Insung (2015). 2143: 2016: 7611: 7597: 7445:Anti-Imperialist National Democratic Front 6514: 6500: 6467:"North Korea's Juche: Myth or meaningful?" 6445: 6004:"Vinylon and CNC? What are they good for?" 5742: 5657: 5624: 5590:——— (20 December 2010). 4858:Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History 4837:Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History 4370: 3572: 3524: 2972: 2612: 1314:are sometimes referred to as "Jucheists". 1121:, the country's founder and first leader. 1017: 1003: 54: 6219:(in Korean). 16 June 1999. Archived from 5864:——— (1 December 2014). 5846: 5811: 5589: 5566: 5537: 5277:Bipolar Orders: The Two Koreas Since 1989 5186:North Korea: A Strange Socialist Fortress 5040: 4707: 4643: 4619: 4607: 4595: 4583: 3560: 3548: 3175: 2948: 2930: 2577:and Professor of International Relations 2347: 1896:. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the 1770: 8249:List of political parties in South Korea 6237:Bermudez, Joseph S. Jr. (3 March 2017). 6236: 6105:"North Korea and Syria: Two evil states" 5941: 5892: 5690: 5386:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 5381: 4987:Juche Idea: Answers to Hundred Questions 4887: 4841:(1st ed.). W W Norton and Company. 4530: 4466: 3898: 3850: 3814: 3676: 3608: 3079: 2678:. The personality cult explains how the 2676:personality cult directed at Kim Il Sung 2114: 1977: 1774: 1350:in China. It later became known as the " 1125:was originally regarded as a variant of 8862:Ideology of the Workers' Party of Korea 8154:State Affairs Commission of North Korea 8002:Administrative divisions of South Korea 7969:Administrative divisions of North Korea 6193:Young, Benjamin R. (13 November 2023). 6138:Shin, James Pearson (13 October 2017). 5476:. New York: Columbia University Press. 5400: 5140: 5017: 4864: 4855: 4832: 4714:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 4502: 4206: 3985: 3959:Foreign Languages Publishing House 2014 3946: 3875:Foreign Languages Publishing House 1977 3862: 3715: 3688: 3659: 3330: 3303: 3164:Foreign Languages Publishing House 2014 3052: 1949:Ideology of the Workers' Party of Korea 1489:113" as 2024 − 1911 = 113. When used, " 1373:, sought to develop his own version of 14: 8824: 7886: 6291:"Domestic UDMH Production in the DPRK" 6263: 6251:from the original on 22 September 2017 6162: 6066: 5974: 5954: 5781:Stanford Journal of East Asian Affairs 5316: 5293: 5161: 4929: 4910: 4728: 4518: 4490: 3922: 3282: 3266: 3250: 3223: 3151: 2981: 2312:in December 2011, Kimilsungism became 1357:Western scholars generally agree that 1306:idea" and has also been translated as 8570: 8483: 8448:Science and technology in South Korea 8298: 8239:Presidential elections in South Korea 8042: 8017:List of special cities of South Korea 7885: 7646: 7592: 6495: 6464: 6288: 6192: 6098:from the original on 9 February 2017. 6056:"Kim's Son 'Only One' to Take Over". 6036:Kelly, Robert E. (19 November 2015). 6035: 6022: 5863: 5828: 5358: 5339: 4963: 4949:. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. 4942: 4823: 4781: 4762: 4478: 4382: 4358: 3934: 3838: 3802: 3703: 3644: 3632: 3584: 3536: 3425: 3199: 3127: 3115: 3103: 3040: 3028: 3016: 2957: 2641:. Ju Jun-hui similarly contends that 2548:grounds". American political analyst 2039:was the next stage of development of 1752:fuel for liquid fuelled missiles and 1657:, it avoided taking sides during the 1471:Day of the Foundation of the Republic 1377:and solidify his position within the 1085: 8917:Political terminology of North Korea 8571: 8244:Legislative elections in South Korea 7647: 6669:Organisation and Guidance Department 6410: 6385: 6346: 6301:from the original on 15 October 2017 6289:Lewis, Jeffrey (27 September 2017). 6180:from the original on 20 October 2023 6150:from the original on 14 October 2017 6137: 6119: 6102: 6010:from the original on 17 October 2017 5989:from the original on 7 November 2017 5893:Quinones, C. Kenneth (7 June 2008). 5729: 5664:Essays in the Philosophy of Humanism 5567:——— (April 2009). 5474:Kim Il Sung: The North Korean Leader 5448: 5429: 5319:Korea Briefing: Toward Reunification 5274: 5018:Kihl, Young; Kim, Hong Nack (2006). 4938:(2nd ed.). New York: Zed Books. 4800: 4571: 4559: 4542: 4451: 4430: 4394: 4346: 4334: 4319: 4307: 4295: 4283: 4268: 4245: 4191: 4168: 4156: 4137: 4125: 3886: 3790: 3778: 3766: 3739: 3620: 3596: 3364: 3139: 1628: 1326:to Kim Il Sung's experiences in the 1284:The ideology is officially known as 413:Organization and Guidance Department 6674:Propaganda and Agitation Department 6465:Young, Benjamin R. (7 March 2016). 6362: 6276:from the original on 4 January 2018 6121:"Rules on use of Juche Era adopted" 6089: 6067:Lankov, Andrei (27 November 2007). 6001: 5975:Halpin, Dennis (19 February 2015). 5791: 5774:"The Political Philosophy of Juche" 5771: 5721:: CS1 maint: untitled periodical ( 5530: 5509: 5490: 5471: 5214:The successor theory of North Korea 5207: 5182: 5168:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 5122: 5107: 5079: 5061: 4685:Alton, David; Chidley, Rob (2013). 4665: 4418: 4406: 4230: 4108: 4087: 4075: 4063: 4048: 4033: 4018: 3910: 3751: 3727: 3512: 3500: 3488: 3476: 3461: 3449: 3437: 3413: 3388: 3376: 3345: 3318: 3211: 3067: 3004: 2645:also influenced the development of 2446:has been described by critics as a 2388:materialistic conception of history 1938: 1277:, or reliance on the great powers. 418:Propaganda and Agitation Department 24: 8395:Economic inequality in South Korea 8390:Automotive industry in South Korea 8319:Automotive industry in North Korea 6460:from the original on 4 March 2016. 6398:from the original on 30 April 2021 5911:from the original on 4 March 2016. 5585:from the original on 7 March 2016. 5134:Foreign Languages Publishing House 5116:Foreign Languages Publishing House 5093:Foreign Languages Publishing House 5073:Foreign Languages Publishing House 5003:Foreign Languages Publishing House 4991:Foreign Languages Publishing House 1906:Nepal Workers' and Peasants' Party 1873:Idea (initially the International 1504: 1310:thought or Jucheism. Adherents of 25: 8948: 8433:Financial services in South Korea 8405:Telecommunications in South Korea 8329:Telecommunications in North Korea 6487: 6023:Jeong, Dae-il (29 October 2020). 5384:Korea's Twentieth-Century Odyssey 4999:Juche, the Banner of Independence 2365:우리 나라 사회주의는 주체 사상을 구현한 우리식 사회주의이다 2364: 2354: 2318: 2301: 2295: 2221: 2101: 2048: 2029: 1818:Democratic Republic of Madagascar 1567:), which advocates reliance on a 1563: 1399: 1290: 1113:and the official ideology of the 8515:Gender inequality in South Korea 8484: 8192:Foreign relations of South Korea 8066:Foreign relations of North Korea 7572: 7571: 7484:North Korean cult of personality 7435:Socialist Women's Union of Korea 7425:Socialist Patriotic Youth League 6694:Science and Education Department 6522: 6386:Ford, Derek (28 February 2018). 6264:Hassan, Steven (20 April 2017). 6129:. 25 August 1997. Archived from 6103:Park, Sang-seek (23 June 2017). 5942:Branigan, Tania (19 June 2014). 5792:Lim, Jae-cheon (May–June 2012). 2851: 2837: 2299:) and "Socialism of Our Style" ( 2200: 2191: 1664:North Korea was admitted to the 1447:, declaring the adoption of the 1039: 977: 177: 8438:Fishing industry in South Korea 8261:National Assembly (South Korea) 7619:Index of Korea-related articles 6922:1st Joint Plenum, 2nd CC (1949) 6714:Working Organisation Department 6635:General Secretary and Secretary 6411:Rank, Michael (10 April 2012). 6270:Freedom of Mind Resource Center 6025:"주체사상은 누가, 언제, 어떤 배경에서 창시하였나요?" 5866:"Western Academia and the Word 5260:. Melbourne: Longman Cheshire. 5080:——— (1984) . 5047:. University Press of America. 2690:as well as the cult around the 2589:Comparisons to other ideologies 8224:Republic of Korea Armed Forces 6002:Hee, Min Cho (18 March 2010). 5955:Fisher, Max (6 January 2016). 5829:Myers, Brian Reynolds (2008). 5491:——— (1981). 5359:——— (2011). 5340:Myers, Brian Reynolds (2015). 5193:: Greenwood Publishing Group. 4930:——— (2007). 4913:North Korea: State of Paranoia 4865:——— (2003). 4856:——— (2005). 2132: 2005: 1615: 1588: 1533: 1400:조선민주주의인민공화국에서의사회주의건설과남조선혁명에대하여 1317: 113: 92: 13: 1: 8520:Low birth rate in South Korea 8276:Constitutional Court of Korea 8212:Prime Minister of South Korea 8086:Heads of state of North Korea 8081:Supreme Leader of North Korea 8012:List of cities in South Korea 7979:Special cities of North Korea 7974:List of cities in North Korea 7717:Proto–Three Kingdoms of Korea 7560:Workers' Party of South Korea 7555:Workers' Party of North Korea 6744:Finance Accounting Department 6448:The DPRK Diplomatic Relations 6090:Lee, Seulki (25 April 2016). 6077:. Another Korea. No. 246 6062:. No. 12. 20 April 1982. 5237:. Columbia University Press. 4763:Belke, Thomas Julian (1999). 4632:South China Morning Post 1982 3236:Lee, Ch'oe & de Bary 2001 2909: 2556:exists solely to protect the 2438: 1900:of the United States studied 1575:, however, does not advocate 1348:Yan'an Rectification Movement 27:State ideology of North Korea 8692:Korean pottery and porcelain 8601:Globalization in South Korea 8043: 5434:. Rowman & Littlefield. 5382:Robinson, Michael E (2007). 5367:. New York: Melville House. 4869:North Korea: Another Country 2914: 2768:seems to originate from the 2491:collapse of the Eastern Bloc 2457:goes further and argue that 1687: 1636: 1481:) onwards are described as " 1193: 7: 8505:Demographics of South Korea 8500:Demographics of North Korea 8463:1997 Asian financial crisis 8458:Trade unions in South Korea 8372:Rason Special Economic Zone 8299: 8219:Human rights in South Korea 8187:Constitution of South Korea 8098:Human rights in North Korea 8061:Constitution of North Korea 7841:Soviet Civil Administration 6651:Central Auditing Commission 6646:Central Military Commission 6229: 6069:"Juche: Idea for All Times" 5848:10.18399/acta.2008.11.3.007 5514:. Lanham: Lexington Books. 5510:Suh, Jae-Jung, ed. (2012). 5091:. Vol. 19. Pyongyang: 4873:. New York: The New Press. 4786:. Cambridge: Polity Press. 2830: 2776: 2747:The religious behaviour of 2669:Presence of a sacred leader 2433: 2138: 2095: 2086: 2078:National Defence Commission 2068: 2062: 2054: 2035: 2021: 2011: 1999: 1990: 1984: 1621: 1594: 1586:Economic self-sufficiency ( 1539: 1328:Down-with-Imperialism Union 853:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 391:Central Auditing Commission 354:Central Military Commission 147: 133: 10: 8953: 8682:Traditional music of Korea 8352:Agriculture in North Korea 8197:Relations with North Korea 8159:President of State Affairs 8071:Relations with South Korea 8007:Environment of South Korea 7926:List of mountains in Korea 7861:COVID-19 pandemic in North 7677:Timeline of Korean history 7507:Chairman and Vice Chairman 6942:15th Plenum, 4th CC (1967) 6937:14th Plenum, 4th CC (1966) 6927:12th Plenum, 2nd CC (1953) 6749:General Affairs Department 6126:Korean Central News Agency 5918:News and magazine articles 5705:Journal of Asiatic Studies 4894:Cambridge University Press 4805:The Making of Modern Korea 4653: 2742: 2639:Confucian ancestor worship 2352:"Socialism of Our Style" ( 2324:Korean Central News Agency 2139:Suryŏng hyŏngsang ch'angjo 2108: 1971: 1942: 1793:Kim Il Sung believed that 1739: 1691: 1653:efforts of Soviet premier 1456:Central People's Committee 517:Central Public Prosecutors 29: 8922:Propaganda in North Korea 8857:Government of North Korea 8852:Far-left politics in Asia 8750: 8742:Propaganda in North Korea 8700: 8652: 8583: 8579: 8566: 8490: 8479: 8380: 8309: 8305: 8294: 8202:Government of South Korea 8179: 8171:Supreme People's Assembly 8076:Government of North Korea 8053: 8049: 8038: 7992: 7959: 7898: 7894: 7881: 7820:Korea under Japanese rule 7769:North–South States Period 7685: 7672:List of monarchs of Korea 7667:Military history of Korea 7659: 7655: 7642: 7624: 7568: 7530: 7497: 7453: 7405: 7366: 7310: 7270: 7209: 7138: 7093: 7022: 6963: 6954: 6932:2nd Plenum, 3rd CC (1956) 6912: 6872: 6809: 6798: 6767: 6709:Machine-Building Industry 6684:Light Industry Department 6659: 6616: 6547: 6536: 6437:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 5625:David-West, Alzo (2011). 5552:10.1080/14690760500317743 5455:Stanford University Press 5430:Seth, Michael J. (2019). 5279:. Halifax: Fernwood Pub. 4971:. London: Profile Books. 4888:Dimitrov, Martin (2013). 4782:Bluth, Christoph (2008). 3092:Lone & McCormack 1993 2941:range from the view that 2694:has been compared to the 2621:to those of pre-existing 2314:Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism 2183:Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism 2121:Mansu Hill Grand Monument 2082:North Korean Constitution 1982:Propaganda art promoting 1965: 1759:engines, which power the 1543:) is a core principle of 1516:Supreme People's Assembly 1365:. Hwang rediscovered the 1219: 1207: 438:Supreme People's Assembly 218:("military-first" policy) 154: 140: 126: 105: 84: 79: 53: 44: 30:For the date system, see 8837:Communism in North Korea 8803:Sexuality in South Korea 8760:Education in South Korea 8710:Education in North Korea 8644:Tattooing in South Korea 8453:Squatting in South Korea 8443:Miracle on the Han River 8415:Transport in South Korea 8339:Transport in North Korea 8266:Judiciary of South Korea 8234:Elections in South Korea 8207:President of South Korea 8113:Elections in North Korea 7994:Geography of South Korea 7961:Geography of North Korea 7916:List of islands of Korea 7738:Four Commanderies of Han 7545:Communist Party of Korea 6734:Civil Defense Department 6699:International Department 6339: 6325:(in Korean). 1 June 2021 6315: 6239: 6209: 6059:South China Morning Post 5822:10.1525/as.2012.52.3.550 5813:10.1525/as.2012.52.3.550 5599:The Asia-Pacific Journal 5342:North Korea's Juche Myth 4658: 4219:Alton & Chidley 2013 3827:Beauchamp-Mustafaga 2014 3573:Wertz, Oh & Kim 2015 2893:Kim Jong Un bibliography 2888:Kim Jong Il bibliography 2883:Kim Il Sung bibliography 2793:. With the emergence of 2757:Rungrado May Day Stadium 2461:has more in common with 1613:Military self-reliance ( 1531:Political independence ( 1415:, the principal work on 736:Administrative divisions 551:State Affairs Commission 8932:Totalitarian ideologies 8912:Politics of North Korea 8793:Marriage in South Korea 8765:Religion in South Korea 8715:Religion in North Korea 8229:Politics of South Korea 8125:Workers' Party of Korea 8108:Politics of North Korea 7931:List of rivers of Korea 7745:Three Kingdoms of Korea 7517:Executive Policy Bureau 7430:Korean Children's Union 6754:United Front Department 6724:Party History Institute 6661:Departments and offices 6529:Workers' Party of Korea 6295:www.ArmsControlWonk.com 5605:(51): 9. Archived from 5401:Rüdiger, Frank (2013). 5344:. Busan: Sthele Press. 5275:Lynn, Hyung-Gu (2007). 5162:Lankov, Andrei (2014). 4833:Cumings, Bruce (1997). 4824:Chung, Chin O. (1978). 4746:Oxford University Press 3998:Yonhap News Agency 2021 3176:Kim, Kim & Kim 2005 3055:, pp. 207, 403–04. 2613:Comparisons to religion 2030:인민군대의 총창우에 사회주의의 승리가 있다 1761:Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-19 1379:Workers' Party of Korea 1346:similar to the earlier 1115:Workers' Party of Korea 423:United Front Department 247:Workers' Party of Korea 170:Politics of North Korea 8902:Culture of North Korea 8847:Economy of North Korea 8770:Smoking in South Korea 8752:Culture of South Korea 8720:Smoking in North Korea 8702:Culture of North Korea 8410:Tourism in South Korea 8382:Economy of South Korea 8334:Tourism in North Korea 8311:Economy of North Korea 8271:Supreme Court of Korea 8091:Premier of North Korea 7984:Geology of North Korea 7946:Geology of South Korea 7921:List of lakes of Korea 7856:History of North Korea 7852:History of South Korea 7522:Organisation Committee 7369:Organisation Committee 6719:Agriculture Department 6618:Decision-making bodies 5472:Suh, Dae-sook (1988). 5449:Shin, Gi-wook (2006). 5317:McCann, David (1997). 5062:Kim, Il-sung (2021) . 3525:Kim & Zagoria 1975 2770:collectivist principle 2431: 2392: 2372:that brought down the 2368:). Speaking after the 2348:Socialism of Our Style 2345: 2279: 2148:historical materialism 2124: 1995: 1867: 1790: 1771:International outreach 1694:Economy of North Korea 1529: 1419:, was published under 1235: 1168:, as expressed in the 1145:historical materialist 984:North Korea portal 869:Diplomatic missions of 8400:Energy in South Korea 8367:Mining in North Korea 8324:Energy in North Korea 5294:Malici, Akan (2009). 5208:Lee, Kyo Duk (2004). 5191:Westport, Connecticut 5183:Lee, Hy-Sang (2001). 5123:Kim, Jong-un (2012). 5108:Kim, Jong-il (1982). 4965:Jager, Sheila Miyoshi 4943:Hoare, James (2012). 4911:French, Paul (2014). 4809:. London: Routledge. 4801:Buzo, Adrian (2002). 4670:. Tuttle Publishing. 2903:Revisionism (Marxism) 2596:has been compared to 2581:similarly argue that 2426: 2379: 2332: 2265: 2118: 2105:) guided by himself. 1981: 1852:– and closer to us – 1829: 1778: 1734:comparative advantage 1692:Further information: 1520: 574:First Vice President 8897:Nationalism in Korea 8798:Media of South Korea 8775:Sport in South Korea 8725:Sport in North Korea 8510:Aging of South Korea 8103:Korean People's Army 7785:Later Three Kingdoms 7540:Party Foundation Day 7420:Korean People's Army 6363:Bar, Shmuel (2006). 6223:on 24 November 2002. 6018:– via DailyNK. 5676:10.1558/eph.v17i2.67 5095:. pp. 236–284. 2783:Charles K. Armstrong 2498:Charles K. Armstrong 2475:socialist patriotism 2455:Brian Reynolds Myers 2310:death of Kim Jong Il 1921:Order of Nine Angles 1877:Research Centre) in 1746:Korean People's Army 1666:Non-Aligned Movement 1445:death of Kim Il Sung 1294:) in Korean and the 909:Korean reunification 128:Revised Romanization 8842:Economic ideologies 8662:Korean architecture 8639:Korean tea ceremony 8606:Korean martial arts 8357:North Korean famine 7273:Military Commission 7212:Auditing Commission 6956:Leadership sittings 6704:Military Department 6372:Herzliya Conference 5772:Lee, Grace (2003). 5576:NKIDP Working Paper 5425:on 17 October 2015. 4666:Abt, Felix (2014). 3986:Kihl & Kim 2006 3947:Kihl & Kim 2006 3889:, pp. 107–108. 3793:, pp. 147–152. 3742:, pp. 134–135. 3635:, pp. 471–472. 3611:, pp. 159–160. 3599:, pp. 105–107. 3331:Kwak & Joo 2016 3304:Kwak & Joo 2016 2781:American historian 2496:American historian 2370:Revolutions of 1989 2160:means of production 2052:) was published by 1929:Atomwaffen Division 1898:Black Panther Party 1808:Idea took place in 1779:Tribute plaques to 1479:Kim Il Sung's birth 1371:cult of personality 1340:in Ideological Work 832:(workers' district) 8937:Types of socialism 8907:Political theories 8892:National communism 8882:Korean nationalism 8667:Korean calligraphy 7936:Provinces of Korea 7888:Geography of Korea 7710:Jin (Korean state) 7512:Control Commission 7407:Wider organisation 7313:Control Commission 6392:Groundings Podcast 6322:Yonhap News Agency 6316:북한 노동당 규약 주요 개정 내용 6210:우리 당의 선군정치는 필승불패이다 6042:The Lowy Institute 5886:10.5509/2014874779 5693:Asian Perspectives 5612:on 16 January 2022 5411:. pp. 41–72. 5089:Kim Il Sung: Works 3971:Rodong Sinmun 1999 2898:National communism 2859:North Korea portal 2787:political religion 2623:religions in Korea 2125: 2049:우리 당의 선군정치는 필승불패이다 1996: 1912:its guiding idea. 1822:Malagasy President 1791: 1553:self-determination 1475:Gregorian calendar 1203:Sino-Japanese word 1098:), officially the 948:Illicit activities 464:Standing Committee 64:at the top of the 60:Torch symbolizing 8887:Korean philosophy 8819: 8818: 8815: 8814: 8811: 8810: 8677:Korean literature 8621:Religion in Korea 8616:Korean philosophy 8562: 8561: 8475: 8474: 8471: 8470: 8290: 8289: 8286: 8285: 8130:General Secretary 8034: 8033: 8030: 8029: 7877: 7876: 7873: 7872: 7832:Division of Korea 7586: 7585: 7401: 7400: 7141:Central Committee 6950: 6949: 6819:CPK / CPSK (1945) 6801:National meetings 6794: 6793: 6729:Document Archives 6679:Cadres Department 6539:Central Committee 6133:on 13 March 2010. 5751:(12): 1017–1035. 5521:978-0-7391-7659-7 5502:978-0-8248-0740-5 5393:978-0-8248-3174-5 5374:978-1-935554-97-4 5351:978-1-5087-9993-1 5244:978-0-231-51800-0 5200:978-0-275-96917-2 5154:978-1-351-91432-1 5111:On the Juche Idea 5054:978-0-7618-3172-3 4978:978-1-84668-067-0 4922:978-1-78032-947-5 4816:978-0-415-23749-9 4774:978-0-88264-329-8 4755:978-0-19-517044-3 4721:978-1-4422-1813-0 4409:, pp. 62–63. 4286:, pp. 92–93. 4248:, pp. 91–92. 4171:, pp. 90–91. 4128:, pp. 89–90. 3647:, pp. 32–33. 3563:, pp. 10–13. 3515:, pp. 49–50. 3154:, pp. 30–31. 3106:, pp. 13–14. 3070:, pp. 73–74. 2651:shamanic ritual ( 2519:classless society 2505:, Yi Kwangsu and 2012:Sŏn'gun chŏngch'i 1659:Sino-Soviet split 1655:Nikita Khrushchev 1643:Soviet occupation 1604:On the Juche Idea 1581:On the Juche Idea 1412:On the Juche Idea 1302:literally means " 1298:idea in English. 1242:German philosophy 1143:incorporates the 1087:[tɕutɕʰe] 1027: 1026: 963:Security Ministry 891:Visa requirements 846:Foreign relations 678:Recent elections 285:Central Committee 264:General Secretary 163: 162: 142:McCune–Reischauer 16:(Redirected from 8944: 8927:State ideologies 8730:Arirang Festival 8630: 8611:Korean mythology 8581: 8580: 8573:Culture of Korea 8568: 8567: 8481: 8480: 8424: 8420:South Korean won 8348: 8344:North Korean won 8307: 8306: 8296: 8295: 8051: 8050: 8040: 8039: 7941:Regions of Korea 7911:Korean Peninsula 7896: 7895: 7883: 7882: 7762:Gaya confederacy 7657: 7656: 7649:History of Korea 7644: 7643: 7613: 7606: 7599: 7590: 7589: 7579: 7575: 7574: 7533: 7500: 7499:Abolished organs 7479:Baekdu bloodline 7457: 7408: 7370: 7314: 7274: 7213: 7142: 7097: 7026: 6967: 6961: 6960: 6957: 6915: 6890: 6875: 6812: 6807: 6806: 6802: 6770: 6689:Economic Affairs 6662: 6619: 6551: 6545: 6544: 6540: 6530: 6526: 6516: 6509: 6502: 6493: 6492: 6482: 6480: 6478: 6461: 6459: 6452: 6442: 6436: 6428: 6426: 6424: 6407: 6405: 6403: 6382: 6381:on 23 July 2011. 6380: 6374:. Archived from 6369: 6359: 6357: 6355: 6334: 6332: 6330: 6310: 6308: 6306: 6285: 6283: 6281: 6260: 6258: 6256: 6245:bemil.Chosun.com 6224: 6204: 6189: 6187: 6185: 6159: 6157: 6155: 6134: 6116: 6115:on 1 April 2023. 6111:. Archived from 6099: 6094:. Nepali Times. 6086: 6084: 6082: 6063: 6052: 6050: 6048: 6032: 6019: 6017: 6015: 5998: 5996: 5994: 5971: 5969: 5967: 5951: 5938: 5912: 5910: 5899: 5889: 5860: 5850: 5825: 5815: 5788: 5778: 5768: 5739: 5726: 5720: 5712: 5700: 5687: 5654: 5621: 5619: 5617: 5611: 5596: 5586: 5584: 5573: 5563: 5531:Journal articles 5525: 5506: 5487: 5468: 5445: 5426: 5421:. Archived from 5409:Brill Publishers 5397: 5378: 5366: 5355: 5336: 5313: 5290: 5271: 5258:Korea since 1850 5254:McCormack, Gavan 5248: 5227: 5204: 5179: 5158: 5137: 5131: 5119: 5104: 5086: 5076: 5070: 5058: 5037: 5014: 4994: 4982: 4960: 4939: 4937: 4926: 4907: 4884: 4872: 4861: 4852: 4840: 4829: 4820: 4808: 4797: 4793:978-07456-3357-2 4778: 4759: 4739: 4725: 4704: 4681: 4647: 4641: 4635: 4629: 4623: 4617: 4611: 4605: 4599: 4593: 4587: 4581: 4575: 4569: 4563: 4557: 4546: 4540: 4534: 4528: 4522: 4516: 4510: 4500: 4494: 4488: 4482: 4476: 4470: 4464: 4455: 4449: 4434: 4428: 4422: 4416: 4410: 4404: 4398: 4392: 4386: 4380: 4374: 4368: 4362: 4356: 4350: 4344: 4338: 4332: 4323: 4317: 4311: 4305: 4299: 4293: 4287: 4281: 4272: 4266: 4249: 4243: 4234: 4228: 4222: 4216: 4210: 4204: 4195: 4189: 4172: 4166: 4160: 4154: 4141: 4135: 4129: 4123: 4112: 4106: 4091: 4085: 4079: 4073: 4067: 4061: 4052: 4046: 4037: 4031: 4022: 4016: 4001: 3995: 3989: 3983: 3974: 3968: 3962: 3956: 3950: 3944: 3938: 3932: 3926: 3920: 3914: 3908: 3902: 3896: 3890: 3884: 3878: 3872: 3866: 3860: 3854: 3848: 3842: 3836: 3830: 3824: 3818: 3812: 3806: 3800: 3794: 3788: 3782: 3776: 3770: 3764: 3755: 3749: 3743: 3737: 3731: 3725: 3719: 3713: 3707: 3701: 3692: 3686: 3680: 3674: 3663: 3657: 3648: 3642: 3636: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3606: 3600: 3594: 3588: 3582: 3576: 3570: 3564: 3558: 3552: 3546: 3540: 3534: 3528: 3522: 3516: 3510: 3504: 3498: 3492: 3486: 3480: 3474: 3465: 3459: 3453: 3447: 3441: 3435: 3429: 3423: 3417: 3411: 3392: 3386: 3380: 3374: 3368: 3362: 3353: 3343: 3334: 3328: 3322: 3316: 3307: 3301: 3286: 3280: 3274: 3264: 3258: 3248: 3239: 3233: 3227: 3221: 3215: 3209: 3203: 3197: 3191: 3185: 3179: 3173: 3167: 3161: 3155: 3149: 3143: 3137: 3131: 3125: 3119: 3113: 3107: 3101: 3095: 3089: 3083: 3077: 3071: 3065: 3056: 3050: 3044: 3038: 3032: 3026: 3020: 3014: 3008: 3002: 2993: 2987: 2979: 2970: 2955: 2946: 2928: 2861: 2856: 2855: 2854: 2847: 2845:Communism portal 2842: 2841: 2840: 2753:Arirang Festival 2734: 2643:Korean shamanism 2602:Arab nationalist 2467:ultranationalism 2463:Japanese fascism 2385: 2367: 2366: 2357: 2356: 2321: 2320: 2304: 2303: 2298: 2297: 2232:Marxism–Leninism 2224: 2223: 2204: 2195: 2145: 2141: 2135: 2134: 2119:Visitors of the 2104: 2103: 2098: 2089: 2071: 2065: 2059: 2051: 2050: 2038: 2032: 2031: 2026: 2018: 2014: 2008: 2007: 2002: 1993: 1987: 1962: 1943:This section is 1939:Related concepts 1825:Didier Ratsiraka 1799: 1715:, known as the " 1651:de-Stalinization 1624: 1618: 1617: 1597: 1591: 1590: 1566: 1565: 1542: 1536: 1535: 1464: 1402: 1401: 1375:Marxism–Leninism 1293: 1292: 1238: 1223: 1222: 1221: 1211: 1210: 1209: 1127:Marxism–Leninism 1097: 1096: 1095: 1089: 1084: 1077: 1071: 1070: 1069: 1068: 1061: 1058: 1057: 1054: 1051: 1048: 1045: 1038: 1019: 1012: 1005: 982: 981: 980: 831: 820: 809: 798: 781: 778: 453: 217: 207:(state ideology) 206: 181: 165: 164: 150: 136: 121: 120: 100: 99: 58: 42: 41: 21: 8952: 8951: 8947: 8946: 8945: 8943: 8942: 8941: 8822: 8821: 8820: 8807: 8746: 8696: 8687:Korean painting 8648: 8628: 8591:Cinema of Korea 8575: 8558: 8537:Korean language 8486: 8467: 8422: 8376: 8346: 8301: 8282: 8175: 8045: 8026: 7988: 7955: 7951:Floods in Korea 7890: 7869: 7681: 7651: 7638: 7620: 7617: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7564: 7531: 7526: 7498: 7493: 7455: 7449: 7406: 7397: 7368: 7362: 7312: 7306: 7272: 7266: 7211: 7205: 7140: 7134: 7095: 7089: 7024: 7018: 6990:3rd—none (1956) 6965: 6955: 6946: 6913: 6908: 6884: 6873: 6868: 6810: 6800: 6790: 6768: 6763: 6660: 6655: 6617: 6612: 6549: 6538: 6532: 6528: 6520: 6490: 6485: 6476: 6474: 6457: 6450: 6430: 6429: 6422: 6420: 6417:by B. R. Myers" 6401: 6399: 6378: 6367: 6353: 6351: 6342: 6337: 6328: 6326: 6317: 6304: 6302: 6279: 6277: 6254: 6252: 6241: 6232: 6227: 6211: 6183: 6181: 6153: 6151: 6080: 6078: 6074:The Korea Times 6046: 6044: 6013: 6011: 5992: 5990: 5965: 5963: 5920: 5915: 5908: 5897: 5874:Pacific Affairs 5776: 5757:10.2307/2643582 5714: 5713: 5615: 5613: 5609: 5594: 5582: 5571: 5533: 5528: 5522: 5503: 5484: 5465: 5442: 5419: 5394: 5375: 5352: 5333: 5310: 5287: 5268: 5252:Lone, Stewart; 5245: 5224: 5201: 5176: 5155: 5129: 5084: 5068: 5055: 5034: 4979: 4957: 4923: 4904: 4881: 4849: 4817: 4794: 4775: 4756: 4722: 4701: 4678: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4650: 4642: 4638: 4630: 4626: 4618: 4614: 4606: 4602: 4594: 4590: 4582: 4578: 4570: 4566: 4558: 4549: 4541: 4537: 4529: 4525: 4517: 4513: 4501: 4497: 4489: 4485: 4477: 4473: 4465: 4458: 4450: 4437: 4429: 4425: 4417: 4413: 4405: 4401: 4393: 4389: 4381: 4377: 4371:David-West 2011 4369: 4365: 4357: 4353: 4345: 4341: 4333: 4326: 4318: 4314: 4306: 4302: 4294: 4290: 4282: 4275: 4267: 4252: 4244: 4237: 4229: 4225: 4217: 4213: 4205: 4198: 4190: 4175: 4167: 4163: 4155: 4144: 4136: 4132: 4124: 4115: 4107: 4094: 4086: 4082: 4074: 4070: 4062: 4055: 4047: 4040: 4032: 4025: 4017: 4004: 3996: 3992: 3984: 3977: 3969: 3965: 3957: 3953: 3945: 3941: 3933: 3929: 3921: 3917: 3909: 3905: 3897: 3893: 3885: 3881: 3873: 3869: 3861: 3857: 3849: 3845: 3837: 3833: 3825: 3821: 3813: 3809: 3801: 3797: 3789: 3785: 3777: 3773: 3765: 3758: 3750: 3746: 3738: 3734: 3726: 3722: 3714: 3710: 3702: 3695: 3687: 3683: 3675: 3666: 3658: 3651: 3643: 3639: 3631: 3627: 3619: 3615: 3607: 3603: 3595: 3591: 3583: 3579: 3571: 3567: 3559: 3555: 3547: 3543: 3535: 3531: 3527:, p. 1018. 3523: 3519: 3511: 3507: 3499: 3495: 3487: 3483: 3475: 3468: 3460: 3456: 3448: 3444: 3436: 3432: 3424: 3420: 3412: 3395: 3387: 3383: 3375: 3371: 3363: 3356: 3344: 3337: 3329: 3325: 3317: 3310: 3302: 3289: 3281: 3277: 3265: 3261: 3249: 3242: 3234: 3230: 3222: 3218: 3210: 3206: 3198: 3194: 3186: 3182: 3174: 3170: 3162: 3158: 3150: 3146: 3138: 3134: 3126: 3122: 3114: 3110: 3102: 3098: 3090: 3086: 3078: 3074: 3066: 3059: 3051: 3047: 3039: 3035: 3027: 3023: 3015: 3011: 3003: 2996: 2985: 2980: 2973: 2956: 2949: 2929: 2922: 2917: 2912: 2907: 2857: 2852: 2850: 2843: 2838: 2836: 2833: 2789:in the form of 2779: 2745: 2732: 2671: 2615: 2591: 2579:Christoph Bluth 2550:Robert E. Kelly 2441: 2436: 2383: 2350: 2214: 2213: 2212: 2211: 2207: 2206: 2205: 2197: 2196: 2185: 2113: 1976: 1970: 1963: 1952: 1941: 1904:. In 2016, the 1797: 1773: 1742: 1696: 1690: 1639: 1634: 1577:total isolation 1507: 1505:Core principles 1497:113, 2024" or " 1458: 1320: 1250:Korean language 1217: 1214:modern spelling 1205: 1201:comes from the 1196: 1155:, and national 1105:, is the state 1091: 1090: 1082: 1075: 1064: 1063: 1042: 1036: 1035: 1023: 994: 990:Other countries 978: 976: 971: 970: 969: 922: 914: 913: 904:Korean conflict 900: 881:Nationality law 877: 865: 848: 838: 837: 829: 818: 807: 796: 779: 776: 738: 728: 727: 722: 700: 684:Parliamentary: 674: 664: 663: 605: 595: 594: 584:Vice President 553: 543: 542: 449: 440: 430: 429: 249: 239: 238: 222:Eternal leaders 215: 204: 195: 172: 122: 101: 75: 38: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8950: 8940: 8939: 8934: 8929: 8924: 8919: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8899: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8874: 8869: 8864: 8859: 8854: 8849: 8844: 8839: 8834: 8817: 8816: 8813: 8812: 8809: 8808: 8806: 8805: 8800: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8779:Cultural icons 8777: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8756: 8754: 8748: 8747: 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6609:(2012–present) 6604: 6598: 6592: 6586: 6580: 6574: 6568: 6562: 6555: 6553: 6542: 6534: 6533: 6519: 6518: 6511: 6504: 6496: 6489: 6488:External links 6486: 6484: 6483: 6462: 6443: 6408: 6383: 6360: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6335: 6311: 6286: 6261: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6225: 6205: 6190: 6166:(6 May 2013). 6160: 6135: 6117: 6100: 6087: 6064: 6053: 6033: 6020: 5999: 5972: 5952: 5939: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5913: 5890: 5880:(4): 779–789. 5861: 5841:(3): 161–182. 5826: 5806:(3): 550–570. 5789: 5769: 5740: 5727: 5701: 5688: 5655: 5631:Korean Studies 5622: 5587: 5564: 5546:(3): 383–394. 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5526: 5520: 5507: 5501: 5488: 5482: 5469: 5463: 5446: 5440: 5427: 5417: 5398: 5392: 5379: 5373: 5356: 5350: 5337: 5332:978-1563248863 5331: 5314: 5309:978-0791473047 5308: 5291: 5286:978-1842777435 5285: 5272: 5266: 5249: 5243: 5228: 5223:978-8984792258 5222: 5205: 5199: 5180: 5174: 5159: 5153: 5138: 5120: 5105: 5077: 5059: 5053: 5038: 5032: 5015: 4995: 4983: 4977: 4961: 4955: 4940: 4927: 4921: 4908: 4903:978-1107035539 4902: 4885: 4879: 4862: 4853: 4848:978-0393040111 4847: 4830: 4821: 4815: 4798: 4792: 4779: 4773: 4760: 4754: 4730:Becker, Jasper 4726: 4720: 4705: 4699: 4682: 4676: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4649: 4648: 4646:, p. 385. 4644:Armstrong 2005 4636: 4624: 4622:, p. 384. 4620:Armstrong 2005 4612: 4610:, p. 390. 4608:Armstrong 2005 4600: 4598:, p. 389. 4596:Armstrong 2005 4588: 4586:, p. 383. 4584:Armstrong 2005 4576: 4574:, p. 111. 4564: 4547: 4545:, p. 101. 4535: 4533:, p. 206. 4523: 4511: 4495: 4483: 4481:, p. 192. 4471: 4469:, p. 205. 4456: 4435: 4423: 4421:, p. 365. 4411: 4399: 4387: 4375: 4373:, p. 104. 4363: 4351: 4339: 4324: 4312: 4300: 4298:, p. 159. 4288: 4273: 4250: 4235: 4223: 4221:, p. 109. 4211: 4196: 4173: 4161: 4142: 4130: 4113: 4111:, p. 561. 4092: 4080: 4068: 4053: 4038: 4023: 4002: 3990: 3975: 3963: 3951: 3939: 3927: 3915: 3903: 3891: 3879: 3867: 3865:, p. 404. 3855: 3843: 3831: 3819: 3807: 3805:, p. 367. 3795: 3783: 3781:, p. 138. 3771: 3756: 3744: 3732: 3720: 3718:, p. 426. 3708: 3693: 3691:, p. 420. 3681: 3679:, p. 160. 3664: 3662:, p. 419. 3649: 3637: 3625: 3613: 3601: 3589: 3587:, p. 434. 3577: 3565: 3561:Armstrong 2009 3553: 3549:Armstrong 2010 3541: 3529: 3517: 3505: 3493: 3491:, p. 107. 3481: 3466: 3454: 3442: 3430: 3418: 3416:, p. 106. 3393: 3381: 3379:, p. 105. 3369: 3354: 3335: 3323: 3308: 3287: 3275: 3259: 3240: 3238:, p. 419. 3228: 3216: 3214:, p. 109. 3204: 3192: 3180: 3168: 3156: 3144: 3132: 3130:, p. 161. 3120: 3108: 3096: 3094:, p. 180. 3084: 3082:, p. 159. 3072: 3057: 3045: 3033: 3021: 3009: 3007:, p. 309. 2994: 2971: 2947: 2931:Armstrong 2012 2919: 2918: 2916: 2913: 2911: 2908: 2906: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2890: 2885: 2880: 2871: 2864: 2863: 2862: 2848: 2832: 2829: 2778: 2775: 2744: 2741: 2706:was seen as a 2700:Imperial Japan 2670: 2667: 2663:quasi-religion 2614: 2611: 2590: 2587: 2523:egalitarianism 2515:class struggle 2485:, and credits 2440: 2437: 2435: 2432: 2349: 2346: 2308:Following the 2209: 2208: 2199: 2198: 2190: 2189: 2188: 2187: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2112: 2107: 1972:Main article: 1969: 1964: 1940: 1937: 1931:also promotes 1772: 1769: 1741: 1738: 1689: 1686: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1627: 1608:heavy industry 1527:in all fields. 1506: 1503: 1359:Hwang Jang-yop 1319: 1316: 1195: 1192: 1180:quasi-religion 1025: 1024: 1022: 1021: 1014: 1007: 999: 996: 995: 993: 992: 986: 973: 972: 968: 967: 966: 965: 960: 950: 945: 940: 935: 930: 924: 923: 921:Related topics 920: 919: 916: 915: 912: 911: 906: 899: 898: 893: 888: 883: 876: 875: 873:in North Korea 864: 863: 862: 861: 849: 844: 843: 840: 839: 836: 835: 834: 833: 822: 811: 810:(neighborhood) 800: 784: 783: 782: 769: 757: 756: 755: 753:Special cities 750: 739: 734: 733: 730: 729: 726: 725: 724: 723: 721: 720: 715: 710: 703: 701: 699: 698: 693: 688: 681: 675: 670: 669: 666: 665: 662: 661: 660: 659: 654: 649: 644: 642:Kim Song-ryong 639: 634: 624: 623: 622: 606: 601: 600: 597: 596: 593: 592: 591: 590: 582: 581: 580: 578:Choe Ryong-hae 572: 571: 570: 554: 549: 548: 545: 544: 541: 540: 539: 538: 537: 536: 535: 534: 514: 513: 512: 511: 510: 485: 484: 483: 482: 481: 479:Choe Ryong-hae 461: 460: 459: 441: 436: 435: 432: 431: 428: 427: 426: 425: 420: 415: 410: 409: 408: 407: 406: 388: 387: 386: 385: 384: 379: 373:Vice Chairman 371: 370: 369: 351: 341: 340: 339: 338: 337: 332: 327: 322: 320:Choe Ryong-hae 317: 282: 277: 276: 275: 268:Supreme Leader 250: 245: 244: 241: 240: 237: 236: 235: 234: 229: 219: 208: 196: 191: 190: 187: 186: 183: 182: 174: 173: 168: 161: 160: 152: 151: 148:Chuch'e sasang 144: 138: 137: 130: 124: 123: 111: 109: 103: 102: 90: 88: 82: 81: 77: 76: 59: 51: 50: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8949: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8829: 8827: 8804: 8801: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 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7834: 7833: 7830: 7826: 7823: 7822: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7815:Korean Empire 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7799: 7795: 7791: 7788: 7787: 7786: 7783: 7779: 7775: 7772: 7771: 7770: 7767: 7763: 7759: 7755: 7751: 7748: 7747: 7746: 7743: 7739: 7735: 7731: 7727: 7723: 7720: 7719: 7718: 7715: 7711: 7707: 7703: 7699: 7698:Dangun Joseon 7696: 7695: 7694: 7691: 7690: 7688: 7684: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7664: 7662: 7658: 7654: 7650: 7645: 7641: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7626: 7623: 7614: 7609: 7607: 7602: 7600: 7595: 7594: 7591: 7581: 7580: 7567: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7537: 7535: 7529: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7504: 7502: 7496: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7474: 7470: 7468: 7467: 7463: 7462: 7460: 7458: 7452: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7412: 7410: 7404: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7375: 7373: 7371: 7365: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 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6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6829: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6816: 6814: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6797: 6787: 6786: 6782: 6780: 6779: 6778:Rodong Sinmun 6775: 6774: 6772: 6766: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6666: 6664: 6658: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6636: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6623: 6621: 6615: 6608: 6605: 6602: 6599: 6596: 6593: 6590: 6587: 6584: 6581: 6578: 6575: 6572: 6569: 6566: 6563: 6560: 6557: 6556: 6554: 6552: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6535: 6531: 6525: 6517: 6512: 6510: 6505: 6503: 6498: 6497: 6494: 6473:(Book review) 6472: 6468: 6463: 6456: 6449: 6444: 6440: 6434: 6418: 6416: 6409: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6384: 6377: 6373: 6366: 6361: 6349: 6345: 6344: 6324: 6323: 6318: 6312: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6287: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6262: 6250: 6247:(in Korean). 6246: 6242: 6235: 6234: 6222: 6218: 6217: 6216:Rodong Sinmun 6212: 6206: 6202: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6179: 6175: 6174: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6127: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6109:The Statesman 6106: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6088: 6076: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6061: 6060: 6054: 6043: 6039: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6021: 6009: 6005: 6000: 5988: 5984: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5962: 5958: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5923: 5922: 5907: 5903: 5896: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5869: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5787:(1): 105–111. 5786: 5782: 5775: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5728: 5724: 5718: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5623: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5593: 5588: 5581: 5577: 5570: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5536: 5535: 5523: 5517: 5513: 5508: 5504: 5498: 5494: 5489: 5485: 5483:9780231065733 5479: 5475: 5470: 5466: 5464:9780804754088 5460: 5456: 5452: 5447: 5443: 5441:9781538129050 5437: 5433: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5418:9789004262973 5414: 5410: 5406: 5405: 5399: 5395: 5389: 5385: 5380: 5376: 5370: 5365: 5364: 5357: 5353: 5347: 5343: 5338: 5334: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5315: 5311: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5292: 5288: 5282: 5278: 5273: 5269: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5250: 5246: 5240: 5236: 5235: 5229: 5225: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5206: 5202: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5187: 5181: 5177: 5175:9780199390038 5171: 5167: 5166: 5160: 5156: 5150: 5147:. Routledge. 5146: 5145: 5139: 5135: 5132:. Pyongyang: 5128: 5127: 5121: 5117: 5114:. Pyongyang: 5113: 5112: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5083: 5078: 5074: 5071:. Pyongyang: 5067: 5066: 5060: 5056: 5050: 5046: 5045: 5039: 5035: 5033:9780765616388 5029: 5025: 5021: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5001:. Pyongyang: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4989:. Pyongyang: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4956:9780810861510 4952: 4948: 4947: 4941: 4936: 4935: 4928: 4924: 4918: 4915:. Zed Books. 4914: 4909: 4905: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4886: 4882: 4880:9781565848733 4876: 4871: 4870: 4863: 4859: 4854: 4850: 4844: 4839: 4838: 4831: 4827: 4822: 4818: 4812: 4807: 4806: 4799: 4795: 4789: 4785: 4780: 4776: 4770: 4766: 4761: 4757: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4742:New York City 4738: 4737: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4717: 4713: 4712: 4706: 4702: 4700:9780745955988 4696: 4692: 4688: 4683: 4679: 4677:9780804844390 4673: 4669: 4664: 4663: 4645: 4640: 4633: 4628: 4621: 4616: 4609: 4604: 4597: 4592: 4585: 4580: 4573: 4568: 4562:, p. 96. 4561: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4544: 4539: 4532: 4531:Helgesen 1991 4527: 4520: 4515: 4508: 4504: 4499: 4492: 4487: 4480: 4475: 4468: 4467:Helgesen 1991 4463: 4461: 4454:, p. 95. 4453: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4432: 4427: 4420: 4415: 4408: 4403: 4396: 4391: 4384: 4379: 4372: 4367: 4360: 4355: 4349:, p. 93. 4348: 4343: 4337:, p. 94. 4336: 4331: 4329: 4321: 4316: 4309: 4304: 4297: 4292: 4285: 4280: 4278: 4271:, p. 92. 4270: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4247: 4242: 4240: 4232: 4227: 4220: 4215: 4209:, p. 45. 4208: 4203: 4201: 4194:, p. 91. 4193: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4170: 4165: 4159:, p. 90. 4158: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4139: 4134: 4127: 4122: 4120: 4118: 4110: 4105: 4103: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4089: 4084: 4077: 4072: 4065: 4060: 4058: 4050: 4045: 4043: 4035: 4030: 4028: 4020: 4015: 4013: 4011: 4009: 4007: 3999: 3994: 3988:, p. 64. 3987: 3982: 3980: 3972: 3967: 3961:, p. 61. 3960: 3955: 3949:, p. 63. 3948: 3943: 3936: 3931: 3924: 3919: 3912: 3907: 3900: 3899:Branigan 2014 3895: 3888: 3883: 3877:, p. 11. 3876: 3871: 3864: 3859: 3852: 3851:Bermudez 2017 3847: 3840: 3835: 3828: 3823: 3816: 3815:Quinones 2008 3811: 3804: 3799: 3792: 3787: 3780: 3775: 3768: 3763: 3761: 3753: 3748: 3741: 3736: 3730:, p. 39. 3729: 3724: 3717: 3712: 3706:, p. 33. 3705: 3700: 3698: 3690: 3685: 3678: 3677:Robinson 2007 3673: 3671: 3669: 3661: 3656: 3654: 3646: 3641: 3634: 3629: 3623:, p. 95. 3622: 3617: 3610: 3609:Robinson 2007 3605: 3598: 3593: 3586: 3581: 3574: 3569: 3562: 3557: 3550: 3545: 3539:, p. 45. 3538: 3533: 3526: 3521: 3514: 3509: 3503:, p. 52. 3502: 3497: 3490: 3485: 3479:, p. 47. 3478: 3473: 3471: 3464:, p. 46. 3463: 3458: 3452:, p. 45. 3451: 3446: 3440:, p. 42. 3439: 3434: 3427: 3422: 3415: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3391:, p. 12. 3390: 3385: 3378: 3373: 3366: 3361: 3359: 3351: 3347: 3342: 3340: 3333:, p. 20. 3332: 3327: 3320: 3315: 3313: 3306:, p. 19. 3305: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3284: 3279: 3272: 3268: 3263: 3256: 3252: 3247: 3245: 3237: 3232: 3226:, p. 65. 3225: 3220: 3213: 3208: 3202:, p. 68. 3201: 3196: 3190:, p. 63. 3189: 3184: 3178:, p. 10. 3177: 3172: 3165: 3160: 3153: 3148: 3141: 3136: 3129: 3124: 3118:, p. 14. 3117: 3112: 3105: 3100: 3093: 3088: 3081: 3080:Robinson 2007 3076: 3069: 3064: 3062: 3054: 3049: 3043:, p. 13. 3042: 3037: 3031:, p. 12. 3030: 3025: 3019:, p. 11. 3018: 3013: 3006: 3001: 2999: 2991: 2983: 2978: 2976: 2968: 2963: 2959: 2954: 2952: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2927: 2925: 2920: 2904: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2894: 2891: 2889: 2886: 2884: 2881: 2878: 2876: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2865: 2860: 2849: 2846: 2835: 2828: 2825: 2819: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2803: 2801: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2774: 2771: 2767: 2761: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2740: 2738: 2731: 2727: 2725: 2721: 2716: 2711: 2709: 2705: 2702:in which the 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2666: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2654: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2610: 2608: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2586: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2575:Bruce Cumings 2572: 2568: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2538:belief system 2535: 2531: 2526: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2499: 2494: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2430: 2425: 2422: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2391: 2389: 2378: 2375: 2371: 2361: 2344: 2341: 2337: 2331: 2329: 2325: 2315: 2311: 2306: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2278: 2276: 2271: 2264: 2261: 2256: 2252: 2247: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2228: 2218: 2203: 2194: 2180: 2176: 2174: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2140: 2129: 2122: 2117: 2111: 2106: 2097: 2091: 2088: 2083: 2079: 2074: 2070: 2064: 2063:Rodong Sinmun 2058: 2057: 2044: 2042: 2037: 2025: 2024: 2023:Rodong Sinmun 2013: 2001: 1992: 1986: 1980: 1975: 1968: 1960: 1956: 1950: 1946: 1936: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1913: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1889: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1866: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1842:Guinea-Bissau 1839: 1835: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1796: 1789: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1768: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1755: 1754:Tumansky RD-9 1751: 1747: 1737: 1735: 1731: 1725: 1723: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1695: 1685: 1683: 1677: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1662: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1631: 1626: 1623: 1611: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1596: 1584: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1560: 1559: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1541: 1528: 1526: 1519: 1517: 1512: 1502: 1501:113 (2024)". 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1465:subsequently 1462: 1457: 1453: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1413: 1408: 1406: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1387:Andrei Lankov 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1355: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1339: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1315: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1287: 1282: 1280: 1279:South Koreans 1276: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1237: 1231: 1227: 1215: 1204: 1200: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1171: 1167: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1102: 1094: 1088: 1080: 1079: 1067: 1060: 1033: 1032: 1020: 1015: 1013: 1008: 1006: 1001: 1000: 998: 997: 991: 988: 987: 985: 975: 974: 964: 961: 959: 956: 955: 954: 951: 949: 946: 944: 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 929: 926: 925: 918: 917: 910: 907: 905: 902: 901: 897: 894: 892: 889: 887: 884: 882: 879: 878: 874: 870: 867: 866: 860: 856: 855: 854: 851: 850: 847: 842: 841: 828: 827: 823: 817: 816: 812: 806: 805: 801: 795: 794: 790: 789: 788: 785: 775: 774: 770: 768: 765: 764: 763: 762: 758: 754: 751: 749: 746: 745: 744: 741: 740: 737: 732: 731: 719: 716: 714: 711: 709: 705: 704: 702: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 683: 682: 680: 679: 677: 676: 673: 668: 667: 658: 655: 653: 650: 648: 645: 643: 640: 638: 637:Jon Hyon-chol 635: 633: 630: 629: 628: 625: 621: 618: 617: 616: 613: 612: 611: 610: 604: 599: 598: 589: 586: 585: 583: 579: 576: 575: 573: 569: 566: 565: 564: 561: 560: 559: 558: 552: 547: 546: 533: 532:Kim Myong-gil 530: 529: 528: 525: 524: 522: 518: 515: 509: 506: 505: 504: 501: 500: 498: 494: 493:Central Court 491: 490: 489: 486: 480: 477: 476: 475: 472: 471: 469: 465: 462: 458: 455: 454: 452: 448: 447: 446: 445: 439: 434: 433: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 405: 404:Kim Jae-ryong 402: 401: 399: 398: 396: 392: 389: 383: 382:Ri Pyong-chol 380: 378: 375: 374: 372: 368: 365: 364: 362: 361: 359: 355: 352: 349: 345: 342: 336: 335:Ri Pyong-chol 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 312: 310: 306: 303: 302: 300: 296: 293: 292: 290: 286: 283: 281: 278: 274: 271: 270: 269: 265: 262: 261: 260: 258: 254: 248: 243: 242: 233: 230: 228: 225: 224: 223: 220: 214: 213: 209: 203: 202: 198: 197: 194: 189: 188: 185: 184: 180: 176: 175: 171: 167: 166: 158: 153: 149: 145: 143: 139: 135: 131: 129: 125: 119: 116: 110: 108: 104: 98: 95: 89: 87: 83: 78: 74: 70: 68: 63: 57: 52: 49: 48: 43: 40: 36: 34: 19: 8867:Isolationism 8735: 8734: 8672:Korean drama 8634:Korean sword 8485:Demographics 8147: 8146: 7854: / 7843: / 7839: / 7796: / 7794:Later Baekje 7792: / 7776: / 7760: / 7756: / 7752: / 7736: / 7732: / 7728: / 7724: / 7708: / 7706:Wiman Joseon 7704: / 7700: / 7570: 7532:Predecessors 7471: 7465: 7464: 6783: 6776: 6769:Publications 6600: 6588: 6565:Kim Yong-bom 6559:Pak Hon-yong 6475:. Retrieved 6421:. Retrieved 6414: 6400:. Retrieved 6391: 6376:the original 6352:. Retrieved 6327:. Retrieved 6320: 6303:. Retrieved 6294: 6278:. Retrieved 6269: 6253:. Retrieved 6244: 6221:the original 6214: 6198: 6182:. Retrieved 6171: 6164:Thayer, Nate 6152:. Retrieved 6143: 6131:the original 6124: 6113:the original 6108: 6079:. Retrieved 6072: 6057: 6045:. Retrieved 6041: 6031:(in Korean). 6029:Tongil Times 6028: 6012:. Retrieved 5991:. Retrieved 5980: 5964:. Retrieved 5960: 5948:The Guardian 5947: 5931:Global Times 5930: 5901: 5877: 5873: 5867: 5838: 5835:Acta Koreana 5834: 5803: 5799:Asian Survey 5797: 5784: 5780: 5748: 5745:Asian Survey 5744: 5735: 5731: 5717:cite journal 5708: 5704: 5696: 5692: 5670:(2): 67–84. 5667: 5663: 5659: 5634: 5630: 5614:. Retrieved 5607:the original 5602: 5598: 5575: 5543: 5539: 5511: 5492: 5473: 5450: 5431: 5423:the original 5403: 5383: 5362: 5341: 5323:M. E. Sharpe 5318: 5295: 5276: 5257: 5233: 5213: 5185: 5163: 5143: 5125: 5110: 5088: 5064: 5043: 5019: 4998: 4986: 4968: 4945: 4933: 4912: 4889: 4868: 4857: 4836: 4825: 4804: 4783: 4764: 4735: 4710: 4686: 4667: 4639: 4627: 4615: 4603: 4591: 4579: 4567: 4538: 4526: 4514: 4503:Cumings 2003 4498: 4486: 4474: 4426: 4414: 4402: 4390: 4378: 4366: 4354: 4342: 4315: 4303: 4291: 4233:, p. 6. 4226: 4214: 4207:Rüdiger 2013 4164: 4133: 4090:, p. 9. 4083: 4078:, p. 8. 4071: 4066:, p. 7. 4051:, p. 6. 4036:, p. 5. 4021:, p. 4. 3993: 3966: 3954: 3942: 3930: 3918: 3906: 3894: 3882: 3870: 3863:Cumings 1997 3858: 3846: 3834: 3822: 3817:, p. 5. 3810: 3798: 3786: 3774: 3747: 3735: 3723: 3716:Cumings 1997 3711: 3689:Cumings 1997 3684: 3660:Cumings 1997 3640: 3628: 3616: 3604: 3592: 3580: 3575:, p. 1. 3568: 3556: 3544: 3532: 3520: 3508: 3496: 3484: 3457: 3445: 3433: 3421: 3384: 3372: 3326: 3321:, p. 7. 3278: 3262: 3231: 3219: 3207: 3195: 3183: 3171: 3166:, p. 1. 3159: 3147: 3135: 3123: 3111: 3099: 3087: 3075: 3053:Cumings 1997 3048: 3036: 3024: 3012: 2989: 2966: 2942: 2938: 2874: 2820: 2814: 2807:filial piety 2804: 2799: 2794: 2790: 2780: 2765: 2762: 2748: 2746: 2729: 2728: 2723: 2719: 2714: 2712: 2708:divine being 2698:ideology of 2696:State Shinto 2687: 2679: 2672: 2658: 2652: 2646: 2634: 2627:Christianity 2618: 2616: 2606: 2593: 2592: 2582: 2570: 2561: 2553: 2552:argues that 2546:naturalistic 2533: 2529: 2527: 2510: 2495: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2471:Suh Dae-sook 2458: 2443: 2442: 2427: 2420: 2415: 2411: 2395: 2393: 2380: 2374:Eastern Bloc 2359: 2351: 2339: 2335: 2333: 2313: 2307: 2282: 2280: 2274: 2269: 2266: 2259: 2254: 2250: 2248: 2217:Kimilsungism 2216: 2215: 2177: 2172: 2167: 2163: 2155: 2151: 2127: 2126: 2109: 2092: 2075: 2045: 2040: 1997: 1994:) politics!" 1966: 1932: 1924: 1916: 1914: 1909: 1901: 1887: 1882: 1874: 1870: 1868: 1830: 1810:Antananarivo 1805: 1801: 1794: 1792: 1785: 1780: 1765:Shenyang J-6 1743: 1726: 1716: 1697: 1681: 1678: 1673: 1672:, promoting 1663: 1640: 1629: 1612: 1603: 1599: 1585: 1580: 1572: 1556: 1548: 1544: 1530: 1524: 1521: 1510: 1509:The goal of 1508: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1449: 1442: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1416: 1410: 1409: 1404: 1390: 1382: 1366: 1362: 1356: 1351: 1337: 1331: 1323: 1321: 1311: 1307: 1300:Juche sasang 1299: 1295: 1286:Juche sasang 1285: 1283: 1272: 1268: 1266: 1261: 1253: 1233: 1229: 1198: 1197: 1175: 1174: 1165: 1160: 1153:nation state 1140: 1139: 1134: 1122: 1100: 1099: 1030: 1029: 1028: 933:Human rights 859:Choe Son-hui 830: 824: 819: 813: 808: 802: 797: 791: 786: 777: 771: 761:Second-level 759: 742: 632:Pak Jong-gun 627:Vice Premier 607: 555: 508:Kang Yun-sok 442: 251: 216: 210: 205: 200: 199: 193:Constitution 134:Juche sasang 66: 61: 46: 45: 39: 32: 8877:Kim Jong Il 8872:Kim Il Sung 8783:Korean Wave 8629:(wrestling) 8554:Korean name 8180:South Korea 8140:Secretariat 8054:North Korea 7865:South Korea 7774:Later Silla 7702:Gija Joseon 7634:South Korea 7629:North Korea 7155:NKBB (1945) 7096:Secretariat 7039:NKBB (1945) 6885: [ 6641:Secretariat 6607:Kim Jong Un 6603:(2011–2012) 6597:(1997–2011) 6595:Kim Jong Il 6591:(1994–1997) 6585:(1949–1994) 6583:Kim Il Sung 6579:(1946–1949) 6577:Kim Tu-bong 6573:(1945–1946) 6571:Kim Il Sung 6423:13 December 6394:(Podcast). 6047:29 November 5024:M.E. Sharpe 4519:Hassan 2017 4491:Halpin 2015 3923:Thayer 2013 3283:Lankov 2007 3267:French 2007 3253:, pp. 3251:Becker 2005 3224:Becker 2005 3152:Lankov 2014 2982:Fisher 2016 2962:Brian Myers 2507:Choe Namson 2448:nationalist 2382:experiences 2328:Kim Jong Un 2287:nationalism 1945:transcluded 1865:mendicants. 1670:Third World 1632:in practice 1569:great power 1467:promulgated 1459: [ 1421:Kim Jong Il 1318:Development 1228:reading is 1184:nationalist 1157:sovereignty 1131:Kim Jong Il 1119:Kim Il Sung 1111:North Korea 958:Enforcement 896:Visa policy 787:Third-level 743:First-level 657:Ju Chol-gyu 647:Ri Song-hak 620:Kim Tok-hun 588:Kim Tok-hun 568:Kim Jong Un 457:Pak In-chol 377:Ri Yong-gil 367:Kim Jong Un 344:Secretariat 330:Kim Tok-hun 325:Jo Yong-won 315:Kim Jong Un 273:Kim Jong Un 232:Kim Jong Il 227:Kim Il Sung 155:Literally " 80:Korean name 8826:Categories 8654:Korean art 8423:(currency) 8362:Jangmadang 8347:(currency) 7845:Korean War 7686:Chronology 7393:3rd (1956) 7388:2nd (1948) 7383:1st (1946) 7378:CPK (1945) 7358:7th (2016) 7353:6th (1980) 7348:5th (1970) 7343:4th (1961) 7338:3rd (1956) 7333:2nd (1948) 7302:8th (2021) 7297:7th (2016) 7292:6th (1980) 7287:5th (1970) 7282:4th (1962) 7262:8th (2021) 7257:7th (2016) 7252:6th (1980) 7247:5th (1970) 7242:4th (1961) 7237:3rd (1956) 7232:2nd (1948) 7201:8th (2021) 7196:7th (2016) 7191:6th (1980) 7186:5th (1970) 7181:4th (1961) 7176:3rd (1956) 7171:2nd (1948) 7150:CPK (1945) 7130:8th (2021) 7125:7th (2016) 7120:6th (1980) 7115:5th (1970) 7110:4th (1966) 7105:CPK (1945) 7085:8th (2021) 7080:7th (2016) 7075:6th (1980) 7070:5th (1970) 7065:4th (1961) 7060:3rd (1956) 7055:2nd (1948) 7034:CPK (1945) 7014:8th (2021) 7009:7th (2016) 7004:6th (1980) 6999:5th (1970) 6994:4th (1961) 6986:2nd (1948) 6914:CC plenums 6904:4th (2012) 6899:3rd (2010) 6894:2nd (1966) 6882:1st (1958) 6874:Conference 6864:8th (2021) 6859:7th (2016) 6854:6th (1980) 6849:5th (1970) 6844:4th (1961) 6839:3rd (1956) 6834:2nd (1948) 6477:7 December 6305:15 October 6255:15 October 6184:5 November 6154:15 October 6081:24 October 6014:16 October 5993:3 November 5637:: 93–121. 5300:SUNY Press 5267:0312096852 4691:Lion Books 4505:, p. 4479:Hoare 2012 4383:Kelly 2015 4359:Young 2016 3935:Young 2023 3839:Lewis 2017 3803:Jager 2013 3704:Bluth 2008 3645:Bluth 2008 3633:Jager 2013 3585:Jager 2013 3537:Chung 1978 3426:Jeong 2020 3348:, p. 3269:, p. 3200:Myers 2015 3128:Myers 2008 3116:Myers 2015 3104:Myers 2015 3041:Myers 2015 3029:Myers 2015 3017:Myers 2015 2958:Kelly 2015 2933:, p. 2910:References 2692:Kim family 2684:its famine 2631:Cheondoism 2558:Kim family 2503:Sin Chaeho 2439:Criticisms 2404:capitalism 2225:) and the 1846:Mozambique 1814:Madagascar 1431:thinking. 1149:individual 943:Propaganda 938:Kim family 928:Censorship 857:Minister: 86:Chosŏn'gŭl 18:Juche Idea 8532:Koreatown 8135:Politburo 7025:Politburo 6966:Presidium 6759:Office 39 6631:Politburo 6626:Presidium 6280:4 January 5857:2733-5348 5684:1522-7340 5643:0145-840X 5560:145497407 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