1311:
1872:
225:. The Itzaʼ language reflects this history in its nomenclature for the natural world: Itzaʼ words referring to agriculture and agricultural practices remain unchanged since first being recorded. Additionally, Itzaʼ possesses a rich vocabulary for crops and animals that encodes specific information about different varietals and individuals of the species.
824:
Itzaʼ possesses a rich vocabulary of agriculture and taxonomy. Itza has specific words to encode various properties of different varietals and individuals within a species. Plants and animals of different size, color, and taste are referred to with different terms. Additionally, agricultural terms in
1010:
The categories tense, aspect, and mood are interwoven in Itzaj Maya verbal and adverbial morphosyntax. Itzaj narrative discourse suggests a division between what a person knows from personal experience centered in one's home and town (the actual), and what is less known, but imaginable, further away
264:
The government of
Guatemala banned the speaking of Itzá in the 1930s and two generations of Itzá Maya have grown up learning only Spanish. The late 1980s brought an increase in interest among Maya people, including the Itzá, in preserving their cultural heritage. The Guatemalan government has set up
1006:
Discourse, both common and mythological, often employs framing particles—particles placed before and after a phrase in order to frame the phrase within the discourse as a whole. These particles convey the spatial and temporal relationships between new and old pieces of information in the discourse,
776:
to mark the future tense: the mood is coupled with a temporal adjective to form a future construction. The past tense is similarly constructed by using the perfect tense and temporal adjectives. Similarities in the irrealis and perfect constructions may suggest that the Itzaʼ consider the past and
710:
is marked with the same ergative particle as is used in verbal constructions. Possession constructions are marked differently based on whether the possession is inherent or non-inherent. Body parts, family members, and personal property are marked as being possessed differently than are parts of a
833:
Discourse in Itzaʼ is marked by its heavy use of repetition and linguistic parallelism. Words and linguistic constructions are often repeated throughout a sentence order to draw emphasis to what is being spoken. The resulting sentences are thus composed of several, complete phrases such as in the
256:. All Yucatecan languages are closely linked with each other. However, people speaking Itzaʼ and those speaking Yucatec have difficulties understanding each other. There are 12 different branches of Mayan language, all with sub families like Itzaʼ.
1488:
Atran, Chase, Fedick, Knapp, McKillop, Marcus, Schwartz., Webb, Scott, Arlen F., Scott L., Gregory, Heather, Joyce, Norman B., Malcolm C. (1993). "Itza Maya
Tropical Agro-Forestry".
2680:
718:. The masculine and feminine genders are overtly marked by a prefix, while the neutral gender is unmarked. Gender is not marked on all nouns: typically,
1835:
1531:
1467:
1800:
825:
Itzaʼ have been virtually uninfluenced by contact with the
Spanish, allowing some insight into the commonplace vocabulary of pre-contact Itza.
1925:
298:
The following chart shows the consonant phonemes of Itza: Where the orthography differs from the IPA notation, the orthography used by the
285:, Guatemala. Among the ethnic population of 2,000, there are only about 1,000 Itzaʼ speakers remaining, most of which also use Spanish.
2168:
726:: specific individuals across all possible worlds will have overtly marked gender, while references to classes of objects will not.
599:
The following chart shows the vowel phonemes of Itza. All vowels except /ə/ have long equivalent, and vowel length is contrastive.
1390:
299:
266:
214:. The subjugation of the Itza capital by the Spanish forced the Itza people to flee or live amongst the Spaniards, such as in
1579:
Bricker, Victoria (January 1994). "Reviewed Work(s): Itzá Maya Texts with a
Grammatical Overview by Charles Andrew Hofling".
1389:
Atran, Medin, Ross, Lynch, Coley, Ucan Ek, Vapnarsky, Scott, Douglas, Norbert, Elizabeth, John, Edilberto, Valentina (1999).
1828:
1558:
580:
566:
1003:
in
English, a style of discourse where simple, coordinating sentences are preferred over long, subordinating sentences.
449:
1373:
1327:
1279:
1265:
1244:
722:
and professions have marked gender, while other categories do not. The gender markers of Itzaʼ also play the role of
2655:
735:
511:
389:
2670:
2665:
1821:
797:
is marked by the addition of a suffix and the movement of the topicalized word to the sentence initial position.
653:
221:
The modern Itza people are the last of the
Lowland Maya to be able to directly trace their heritage back to the
2161:
244:. Itzaʼ belongs to the Yucatecan branch of Mayan Languages. The other languages in the Yucatecan branch are
1223:
667:
504:
379:
148:
711:
whole. Additional possession constructions exist and are used generally where the possessor is inanimate.
630:
523:
439:
683:
573:
372:
365:
475:
1310:
2660:
2385:
2154:
2130:
1958:
707:
639:
2339:
1935:
591:
The phonemes /d, g, f, v, r, ɲ/ have been adopted from
Spanish and are present only in loanwords.
399:
278:
215:
2620:
2548:
2304:
2298:
2194:
2060:
2001:
1844:
432:
425:
2359:
1487:
2613:
2589:
2501:
2287:
2251:
2090:
1981:
1525:
1461:
544:
537:
2532:
2511:
2016:
1996:
45:
2606:
1402:
184:
2272:
199:
8:
2553:
2210:
2185:
2135:
2031:
2006:
751:
468:
459:
173:
89:
1406:
816:
all typically follow the words they modify; adjectives can also occur in this position.
282:
2506:
2481:
1986:
1968:
1858:
1737:
1710:
1680:
1672:
1634:
1626:
1513:
1505:
1446:
1420:
743:
715:
418:
315:
310:
2401:
1655:
Lois, Ximena (1998). "Gender
Markers as "Rigid Determiners" of the Itzaj Maya World".
140:
2563:
2558:
2467:
2441:
2380:
2246:
2080:
2065:
2021:
2011:
1953:
1920:
1905:
1684:
1638:
1517:
1438:
1433:
1369:
1275:
1261:
1240:
759:
747:
660:
330:
320:
249:
222:
2292:
1388:
210:
until 1697. During this time, the Itza people resettled their ancestral home in the
2527:
2426:
2325:
2320:
2200:
2100:
2075:
2070:
1991:
1897:
1877:
1664:
1618:
1588:
1544:"Language: Itza, Guatemala." Unesco.org. Discovery Channel, 2004. Web. 02 May 2016.
1497:
1428:
1410:
773:
763:
739:
723:
2375:
2177:
2110:
2105:
2095:
2085:
1943:
1808:
813:
755:
647:
531:
325:
176:
84:
76:
758:
subjects, while absolutive person markers indicate intransitive subjects in the
153:
2636:
2581:
2230:
2044:
1395:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
794:
253:
211:
2675:
2649:
2496:
2446:
2354:
1976:
1948:
1910:
1782:
1755:
1298:
809:
778:
770:
612:
241:
1795:
1415:
2462:
1915:
1442:
406:
203:
1335:
800:
Generally, modifiers precede the words they modify: adjectives, numerals,
124:
1813:
1218:
719:
624:
607:
558:
269:, to help develop and preserve various Mayan languages, including Itzaʼ.
207:
180:
56:
1741:
1728:
Hofling, Charles A. (1987). "Discourse
Framing in Itzá Maya Narrative".
1714:
953:
938:
883:
868:
1676:
1630:
1509:
1303:
805:
801:
790:
675:
617:
1701:
Hofling, Charles Andrew (1998). "Irrealis and Perfect in Itzaj Maya".
1609:
Hofling, Charles A. (1990). "Possession and Ergativity in Itzá Maya".
999:, is typical of Itzaʼ discourse. Such literary style is comparable to
1424:
1000:
496:
354:
238:
188:
133:
117:
35:
1756:"Itza Maya Language and the Itza Mayan Tribe (Itzaj, Itzah, Itzas)"
1668:
1622:
1592:
1501:
2146:
206:. Later, the Itza people had the last independent Maya nation in
195:. The language has about 1,000 fluent speakers, all older adults.
1785:
349:
245:
1783:
Lewis, M. Paul; Gary F. Simons; Charles D. Fennig, eds. (2015).
793:, although VSO is also common and all word orders are possible.
192:
777:
future to be similar, which reflects the Itzaʼ worldview that
198:
Itzaʼ was the language of administration across much of the
1566:
Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc
1391:"Folkecology and Commons Management in the Maya Lowlands"
277:
Itzaʼ is spoken on the north shore of Lake Petén Itzá in
1805:
http://www.chichenitza.com/listingview.php?listingID=46
1239:
University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City 1991. 321 pp.
218:, where the only modern speakers of the language live.
1867:
1274:The University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City 1997.
1260:The University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City 2000.
957:
1791:(18th ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
1784:
694:The Itza language does not contain tone or pitch.
2647:
1796:Itzaʼ-language resources at Native-languages.org
1270:Charles Andrew Hofling, Félix Fernando Tesucún:
1249:Charles Andrew Hofling, Félix Fernando Tesucún:
995:, as well as the near-repetition of the pronoun
2681:Endangered indigenous languages of the Americas
967:
891:
1559:"Itzá Maya Texts, with a Grammatical Overview"
949:
934:
916:
879:
864:
846:
2162:
1829:
1657:International Journal of American Linguistics
1611:International Journal of American Linguistics
1581:International Journal of American Linguistics
1251:Tojtʼan: diccionario maya itzaj – castellano.
980:EMP-1SG.PRO INC-1SG.A-go 1SG.A-say-DTS 2SG.IO
1801:Itza vocabulary by Erik Boot hosted at FAMSI
1530:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1466:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1368:. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
1322:
1320:
1237:Itzá Maya texts with a grammatical overview.
930:
860:
2169:
2155:
1843:
1836:
1822:
900:EMP-1SG.PRO INC-1SG.A-go 1SG.A-go-CAUS-2SG
272:
1432:
1414:
1317:
804:, and negation all follow this pattern.
1727:
1700:
1608:
1578:
1556:
1363:
971:
2648:
1272:Itzaj Maya–Spanish–English Dictionary.
300:Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala
267:Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala
2150:
1817:
1696:
1694:
1650:
1648:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
784:
307:
1654:
1604:
1602:
1552:
1550:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
2176:
13:
1809:Map of Maya Languages in Guatemala
1787:Ethnologue: Languages of the World
1721:
1691:
1645:
1474:
1292:
977:in-ten k-im-bʼel inw-aʼl-e(j) tech
14:
2692:
1776:
1599:
1547:
1342:
1007:creating larger discourse units.
887:
682:
666:
659:
652:
638:
629:
579:
572:
565:
543:
536:
522:
510:
503:
474:
458:
448:
438:
431:
424:
405:
398:
388:
378:
371:
364:
228:
1870:
1557:Hofling, Charles Andrew (1991).
1364:Hofling, Charles Andrew (2000).
1309:
912:
897:in-ten k-im-bʼel im-bʼen-es-eech
842:
1748:
1229:
920:
850:
601:
1572:
1538:
1382:
1014:
987:The repetition of the pronoun
1:
1285:
819:
293:
1224:Mesoamerican Linguistic Area
828:
736:ergative-absolutive language
288:
7:
1730:Anthropological Linguistics
1703:Anthropological Linguistics
1253:Guatemala, Cholsamaj, 2000.
1212:
714:All nouns in Itzaʼ possess
10:
2697:
697:
259:
2630:
2598:
2580:
2541:
2520:
2489:
2480:
2455:
2434:
2425:
2418:
2394:
2368:
2347:
2338:
2313:
2280:
2271:
2264:
2239:
2218:
2209:
2184:
2123:
2053:
2030:
1967:
1934:
1896:
1887:
1865:
1851:
1200:
983:"I am going to tell you."
903:"I am going to take you."
594:
564:
557:
542:
530:
502:
495:
404:
348:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
147:
131:
115:
110:
73:
63:
51:
41:
31:
26:
21:
2131:Guatemalan Sign Language
1760:www.native-languages.org
1256:Charles Andrew Hofling:
1235:Charles Andrew Hofling:
729:
702:
202:during the supremacy of
2656:Agglutinative languages
1416:10.1073/pnas.96.13.7598
963:
945:
926:
908:
875:
856:
838:
273:Geographic distribution
2671:Languages of Guatemala
2666:Mesoamerican languages
1845:Languages of Guatemala
302:is noted in brackets.
233:Itza' is abbreviated "
69:410 (2019 census)
2369:Qʼanjobʼalan–Jakaltek
1490:Current Anthropology
265:an institution, the
2340:Qʼanjobalan–Chujean
2136:Mayan Sign Language
1407:1999PNAS...96.7598A
1258:Itzaj Maya Grammar.
752:imperfective aspect
454:⟨chʼ⟩
444:⟨tzʼ⟩
216:San Jose, Guatemala
1366:Itzaj Maya Grammar
785:Sentence structure
769:Itzaʼ employs the
716:grammatical gender
480:⟨bʼ⟩
394:⟨ch⟩
384:⟨tz⟩
2643:
2642:
2637:extinct languages
2621:Classical Kʼicheʼ
2576:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2476:
2475:
2414:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2334:
2333:
2260:
2259:
2144:
2143:
2119:
2118:
1852:Official language
1401:(13): 7598–7603.
1307:(24th ed., 2021)
1210:
1209:
766:and all objects.
764:dependent clauses
760:perfective aspect
746:markers indicate
724:rigid designators
692:
691:
589:
588:
516:⟨x⟩
471:
421:
411:⟨ʼ⟩
361:
344:
339:
223:pre-Columbian era
200:Yucatán Peninsula
187:in north-central
159:
158:
2688:
2487:
2486:
2482:Greater Quichean
2432:
2431:
2423:
2422:
2345:
2344:
2278:
2277:
2273:Cholan–Tzeltalan
2269:
2268:
2240:Yucatec–Lacandon
2216:
2215:
2201:Huastec (Wastek)
2171:
2164:
2157:
2148:
2147:
1894:
1893:
1880:
1878:Guatemala portal
1875:
1874:
1873:
1838:
1831:
1824:
1815:
1814:
1792:
1790:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1698:
1689:
1688:
1652:
1643:
1642:
1606:
1597:
1596:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1563:
1554:
1545:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1529:
1521:
1485:
1472:
1471:
1465:
1457:
1455:
1454:
1445:. Archived from
1436:
1418:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1361:
1340:
1339:
1334:. Archived from
1324:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1296:
1019:
1018:
973:
969:
959:
955:
951:
940:
936:
932:
922:
918:
914:
893:
889:
885:
881:
870:
866:
862:
852:
848:
844:
814:relative clauses
779:time is cyclical
774:grammatical mood
750:subjects in the
740:split ergativity
686:
670:
663:
656:
642:
633:
602:
583:
576:
569:
547:
540:
526:
517:
514:
507:
481:
478:
467:
462:
455:
452:
445:
442:
435:
428:
417:
412:
409:
402:
395:
392:
385:
382:
375:
368:
359:
342:
337:
305:
304:
283:Petén Department
191:and neighboring
143:
127:
120:
79:
19:
18:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2661:Mayan languages
2646:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2626:
2594:
2568:
2537:
2516:
2490:Quichean proper
2472:
2451:
2406:
2390:
2364:
2330:
2309:
2256:
2235:
2205:
2180:
2178:Mayan languages
2175:
2145:
2140:
2115:
2049:
2026:
1963:
1930:
1889:
1883:
1876:
1871:
1869:
1863:
1847:
1842:
1779:
1774:
1773:
1764:
1762:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1726:
1722:
1699:
1692:
1653:
1646:
1607:
1600:
1577:
1573:
1561:
1555:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1523:
1522:
1486:
1475:
1459:
1458:
1452:
1450:
1387:
1383:
1376:
1362:
1343:
1326:
1325:
1318:
1308:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1232:
1215:
1017:
1011:in space-time.
985:
975:
961:
943:
924:
905:
895:
876:im-bʼen-es-eech
873:
854:
831:
822:
787:
732:
705:
700:
597:
515:
479:
453:
443:
410:
393:
383:
353:
296:
291:
275:
262:
231:
185:Lake Peten Itza
164:(also known as
139:
123:
116:
106:
80:
77:Language family
75:
66:
65:Native speakers
17:
12:
11:
5:
2694:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2641:
2640:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2617:
2610:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2586:
2584:
2582:Mixed language
2578:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2493:
2491:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2438:
2436:
2429:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2351:
2349:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2295:
2290:
2284:
2282:
2275:
2266:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2222:
2220:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2190:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2174:
2173:
2166:
2159:
2151:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2127:
2125:
2124:Sign languages
2121:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2036:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1973:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1940:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1902:
1900:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1841:
1840:
1833:
1826:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1778:
1777:External links
1775:
1772:
1771:
1747:
1736:(4): 478–488.
1720:
1709:(2): 214–227.
1690:
1669:10.1086/466358
1663:(3): 224–282.
1644:
1623:10.1086/466174
1617:(4): 542–560.
1598:
1593:10.1086/466222
1571:
1546:
1537:
1502:10.1086/204212
1473:
1381:
1374:
1341:
1338:on 2019-06-06.
1316:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1268:
1254:
1247:
1231:
1228:
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810:demonstratives
795:Topicalization
789:Itzaʼ has VOS
786:
783:
738:demonstrating
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274:
271:
261:
258:
242:language codes
230:
229:Classification
227:
179:spoken by the
177:Mayan language
157:
156:
151:
145:
144:
137:
129:
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121:
113:
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111:Language codes
108:
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33:
32:Native to
29:
28:
24:
23:
16:Mayan language
15:
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2:
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2456:Mamean proper
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2395:Mototzintleco
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2195:Chicomuceltec
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991:and the verb
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109:
99:
96:
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91:
88:
87:
86:
82:
78:
72:
68:
62:
59:(2019 census)
58:
54:
50:
47:
44:
40:
37:
34:
30:
25:
20:
2632:
2619:
2614:Classic Maya
2612:
2605:
2590:Cauque Mayan
2297:
2252:Yucatec Maya
2225:
2193:
2091:Plautdietsch
2039:
1786:
1763:. Retrieved
1759:
1750:
1733:
1729:
1723:
1706:
1702:
1660:
1656:
1614:
1610:
1584:
1580:
1574:
1565:
1540:
1526:cite journal
1493:
1489:
1462:cite journal
1451:. Retrieved
1447:the original
1398:
1394:
1384:
1365:
1336:the original
1331:
1302:
1294:
1271:
1257:
1250:
1236:
1230:Bibliography
1193:Chäkpuse'en
1009:
1005:
996:
992:
988:
986:
982:
979:
976:
966:
948:
946:inw-aʼl-e(j)
929:
911:
902:
899:
896:
878:
859:
841:
832:
823:
799:
788:
768:
748:intransitive
734:Itzaʼ is an
733:
720:proper nouns
713:
706:
693:
598:
590:
297:
276:
263:
234:
232:
220:
204:Chichen Itza
197:
169:
165:
161:
160:
132:
97:
2607:Proto-Mayan
2559:Sipakapense
2012:Sipakapense
1936:Qʼanjobalan
1926:Chalchiteco
1496:: 633–700.
1219:Itza people
1015:Sample Text
806:Possessives
802:determiners
742:. Ergative
559:Approximant
212:Petén Basin
208:Mesoamerica
181:Itza people
27:Itza, Itzaj
2650:Categories
2554:Sakapultek
2386:Qʼanjobʼal
2360:Tojolabʼal
2219:Mopan–Itza
2007:Sakapultek
1959:Qʼanjobʼal
1888:Indigenous
1765:2024-06-14
1453:2018-11-04
1332:Ethnologue
1304:Ethnologue
1286:References
834:sentence:
820:Vocabulary
791:word order
756:transitive
708:Possession
343:affricated
294:Consonants
174:endangered
94:Mopan–Itza
2635:indicate
2533:Poqomchiʼ
2512:Tzʼutujil
2507:Kaqchikel
2314:Tzeltalan
2211:Yucatecan
2186:Huastecan
2032:Yucatecan
2017:Tzʼutujil
1997:Poqomchiʼ
1987:Kaqchikel
1890:languages
1685:144347125
1639:144152977
1587:: 87–92.
1518:147519787
1001:parataxis
997:eech/tech
993:k-im-bʼel
927:k-im-bʼel
857:k-im-bʼel
829:Discourse
497:Fricative
469:implosive
355:Affricate
289:Phonology
239:ISO 639-3
237:" in the
189:Guatemala
134:Glottolog
118:ISO 639-3
90:Yucatecan
52:Ethnicity
36:Guatemala
2564:Uspantek
2468:Tektitek
2442:Awakatek
2381:Jakaltek
2305:Chʼortiʼ
2299:Chʼoltiʼ
2247:Lacandon
2096:Lebanese
2081:Japanese
2066:Garifuna
2022:Uspantek
2002:Qʼeqchiʼ
1969:Quichean
1954:Jakaltek
1921:Tektitek
1906:Awaketek
1742:30028117
1715:30028624
1443:10377461
1213:See also
1081:Ixch'up
1022:English
771:irrealis
754:and all
419:ejective
316:Alveolar
311:Bilabial
279:San José
250:Lacandon
172:) is an
141:itza1241
2633:Italics
2599:History
2549:Qʼeqchi
2528:Poqomam
2502:Kʼicheʼ
2435:Ixilean
2419:Eastern
2348:Chujean
2326:Tzotzil
2321:Tzeltal
2288:Chontal
2265:Western
2101:Italian
2076:Chinese
2061:Chʼorti
1992:Poqomam
1982:Kʼicheʼ
1859:Spanish
1677:1265685
1631:1265229
1510:2744279
1403:Bibcode
1328:"Itza'"
1126:Yellow
762:and in
698:Grammar
613:Central
350:Plosive
331:Glottal
321:Palatal
260:History
246:Yucatec
2542:others
2427:Mamean
2402:Mochoʼ
2376:Akatek
2111:Romani
2106:French
2086:Korean
1944:Akatek
1898:Mamean
1740:
1713:
1683:
1675:
1637:
1629:
1516:
1508:
1441:
1431:
1423:
1372:
1278:
1264:
1243:
1201:Ya'ax
1198:Green
1169:U'yaj
1153:Janäl
1142:Black
1118:White
1110:Water
1105:Ix'uj
1078:Woman
1073:Winik
1046:Three
989:in-ten
909:in-ten
839:in-ten
812:, and
744:person
595:Vowels
252:, and
193:Belize
55:2,930
42:Region
2521:Poqom
2293:Chʼol
2281:Chʼol
2231:Mopan
2226:Itzaʼ
2071:Xinca
2054:Other
2045:Mopan
2040:Itzaʼ
1738:JSTOR
1711:JSTOR
1681:S2CID
1673:JSTOR
1635:S2CID
1627:JSTOR
1562:(PDF)
1514:S2CID
1506:JSTOR
1434:22132
1425:48105
1421:JSTOR
1299:Itzaʼ
1206:Blue
1190:Pink
1182:Gray
1177:K'äy
1174:Sing
1166:Hear
1145:B'ox
1137:Chäk
1129:K'än
1102:Moon
1097:K'in
1089:Pek'
1062:Five
1054:Four
1025:Itza
956:-say-
730:Verbs
703:Nouns
608:Front
532:Nasal
360:plain
338:plain
326:Velar
254:Mopan
183:near
170:Itzaj
162:Itzaʼ
154:Itza'
98:Itzaʼ
85:Mayan
46:Petén
22:Itzaʼ
2676:Itza
2497:Achi
2447:Ixil
2355:Chuj
1977:Achi
1949:Chuj
1911:Ixil
1532:link
1468:link
1439:PMID
1370:ISBN
1276:ISBN
1262:ISBN
1241:ISBN
1185:Kus
1158:See
1150:Eat
1134:Red
1121:Säk
1113:Ja'
1094:Sun
1086:Dog
1070:Man
1065:Job
1057:Kan
1049:'Ox
1038:Two
1033:Jun
1030:One
964:tech
888:CAUS
886:-go-
684:a aː
668:o oː
654:e eː
640:u uː
631:i iː
625:High
618:Back
450:t͡ʃʼ
440:t͡sʼ
166:Itza
57:Itza
2463:Mam
1916:Mam
1665:doi
1619:doi
1589:doi
1498:doi
1429:PMC
1411:doi
1301:at
1161:Il
1041:Ka
968:2SG
958:DTS
950:1SG
941:-go
935:1SG
931:INC
921:PRO
917:1SG
913:EMP
892:2SG
880:1SG
871:-go
865:1SG
861:INC
851:PRO
847:1SG
843:EMP
676:Low
648:Mid
390:t͡ʃ
380:t͡s
235:itz
168:or
149:ELP
125:itz
2652::
1758:.
1734:29
1732:.
1707:40
1705:.
1693:^
1679:.
1671:.
1661:64
1659:.
1647:^
1633:.
1625:.
1615:56
1613:.
1601:^
1585:60
1583:.
1564:.
1549:^
1528:}}
1524:{{
1512:.
1504:.
1494:34
1492:.
1476:^
1464:}}
1460:{{
1437:.
1427:.
1419:.
1409:.
1399:96
1397:.
1393:.
1344:^
1330:.
1319:^
972:IO
808:,
781:.
460:kʼ
433:tʼ
426:pʼ
281:,
248:,
2170:e
2163:t
2156:v
1837:e
1830:t
1823:v
1768:.
1744:.
1717:.
1687:.
1667::
1641:.
1621::
1595:.
1591::
1568:.
1534:)
1520:.
1500::
1470:)
1456:.
1413::
1405::
1378:.
970:.
954:A
952:.
939:A
937:.
933:-
919:.
915:-
890:-
884:A
882:.
869:A
867:.
863:-
849:.
845:-
661:ə
581:w
574:j
567:l
545:n
538:m
524:h
512:ʃ
505:s
476:ɓ
407:ʔ
400:k
373:t
366:p
352:/
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.