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1103:, in Germany, where he assumed the title of "Baron of Offenbach," and lived as a wealthy nobleman, receiving financial support from his Polish and Moravian followers, who made frequent pilgrimages to Offenbach. On the death of Frank in 1790, Eve became the "holy mistress" and leader of the sect. Her fortunes dwindled in the aftermath of the
1766:"Mickiewicz's mother, descended from a converted Frankist family": Encyclopaedia Judaica, art. Mickiewicz, Adam. "Mickiewicz's Frankist origins were well-known to the Warsaw Jewish community as early as 1838 (according to evidence in the AZDJ of that year, p. 362). The parents of the poet's wife also came from Frankist families."
964:
At the discussion in 1759, the rabbis energetically repulsed their opponents. After the discussion the
Frankists were requested to demonstrate in practice their adherence to Christianity; Jacob Frank, who had then arrived in Lwów, encouraged his followers to take the decisive step. The baptism of the
715:
in
Salonica. One of these gatherings in Lanckorona (Landskron) ended in a scandal, and the rabbis' attention was drawn to the new teachings. Frank was forced to leave Podolia, while his followers were hounded and denounced to the local authorities by the rabbis (1756). At the rabbinical court held in
835:
between them and the rabbis of the traditionalist community. The Anti-Talmudists presented their theses, which began the intense dispute. The bishop sided in favour of the
Frankists and also ordered the burning of all copies of the Talmud in Poland. 10,000 volumes were destroyed, which was a
399:
929:. These revelations called for the conversion of Frank and his followers to the Christian religion, which was to be a visible transition stage to the future "das" or religion to be revealed by Frank. In 1759 negotiations looking toward the conversion of the Frankists to
1556:
Pikulski, Gaudenty, Zlosc zydowska przeciwko Bogu y blizniemu prawdzie y sumnieniu na obiasnienie talmudystow na dowod ich zaslepienia y religii dalekiey od prawa
Boskiego przez Moyzesza danego, rodzielona na trzy czesci..., Lwow, 1760, p.
213:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
113:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
1067:
until 1786, surrounded by a retinue of adherents and pilgrims who came from Poland. His daughter Eve began to play an important role in the sect at this time. Frank kept a force of armed men at his "court". The future czar
1038:, and kept up constant communication with their "holy master". Frank inspired his followers through mystical speeches and epistles, in which he stated that salvation could be gained only by first adopting the "religion of
531:. The Jewish authorities in Poland excommunicated Frank and his followers due to his heretical doctrines that included deification of himself as a part of a trinity and other controversial concepts such as neo-
973:(nobility) acting as god-parents. The neophytes adopted the names of their godfathers and godmothers, and ultimately joined their ranks. Frank himself was baptized in Lwów (17 September 1759) and again in
988:
However, the
Frankists continued to be viewed with suspicion due to their strange doctrines. Frank was arrested in Warsaw on 6 February 1760 and delivered to the Church's tribunal on the charge of
711:(b. 1720) were witnesses at his wedding in 1752. In 1755, he reappeared in Podolia, gathered a group of local adherents, and began to preach the "revelations" which were communicated to him by the
985:). In the course of one year more than 500 individuals were converted to Christianity at Lwów, and nearly a thousand in the following year. By 1790, 26,000 Jews were recorded baptised in Poland.
1189:
Rabbi
Mordechai ben Elias Margalit of Prague (Mardocheusz in Polish), another of Frank's principal teachers. He helped introduce Frank to the practices of the Karakashi sect of the
2450:
1495:
1016:
804:(excommunication) against all "impenitent heretics", and made it obligatory upon every pious Jew to seek them out and expose them. The Sabbateans informed
2390:
1529:
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839:
After the death of the bishop, the
Sabbateans were subjected to severe persecution by the rabbis, although they succeeded in obtaining an edict from
216:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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The bishop took Frank and his followers (the "Anti-Talmudists", or "Zoharistic Jews") under his protection and in 1757 arranged a religious
1710:
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1751:
1950:
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Maciejko, Pawel (2011). The Mixed
Multitude: Jacob Frank and the Frankist Movement. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
1921:
1205:
was caught smuggling
Sabbatian literature into Germany in 1725. Mordechai allegedly engaged in adultery and other antinomian conduct.
2119:
1201:). Frank traveled with him to Salonika in November 1753. He left Bohemia and moved to the Ottoman Empire after Jakob Frank's uncle
918:
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Frank's imprisonment lasted thirteen years, yet it only increased his influence with the sect by surrounding him with the aura of
1122:
as a potential
Messiah. The Frankists scattered in Poland and Bohemia eventually intermarried into the gentry and middle class.
937:; at the same time the Frankists tried to secure another discussion with the rabbis. The Polish primate Łubieński and the papal
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in Ukraine) in 1722. Still, they could not fully succeed, as it was widely popular among the nascent Jewish middle class.
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Jacob Frank and His Doctrine against the Background of the Crisis of Traditional Polish Jewry of the Eighteenth Century
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were suspicious of the aspirations of the Frankists, but at the insistence of the administrator of the bishopric of
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In the early 1750s, Frank became intimate with the leaders of the Sabbateans. Two followers of the Sabbatian leader
237:
Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Polish Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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for their sins, subjected themselves to self-inflicted pain, and "mourned for Zion"; others disregarded the strict
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O. A. Pzhetslavsky. He promulgated the allegations that the mothers of "three of the greatest men of Poland" (
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Maciejko, Pawel (2005). "'Baruch Yavan and the Frankist movement : intercession in an age of upheaval",
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323:
878:
755:
696:", a name generally given in the East to Europeans, and lived in the centers of contemporary Sabbateanism,
290:
45:
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Jakub Frank i jego nauka : na tle kryzysu religijnej tradycji osiemnastowiecznego żydowstwa polskiego
1590:
Dengel, Ignatz Philipp, Nuntius Joseph Garampi in preussich Schlesien ...im Jahre 1776, Rome, 1903, p. 239
1052:, or Knowledge in Hebrew). After the first partition of Poland, Frank was released by the Russian general
948:, the canon Mikulski, the discussion was arranged. It was held in Lwów and was presided over by Mikulski.
828:. They stated that they regarded the Messiah-Deliverer as one of the embodiments of the three divinities.
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in Ukraine) the Sabbateans were accused of having broken fundamental Jewish laws of morality and modesty.
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even showed the house where he was born was located on Korołówka street in Buchach. His father was a
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missionaries also tried to detour the Frankists to Protestantism, and a handful did join the
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In expectation of the great Messianic revolution, the members of these societies violated
8:
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1141:) issued memoirs of an influential official of the Russian Ministry of the Interior, the
665:), in about 1726. The Polish historian Gaudenty Pikulski affirmed that Frank was born in
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regarded him as a disseminator of Christianity among the Jews, and it is even said that
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Majer Bałaban, "LinkLe-toldot ha-tenuʻah ha-Franḳit".Tel Aviv : Devir, 694-695
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1161:) were converted Jews from the Frankist sect. Similar assertions were put forth by
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Jacob Frank is believed to have been born as Jakub Lejbowicz to a Jewish family in
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20:
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Balaban, Meir, The history of the Frank movement, 2 vols., 1934-1935, pp. 254-259.
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Jacob Frank is the central character in the novel by Polish Nobel laureate writer
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As a travelling merchant in textile and precious stones Jacob Frank often visited
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Kraushar, Aleksander, Frank i frankiści polscy, 1726-1816, Krakow 1895, II, p. 36
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1569:, Ir Umeloah, "A City in Its Fullness", Hebrew, עיר ומלואה, Shoken 1973, p. 221
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Leib, a Jewish Sabbatian teacher of Frank's during the latter's childhood in
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532:
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Maciejko, Pawel (2006). "'Christian elements in early Frankist doctrine",
992:. He was convicted of teaching heresy, and imprisoned in the monastery of
2019:
The Frankist Movement in Poland, the Czech Lands, and Germany (1755–1816)
1964:
832:
517:
1895:
609:. The mystical cult of the Sabbateans is believed to have included both
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1954:. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 15.
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1788: Ein Messias im Isenburger Schloss - die "Frankisten" in Offenbach
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1095:. Ultimately Frank was deemed unmanageable and he was obliged to leave
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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were being actively carried on with the higher representatives of the
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The Mixed Multitude: Jacob Frank and the Frankist Movement, 1755-1816
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485:
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1530:"Women and the Messianic Heresy of Sabbatai Zevi 1666-1816 (review)"
1231:, available online in English. Translated, edited and annotated by
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558:. This religious mysticism followed socioeconomic changes among the
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Frankists was celebrated with great solemnity in the churches of
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685:, in 1730, where the Sabbatean influence at the time was strong.
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The Militant Messiah: The Story of Jacob Frank and the Frankists
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Rabbi Issohar, one of Frank's principal teachers. A disciple of
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Frank arguably created a religious movement, now referred to as
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in Offenbach," in Goldish, Matt, and Richard H. Popkin, eds.,
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religious leader who claimed to be the reincarnation of the
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1610:"FRANK, JACOB, AND THE FRANKISTS - JewishEncyclopedia.com"
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Accompanied by his daughter, Frank repeatedly traveled to
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794:
Consequent to these disclosures the congress of rabbis in
1995:
The Mixed Multitude:Jacob Frank and the Frankist Movement
824:, which did not contradict the Christian doctrine of the
1460:(in Polish). Filmoteka Narodowa - Instytut Audiowizualny
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required by Judaism, and at times were accused of being
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as his godfather. Frank's baptismal name was "Joseph" (
1839:, translated, edited and annotated by Harris Lenowitz.
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tremendous loss for the Jewish libraries of that era.
1989:, Dordrecth, Kluwer Academic, 2001, pp. 189–202.
1492:"Jakub Frank - samozwańczy Mesjasz - Ciekawe.onet.pl"
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Supernatural beings identified with Christian saints
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1640:- Journal of Music and Letters. 2002. Archived from
602:, between the late 17th and the early 18th century.
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106:
2120:"'Shabtai Zvi' and 'Jacob Frank and the Frankists'"
1842:
1083:, and succeeded in gaining the favor of the court.
297:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1486:
1484:
1422:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 158.
1256:The personality of Frank has inspired the Polish
847:Declaration of being a successor to Sabbatai Zevi
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1099:. He moved with his daughter and his retinue to
1056:, who had occupied Częstochowa, in August 1772.
2044:The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe
527:(1626–1676) and also of the biblical patriarch
1481:
578:There were numerous outbreaks of followers of
231:accompanying your translation by providing an
197:Click for important translation instructions.
184:expand this article with text translated from
131:accompanying your translation by providing an
97:Click for important translation instructions.
84:expand this article with text translated from
2159:
1634:"Album Musical de Maria Szymanowska (review)"
1034:. Many Frankists established themselves near
2104:Polacy–Chrześcijanie pochodzenia żydowskiego
1517:File:Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 1635.png
1365:"Jacob Frank | Polish religious leader"
1329:who has extensively studied Frank's writings
917:At this critical moment Jacob Frank came to
1987:Jewish Messianism in the Early Modern World
959:
885:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
762:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
692:territories, where he earned the nickname "
60:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2391:Converts to Roman Catholicism from Judaism
2166:
2152:
1905:
1810:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1708:Adam Mickiewicz, Poet, Patriot and Prophet
397:
16:Polish-Jewish religious leader (1726–1790)
1981:Lenowitz, Harris, "The Charlatan at the
1770:, art. "Frank, Jacob, and the Frankists".
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1448:
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1173:Notable Sabbatian teachers of Jakob Frank
905:Learn how and when to remove this message
782:Learn how and when to remove this message
375:Learn how and when to remove this message
357:Learn how and when to remove this message
2034:
2015:
1992:
1934:
1415:
1193:in the Turkish empire, which worshipped
1011:
1003:
999:
573:
2046:. Yale University Press. Archived from
1829:The Collection of the Words of the Lord
1744:Magdalena Opalski & Israel Bartal,
1458:Internetowy Polski Słownik Biograficzny
1228:The Collection of the Words of the Lord
816:and recognized only the sacred book of
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1110:Some Frankists were active during the
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535:"purification through transgression".
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2066:Jahrbuch des Simon-Dubnow-Instituts 4
1958:
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1107:, and she died in Offenbach in 1816.
2001:: University of Pennsylvania Press.
1747:Poles and Jews: A Failed Brotherhood
1717:, Regina Grol, Info Poland classroom
1527:
1091:was favorably inclined to the young
883:adding citations to reliable sources
850:
760:adding citations to reliable sources
727:
295:adding citations to reliable sources
266:
243:{{Translated|de|Jakob Joseph Frank}}
166:
66:
25:
2114:
1354:
1235:, with an introduction by Lenowitz.
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13:
2406:Jews from Galicia (Eastern Europe)
1528:Baer, Marc David (December 2013).
14:
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2128:(CD-ROM ed.). Archived from
1915:
1130:, also descended from Frankists.
1008:Jacob Frank on his deathbed, 1790
812:, Poland, that they rejected the
516:; 1726 – 10 December 1790) was a
451:Principality of Isenburg-Birstein
41:This article has multiple issues.
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542:, which incorporated aspects of
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19:For the Israeli politician, see
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1498:from the original on 2016-03-04
1293:) published in October 2014 by
282:needs additional citations for
49:or discuss these issues on the
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1409:
1375:
1245:Jacob Frank is the subject of
716:the village of Satanów (today
681:, in the Carpathian region of
429:Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
241:You may also add the template
141:You may also add the template
1:
1348:
969:, with members of the Polish
644:
637:at the assembly at Lwów (now
143:{{Translated|pl|Jakub Frank}}
1963:. Harris Lenowitz (trans.).
1182:, Frank studied with him in
1133:In 1883, a Russian magazine
629:, or even committing ritual
7:
2421:People from Ternopil Oblast
1790:] (in Polish). Warsaw.
1301:
403:Jacob Frank, 1895 depiction
10:
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2386:18th-century Polish rabbis
1668:November 25, 2010, at the
1614:www.jewishencyclopedia.com
1542:: CS1 maint: url-status (
1388:. Routledge. p. 759.
1072:visited him together with
843:guaranteeing them safety.
205:Machine translation, like
105:Machine translation, like
18:
2335:
2315:
2279:
2181:
2016:Maciejko, Paweł (2004) .
1385:Reader's Guide to Judaism
1333:List of messiah claimants
808:, the Catholic Bishop of
481:
471:
461:
435:
413:
408:
396:
389:
186:the corresponding article
86:the corresponding article
2411:Jewish messiah claimants
2102:Mieses, Mateusz (1938).
2068:(2005) pp. 333–354.
2035:Maciejko, Pawel (2005).
2022:. University of Oxford.
1993:Maciejko, Pawel (2011).
1416:Maciejko, Pawel (2011).
1313:Christianity and Judaism
977:the next day, with King
960:Baptism of the Frankists
2381:18th-century Christians
2079:Mandel, Arthur (1979).
1951:Encyclopædia Britannica
1713:April 29, 2016, at the
1638:Oxford University Press
1382:Terry, Michael (2013).
1369:Encyclopedia Britannica
1318:Criticism of the Talmud
798:proclaimed a universal
607:Jewish laws and customs
522:self-proclaimed messiah
252:For more guidance, see
152:For more guidance, see
2431:Polish Roman Catholics
2231:Abraham Miguel Cardoso
2085:Atlantic Highlands, NJ
2075:(2006) pp. 13–41.
1961:Sayings of Yakov Frank
1835:June 20, 2011, at the
1663:Między dwiema trumnami
1343:Schisms among the Jews
1295:Wydawnictwo Literackie
1290:
1221:Jacob Frank's writings
1027:
1009:
841:Augustus III of Poland
509:
2446:Founders of religions
2426:Polish Ashkenazi Jews
2125:Encyclopaedia Judaica
1959:Frank, Yakov (1978).
1768:Encyclopaedia Judaica
1754:May 15, 2016, at the
1691:www.russian-globe.com
1325:, a professor at the
1273:. Frank is played by
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1007:
1000:Prison and later days
574:Historical background
254:Knowledge:Translation
225:copyright attribution
154:Knowledge:Translation
125:copyright attribution
2271:Judah Leib Prossnitz
2226:Joshua Heschel Zoref
2087:: Humanities Press.
1941:"Frank, Jakob"
1128:Tadeusz Boy-Żeleński
1074:Joseph II of Austria
879:improve this section
756:improve this section
291:improve this article
2266:Meir bar Hiyya Rofe
2132:on January 16, 2009
1780:Doktor, J. (1991).
1454:"Jakub Józef Frank"
1308:Apostasy in Judaism
1275:Olgierd Łukaszewicz
1240:Cultural references
1203:Moses Meir Kamenker
1059:Frank lived in the
724:The anti-Talmudists
594:), particularly in
1567:Shmuel Yosef Agnon
1327:University of Utah
1286:The Books of Jacob
1120:Napoleon Bonaparte
1028:
1017:Isenburger Schloss
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810:Kamieniec Podolski
494:Jacob Joseph Frank
233:interlanguage link
133:interlanguage link
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2210:
2008:978-0-8122-4315-4
1854:978-0-8122-4315-4
1697:on March 3, 2016.
1139:Russian Old Times
1124:Maria Szymanowska
1112:French Revolution
931:Roman Catholicism
915:
914:
907:
806:Mikołaj Dembowski
792:
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510:Jakub Józef Frank
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455:Holy Roman Empire
447:Offenbach am Main
443:(aged 63–64)
439:December 10, 1790
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1223:
1197:(also known as
1195:Beruchiah Russo
1175:
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864:This section
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741:This section
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556:Sabbatai Zevi
553:
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525:Sabbatai Zevi
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518:Polish-Jewish
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347:December 2023
339:
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311:
308: –
307:
306:"Jacob Frank"
303:
302:Find sources:
296:
292:
286:
285:
280:This article
278:
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269:
268:
255:
251:
248:
240:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
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208:
204:
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201:
195:
189:
187:
182:You can help
178:
169:
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134:
130:
126:
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118:
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108:
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82:You can help
78:
69:
68:
63:
61:
54:
53:
48:
47:
42:
37:
28:
27:
22:
21:Ya'akov Frank
2344:
2307:Mehmed Cavid
2246:Johan Kemper
2236:Samuel Primo
2175:Sabbateanism
2134:. Retrieved
2130:the original
2123:
2103:
2080:
2072:
2065:
2055:. Retrieved
2048:the original
2043:
2018:
1999:Philadelphia
1994:
1986:
1982:
1960:
1949:
1929:Bibliography
1896:
1891:
1875:. Retrieved
1868:
1861:
1844:
1828:
1787:
1782:
1775:
1767:
1762:
1746:
1740:
1731:
1722:
1703:
1695:the original
1690:
1681:
1657:
1646:. Retrieved
1642:the original
1628:
1617:. Retrieved
1613:
1604:
1595:
1586:
1562:
1552:
1523:
1511:
1500:. Retrieved
1474:
1462:. Retrieved
1457:
1433:. Retrieved
1418:
1411:
1399:. Retrieved
1384:
1377:
1368:
1284:
1271:Adrian Panek
1269:directed by
1260:
1250:
1227:
1180:Hayim Malakh
1145:and staunch
1138:
1134:
1132:
1109:
1078:
1058:
1047:
1043:
1029:
987:
982:
979:Augustus III
963:
916:
901:
892:
877:Please help
865:
838:
830:
799:
793:
778:
769:
754:Please help
742:
706:
687:
648:
604:
577:
554:movement of
544:Christianity
537:
533:Carpocratian
513:
493:
492:
441:(1790-12-10)
371:
353:
344:
334:
327:
320:
313:
301:
289:Please help
284:verification
281:
229:edit summary
220:
191:
183:
129:edit summary
120:
91:
83:
57:
50:
44:
43:Please help
40:
2456:Deified men
2376:1790 deaths
2371:1726 births
2345:Jacob Frank
2323:Yeni Mosque
1983:Gottes Haus
1965:Oakland, CA
1873:(in Polish)
1147:anti-Semite
1036:Częstochowa
1020: [
994:Częstochowa
833:disputation
657:of Eastern
617:: some did
582:, known as
472:Nationality
391:Jacob Frank
2436:Sabbateans
2416:Kabbalists
2365:Categories
2183:Sabbateans
2136:2009-05-13
2057:2009-05-13
2037:"Frankism"
1877:2011-10-06
1648:2010-01-05
1619:2020-08-15
1502:2015-03-16
1349:References
1199:Otman Baba
1114:, such as
950:Protestant
923:Otman Baba
709:Osman Baba
679:Czernowitz
645:Early life
627:licentious
615:sensuality
611:asceticism
317:newspapers
46:improve it
2350:Eve Frank
2337:Frankists
2110:: Wydawn.
2073:Gal-Ed 20
1806:cite book
1749:p. 119–21
1661:(Polish)
1289:(Polish:
1210:Wallachia
1101:Offenbach
1093:Eve Frank
1089:Joseph II
1032:martyrdom
895:June 2014
866:does not
772:June 2014
743:does not
675:Sabbatean
651:Korołówka
564:Lithuania
552:messianic
502:יעקב פרנק
486:Eve Frank
425:Korolówka
247:talk page
188:in German
147:talk page
88:in Polish
52:talk page
2396:Frankism
2028:56118446
1938:(1911).
1856:., p. 15
1833:Archived
1752:Archived
1711:Archived
1666:Archived
1538:cite web
1496:Archived
1302:See also
1249:'s book
1214:Moldavia
1063:town of
1061:Moravian
971:szlachta
818:Kabbalah
698:Salonica
683:Bukovina
661:(now in
568:Ruthenia
540:Frankism
482:Children
462:Religion
409:Personal
223:provide
123:provide
2289:Leaders
2191:Leaders
1948:(ed.).
1687:"Klein"
1464:6 April
1435:6 April
1401:6 April
1253:(1994).
1251:Moliwda
1167:Balaban
1097:Austria
1054:Bibikov
887:removed
872:sources
826:Trinity
764:removed
749:sources
718:Sataniv
690:Ottoman
667:Buchach
663:Ukraine
655:Podolia
619:penance
600:Galicia
596:Podolia
592:Ukraine
548:Judaism
512:; born
466:Judaism
331:scholar
245:to the
227:in the
190:.
145:to the
127:in the
90:.
2316:Places
2281:Dönmeh
2108:Warsaw
2091:
2026:
2005:
1971:
1904:
1852:
1794:
1581:Mieses
1426:
1392:
1191:Dönmeh
1163:Mieses
1081:Vienna
990:heresy
975:Warsaw
939:nuncio
927:Heaven
919:Iwania
820:, the
814:Talmud
713:Dönmeh
702:Smyrna
659:Poland
631:incest
584:Dönmeh
506:Polish
498:Hebrew
476:Polish
333:
326:
319:
312:
304:
2401:Jacob
2051:(PDF)
2040:(PDF)
1944:. In
1786:[
1184:İzmir
1024:]
983:Józef
822:Zohar
801:herem
796:Brody
694:Frank
671:Agnon
653:, in
635:herem
590:(now
586:, in
529:Jacob
338:JSTOR
324:books
207:DeepL
107:DeepL
2089:ISBN
2024:OCLC
2003:ISBN
1969:ISBN
1902:IMDb
1897:Daas
1884:pol.
1869:Daas
1850:ISBN
1812:link
1792:ISBN
1544:link
1466:2018
1437:2018
1424:ISBN
1403:2018
1390:ISBN
1267:2011
1262:Daas
1212:and
1165:and
1157:and
1065:Brno
1049:daat
1044:daas
1040:Edom
967:Lwów
946:Lwów
870:any
868:cite
747:any
745:cite
700:and
669:and
639:Lviv
613:and
598:and
566:and
546:and
436:Died
421:1726
414:Born
310:news
221:must
219:You
121:must
119:You
1900:at
1557:317
1265:of
881:by
758:by
293:by
209:or
109:or
2367::
2122:.
2118:.
2106:.
2083:.
2042:.
1997:.
1820:^
1808:}}
1804:{{
1689:.
1672:,
1636:.
1612:.
1574:^
1540:}}
1536:{{
1494:.
1483:^
1456:.
1445:^
1367:.
1356:^
1169:.
1153:,
1076:.
1022:de
996:.
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