193:. Beattie believed that the canned food was the most likely source of the lead and argued that 'lead played an important role in the declining health of the entire crews of the Erebus and Terror.' However, Franklin historian Russell Potter has pointed out that 'We know so little about the average exposure of a typical person in mid-nineteenth century Britain that we lack a reliable baseline to which to compare the Beechey island bodies....Further studies, looking both at the Beechey Island remains and at bones recovered from King William Island have shown a wide variety of levels of exposure, ranging from negligible to quite high....Torrington's levels were high (413-657 ppm) but Braine (145-280 ppm) and Hartnell (183-313) had much lower levels....Lead may well have been a factor for some, but the effect of this exposure on the expedition as a whole is unclear.'
170:, which the team had to dig through. When the coffin was opened they saw how well preserved the outer parts of Torrington's body were, apparently not much different from the day he was buried. In order to thaw the body, the team poured water on the ice, to slowly melt it away and therefore not cause any damage to the body. Once thawed, they undressed the body to examine it. They found that Torrington had been very sick at the time of his death—he was so thin all his ribs were visible, and he only weighed about 38.5 kilograms (85 lb), at a height of 162.6 cm (5 ft 4 in). After conducting a thorough autopsy and taking some tissue samples, the team left to analyse what they had discovered.
128:, on 19 May 1845. The trip was expected to last about three years, so the ships were packed with provisions which included more than 136,000 pounds of flour, 3,684 gallons of high-proof alcohol and 33,000 pounds of tinned meat, soup and vegetables. However, after late July no Europeans heard from or saw the crew again. During the expedition, half of his monthly pay (2 pounds and 16 shillings) went to his stepmother Mary, who collected it from the Manchester Excise Office. She received this pay for years after he died, as the crew's fate went unknown.
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and the headboards (presumed to be the originals) were transferred to the Prince of Wales
Northern Heritage Centre in Yellowknife. In the 1980s, anthropologist Owen Beattie exhumed and autopsied the bodies to try to solve the mystery.
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Many search parties were sent to look for the missing crew, but nothing significant was discovered until 1850, when the ruins of a stone hut, some food cans, and three graves were found. The graves contained the remains of
Torrington,
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145:. Torrington had apparently died about seven months into the expedition, which led to further questions as to why crew members had died so early in the expedition. In 1976, the graves were rediscovered on
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had occurred, and cell definition was very poor. His brain was almost completely gone, leaving only a "yellow granular liquid". The lungs showed scarring from earlier bouts with
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Tissue samples revealed that
Torrington's body had probably been stored on board ship while his grave was being dug; in almost all areas, significant
239:. Atwood wrote a short story, "The Age of Lead", and Richler included references to the research and the Franklin expedition itself in his novel
185:. After toxicology analysis showed heightened levels of lead in Torrington's hair and fingernails, the team concluded Torrington had died from
51:, and make scientific observations. He was the first fatality of the expedition, of which all personnel ultimately died, mostly in and around
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magazine which named him one of the world's most interesting personalities in 1984, and the widely reprinted photograph inspired
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in 1984, to try to determine the cause of death. His remains are among the best preserved example of a corpse since the ancient
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Beattie and his team began their work on 17 August 1984. Torrington's coffin was 1.5 metres (4 ft 11 in) deep in the
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which was found in the 1950s. Photographs of his mummified remains were widely published and inspired music and literature.
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503:"Report on the Exhumation of John Torrington", Dr. Roger Amy, Department of Pathology, University of Alberta, p. 1
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Photographs of
Torrington, in a remarkable state of outward preservation, were published widely, including in
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Powell, Brian. "The memorials on
Beechey Island, Nunavut, Canada: an historical and pictorial survey."
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were also inspired by the photograph, and the account of the research provided by
Beattie and
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wrote an award-winning poem, "Envying Owen
Beattie", about the Torrington exhumation. Authors
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in 1825. In May 1845, at age 19, he joined the
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269:"Civilization.ca - Scholars - Archaeological Discovery in Organic Terrain in Canada"
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Frozen In Time: The Fate of The
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Frozen in Time: The Fate of the
Franklin Expedition
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Frozen In Time: The Fate of the Franklin Expedition
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59:. His body was exhumed by forensic anthropologist
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98:to find the Northwest Passage, a sea route to
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555:, McGill Queens University Press, 2016 p59
334:"The Franklin Expedition: Featured Mummy"
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43:to chart unexplored areas of what is now
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211:to write a song, "The Frozen Man", and
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489:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
520:from the original on 14 February 2012
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96:Sir John Franklin's final expedition
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630:Deaths from pneumonia in Nunavut
245:. In the 2018 television series
181:as well as signs of more recent
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538:John Geiger and Owen Beattie,
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32:(1825 – 1 January 1846) was a
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217:"Stranger in a Strange Land"
75:John Torrington was born in
16:British explorer (1825–1846)
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580:. Douglas & Macintyre.
359:Lloyd-Jones, Ralph (2018).
102:, via the northern edge of
55:. Torrington was buried on
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640:Franklin's lost expedition
411:(2006), 42 : 325-333.
385:10.1017/S0032247418000451
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94:Torrington was a part of
90:1845 Franklin expedition
41:1845 Franklin Expedition
25:Grave of John Torrington
610:Explorers of the Arctic
242:Solomon Gursky Was Here
294:HMS Terror crew roster
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39:. He was part of the
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106:. They set off from
30:John Shaw Torrington
428:on 17 February 2001
422:"Sir John Franklin"
377:2018PoRec..54..267L
86:as leading stoker.
77:Manchester, England
53:King William Island
615:Royal Navy sailors
275:on 17 October 2011
132:Search expeditions
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605:English explorers
471:on 18 August 2019
447:Preserved remains
162:Death and autopsy
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235:in their book
233:John G. Geiger
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191:lead poisoning
175:cell autolysis
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147:Beechey Island
139:William Braine
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408:Polar Record
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625:1846 deaths
620:1825 births
574:John Geiger
524:14 February
315:PBS, NOVA:
213:Iron Maiden
65:Tollund Man
47:, find the
599:Categories
305:owlocation
255:References
248:The Terror
168:permafrost
108:Greenhithe
71:Early life
34:Royal Navy
393:134217554
215:to write
187:pneumonia
183:pneumonia
81:HMS
576:(1998).
518:Archived
485:cite web
635:Mummies
475:5 March
432:29 June
373:Bibcode
344:29 June
279:29 June
151:Nunavut
112:England
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204:People
197:Legacy
155:Canada
125:Erebus
118:Terror
83:Terror
37:stoker
469:(PDF)
462:(PDF)
389:S2CID
582:ISBN
526:2012
491:link
477:2020
434:2007
346:2007
281:2007
227:and
141:and
123:HMS
121:and
116:HMS
100:Asia
381:doi
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
