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634:. Douglas was said to have marched into the Stuart Lake village and seized the accused murderer, but the exact events of the day are disputed. By some accounts, Douglas shot the native in the head on the spot, with everyone watching. In others, Douglas took him away from the village, to be executed later. Another story is that Douglas tried to shoot the man but missed and got his partners to beat the accused before taking him away. Various accounts were passed around the area, and Douglas generally acquired a negative reputation among the local First Nations as a result.
1291:. He reasoned because there were few U.S. troops stationed in the territory since most other units stationed there were off to war in the East, the region's population was scattered, and there was little to no U.S. naval ships in the area. He also said the Royal Navy and Marines were powerful and could easily do the job, ending with a statement that "with Puget Sound, and the line of the Columbia River in our hands, we should hold the only navigable outlets of the country — command its trade, and soon compel it to submit to Her Majesty's Rule."
1103:, to establish British order and to transform the newly established Colony of British Columbia into the British Empire's "bulwark in the farthest west" and "found a second England on the shores of the Pacific". Lytton desired to send to the colony "representatives of the best of British culture, not just a police force," sought men who possessed "courtesy, high breeding and urbane knowledge of the world," and decided to send Moody, whom the Government considered to be the archetypal "English gentleman and British Officer" at the head of the
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funds and the personally-motivated opposition of
Douglas, whose opposition to the project continually slowed its development. Robert Edgar Cail, Don W. Thomson, Ishiguro, and Scott have praised Moody for his contribution, the latter accusing Ormsby of being ‘adamant in her dislike of Colonel Moody’ despite the evidence, and almost all biographies of Moody, including those of the Institute of Civil Engineers, the Royal Engineers, and the British Columbia Historical Association, are flattering.
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situation he found that alcohol had been a major cause, and prohibited the sale of liquor to natives. While on the trip to the murder scene, Douglas brought the Crown
Solicitor of Vancouver Island to uphold the law and make a show that demonstrated British law was still in effect. During the trip, he encountered a great number of squatting foreigners, reducing the total possible revenues for land sales to the government.
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lesser authority' than that of
Douglas, despite Moody's vastly superior social position in the eyes of the Engineers and the British Government. Moody had been selected by Lord Lytton due to his possession of the quality of the archetypal 'English gentleman and British Officer', his family was 'eminently respectable': he was the son of
675:. He served as a Clerk until 1835, when he was promoted to Chief Trader, the second highest rank in the HBC. Being a Chief Trader was a very important position that was held by only four others in the large district. He received his commission as one of "the gentlemen of the interior" on June 3, 1835, in
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and appointed Chief
Commissioner of Lands and Works for British Columbia. Throughout his tenure in British Columbia, Moody was engaged in a bitter feud with Douglas, whose jurisdiction overlapped with his own. Moody's position as Chief Commissioner and Lieutenant-Governor was one of ‘higher prestige
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As governor, Douglas faced a number of significant challenges, not least of which was the expansionist pressure of the neighboring United States of
America. Using his meagre resources, Douglas created the Victoria Voltigeurs, Vancouver Island's first militia, using money from the company and composed
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and the Boyd merchant banking family, wrote on 4 August 1859 'it is not pleasant to serve under a Hudson's Bay Factor' and that the 'Governor and
Richard can never get on'. In a letter to the Colonial Office of 27 December 1858, Moody boasted that he has ‘entirely disarmed of all jealously' Douglas
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Douglas's actions in asserting
British sovereignty over the mainland is generally conceded today to have helped exert to control over American miners and to undermine American territorial ambitions toward this part of British North America. Shortly thereafter, the Colonial Office formally confirmed
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Costs for each parcel of land were usually in the form of blankets, often three for each man. The policy also stemmed from a desire to have good interactions with natives while avoiding violence. After
Blanshard resigned in 1851, the British government appointed Douglas as the Governor of Vancouver
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Near the end of his term as governor, Douglas was criticized for not developing the colony as a self-governing body. His only political reform had been to initiate an elected
Legislative Council. His argument against the creation of a self-governing colony was the state of the population: few were
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with arms and other supplies to assist the US government in its conflict with Native
American tribes. The treaties that he concluded were later criticized as having provided woefully inadequate compensation to First Nations in return for their cession of large swaths of territory (in most cases, a
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entry for Moody (2002), condemns Moody for a contribution to the abortive development of the city. However, most other historians have exonerated Moody for the abortive development of the city and consider his achievement to be impressive, especially with regard to the perpetual insufficiency of
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In August 1858, news reached Douglas that two Vancouver Island miners had been killed by natives. He believed that the whole region was on the verge of war and went out to investigate. Numerous minor clashes between natives and whites had concluded without fatalities. After investigating the
1013:). The treaties, concluded between 1850 and 1854, acquired 14 parcels of land for the Crown from the native peoples, totaling 570 square kilometres (220 sq mi). The treaty-making was halted after the Colony ran out of money to pursue its expansion policy.
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south to 54°40′. In return, the RAC received 2000 otter pelts and a number of other goods, notably a large supply of wheat and provisions needed at various Russian stations. To meet the demand, Simpson and members of the governing committee created the
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Douglas continued to be active but kept out of politics in all forms. He died in Victoria of a heart attack on August 2, 1877, at the age of 73. His funeral procession was possibly the largest in the history of B.C., and he was interred in the
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In 1821, the NWC was merged into its powerful competitor, the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC). Douglas's contract was placed onto the HBC's payroll. He quickly moved up the strict HBC hierarchy. In 1825, he was put in charge of the founding of the
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was also active in this area, and Douglas was caught up in at least one argument with the fighting fur traders. Douglas continued his policy of self-education by reading books brought from Britain and meeting with many First Nations people.
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Numerous other elementary, middle, and secondary schools across British Columbia are named after Sir James Douglas. Among them is Sir James Douglas elementary school in Victoria, built in 1910 on the property that used to be the governor's
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in the West Indies, who owned much of the land in the islands where Douglas's father owned a small amount of land and from which Douglas's mother, 'a half-breed', originated. Douglas's ethnicity made him 'an affront to Victorian society'.
1089:, Douglas was assigned as governor and was asked to resign as Chief Factor of the western portion of the Hudson's Bay Company. The Crown did not renew the company's trade monopoly on the mainland or Douglas' position as Chief Factor.
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Island. As he was still Chief Factor of the HBC, he tried for several years to balance his important and time-consuming duties of both positions. He was the subject of controversy in local political debates and editorial tirades.
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in the company's service. He created the Victoria Pioneer Rifle Corp, otherwise known as the African Rifles, an all-Black militia of immigrants from San Francisco's First African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church who settled on
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In 1849, Britain leased the entirety of Vancouver Island to the HBC under the condition that a colony be created. Douglas moved the headquarters of the western portion of the company from Fort Vancouver to Fort Victoria.
1044:, and a year later in the Fraser River itself. That sparked an influx of miners and others, as word of the discoveries spread south to the United States. Thousands of Americans flooded into British Columbia during the
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in the United States West made American animosity against natives often high. In the fall of 1858, escalating tensions between the miners and the Nlaka’pamux people of the central area of the canyon broke into the
1024:. That was a turning point for Douglas, who had grown accustomed to administering the colony with absolute authority. The council was opposed to Douglas on many issues and consistently criticized him for having a
858:. However, most practical authorities rested with Douglas as the chief employer and person in charge of its finances and land, and he effectively drove Blanshard from the position. Douglas acknowledged the
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Douglas was born in 1803 in Guyana. His father was John Douglas, a Scottish planter and merchant from Glasgow, in business with three of his brothers. The Douglas family were part of "the business elite of
1048:. Although without political authority on the mainland, Douglas worked to exert British jurisdiction over the territory. He stationed a warship at the mouth of the Fraser in order to issue licenses to
927:. Named for the largest island of the group, the San Juan Islands are immediately adjacent to Victoria and so were of great strategic interest and worry. While opposing troops remained garrisoned on
904:, as well as improve Royal Navy supply capacity. This base proved to be important and successful when in 1865 the headquarters of the North Pacific Squadron were moved to Vancouver Island.
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Continuing his service as governor, Douglas authorised construction of the government buildings known as the "Birdcages" in 1859. In 1862, with the discovery of rich gold deposits in the
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man accompany him in 1849 on his journey from Fort Vancouver to Victoria by canoe, and at Victoria, he had a Hawaiian cook and household servant (Barman and Watson 2006: 62).
653:. His wife joined him after the death of their first child in 1830. While they lived in Fort Vancouver, she gave birth to ten more children (five died in infancy). Their son
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The administration also founded public elementary schools, worked to control alcohol in the colony, and constructed the Victoria District Church (the forerunner to the
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1519:) is a major thoroughfare in Victoria, running north from Dallas Road (Mile "0" of the Trans-Canada Highway) to Dieppe Road in the Broadmead neighbourhood of Saanich.
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in 1854, and casualties were sent to Victoria. After facilities of the key port proved inadequate, the British government charged Douglas to build a hospital at
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Barman, Jean and Bruce McIntyre Watson, 2006. Leaving Paradise: Indigenous Hawaiians in the Pacific Northwest, 1787–1898. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press
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Douglas's largest problem in the mid- and late 1850s concerned relations with the majority First Nations peoples. These numbered around 30,000 local Songhee,
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1361:, the capital of the mainland. He also received a thank you on paper signed by 900 people. From 1864 to 1865, Douglas toured Europe. He visited relatives in
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to be educated. John married Jessie Hamilton in 1819, and had more children with her, making a second family. James went to school or was taught by a French
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and merchants. A major task during the huge inflow of settlers was to prevent violence between the recent arrivals and the local First Nations peoples. The
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996:, he had established many close business and personal relationships with indigenous peoples as a fur trader, and he sought to conclude treaties (the
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In November 1839, Douglas was promoted to Chief Factor, the highest possible rank for field service with the HBC. As a Chief Factor, he traveled to
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Throughout part of 1828, Connolly was absent from Fort St. James, leaving Douglas in charge. Two company traders were murdered with the help of a
474:, the couple had three children together (Alexander, born 1801 or 1802; James, born 1803, and Cecilia, born 1812), but never formally married.
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607:, who was impressed by Douglas' skills and viewed him favourably. Because of their close relations, Connolly agreed to Douglas marrying his
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during a meeting of the Council of the Northern Department. In 1838, Douglas was put in charge of the Columbia District while Chief Factor
432:, which had the potential to turn the Mainland into an American state. He remained governor of both colonies until his retirement in 1864.
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as Chief Gold Commissioner) to look after mining and civil cases. Such preventive measures helped ensure that the chaos accompanying the
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repeatedly insulted the Engineers by attempting to assume their command, and refusing to acknowledge their value in the nascent colony.
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1287:, Douglas argued for his London superiors to invade and conquer the Washington Territory as America was too busy in the East with the
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through extremely hazardous canyon territory. The Cariboo road was also called the "Queen's Highway" and the "Great North Road".
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468:, which in that time and place meant someone of mixed African and European family history, who was not a slave. According to the
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1973:
Land, Man, and the Law: The Disposal of Crown Lands in British Columbia, 1871–1913, Vancouver, University of British Columbia
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1337:. Like Douglas, they are both considered founding fathers of British Columbia. Helmcken married Douglas's daughter, Cecilia.
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1000:) with First Nations on southern Vancouver Island. On the other hand, Douglas supplied Washington Territory's Governor
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Despatch to London: Douglas, Sir James to Pelham-Clinton, 5th Duke of Newcastle Henry Pelham Fiennes, 28 December 1861
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in the absence of other routes. The name Douglas Portage was also used for the first, most southerly, portage of the
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Jean Barman, The West Beyond the West: A History of British Columbia, (Toronto: University of Toronto), p.71
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to transfer the younger man elsewhere. He was reassigned to Fort Vancouver, headquarters of the company's
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1469:, it is also the namesake for a high school, road, municipal park, neighbourhood, and several businesses.
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1269:), and a network of intelligence officials. He also created Assistant Gold Commissioners (he appointed
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fleeing a life of racial persecution in San Francisco who arrived in the province aboard the steamship
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493:, England, where he learned to speak and write in fluent French, which helped him in North America.
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which surrounds it; this had been the governor's own property and residence before its development.
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The Imposition of British Culture as Portrayed in the New Westminster Capital Plan of 1859 to 1862
784:). In 1841, Douglas was charged with the duty of setting up a trading post on the southern tip of
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negotiated a commercial treaty that established future relations between the two state companies.
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919:. Douglas pressed Britain to exert sovereignty over all islands in the archipelago dividing the
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British subjects, most held permanent residence in the colony, and few of them owned property.
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600:
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Howard, Joseph Jackson (1893–1906). Heraldic Visitation of England and Wales. 8. p. 161-164. .
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Douglas's proclamation of sovereignty and established a new colony encompassing the mainland.
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1475:, a 90-kilometre (56 mi) inlet on British Columbia's northwest coast, just southwest of
1423:, an important wagon road that ran via a series of lake portages from Harrison Lake north to
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1020:). In 1856, as ordered by the British Government, Douglas reluctantly established an elected
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in what later became known as the Pioneer Committee. In 1863, Douglas was knighted by Queen
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is a publicly funded community university transfer and vocational college with campuses in
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was not repeated in British Columbia. He was nicknamed "Old Squaretoes" for his stiffness.
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457:, a notable art collector. Through his paternal grandmother, James Douglas was related to
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His relations with First Nations peoples were mixed. On the one hand, Douglas' wife was
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grew up to become a politician and Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA), 1875–1878.
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1990:. Ottawa, Department of Mines and Technical Surveys, Government of Canada. p. 282.
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973:. In contrast, Europeans in the Colony numbered under 1000. Meanwhile, in neighboring
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and a half-sister in Paris. He had to return early when his daughter, Cecilia, died.
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931:, the dispute was eventually settled by arbitration in favour of the United States.
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His mother was Martha Ann (née Ritchie, later Telfer). Ritchie was classified as
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1839:"1811 - 1867: Pre-Confederation Treaties II: The Douglas Treaties, 1850 - 1854"
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1357:. Upon his retirement, Douglas was honoured with banquets in both Victoria and
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in Europe. While he commanded Fort Vancouver, he denounced the enslavement of
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788:. George Simpson had recommended a second line of forts be built in case the
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744:(PSAC) to both meet this demand and promote settlement of territories around
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and became a high-ranking officer. From 1851 to 1864, he was Governor of the
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referred to as the "Stikine lisière." The area leased by the RAC was on the
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2162:, Robert Hamilton Coats and R. Edward Gosnell, publ. Morang, Toronto, 1908
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1505:. Not to be confused with the Douglas Road from Harrison Lake to Lillooet.
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and other conflicts between Americans and indigenous peoples were raging.
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1800:
https://nationalpost.com/opinion/b-c-doesnt-need-to-atone-for-its-origins
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1325:, the First Auditor General of the Two Colonies of British Columbia, and
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in the 1860s at his invitation. He also used the sparse presence of the
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valley fell into American hands. Charged with the task, Douglas founded
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and likely also Métis. Douglas and Amelia were married on 27 April 1828
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1185: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1859:
Donald J. Hauka, McGowan's War, Vancouver: 2003, New Star Books, p.146
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2018:
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Sir James Douglas Primary School, Supply, Mahaica, Demerara, Guyana.
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In 1859, Douglas also found his colony embroiled in a dispute with
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Old Square-Toes and His Lady: The Life of James and Amelia Douglas
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Douglas Portage, a route around the "Falls of the Fraser" between
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administrator and received permission to create a trading post in
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Douglas supported Simpson's plans of making a settlement with the
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In attempt to suppress unlawful acts, Douglas appointed regional
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521:, in spring 1819. From there, Douglas was assigned as a clerk at
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915:. The protracted, twelve-year standoff came to be known as the
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1721:. Victoria, B.C., Canada: TouchWood Editions. pp. 1, 51.
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and the United States border along the 49th parallel from the
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Video, Provincial Capital Commission: James Douglas, Governor
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Colonial governors of British Columbia and Vancouver Island
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616:
1744:"Roots of black history run deep on the Vancouver Island"
1952:
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named for Douglas, but for a local settler of that name.
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and had the policy to trade the natives for their land.
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Fearing for Douglas's life, Connolly asked HBC Governor
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After the British Parliament in 1858 created the Crown
1895:
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At the age of 16, James Douglas signed on to join the
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Governor of the Colony of British Columbia (1803–1877)
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between his duties to the company and to the colony.
1994:
1940:
1752:. Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. Archived from
1397:, a former community located on the northern end of
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as First Governor of BC, AD 1858.1925. Oil on canvas
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2713:
Canadian Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
1928:
1916:
1883:
1871:
1620:, and the lake, creek, and plateau in the area are
1457:, a prominent, 260-metre (850 ft) hill in the
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2743:Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)
1710:
1708:
896:, the British and French carried out an attack on
846:He was not initially appointed as Governor of the
592:, roughly located within modern British Columbia.
377:(August 15, 1803 – August 2, 1877) was a Canadian
2055:"Name restoration for PKOLS (Mount Douglas Park)"
393:". He was instrumental to the resettlement of 35
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1862:
1493:Douglas Road, one of the first roads connecting
1443:, a 1,486-metre (4,875 ft) mountain of the
1114:in December 1858, and was sworn in as the first
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1705:
623:, a ceremony repeated almost a decade later at
481:with his children and put James into school at
420:. In 1858, he became the first Governor of the
2783:African-American history of Washington (state)
752:. Both stations are now located within modern
2773:Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866) people
2277:
1785:. Vol. X (1871–1880) (online ed.).
1649:"Douglas, Sir James National Historic Person"
2793:People from pre-statehood Washington (state)
1543:are public elementary schools in South East
961:of northern Georgia Strait and the Sechelt,
2788:History of Black people in British Columbia
2291:
1680:"Some Further Notes on the Douglas Family*"
1677:
1376:
1306:. This engineering feat ran 400 miles from
603:. The station was named after his manager,
153:James Douglas, wearing the insignia of the
2723:Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
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1714:
1302:, Douglas ordered the construction of the
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870:Governor of the Colony of Vancouver Island
800:. That proved beneficial when in 1846 the
505:(NWC), a major organization active in the
147:
19:For other people named James Douglas, see
2698:Pre-Confederation British Columbia people
1813:"The US island that nearly ignited a war"
1811:Sainsbury, Brendan (September 12, 2022).
1810:
1433:, name of a Canada-US border crossing in
1355:Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath
1245:Learn how and when to remove this message
389:. He is often credited as "The Father of
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
1482:Douglas Inlet, lies on the west side of
1467:PKOLS park (formerly Mount Douglas Park)
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1335:Legislative Assembly of British Columbia
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823:
562:
445:". His uncle was Lieutenant-General Sir
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1985:
1715:Adams, John; Adams, John David (2011).
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1116:Lieutenant-Governor of British Columbia
715:Governor of Russian Colonies in America
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2012:
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1742:Dedyna, Katherine (February 5, 2016).
1741:
1345:When Douglas ended his service to the
567:Lady Amelia Connolly Douglas, his wife
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2193:Chief Factor of Hudson's Bay Company
2168:"James Douglas (1803-1877) in Oregon"
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2000:
1958:
1946:
1934:
1922:
1901:
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1678:GIRARD, CHARLOTTE S. M. (1986–1987).
1280:In December 1861, during the ongoing
576:trading post in what is now northern
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338:13 (6 lived to adulthood), including
2763:Guyanese people of Barbadian descent
2748:Canadian people of Barbadian descent
1970:
1183:adding citations to reliable sources
1154:
1105:Royal Engineers, Columbia Detachment
1036:In 1856, gold was discovered in the
532:The following year, he was moved to
381:and politician who became the first
54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
2758:Guyanese people of Scottish descent
2753:Canadian people of Guyanese descent
2738:Canadian people of Scottish descent
2121:(New Star Books, Vancouver, 2003).
1537:Sir James Douglas Elementary School
13:
2094:
2088:, Burnaby: Simon Fraser University
1601:. Originally built as part of the
1582:Douglas Hall, a residence hall at
1412:west of Harrison Lake and east of
1142:Margaret A. Ormsby, author of the
1134:Mary Moody, the descendant of the
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729:Russian American claimed territory
671:Douglas spent 19 years working in
477:In 1812, John Douglas returned to
424:and asserted the authority of the
14:
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2768:Colony of Vancouver Island people
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2135:(Oxford University Press, 1971).
1605:, it became important during the
1501:, is still extant in sections in
1077:James Douglas Taking the Oath at
742:Pugets Sound Agricultural Company
701:Pugets Sound Agricultural Company
695:Pugets Sound Agricultural Company
660:
2571:
1782:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
1655:. March 15, 2012. Archived from
1408:, a southernmost portion of the
1159:
1144:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
1110:Moody and his family arrived in
819:
588:, headquarters of the company's
471:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
459:Sir Andrew Buchanan, 1st Baronet
30:
2076:
2047:
2035:
2006:
1979:
1964:
1907:
1845:. Canadiana.org. Archived from
1265:, a Chief Inspector of Police (
1170:needs additional citations for
405:for his services to the Crown.
324:
41:needs additional citations for
2104:(Horsdal and Schubart, 2002).
1853:
1831:
1804:
1793:
1768:
1735:
1671:
1641:
1571:James Bay, a small bay within
1395:Port Douglas, British Columbia
1385:Grave of Sir James Douglas at
727:let the HBC rent a portion of
408:He started work at 16 for the
21:James Douglas (disambiguation)
1:
2778:Black Canadian businesspeople
1634:
1194:"James Douglas" governor
796:, on the site of present-day
760:Later years at Fort Vancouver
735:, on the northern coast from
435:
65:"James Douglas" governor
2798:People from Demerara-Mahaica
2244:Governor of British Columbia
2219:Governor of Vancouver Island
2102:Old Square Toes and His Lady
2084:Scott, Laura Elaine (1983),
1775:Ormsby, Margaret A. (1972).
451:Commander-in-Chief, Scotland
199:Governor of Vancouver Island
168:Governor of British Columbia
7:
2728:Hudson's Bay Company people
1971:Cail, Robert Edgar (1974).
1787:University of Toronto Press
1618:Douglas Lake Cattle Company
1150:
892:for protection. During the
713:in early 1839, Simpson and
264:, Dutch/Batavian Colony of
10:
2814:
2703:Black Canadian politicians
2508:Pierre-Chrysologue Pambrun
1627:
1603:Hudson's Bay Brigade Trail
1584:Trinity Western University
1087:Colony of British Columbia
860:Royal Proclamation of 1763
848:Colony of Vancouver Island
804:was signed, extending the
798:Victoria, British Columbia
698:
664:
580:. He was next assigned at
556:
422:Colony of British Columbia
418:Colony of Vancouver Island
387:Colony of British Columbia
18:
2645:
2589:
2580:
2569:
2526:
2463:Alexander Roderick McLeod
2430:
2324:
2315:
2302:
2250:
2241:
2235:
2225:
2216:
2208:
2198:
2191:
2183:
1988:Men and Meridians, Vol. 1
1779:. In Hayne, David (ed.).
362:
345:
334:
309:
301:
291:
271:
248:
243:
239:
227:
215:
204:
196:
184:
173:
165:
161:
146:
132:
2309:in the Pacific Northwest
1986:Thomson, Don W. (1966).
1435:Surrey, British Columbia
1377:Places named for Douglas
1136:Hawks industrial dynasty
1126:, one of the wealthiest
1101:Sir Edward Bulwer-Lytton
911:over sovereignty in the
850:, which instead went to
707:Russian-American Company
645:, near the mouth of the
595:In 1827, he established
540:in what is now northern
507:North American fur trade
2498:William Alexander Mouat
2422:Willamette Trading Post
2173:The Oregon Encyclopedia
2131:Smith, Dorothy Blakey.
1692:10.14288/bcs.v0i72.1252
1630:Statue of James Douglas
1607:Fraser Canyon Gold Rush
1541:Sir James Douglas Annex
1447:, located southeast of
1445:Vancouver Island Ranges
1327:John Sebastian Helmcken
1046:Fraser Canyon Gold Rush
1032:Fraser Canyon Gold Rush
1018:Christ Church Cathedral
774:Yerba Buena, California
430:Fraser Canyon Gold Rush
2582:New Caledonia District
2013:Tanner, Ogden (1977).
1577:historic neighbourhood
1390:
1095:was handpicked by the
1082:
832:
768:, where he met with a
590:New Caledonia District
568:
2473:William Henry McNeill
2453:William Fraser Tolmie
2347:Fort George (Astoria)
2229:Arthur Edward Kennedy
1628:Further information:
1384:
1093:Richard Clement Moody
1076:
1040:, a tributary of the
827:
806:British North America
718:Ferdinand von Wrangel
566:
352:John Douglas (father)
234:Arthur Edward Kennedy
2708:Canadian fur traders
2493:John McLoughlin, Jr.
2238:Position Nonexistent
1843:Canada in the Making
1777:"Douglas, Sir James"
1341:Retirement and death
1331:Speaker of the House
1321:He was friends with
1275:California Gold Rush
1179:improve this article
1026:conflict of interest
1022:Legislative Assembly
979:Washington Territory
946:, including raiding
909:Washington Territory
621:'à la façon du pays'
559:Hudson's Bay Company
553:Hudson's Bay Company
546:Hudson's Bay Company
414:Hudson's Bay Company
50:improve this article
2317:Columbia Department
2295:Columbia Department
1961:, pp. 115–117.
1756:on February 6, 2016
1659:on October 17, 2013
355:Martha Ann (mother)
2653:Peter Warren Dease
2607:Fort Durham (Taku)
2544:Michel Laframboise
2443:Roderick Finlayson
2117:Hauka, Donald J..
1391:
1083:
833:
569:
503:North West Company
497:North West Company
410:North West Company
2675:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2567:
2566:
2554:Ovide de Montigny
2503:Peter Skene Ogden
2260:
2259:
2254:Frederick Seymour
2251:Succeeded by
2226:Succeeded by
2212:Richard Blanshard
2199:Succeeded by
2159:Sir James Douglas
1904:, pp. 19–20.
1728:978-1-926971-71-1
1562:Saanich Peninsula
1387:Ross Bay Cemetery
1371:Ross Bay Cemetery
1300:Cariboo Gold Rush
1255:
1254:
1247:
1229:
1059:Fraser Canyon War
921:Strait of Georgia
902:Esquimalt harbour
852:Richard Blanshard
814:Strait of Georgia
737:Mount Fairweather
733:Alaskan Panhandle
725:RAC-HBC Agreement
643:Columbia District
615:. Her mother was
509:. He sailed from
395:African Americans
369:Sir James Douglas
366:
365:
296:Ross Bay Cemetery
222:Richard Blanshard
191:Frederick Seymour
155:Order of the Bath
134:Sir James Douglas
126:
125:
118:
100:
2805:
2658:William Connolly
2590:Company Stations
2587:
2586:
2575:
2513:Francois Payette
2325:Company Stations
2322:
2321:
2296:
2286:
2279:
2272:
2263:
2262:
2236:Preceded by
2209:Preceded by
2184:Preceded by
2181:
2180:
2177:
2089:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1866:
1860:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1849:on June 6, 2004.
1835:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1808:
1802:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1712:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1645:
1573:Victoria Harbour
1461:municipality of
1459:Greater Victoria
1250:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1230:
1228:
1187:
1163:
1155:
1112:British Columbia
998:Douglas Treaties
913:San Juan Islands
886:Vancouver Island
881:French Canadians
786:Vancouver Island
655:James W. Douglas
605:William Connolly
391:British Columbia
376:
340:James W. Douglas
328:
326:
286:British Columbia
278:
258:
256:
244:Personal details
230:
218:
209:
187:
178:
151:
141:
130:
129:
121:
114:
110:
107:
101:
99:
58:
34:
26:
2813:
2812:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2667:
2641:
2597:Fort Alexandria
2576:
2563:
2534:Pierre Belleque
2522:
2488:John McLoughlin
2426:
2377:Fort Nez Percés
2372:Fort McLoughlin
2311:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2256:
2247:
2239:
2231:
2222:
2214:
2204:
2195:
2189:
2187:John McLoughlin
2149:
2100:Adams, John D.
2097:
2095:Further reading
2092:
2079:
2074:
2073:
2063:
2061:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2040:
2036:
2029:
2011:
2007:
1999:
1995:
1984:
1980:
1969:
1965:
1957:
1953:
1945:
1941:
1933:
1929:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1900:
1896:
1888:
1884:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1822:
1820:
1809:
1805:
1798:
1794:
1773:
1769:
1759:
1757:
1740:
1736:
1729:
1713:
1706:
1696:
1694:
1676:
1672:
1662:
1660:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1527:New Westminster
1523:Douglas College
1495:New Westminster
1473:Douglas Channel
1410:Coast Mountains
1389:in Victoria, BC
1379:
1359:New Westminster
1343:
1298:, sparking the
1251:
1240:
1234:
1231:
1188:
1186:
1176:
1164:
1153:
1097:Colonial Office
1071:
1069:Feud with Moody
1034:
969:peoples of the
929:San Juan Island
872:
830:Douglas Obelisk
822:
810:Rocky Mountains
766:Alta California
762:
703:
697:
681:John McLoughlin
669:
663:
649:in present-day
613:Amelia Connolly
561:
555:
538:Churchill River
534:Île-à-la-Crosse
525:in what is now
499:
455:Cecilia Douglas
453:. His aunt was
438:
372:
358:
330:
327: 1828)
322:
318:
302:Political party
280:
276:
260:
259:August 15, 1803
254:
252:
228:
216:
210:
205:
185:
179:
174:
157:
142:
137:
135:
122:
111:
105:
102:
59:
57:
47:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2811:
2801:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2627:Fort St. James
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2593:
2591:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2549:Étienne Lucier
2546:
2541:
2539:Joseph Gervais
2536:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2518:Alexander Ross
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2468:James McMillan
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2402:Fort Vancouver
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2382:Fort Nisqually
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2328:
2326:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2307:HBC operations
2303:
2300:
2299:
2289:
2288:
2281:
2274:
2266:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2249:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2224:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2197:
2190:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2163:
2155:
2148:
2147:External links
2145:
2144:
2143:
2129:
2115:
2112:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2059:www.saanich.ca
2046:
2034:
2027:
2021:. p. 91.
2005:
2003:, p. 131.
1993:
1978:
1963:
1951:
1949:, p. 109.
1939:
1927:
1915:
1906:
1894:
1882:
1870:
1861:
1852:
1830:
1803:
1792:
1767:
1749:Times Colonist
1734:
1727:
1704:
1670:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1626:
1625:
1614:
1591:
1580:
1569:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1534:
1520:
1509:Douglas Street
1506:
1491:
1484:Moresby Island
1480:
1470:
1452:
1438:
1428:
1417:
1406:Douglas Ranges
1402:
1378:
1375:
1342:
1339:
1296:Cariboo region
1253:
1252:
1167:
1165:
1158:
1152:
1149:
1070:
1067:
1038:Thompson River
1033:
1030:
971:Lower Mainland
944:Nuu-chah-nulth
871:
868:
839:Douglas had a
821:
818:
790:Columbia River
761:
758:
750:Fort Nisqually
699:Main article:
696:
693:
673:Fort Vancouver
667:Fort Vancouver
665:Main article:
662:
661:Fort Vancouver
659:
647:Columbia River
639:George Simpson
625:Fort Vancouver
582:Fort St. James
574:Fort Vermilion
557:Main article:
554:
551:
498:
495:
437:
434:
426:British Empire
364:
363:
360:
359:
357:
356:
353:
349:
347:
343:
342:
336:
332:
331:
320:
316:Amelia Douglas
314:
313:
311:
307:
306:
303:
299:
298:
293:
289:
288:
279:(aged 73)
275:August 2, 1877
273:
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38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2774:
2771:
2769:
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2761:
2759:
2756:
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2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2718:Chief factors
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2574:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2448:James Douglas
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2417:Spokane House
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2407:Fort Victoria
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2367:Fort Okanogan
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2357:Fort Kamloops
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2308:
2301:
2297:
2287:
2282:
2280:
2275:
2273:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2255:
2246:
2245:
2234:
2230:
2221:
2220:
2213:
2207:
2203:
2194:
2188:
2182:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2166:Adams, John.
2164:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2142:
2141:0-19-540187-5
2138:
2134:
2133:James Douglas
2130:
2128:
2127:1-55420-001-6
2124:
2120:
2119:McGowan's War
2116:
2113:
2111:
2110:0-920663-77-X
2107:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2087:
2082:
2081:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2043:
2038:
2030:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2015:The Canadians
2009:
2002:
1997:
1989:
1982:
1975:. p. 60.
1974:
1967:
1960:
1955:
1948:
1943:
1937:, p. 25.
1936:
1931:
1925:, p. 23.
1924:
1919:
1910:
1903:
1898:
1892:, p. 19.
1891:
1886:
1880:, p. 13.
1879:
1874:
1865:
1856:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1834:
1823:September 17,
1818:
1814:
1807:
1801:
1796:
1788:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1771:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1745:
1738:
1730:
1724:
1720:
1719:
1711:
1709:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1674:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1640:
1631:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1499:Burrard Inlet
1496:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:. Located in
1464:
1460:
1456:
1455:Mount Douglas
1453:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1400:
1399:Harrison Lake
1396:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1374:
1372:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1353:promoted him
1352:
1348:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1284:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1271:Chartres Brew
1268:
1267:Chartres Brew
1264:
1259:
1249:
1246:
1238:
1235:December 2022
1227:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1196: –
1195:
1191:
1190:Find sources:
1184:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1168:This section
1166:
1162:
1157:
1156:
1148:
1145:
1140:
1137:
1132:
1129:
1128:mercantilists
1125:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1088:
1080:
1075:
1066:
1062:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1029:
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106:December 2022
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67: –
66:
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61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
2632:Fort Stikine
2478:Thomas McKay
2458:Thomas McKay
2447:
2438:James Birnie
2412:Fort William
2392:Fort Simpson
2362:Fort Langley
2342:Cowlitz Farm
2337:Fort Colvile
2304:
2242:
2217:
2192:
2171:
2158:
2132:
2118:
2101:
2085:
2077:Bibliography
2062:. Retrieved
2058:
2049:
2037:
2014:
2008:
1996:
1987:
1981:
1972:
1966:
1954:
1942:
1930:
1918:
1909:
1897:
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1873:
1864:
1855:
1847:the original
1842:
1833:
1821:. Retrieved
1819:. BBC Travel
1816:
1806:
1795:
1780:
1770:
1758:. Retrieved
1754:the original
1747:
1737:
1717:
1695:. Retrieved
1686:(72): 3–27.
1683:
1673:
1661:. Retrieved
1657:the original
1653:Parks Canada
1643:
1621:
1611:Douglas Road
1558:James Island
1449:Port Alberni
1441:Douglas Peak
1421:Douglas Road
1367:
1344:
1320:
1316:
1304:Cariboo Road
1293:
1282:
1279:
1260:
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1232:
1222:
1215:
1208:
1201:
1189:
1177:Please help
1172:verification
1169:
1143:
1141:
1133:
1124:Thomas Moody
1109:
1091:
1084:
1079:Fort Langley
1063:
1042:Fraser River
1035:
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991:
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864:
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838:
834:
763:
746:Cowlitz Farm
722:
704:
677:York Factory
670:
636:
629:
594:
570:
544:. The rival
542:Saskatchewan
531:
523:Fort William
519:Lower Canada
500:
476:
469:
463:
461:, diplomat.
447:Neil Douglas
439:
407:
398:
368:
367:
277:(1877-08-02)
229:Succeeded by
206:
186:Succeeded by
175:
127:
112:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
2693:1877 deaths
2688:1803 births
2663:John Stuart
2622:Fort McLeod
2617:Fort George
2612:Fort Fraser
2602:Fort Babine
2483:John McLeod
2397:Fort Umpqua
2387:Fort Rupert
2202:A.G. Dallas
1564:, opposite
1488:Haida Gwaii
1312:Barkerville
1054:Indian Wars
1050:prospectors
987:Yakima Wars
952:Haida Gwaii
925:Puget Sound
894:Crimean War
586:Stuart Lake
527:Thunder Bay
428:during the
217:Preceded by
2682:Categories
2637:Fort Yukon
2332:Fort Boise
2248:1858–1864
2223:1851–1864
2196:1840–1858
2028:0809415410
2001:Scott 1983
1959:Scott 1983
1947:Scott 1983
1935:Scott 1983
1923:Scott 1983
1902:Scott 1983
1890:Scott 1983
1878:Scott 1983
1760:August 27,
1684:BC Studies
1663:October 6,
1635:References
1616:The noted
1575:, and the
1511:(Highways
1414:Stave Lake
1323:Robert Ker
1263:constables
1205:newspapers
890:Royal Navy
782:California
754:Washington
709:(RAC). In
651:Washington
491:Manchester
436:Early life
379:fur trader
255:1803-08-15
76:newspapers
2352:Fort Hall
2305:Historic
2019:Time Life
1697:April 30,
1531:Coquitlam
1329:a future
1308:Fort Yale
1289:Civil War
1011:shillings
1009:or a few
956:Euclataws
856:barrister
691:peoples.
689:Chinookan
611:daughter
601:Bear Lake
511:Liverpool
399:Commodore
266:Essequibo
211:1851–1864
207:In office
180:1858–1864
176:In office
2646:Officers
2527:Laborers
2431:Officers
1545:Victoria
1425:Lillooet
1363:Scotland
1351:Victoria
1349:, Queen
1151:Governor
1099:, under
1007:blankets
963:Squamish
959:Kwakiutl
954:and the
936:Cowichan
776:(modern
685:furlough
487:Huguenot
479:Scotland
443:Scotland
403:Victoria
383:Governor
335:Children
282:Victoria
262:Demerara
2559:Naukane
2064:May 13,
1817:bbc.com
1595:Spuzzum
1588:Langley
1503:Burnaby
1477:Kitimat
1463:Saanich
1431:Douglas
1333:of the
1219:scholar
1121:Colonel
940:Nanaimo
917:Pig War
812:to the
770:Mexican
711:Hamburg
683:was on
578:Alberta
536:on the
515:Lachine
385:of the
346:Parents
329:
321:
90:scholar
2139:
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2108:
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1725:
1566:Sidney
1347:Empire
1285:Affair
1221:
1214:
1207:
1200:
1192:
983:Cayuse
975:Oregon
967:Sto:lo
965:, and
841:Kanaka
632:Dakelh
483:Lanark
310:Spouse
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
1554:farm.
1283:Trent
1226:JSTOR
1212:books
950:from
948:Haida
923:from
877:Métis
609:Métis
323:(
319:
97:JSTOR
83:books
2292:The
2137:ISBN
2123:ISBN
2106:ISBN
2066:2024
2023:ISBN
1825:2022
1762:2017
1723:ISBN
1699:2017
1665:2013
1599:Yale
1597:and
1590:, BC
1539:and
1529:and
1515:and
1419:The
1404:The
1198:news
1005:few
994:Cree
985:and
981:the
977:and
879:and
828:The
748:and
723:The
617:Cree
513:for
305:None
272:Died
249:Born
197:2nd
166:1st
69:news
1688:doi
1622:not
1586:in
1497:to
1486:in
1310:to
1181:by
875:of
599:on
584:on
489:in
374:KCB
139:KCB
52:by
2684::
2170:.
2057:.
2017:.
1841:.
1815:.
1746:.
1707:^
1682:.
1651:.
1517:17
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1690::
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1513:1
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1242:(
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