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194:(earth, air, fire, and water) characterised by four qualities (moist, dry, warm, cold), linked as earth: dry, cold; air: moist, warm; fire: dry, warm; water: moist, cold. Hasler followed Galen in considering temperament (cf temperature) as an important characteristic of both persons and medicines. Galen had experimented with mixing boiling water and ice to establish a "neutral" temperature, and posited four degrees of cold and four degrees of warmth on either side of this neutral zero point. This formulation still envisaged warm and cold as distinct, opposed entities. Hasler saw that the nine points of Galen's model could be united into a single scale from 1 (coldest) to 9 (hottest).
109:, a thesis which attempted a synthesis between philosophy and theology, reason and revelation. Although he received his degree shortly afterward, doubts were expressed about the theological views expressed in the work. Hasler responded in writing defending his work, which resulted in him being interrogated in prison, in August 1575, though part of his offence was publishing the work without the permission of the censor. Hasler agreed to retract any suggestion that scriptures were not the sole source of revelation and was released from prison. After this he was required to return to Bern.
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138:). Although holding a medical degree, he seems to have had little experience in practical medicine, and he transferred to a position in the University. He married in Bern, and had at least four children between 1583–1590. During this period he produced several works on practical astrology. He left Bern in 1593, after a conflict within the University, probably returning to Lithuania. The circumstances and date of his death are unknown.
86:. His assistance to Sylvan, including acting as a courier and transcribing manuscripts led to his arrest and imprisonment in 1570 on suspicion of complicity. As it was judged that he was acting in ignorance, he was recalled to Bern, where he presented a written confession and received a caution. Sylvan was later executed for heresy.
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as eternal causality. On this basis it was possible to outline the attributes of God, all of which could be derived from the simple and undivided nature of the divine essence." He was criticised for claiming that philosophy should be used to moderate religion, which implied that the divine revelation
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Biographical details of Johann Hasler are given in
Burchill's 1989 paper where he cites the original sources (mainly in the Bern archives) as well as earlier publications on Hasler's life. Additional details, particularly about the dispute in Strasbourg, are found in Burchill (1988). Pietrzyk and
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in 1574 notes that "his arrogance and ambition gave grounds for concern" and that he was "capable of defending whichever side of an argument pleased him". But although he came under suspicion on several occasions, there was never sufficient evidence of serious deviations from the orthodoxy of the
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He also aligned his 1–9 temperature scale with latitude, with one end of the scale corresponding to the hot equator, the other end to the cold arctic, as shown in the reproduction on the right. The diagram shows that a similar scaling applies to humidity. It appears that Hasler envisaged the
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in the scriptures was not a sufficient basis for theology. This could be seen as an attack on the authority of the church, and he was forced to recant. His decision to change his field to medicine pre-dated this dispute, but it led him into generally safer territory.
97:, where he matriculated in 1571. During his time in Leipzig, there were reports that he had travelled to Poland with a group of students. This led to suspicion that he was planning to defect to
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Hasler's works also included comprehensive catalogues of medical substances categorised according to their properties of temperature and humidity, and astrological calendars.
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where a number of radicals were based. However he returned to
Leipzig, and then declared his intention of changing from theology to medicine. He transferred to the
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Pietrzyk, Zdzislaw; Guenny, Charles A. (1993), "Les antitrinitaires du
Royaume de Pologne et du Grand Duche de Lithuanie; Strasbourg dans les annees 1538-1621",
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underlying scales as continuous - this is implied both by the mapping to latitude, and by the presentation of more detailed, sub-divided versions of the scales.
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The most important dispute was over the
Aphorismi in 1574–1575, which dealt with arguments for natural knowledge of God (including the doctrine of the
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162:'s Metaphysics. He argued that "Aristotle's comments on the eternity of the world were really a deduction from the idea of the
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See
Leurechon (1629), p116; Taylor (1942) Fig 12, p 151; Heeffer (2004). The first edition of Leurechon's book dates from 1624
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Lutheran establishment in Bern, and he generally retained the support of the city fathers, who had sponsored his studies.
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Wright, William F.; Mackowiac, Philip A. (2016), "Origin, Evolution and
Clinical Application of the Thermometer",
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Declaratio in
Aphorismis Theticis Aristoteleis, Archives du Chapitre Saint-Thomas, Strasbourg 354/38, 245-395.
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De sacrosancta trinitae confessio apologetica. Archives du
Chapitre Saint-Thomas, Strasbourg 354/48, 419-422.
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The
Heidelberg Antitrinitarians : Johann Sylvan, Adam Neuser, Matthias Vehe, Jacob Suter, Johann Hasler
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183:, published in 1578. Key: C = Calidum (Hot); F = Frigidum (Cold); H = Humidum (Moist); S = Siccum (Dry)
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Thomas ERASTUS. letter to
Heinrich Bullinger, Heidelberg, 10 May 1574. Cited by Burchill (1989) p 197.
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in the summer of 1574. While in Strasbourg, Hasler produced his first published work
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where he arrived in the Summer of 1568. While in Heidelberg he was in contact with
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A double bulb (Dutch) thermometer with 1-9 temperature scale. From Leurechon's
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321:"Aristotle and the Trinity: The Case of Johann Hasler in Strasbourg 1574-1575"
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Paradoxus annorum mundi a creatione usque ad Jesum Chrlstum (Vilnius, 1596).
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were published in 1578. In 1582 he returned to Bern, where he was appointed
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See Taylor (1942); Kantrowitz and Moran (2012); Wright and Mackowiak (2016)
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Duae tabulae thesium astrologicarum, Stadtbibliothek Bern, MS Inc. V. 174.
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Hasler could clearly be a difficult and disputatious man. A letter from
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Bulletin de la Société de l'Histoire du Protestantisme Français
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and physician. He is known for his association with a group of
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Taylor, Sherwood F. (1942), "The origin of the thermometer",
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Astrologische Practica auff das 1590 Jar (Basel, 1590).
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A thermometer with a 1–9 scale was described in 1624.
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De fuga et praeclusione pestilentiae (Vilnius, 1602).
484:Fröhliche Practick auff das 1588 Jar (Cluj, 1588).
472:Aphorismi Thetici Aristotelei (Strasbourg. 1575).
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46:'s concept of heat and cold into the idea of a
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371:Kantrowitz, Joseph; Moran, Jeffrey B. (1989),
179:Hasler's diagram of temperature scales, from
432:The American Journal of the Medical Sciences
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22:(born 1548, died after 1602), also known as
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373:Discovering Thermodynamics
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282:Leurechon, Jean (1629),
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103:University of Strasbourg
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285:Recreation Mathematique
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467:Works by Johann Hasler
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292:: Jean Appier Hanzelet
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164:Prime Mover
158:) based on
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422:2017-11-07
276:References
34:including
28:theologian
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160:Aristotle
135:Stadtarzt
54:Biography
460:10718829
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343:S2CID
219:Notes
188:Galen
44:Galen
448:PMID
93:and
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68:Bern
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