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20th century. Most designs are based on a partially hidden geometric grid which provides a regular array of points; this is made into a pattern using 2-, 3-, 4-, and 6-fold rotational symmetries which can fill the plane. The visible pattern superimposed on the grid is also geometric, with 6-, 8-, 10- and 12-pointed stars and a variety of convex polygons, joined by straps which typically seem to weave over and under each other. The visible pattern does not coincide with the underlying construction lines of the tiling. The visible patterns and the underlying tiling represent a bridge linking the invisible to the visible, analogous to the "epistemological quest" in
Islamic culture, the search for the nature of knowledge.
3678:
3821:
3454:. The geometric designs combine polygons such as octagons and pentagons with other shapes such as 5- and 8-pointed stars. The patterns emphasized symmetries and suggested infinity by repetition. Jali functioned as windows or room dividers, providing privacy but allowing in air and light. Jali forms a prominent element of the architecture of India. The use of perforated walls has declined with modern building standards and the need for security. Modern, simplified jali walls, for example made with pre-moulded clay or cement blocks, have been popularised by the architect Laurie Baker. Pierced windows in girih style are sometimes found elsewhere in the Islamic world, such as in windows of the
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3029:, Persia is based on a circle, divided into six by six circles drawn around it, all touching at its centre and each touching its two neighbours' centres to form a regular hexagon. On this basis is constructed a six-pointed star surrounded by six smaller irregular hexagons to form a tessellating star pattern. This forms the basic design which is outlined in white on the wall of the mosque. That design, however, is overlaid with an intersecting tracery in blue around tiles of other colours, forming an elaborate pattern that partially conceals the original and underlying design. A similar design forms the logo of the Mohammed Ali Research Center.
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38:
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70:
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127:
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3036:, defined a "geometrical arabesque" as a pattern formed "with the help of construction lines consisting of polygons in contact." He observed that many different combinations of polygons can be used as long as the residual spaces between the polygons are reasonably symmetrical. For example, a grid of octagons in contact has squares (of the same side as the octagons) as the residual spaces. Every octagon is the basis for an 8-point star, as seen at
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2805:
purify the mind and the soul. David Wade states that "Much of the art of Islam, whether in architecture, ceramics, textiles or books, is the art of decoration – which is to say, of transformation." Wade argues that the aim is to transfigure, turning mosques "into lightness and pattern", while "the decorated pages of a Qur’an can become windows onto the infinite." Against this, Doris
Behrens-Abouseif states in her book
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7696:
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3542:, the emphasis differs: geometric patterns tend to be used for borders, and if they are in the main decorative area they are most often used in combination with other motifs such as floral designs, arabesques, animal motifs, or calligraphic script. Geometric designs in Islamic metalwork can form a grid decorated with these other motifs, or they can form the background pattern.
3546:
used. Patterns such as interlaced six-pointed stars were especially popular from the 12th century. Eva Baer notes that while this design was essentially simple, it was elaborated by metalworkers into intricate patterns interlaced with arabesques, sometimes organised around further basic
Islamic patterns, such as the hexagonal pattern of six overlapping circles.
3564:, often used in mosques. They are typically made of stucco (and thus do not have a structural function), but can also be of wood, brick, and stone. They are characteristic of Islamic architecture of the Middle Ages from Spain and Morocco in the west to Persia in the east. Architecturally they form multiple tiers of
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run events on geometric patterns and related aspects of
Islamic art. In 2013 the Istanbul Center of Design and the Ensar Foundation ran what they claimed was the first ever symposium of Islamic Arts and Geometric Patterns, in Istanbul. The panel included the experts on Islamic geometric pattern Carol
3372:
Ceramics lend themselves to circular motifs, whether radial or tangential. Bowls or plates can be decorated inside or out with radial stripes; these may be partly figurative, representing stylised leaves or flower petals, while circular bands can run around a bowl or jug. Patterns of these types were
2977:
Many
Islamic designs are built on squares and circles, typically repeated, overlapped and interlaced to form intricate and complex patterns. A recurring motif is the 8-pointed star, often seen in Islamic tilework; it is made of two squares, one rotated 45 degrees with respect to the other. The fourth
2656:
embellishments, or may retreat into the background around other motifs. The complexity and variety of patterns used evolved from simple stars and lozenges in the ninth century, through a variety of 6- to 13-point patterns by the 13th century, and finally to include also 14- and 16-point stars in
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period, it could be applied either as lattice frames, left plain or inset with panels such as of coloured glass; or as mosaic panels used to decorate walls and ceilings, whether sacred or secular. In architecture, girih forms decorative interlaced strapwork surfaces from the 15th century to the
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argue that
Islamic patterns are created to lead the viewer to an understanding of the underlying reality, rather than being mere decoration, as writers interested only in pattern sometimes imply. In Islamic culture, the patterns are believed to be the bridge to the spiritual realm, the instrument to
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Even where metal objects such as bowls and dishes do not seem to have geometric decoration, still the designs, such as arabesques, are often set in octagonal compartments or arranged in concentric bands around the object. Both closed designs (which do not repeat) and open or repetitive patterns are
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period, 13th century. Radially symmetric flowers with, say, 6 petals lend themselves to increasingly stylised geometric designs which can combine geometric simplicity with recognisably naturalistic motifs, brightly coloured glazes, and a radial composition that ideally suits circular crockery.
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The beginning of the late stage is marked by the use of simple 16-point patterns at the Hasan
Sadaqah mausoleum in Cairo in 1321, and in the Alhambra in Spain in 1338–1390. These patterns are rarely found outside these two regions. More elaborate combined 16-point geometrical patterns are found in
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Much of the art of Islam, whether in architecture, ceramics, textiles or books, is the art of decoration – which is to say, of transformation. The aim, however, is never merely to ornament, but rather to transfigure. ... The vast edifices of mosques are transformed into lightness and pattern; the
4154:
or for spacecraft components. When a conventional material is stretched along one axis, it contracts along other axes (at right angles to the stretch). But auxetic materials expand at right angles to the pull. The internal structure that enables this unusual behaviour is inspired by two of the 70
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that a "major difference" between the philosophical thinking of
Medieval Europe and the Islamic world is exactly that the concepts of the good and the beautiful are separated in Arabic culture. She argues that beauty, whether in poetry or in the visual arts, was enjoyed "for its own sake, without
3602:
in the 21st century. Traditions of stained glass set in wooden frames (not lead as in Europe) survive in workshops in Iran as well as
Azerbaijan. Glazed windows set in stucco arranged in girih-like patterns are found both in Turkey and the Arab lands; a late example, without the traditional
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threads when a colour boundary is reached. This technique leaves a gap or vertical slit, so kilims are sometimes called slit-woven textiles. Kilims are often decorated with geometric patterns with 2- or 4-fold mirror or rotational symmetries. Because weaving uses vertical and horizontal threads,
3040:(1605–1613). Hankin considered the "skill of the Arabian artists in discovering suitable combinations of polygons .. almost astounding." He further records that if a star occurs in a corner, exactly one quarter of it should be shown; if along an edge, exactly one half of it.
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Several artforms in different parts of the
Islamic world make use of geometric patterns. These include ceramics, girih strapwork, jali pierced stone screens, kilim rugs, leather, metalwork, muqarnas vaulting, shakaba stained glass, woodwork, and zellij tiling.
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Computer graphics and computer-aided manufacturing make it possible to design and produce Islamic geometric patterns effectively and economically. Craig S. Kaplan explains and illustrates in his Ph.D. thesis how Islamic star patterns can be generated
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decorated pages of a Qur'an can become windows onto the infinite. Perhaps most importantly, the Word, expressed in endless calligraphic variations, always conveys the impression that it is more enduring than the objects on which it is inscribed.
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in 1973. They showed that rather than the traditional ruler and compass construction, it was possible to create girih designs using a set of five "girih tiles", all equilateral polygons, secondarily decorated with lines (for the strapwork).
3154:
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in London holds at least 283 such objects, of materials including wallpaper, carved wood, inlaid wood, tin- or lead-glazed earthenware, brass, stucco, glass, woven silk, ivory, and pen or pencil drawings. The
2774:; all three are frequently used together. From the 9th century onward, a range of sophisticated geometric patterns based on polygonal tessellation began to appear in Islamic art, eventually becoming dominant.
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are often symbolic as well as decorative. For example, the wolf's mouth or wolf's foot motif (Turkish: Kurt Aǧzi, Kurt İzi) expresses the tribal weavers' desires for protection of their families' flocks from
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The next development, marking the middle stage of Islamic geometric pattern usage, was of 6- and 8-point stars, which appear in 879 at the Ibn Tulun Mosque, Cairo, and then became widespread.
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makes use of only 5 wallpaper groups, mainly p4mm and c2mm, with p6mm and p2mm occasionally and p4gm rarely; it is claimed that the "Hasba" (measure) method of construction, which starts with
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in the shape of a vertical circle (with handles and neck above) is decorated with a ring of moulded braiding around an Arabic inscription with a small 8-petalled flower at the centre.
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include 6-, 8-, and 12-point stars. These wood-framed decorative windows are distinctive features of the palace's architecture. Shabaka are still constructed the traditional way in
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Iran in the late-15th century or beginning of the 16th century, contains 114 patterns including coloured designs for girih tilings and muqarnas quarter or semidomes.
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The earliest geometrical forms in Islamic art were occasional isolated geometric shapes such as 8-pointed stars and lozenges containing squares. These date from 836 in the
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The circle symbolizes unity and diversity in nature, and many Islamic patterns are drawn starting with a circle. For example, the decoration of the 15th-century mosque in
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materials from perforated rubber sheets. These are stable in either a contracted or an expanded state, and can switch between the two, which might be useful for surgical
4884:
Saliba, George (1999). "Artisans and Mathematicians in Medieval Islam. The Topkapi Scroll: Geometry and Ornament in Islamic Architecture by Gülru Necipoğlu (Review)".
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curves are difficult to generate, and patterns are accordingly formed mainly with straight edges. Kilim patterns are often characteristic of specific regions.
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where figurative artwork was excluded, were decorated with a combination of kufic script, medallions and geometric patterns, typically bordered by geometric
210:
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4062:, transforming his style and influencing the rest of his artistic career. In his own words it was "the richest source of inspiration I have ever tapped."
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Construction of girih pattern in Darb-e Imam spandrel (yellow line). Construction decagons blue, bowties red. The strapwork cuts across the construction
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in New York has among other relevant holdings 124 mediaeval (1000–1400 A.D.) objects bearing Islamic geometric patterns, including a pair of Egyptian
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3636:) is geometric tilework with glazed terracotta tiles set into plaster, forming colourful mosaic patterns including regular and semiregular
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were intentionally introduced as a show of humility by artists who believed only Allah can produce perfection, but this theory is denied.
9122:
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runs a range of courses in Islamic art including geometry, calligraphy, and arabesque (vegetal forms), tile-making, and plaster carving.
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2013:
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3192:, showing correct treatment of sides and corners. A quarter of each 6-point star is shown in each corner; half stars along the sides.
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A wider variety of patterns were used from the 11th century. Abstract 6- and 8-point shapes appear in the Tower of Kharaqan at
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17:
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Geometric Design in Timurid/Turkmen Architectural Practice: Thoughts on a Recently Discovered Scroll and Its Late Gothic Parallels
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In 1086, 7- and 10-point girih patterns (with heptagons, 5- and 6-pointed stars, triangles and irregular hexagons) appear in the
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balance of design elements, was made in Tunisia for the International Colonial Exhibition in Amsterdam in 1883. The old city of
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Potters often chose patterns suited to the shape of the vessel they were making. Thus an unglazed earthenware water flask from
1988:
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Islamic leather is often embossed with patterns similar to those already described. Leather book covers, starting with the
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Metal artefacts share the same geometric designs that are used in other forms of Islamic art. However, in the view of
3297:, also in Persia, in 1098; these, like 7-point geometrical patterns, are rarely used outside Persia and central Asia.
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2959:-tiled dome contains stars with, from the top, 5, 7, 9, 12, 11, 9 and 10 points in turn. 11-point stars are rare in
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and also in decorative woodwork. Girih designs are traditionally made in different media including cut brickwork,
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have been extensively studied. Some authors have claimed on dubious grounds to have found most or all of the 17
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is used in a variety of settings in Islamic architecture. It is found in the surviving summer residence of the
1435:
549:
3428:: window with girih-style 10-point stars (at rear), with floral roundels in octagons forming a frieze at front
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In 2016, Ahmad Rafsanjani described the use of Islamic geometric patterns from tomb towers in Iran to create
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Major Western collections hold many objects of widely varying materials with Islamic geometric patterns. The
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the Sultan Hassan complex in Cairo in 1363, but rarely elsewhere. Finally, 14-point patterns appear in the
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136:
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Wooden box inlaid with ivory with zellij-like geometrical motifs. Italy (Florence or Venice) 15th century.
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It is sometimes supposed in Western society that mistakes in repetitive Islamic patterns such as those on
2648:(with which they are often combined), to form intricate and complex patterns, including a wide variety of
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4020:(pulpit) doors almost 2 m. high in rosewood and mulberry inlaid with ivory and ebony; and an entire
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The Drawing of Geometric Patterns in Saracenic Art. Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India No. 15
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4098:, Iran, covered with many different brick patterns like those that inspired Ahmad Rafsanjani to create
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images, as it is forbidden to create a representation of an important Islamic figure according to many
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Islamic geometric patterns : their historical development and traditional methods of construction
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Islamic geometric patterns : their historical development and traditional methods of construction
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Necefoğlu is a professor of chemistry at Kafkas University interested in pattern and crystallography.
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1978:
1973:
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Finally, marking the end of the middle stage, 8- and 12-point girih rosette patterns appear in the
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711:
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Girih are elaborate interlacing patterns formed of five standardized shapes. The style is used in
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5450:"Gazing Geometries: Modes of Design Thinking in Pre-Modern Central Asia and Persian Architecture"
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Islamic Geometric Patterns: Their Historical Development and Traditional Methods of Construction
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culture caused artists to explore non-figural art, and created a general aesthetic shift toward
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Jali are pierced stone screens with regularly repeating patterns. They are characteristic of
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are often built on combinations of repeated squares and circles, which may be overlapped and
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1983:
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2990:. All of these can be combined and reworked to form complicated patterns with a variety of
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8:
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275:
245:
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4122:, attracted controversy in 2007 by claiming that girih designs such as that used on the
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A kilim is an Islamic flatwoven carpet (without a pile), whether for household use or a
3484:'s Mouth (Kurt Aǧzi), to protect the flocks against wolves, are often woven into tribal
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Critchlow is a professor of architecture, and the author of a book on Islamic patterns.
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Islamic geometric patterns are derived from simpler designs used in earlier cultures:
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6363:"Computer Graphics and Geometric Ornamental Design: Chapter 3. Islamic Star Patterns"
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merchants brought goods of many types back to Italy from the 14th century onwards.
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Late stage: geometric, vegetal, and calligraphic patterns around the Mihrab at the
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Victoria and Albert Museum: Teachers' resource: Maths and Islamic art & design
5556:
5223:"Islamic Textile Art and how it is Misunderstood in the West – Our Personal Views"
3293:. Soon afterwards, sweeping 9-, 11-, and 13-point girih patterns were used in the
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Bier, Carol (Sep 2008). "Art and Mithãl: Reading Geometry as Visual Commentary".
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2652:. These may constitute the entire decoration, may form a framework for floral or
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1968:
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69:
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One such place is the Mustansiriyya Madrasa in Baghdad, as illustrated by Broug.
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5875:
5091:
5074:
4135:
4131:
3974:
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3501:
3447:
3443:
3421:
3342:
3289:. 10-point girih became widespread in the Islamic world, except in the Spanish
3063:
3011:
2994:
including reflections and rotations. Such patterns can be seen as mathematical
2781:
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2470:
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1901:
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126:
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4429:
4079:
Bier, Jay Bonner, Eric Broug, Hacali Necefoğlu and Reza Sarhangi. In Britain,
1200:
87:
doors have carved strapwork with a 16-point star. The arch is surrounded with
10433:
10383:
10362:
10299:
10151:
9945:
9856:
9677:
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9542:
9514:
9382:
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9297:
9285:
9000:
8793:
8445:
8333:
8204:
8184:
8086:
7169:
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5845:
The future of art in a digital age: from Hellenistic to Hebraic consciousness
5763:
4139:
4091:
3756:
3583:
3472:
2722:
2709:
Interest in Islamic geometric patterns is increasing in the West, both among
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2512:
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1599:
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1090:
752:
671:
626:
559:
485:
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6261:
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4820:
The logo's construction is demonstrated in an animation on the MOHA website.
2871:: wooden panels, zellij tilework, stucco calligraphy, and floral door panels
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8023:
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7700:
7455:
6717:
6421:
5790:
4703:
4539:
Ahuja, Mangho; Loeb, A. L. (1995). "Tessellations in Islamic Calligraphy".
4059:
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3711:
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3477:
3172:, 1925. 8-pointed stars emerge (lower right) where heavy black lines cross.
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1936:
1324:
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874:
863:
648:
611:
377:
118:
6821:
6390:"Decagonal and Quasi-crystalline Tilings in Medieval Islamic Architecture"
4189:
Behrens-Abouseif is a professor of the history of art and architecture at
3648:
is used to decorate mosques, public buildings and wealthy private houses.
3568:, diminishing in size as they rise. They are often elaborately decorated.
1594:
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1465:
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3204:
Architectural drawing for brick vaulting, Iran, probably Tehran, 1800–70
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7006:
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6855:
6539:
6339:
6142:
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4269:. He studies the mathematics of Persian architecture and mosaic design.
4180:
Wade is the author of a series of books on pattern in various artforms.
3885:
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3290:
3219:
2906:
2517:
2445:
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2018:
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1038:
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382:
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367:
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6869:
6816:
5509:
4220:
Baer is Emeritus Professor of Islamic Studies at Tel Aviv University.
4211:
Leaving the flask porous allowed evaporation, keeping the water cool.
4108:
4028:, decorated with polychrome mosaic, and weighing over 2,000 kg.
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80:
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3243:, Tunisia, and since then have spread all across the Islamic world.
280:
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5735:. Islamic Arts & Architecture. 16 December 2011. Archived from
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in 1230, going on to become widespread across the Islamic world.
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971:
789:
757:
397:
44:
10321:
Viewpoints: Mathematical Perspective and Fractal Geometry in Art
4699:"Muslim rule and compass: the magic of Islamic geometric design"
4247:
Broug writes books and runs courses on Islamic geometric design.
1406:
9429:
9177:
9165:
9160:
8924:
8831:
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8348:
8298:
8168:
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7339:
7266:
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7138:
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6944:
6929:
6914:
4491:
Islamic Patterns : an analytical and cosmological approach
4044:
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4017:
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894:
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767:
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631:
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601:
442:
412:
392:
387:
372:
350:
96:
7710:
7682:
5707:"Wood, glass, geometry – stained glass in Iran and Azerbaijan"
1265:
1085:
981:
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9033:
8963:
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8406:
8369:
8308:
8122:
8036:
7893:
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6996:
6990:
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6903:
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6874:
6755:
4151:
3904:
3835:
3779:
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3707:
3527:
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2502:
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2148:
2113:
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2098:
2083:
1951:
1941:
1864:
1614:
1549:
1391:
1372:
1235:
1190:
1180:
1155:
1140:
1013:
904:
849:
844:
809:
779:
432:
427:
300:
265:
225:
200:
195:
6310:"Istanbul hosts first ever Islamic geometric arts symposium"
4697:
Bellos, Alex; Broug (Illustrator), Eric (10 February 2015).
4086:
4058:'s intricate decorative designs to study the mathematics of
9436:
9419:
8958:
8941:
8861:
8856:
8132:
7908:
7903:
7536:
7495:
7281:
7255:
7112:
7031:
6847:
5813:
4190:
4155:
Islamic patterns that Rafsanjani noted on the tomb towers.
3862:
3752:
3691:
3511:
3497:
3481:
3433:
3189:
3026:
2691:
2450:
2370:
2123:
1956:
1946:
1460:
1411:
1008:
899:
315:
260:
235:
6002:
Bazaar to Piazza: Islamic Trade and Italian Art, 1300-1600
5557:"CARPETS v. Flat-woven carpets: Techniques and structures"
5197:"For Educators: Geometric Design in Islamic Art: Image 15"
3671:
bowl with radial and circular motifs, Persia, 17th century
3607:
in Yemen has stained glass windows in its tall buildings.
3018:, making Islamic geometric patterns forerunners of modern
2851:, Morocco, originally c. 1350, with geometric patterns in
6338:. The Prince's School of Traditional Arts. Archived from
5031:"Symmetry groups of Moroccan geometric woodwork patterns"
4696:
2848:
59:.The arched vertical panels are decorated with different
5139:"Geometric Decoration and the Art of the Book. Ceramics"
4238:
Bonner is an architect specialising in Islamic ornament.
2933:, Turkey (1424), with girih 10-point stars and pentagons
6231:
5248:"Geometric Decoration and the Art of the Book. Leather"
5029:
Aboufadil, Y.; Thalal, A.; Raghni, M. A. E. I. (2013).
4229:
Bier is a historian of Islamic art who studies pattern.
3054:
The mathematical properties of the decorative tile and
3032:
One of the early Western students of Islamic patterns,
6004:. University of California Press. pp. Chapter 1.
4516:
Geometric Patterns from Islamic Art & Architecture
6503:"Islamic art inspires stretchy, switchable materials"
6365:. University of Waterloo (PhD thesis). Archived from
6076:
5281:. Brill Archive. pp. 990–992. GGKEY:N71HHP1UY5E.
5028:
2867:
A variety of vernacular decorative Islamic styles in
6254:"Prof.Dr. Hacali Necefoğlu (Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi)"
5901:"Search the Collections "Islamic geometric pattern""
4745:"Geometry – The Language of Symmetry in Islamic Art"
3255:
Middle stage patterns on geometric borders around a
3078:-fold rosettes, can however generate all 17 groups.
5334:
5073:Abdullahi, Yahya; Bin Embi, Mohamed Rashid (2013).
5005:"What Symmetry Groups Are Present in the Alhambra?"
10218:The Drawing of Geometric Patterns in Saracenic Art
6027:An Optical Artist: Exploring Patterns and Symmetry
5893:
5336:
4969:"The Four Regular Mosaics Missing in the Alhambra"
3956:tiles forming colourful geometric patterns in the
3002:. They are constructed on grids that require only
2784:images to avoid becoming objects of worship. This
2660:Geometric patterns occur in a variety of forms in
10353:Goudreau Museum of Mathematics in Art and Science
5762:. Islamic Arts & Architecture. Archived from
5709:. Islamic Arts & Architecture. Archived from
4345:. Government of India Central Publication Branch.
2998:, which can extend indefinitely and thus suggest
10431:
4619:
4613:
4485:
2770:based on curving and branching plant forms, and
63:patterns, featuring 10-, 8- and 5-pointed stars.
5133:
5131:
4920:van den Hoeven, Saskia, van der Veen, Maartje.
4829:
3794:Leather prayer book cover, Persia, 16th century
8652:Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe
6530:Museum with no Frontiers: Geometric Decoration
6077:O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F. (May 2000).
5242:
5240:
4883:
4774:"Islamic Design: Arabic / Islamic geometry 01"
27:Geometric pattern characteristic of Muslim art
10348:European Society for Mathematics and the Arts
9522:Mathematica: A World of Numbers... and Beyond
9216:
8732:
7726:
6555:
5784:
4513:
4403:
4385:"The crucial role of geometry in Islamic art"
3385:
3093:Two-dimensional designs for two quarter-dome
3014:argues that such constructions are in effect
2595:
9502:List of works designed with the golden ratio
6387:
5605:
5128:
5068:
5066:
5064:
5062:
5060:
5058:
5056:
4952:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4767:
4765:
4065:
3737:(pulpit) with 12-point stars. 14th century.
3560:Muqarnas are elaborately carved ceilings to
3070:there. Moroccan geometric woodwork from the
2810:commitment to religious or moral criteria".
6187:
6096:
5760:"Sana'a Rising – "a Venice built on sand.""
5503:Varanashi, Satyaprakash (30 January 2011).
5396:
5394:
5297:"The Muqarnas Dome: Its Origin and Meaning"
5267:
5265:
5237:
5216:
5214:
5105:
4966:
4960:
4644:
4298:
4296:
4294:
4039:Islamic decoration and craftsmanship had a
9223:
9209:
8739:
8725:
8636:Islamic Art: Mirror of the Invisible World
7733:
7719:
6562:
6548:
6459:"Islamic tiles reveal sophisticated maths"
6053:Hispano-Arabic Poetry: A Student Anthology
5926:"Islamic geometric pattern A.D. 1000–1400"
5873:
5840:
5816:"Islamic Textile Art: Anomalies in Kilims"
5684:"Shaki Paradise in the Caucasus Foothills"
5377:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 58.
5191:
5189:
5164:
5162:
5160:
5158:
5156:
4823:
3218:Early stage: simple geometric patterns on
2602:
2588:
2014:On the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy
10450:Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world
9562:Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Assumption
6470:
6070:
5502:
5465:
5290:
5288:
5220:
5090:
5075:"Evolution of Islamic geometric patterns"
5053:
5022:
4987:
4762:
4638:
4538:
3657:Media used for Islamic geometric patterns
3408:tilework. In woodwork, especially in the
8689:Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting
6569:
6097:Strauss, S. (9 May 1996). "M C Escher".
5733:"Carved stucco and stained glass window"
5681:
5648:
5391:
5366:
5364:
5262:
5211:
5002:
4996:
4886:Journal of the American Oriental Society
4738:
4736:
4724:
4718:
4479:
4382:
4331:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4291:
4085:
4072:Mathematical Sciences Research Institute
4030:
3979:
3943:
3471:
3420:
3323:
3250:
3213:
2942:
10108:Vier Bücher von Menschlicher Proportion
9230:
8609:Heaven on Earth: Art from Islamic Lands
5624:Ayyubid Metalwork With Christian Images
5530:
5330:
5328:
5186:
5153:
4673:
4667:
4580:
4578:
4376:
4081:The Prince's School of Traditional Arts
3594:, constructed in 1797. Patterns in the
3349:in 1571–1596, but in few other places.
14:
10432:
6360:
6193:
6049:
5757:
5447:
5441:
5419:
5285:
4922:"Muqarnas-Mathematics in Islamic Arts"
4690:
4409:
4355:
4335:
3934:
3644:, but is also found in Moorish Spain.
3373:employed on Islamic ceramics from the
2814:Styles of Islamic geometric decoration
1989:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity
9204:
8720:
7714:
6543:
6388:Lu, P. J.; Steinhardt, P. J. (2007).
5599:
5370:
5361:
5273:Gibb, Sir Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen
4771:
4733:
4322:
3939:
3755:pierced stone screens at the tomb of
3640:. The tradition is characteristic of
3496:. The pattern is made by winding the
2745:
6500:
6453:
6228:"School of Islamic Geometric Design"
6024:
5999:
5704:
5654:
5620:
5325:
5271:
4796:
4575:
4507:
4442:
4041:significant influence on Western art
2938:
2721:in the twentieth century, and among
10293:Journal of Mathematics and the Arts
8746:
8616:Hajj: Journey to the Heart of Islam
6286:. Towson University. Archived from
6113:"Geometric Patterns in Islamic Art"
5814:Thompson, Muhammad; Begum, Nasima.
5221:Thompson, Muhammad; Begum, Nasima.
5079:Frontiers of Architectural Research
4304:"Geometric Patterns in Islamic Art"
4070:Cultural organisations such as the
3633:
1994:The Incoherence of the Philosophers
1649:National literatures of Arab States
24:
10307:Making Mathematics with Needlework
7598:Influences on Western architecture
6166:
5758:Hansen, Eri c (21 December 2011).
5294:
5035:Journal of Applied Crystallography
4804:"Islamic Art and Geometric Design"
4784:from the original on 13 April 2019
4387:. Al Arte Magazine. Archived from
4383:Bouaissa, Malikka (27 July 2013).
3806:Iron gate with 10-point stars and
1999:The Incoherence of the Incoherence
25:
10461:
10133:I quattro libri dell'architettura
8517:Museum for Islamic Art, Jerusalem
6523:
6056:. Gorgias Press LLC. p. 65.
5658:Metalwork in Medieval Islamic Art
4742:
4414:. New York: Springer. p. 1.
4308:Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History
3969:Islamic influences on Western art
2913:pattern. Syria, 12th/13th century
2762:. They are one of three forms of
10412:
10411:
9657:Self-portrait in a Convex Mirror
9341:
8915:Reception in early modern Europe
8910:Contributions to Medieval Europe
7962:
7694:
7681:
6769:
6507:British Broadcasting Corporation
6501:Webb, Jonathan (16 March 2016).
5705:Alin, Marina (21 January 2014).
5661:. SUNY Press. pp. 122–132.
5371:Njoku, Raphael Chijioke (2006).
5306:. pp. 61–74. Archived from
4620:Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (1999).
4584:
3911:
3892:
3869:
3843:
3832:Mosque-Madrassa of Sultan Hassan
3819:
3799:
3787:
3771:
3745:
3726:
3699:
3676:
3661:
3651:
3571:
3197:
3177:
3153:
3137:
3110:
3086:
2918:
2896:
2876:
2860:
2837:
2818:
125:
68:
36:
7740:
7567:Aga Khan Award for Architecture
6494:
6447:
6381:
6354:
6328:
6302:
6276:
6246:
6220:
6171:. Bonner Design. Archived from
6160:
6135:
6105:
6043:
6029:. Rosen Classroom. p. 20.
6018:
5993:
5968:
5943:
5918:
5867:
5834:
5807:
5778:
5751:
5725:
5698:
5675:
5614:
5610:. May Selçuk A. S. Edition=1st.
5574:
5549:
5524:
5496:
5474:
5099:
4913:
4877:
4674:Hussain, Zarah (30 June 2009).
4624:. Markus Wiener. pp. 7–8.
4532:
4272:
4259:
4250:
4241:
4232:
4223:
4214:
4205:
4196:
4183:
4174:
3995:on a wall of the Myrtle court,
3739:Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum
3246:
2790:mathematically based decoration
10440:Islamic architectural elements
10368:National Museum of Mathematics
10120:Regole generali d'architettura
6143:"Selected Works of Carol Bier"
5841:Alexenberg, Melvin L. (2006).
5374:Culture and Customs of Morocco
5343:. Marshall Cavendish. p.
5003:Grünbaum, Branko (June 2006).
4436:
4349:
4165:
3234:
3010:to draw. Artist and educator
2617:are one of the major forms of
91:; to either side is a band of
13:
1:
6336:"Introduction to Islamic Art"
5448:Hooman, Koliji (April 2016).
4676:"Introduction to Islamic art"
4285:
3694:symbols for the divine breath
3690:, 1262, in the shapes of the
3319:
3308:, Turkey in 1220, and in the
2829:, Persia, with geometric and
2740:
2621:, which tends to avoid using
9893:Garden of Cosmic Speculation
9151:Arab Agricultural Revolution
8674:Mathematics and architecture
7659:Sudano-Sahelian architecture
6260:(in Turkish). Archived from
6230:. Eric Broug. Archived from
5505:"The multi-functional jaali"
5335:King, David C. King (2006).
5199:. Metropolitan Museum of Art
4989:10.1016/0898-1221(87)90143-x
4839:. E.J. Brill. Archived from
4806:. MOHA. 2014. Archived from
4310:. Metropolitan Museum of Art
4076:Institute for Advanced Study
3533:
3398:Persian Islamic architecture
3209:
7:
5586:Through the Collector's Eye
4265:Sarhangi is the founder of
3549:
3361:
3352:
3330:Jama Masjid, Fatehpur Sikri
2949:Shah Nematollah Vali Shrine
2706:, woodwork, and metalwork.
2164:One Thousand and One Nights
10:
10466:
9410:Islamic geometric patterns
7027:Islamic geometric patterns
6085:. University of St Andrews
6079:"Maurits Cornelius Escher"
6000:Mack, Rosamond E. (2001).
5980:Metropolitan Museum of Art
5955:Metropolitan Museum of Art
5930:Metropolitan Museum of Art
5905:Victoria and Albert Museum
5406:Victoria and Albert Museum
5278:The Encyclopaedia of Islam
5250:. Museum with no Frontiers
5141:. Museum with no Frontiers
5092:10.1016/j.foar.2013.03.002
4647:Islamic Geometric Patterns
4356:Bonner, Jay (2017-08-17).
4014:Metropolitan Museum of Art
4009:Victoria and Albert Museum
3966:
3880:stained glass in the 1797
3838:, decorated with strapwork
3686:tiles from Iran, probably
3616:
3575:
3553:
3517:
3465:
3431:
3389:
3386:Girih tilings and woodwork
3365:
3101:(top), as a fan (bottom).
2966:
2925:An archway in the Ottoman
2909:stoneware glazed jar with
2795:
2615:Islamic geometric patterns
1927:Arcs of Descent and Ascent
994:Andalusian classical music
920:Arabic musical instruments
251:Islamic geometric patterns
10407:
10376:
10330:
10284:
10231:A Mathematician's Apology
10191:
10144:
10027:
9990:
9983:
9815:
9668:
9614:
9605:
9552:
9494:
9350:
9339:
9238:
9143:
9103:Geography and cartography
9071:
9009:
8923:
8875:
8817:
8809:Influences on Western art
8754:
8657:Influences on Western art
8625:
8593:
8469:
8431:
8387:
8357:
8284:
8251:
8242:
8177:
8156:
8115:
8067:
8022:
7978:
7971:
7960:
7884:
7757:
7748:
7672:
7616:
7585:
7559:
7509:
7461:Dar al-Shifa (Bimaristan)
7438:
7322:
7315:
7241:
7198:
7147:
7095:
6973:
6889:
6840:
6778:
6767:
6748:
6741:
6577:
6361:Kaplan, Craig S. (2002).
5880:Islamic and Geometric Art
5787:The World of M. C. Escher
5467:10.1007/s00004-016-0288-6
5225:. Salon du Tapis d'Orient
5047:10.1107/S0021889813027726
4725:Verostko, Roman (1999) .
4653:. pp. 183–185, 193.
4457:10.1080/00210860802246176
4066:Influence on the sciences
3610:
3440:Indo-Islamic architecture
3186:Tomb of I'timād-ud-Daulah
1974:The Theology of Aristotle
1441:Pre-Islamic Arabic poetry
1338:Love in Arabic literature
587:Arabic geometric patterns
550:Islamic hardstone carving
481:Ancient South Arabian art
10343:The Bridges Organization
7577:Museum with No Frontiers
5688:Azerbaijan International
5429:. Tebyan. 20 August 2011
5108:Islamic Geometric Design
4967:Perez-Gomez, R. (1987).
4830:Gülru Necipoğlu (1992).
4622:Beauty in Arabic Culture
4587:"The Evolution of Style"
4518:. Tarquin Publications.
4267:The Bridges Organization
4158:
3960:, Spain, which inspired
3582:Geometrically patterned
3461:
3241:Great Mosque of Kairouan
3224:Great Mosque of Kairouan
2911:overlapping circles grid
2807:Beauty in Arabic Culture
1343:Arabic erotic literature
540:Palestinian wood carving
18:Islamic geometric motifs
10205:The Grammar of Ornament
10157:Nature's Harmonic Unity
10067:De prospectiva pingendi
7688:Architecture portal
6414:10.1126/science.1135491
5976:"Mihrab (Prayer Niche)"
5820:Salon du Tapis d'Orient
5682:Sharifov, Azad (1998).
5535:. Prestel. p. 27.
5174:. Encyclopaedia Iranica
4910:(subscription required)
4362:. Springer. p. 6.
3416:
3287:Jameh Mosque of Isfahan
3082:Methods of construction
2766:, the others being the
2694:pierced stone screens,
2657:the sixteenth century.
1850:Islamic Aristotelianism
1845:Early Arabic Philosophy
10358:Institute For Figuring
10270:The 'Life' of a Carpet
10095:A Treatise on Painting
8647:Indo-Saracenic Revival
7593:Indo-Saracenic Revival
6993:(multicoloured ashlar)
6258:Akademik Bilgi Sistemi
6198:. New York: Springer.
6117:National Math Festival
6050:Monroe, J. T. (2004).
5951:"Pair of Minbar Doors"
5785:Locher, J. L. (1971).
5531:Mozzati, Luca (2010).
4749:Art of Islamic Pattern
4591:Pattern in Islamic Art
4514:Field, Robert (1998).
4337:Hankin, Ernest Hanbury
4103:
4094:princes at Kharaghan,
4036:
4004:
3964:
3500:threads back over the
3489:
3429:
3333:
3272:
3231:
3072:14th to 19th centuries
3038:Akbar's tomb, Sikandra
2964:
2487:South Arabian deities
2009:Theologus Autodidactus
890:Rhythm in Arabic music
10239:George David Birkhoff
10213:Ernest Hanbury Hankin
10081:De divina proportione
10061:Piero della Francesca
10040:Leon Battista Alberti
9627:Piero della Francesca
9266:Hyperboloid structure
9086:Alchemy and chemistry
8602:Empire of the Sultans
7330:Congregational mosque
6788:(four-arch structure)
5876:"Only God is Perfect"
5849:. Intellect. p.
5608:Kilim Catalogue No. 1
5606:Erbek, Güran (1998).
5561:Encyclopaedia Iranica
5454:Nexus Network Journal
4493:. Thames and Hudson.
4089:
4034:
3983:
3967:Further information:
3947:
3922:at Place el-Hedim in
3882:Palace of Shaki Khans
3588:Palace of Shaki Khans
3475:
3442:, for example in the
3424:
3366:Further information:
3327:
3254:
3217:
3170:Ernest Hanbury Hankin
3034:Ernest Hanbury Hankin
2967:Further information:
2946:
2690:decorative vaulting,
2316:North Arabian deities
2220:Fictional Arab people
2059:Atlantis of the Sands
1984:The Book of the Apple
565:Islamic ivory carving
10164:Frederik Macody Lund
10035:Filippo Brunelleschi
9916:Hamid Naderi Yeganeh
9778:La condition humaine
8565:Arab World Institute
8375:Ottoman illumination
7654:Ottoman architecture
7644:Moorish architecture
7639:Islamic architecture
7634:Iranian architecture
7057:Sebka (Darj-wa-ktaf)
6911:(or müezzin mahfili)
6571:Islamic architecture
6472:10.1038/news070219-9
6457:(22 February 2007).
6194:Bonner, Jay (2017).
5484:. Cornell University
5482:"intypes. perforate"
5106:Broug, Eric (2013).
4976:Comput. Math. Applic
4934:on 27 September 2013
4645:Broug, Eric (2008).
4410:Bonner, Jay (2017).
4130:were able to create
4054:was inspired by the
4024:(prayer niche) from
3899:Traditional Window,
2786:aniconism in Islamic
1446:Modern Arabic poetry
1121:Gnawa (North Africa)
962:Classical Arab music
10389:Mathematical beauty
10314:Rhythm of Structure
10257:Gödel, Escher, Bach
10053:De re aedificatoria
9684:The Ancient of Days
9303:Projective geometry
9232:Mathematics and art
8996:Early social change
8895:Early social change
7691: •
7678: •
7664:Yemeni architecture
7649:Mughal architecture
7629:Berber architecture
7624:Arabic architecture
7288:Salsabil (fountain)
7022:Islamic calligraphy
6406:2007Sci...315.1106L
6400:(5815): 1106–1110.
6369:on 30 December 2015
6316:. 25 September 2013
6290:on 27 November 2015
6025:Roza, Greg (2005).
5582:"Turkish Kilim Rug"
4134:tilings resembling
4090:Tomb towers of two
3935:Outside Islamic art
3814:, Cairo (1869–1912)
3456:Mosque of Ibn Tulun
3426:Mosque of Ibn Tulun
3166:Mughal architecture
2978:basic shape is the
2969:Mathematics and art
2827:Jame Mosque of Yazd
2772:Islamic calligraphy
2119:Iram of the Pillars
1378:Mirrors for princes
925:Great Book of Music
658:(Arabian Peninsula)
246:Islamic calligraphy
93:Islamic calligraphy
77:Ben Youssef Madrasa
10394:Patterns in nature
10251:Douglas Hofstadter
9877:Desmond Paul Henry
9867:Bathsheba Grossman
9799:The Swallow's Tail
9720:Giorgio de Chirico
9592:Sydney Opera House
9447:Croatian interlace
8642:Aniconism in Islam
8580:Toronto (Aga Khan)
8537:Khalili Collection
8402:Geometric patterns
7810:Bahmani and Deccan
7365:Kuttab (or maktab)
6342:on 3 December 2015
6175:on 8 December 2015
6123:on 8 December 2015
6099:The Globe and Mail
5766:on 26 January 2016
5739:on 26 January 2016
5713:on 26 January 2016
5655:Baer, Eva (1983).
5621:Baer, Eva (1989).
5313:on 8 December 2015
5012:Notices of the AMS
4810:on 3 December 2015
4278:Illustrated above.
4104:
4037:
4005:
3965:
3940:In Western culture
3490:
3430:
3334:
3273:
3232:
2965:
2845:Bou Inania Madrasa
2764:Islamic decoration
2746:Islamic decoration
2241:Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad
2069:Beast of the Earth
2024:Sicilian Questions
1855:Islamic Platonism
1808:Arabic mathematics
1358:Arabic short story
1353:Literary_criticism
545:Islamic embroidery
515:Arabic calligraphy
49:Bibi Khanum Mosque
10427:
10426:
10280:
10279:
10244:Aesthetic Measure
10115:Sebastiano Serlio
10089:Leonardo da Vinci
9979:
9978:
9971:Margaret Wertheim
9632:Leonardo da Vinci
9198:
9197:
9166:elementary school
8784:Geometric pattern
8714:
8713:
8383:
8382:
8238:
8237:
8210:Hardstone carving
8107:Chinese influence
7958:
7957:
7944:Stucco decoration
7708:
7707:
7555:
7554:
7311:
7310:
7298:Shading Umbrellas
7082:Stucco decoration
6982:For overview, see
6797:Four-centred arch
6205:978-1-4419-0216-0
6063:978-1-59333-115-3
6036:978-1-4042-5117-5
5668:978-0-87395-602-4
5542:978-3-7913-4455-3
5384:978-0-313-33289-0
5354:978-0-7614-2011-8
5121:978-0-500-51695-9
5112:Thames and Hudson
4772:Lockerbie, John.
4727:"Algorithmic Art"
4660:978-0-500-28721-7
4651:Thames and Hudson
4631:978-1-558-76199-5
4525:978-1-899618-22-4
4421:978-1-4419-0216-0
4369:978-1-4419-0217-7
4050:The Dutch artist
3733:Side of a wooden
3596:"shabaka" windows
2955:, 1431. The blue
2939:Pattern formation
2825:Tiles inside the
2612:
2611:
1912:Al-Insān al-Kāmil
1823:Arabic technology
1818:Arabic psychology
1803:Arabic Golden Age
570:Islamic Metalwork
326:Stucco decoration
16:(Redirected from
10457:
10415:
10414:
10265:Nikos Salingaros
9988:
9987:
9956:Hiroshi Sugimoto
9906:Robert Longhurst
9852:Helaman Ferguson
9807:Crockett Johnson
9736:Circle Limit III
9705:Danseuse au café
9612:
9611:
9582:Pyramid of Khufu
9345:
9225:
9218:
9211:
9202:
9201:
9073:Medieval science
8741:
8734:
8727:
8718:
8717:
8553:Majorelle Garden
8249:
8248:
8082:Hispano-Moresque
7976:
7975:
7966:
7775:Anatolian Seljuk
7755:
7754:
7735:
7728:
7721:
7712:
7711:
7701:Islam portal
7699:
7698:
7697:
7686:
7685:
7320:
7319:
6985:Islamic ornament
6864:South Asian dome
6792:Discharging arch
6773:
6746:
6745:
6590:Anatolian Seljuk
6564:
6557:
6550:
6541:
6540:
6518:
6517:
6515:
6513:
6498:
6492:
6491:
6489:
6487:
6474:
6465:: news070219–9.
6451:
6445:
6444:
6442:
6441:
6432:. Archived from
6385:
6379:
6378:
6376:
6374:
6358:
6352:
6351:
6349:
6347:
6332:
6326:
6325:
6323:
6321:
6306:
6300:
6299:
6297:
6295:
6280:
6274:
6273:
6271:
6269:
6250:
6244:
6243:
6241:
6239:
6224:
6218:
6217:
6191:
6185:
6184:
6182:
6180:
6164:
6158:
6157:
6155:
6153:
6139:
6133:
6132:
6130:
6128:
6119:. Archived from
6109:
6103:
6102:
6094:
6092:
6090:
6074:
6068:
6067:
6047:
6041:
6040:
6022:
6016:
6015:
5997:
5991:
5990:
5988:
5986:
5972:
5966:
5965:
5963:
5961:
5947:
5941:
5940:
5938:
5936:
5922:
5916:
5915:
5913:
5911:
5897:
5891:
5890:
5888:
5886:
5874:Backhouse, Tim.
5871:
5865:
5864:
5848:
5838:
5832:
5831:
5829:
5827:
5811:
5805:
5804:
5782:
5776:
5775:
5773:
5771:
5755:
5749:
5748:
5746:
5744:
5729:
5723:
5722:
5720:
5718:
5702:
5696:
5695:
5679:
5673:
5672:
5652:
5646:
5645:
5643:
5641:
5618:
5612:
5611:
5603:
5597:
5596:
5594:
5592:
5578:
5572:
5571:
5569:
5567:
5553:
5547:
5546:
5528:
5522:
5521:
5519:
5517:
5500:
5494:
5493:
5491:
5489:
5478:
5472:
5471:
5469:
5445:
5439:
5438:
5436:
5434:
5423:
5417:
5416:
5414:
5412:
5398:
5389:
5388:
5368:
5359:
5358:
5342:
5332:
5323:
5322:
5320:
5318:
5312:
5301:
5295:Tabbaa, Yasser.
5292:
5283:
5282:
5269:
5260:
5259:
5257:
5255:
5244:
5235:
5234:
5232:
5230:
5218:
5209:
5208:
5206:
5204:
5193:
5184:
5183:
5181:
5179:
5166:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5146:
5135:
5126:
5125:
5103:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5070:
5051:
5050:
5041:(6): 1834–1841.
5026:
5020:
5019:
5009:
5000:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4973:
4964:
4958:
4957:
4951:
4943:
4941:
4939:
4933:
4927:. Archived from
4926:
4917:
4911:
4909:
4881:
4875:
4874:
4868:
4864:
4862:
4854:
4852:
4851:
4845:
4838:
4827:
4821:
4819:
4817:
4815:
4800:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4789:
4769:
4760:
4759:
4757:
4755:
4743:Henry, Richard.
4740:
4731:
4730:
4722:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4711:
4694:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4683:
4671:
4665:
4664:
4642:
4636:
4635:
4617:
4611:
4610:
4604:
4602:
4593:. Archived from
4582:
4573:
4572:
4536:
4530:
4529:
4511:
4505:
4504:
4487:Critchlow, Keith
4483:
4477:
4476:
4440:
4434:
4433:
4407:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4396:
4391:on 27 March 2019
4380:
4374:
4373:
4353:
4347:
4346:
4333:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4315:
4300:
4279:
4276:
4270:
4263:
4257:
4254:
4248:
4245:
4239:
4236:
4230:
4227:
4221:
4218:
4212:
4209:
4203:
4200:
4194:
4187:
4181:
4178:
4172:
4169:
4136:those discovered
4114:Two physicists,
3915:
3896:
3873:
3847:
3823:
3812:Al-Rifa'i Mosque
3803:
3791:
3775:
3749:
3730:
3706:Glazed tilework
3703:
3680:
3665:
3635:
3578:Shabaka (window)
3478:geometric motifs
3201:
3181:
3157:
3141:
3114:
3090:
3073:
3068:wallpaper groups
3058:patterns of the
2922:
2900:
2880:
2864:
2841:
2831:vegetal patterns
2822:
2800:Authors such as
2668:. These include
2619:Islamic ornament
2604:
2597:
2590:
2281:Princess Jasmine
2266:Layla and Majnun
2251:Hayy ibn Yaqdhan
2199:She-Camel of God
2194:Shams al-Ma'arif
2004:Hayy ibn Yaqdhan
1870:Sufi metaphysics
1798:Arabic geography
1793:Arabic astronomy
1788:Arabic astrology
1783:Arabic chemistry
1348:Arabic grimoires
1328:
1101:Chaabi (Morocco)
1096:Chaabi (Algeria)
880:Arab tone system
699:
691:
683:
675:
667:
659:
530:Arabic miniature
256:Islamic ornament
129:
106:
105:
72:
40:
21:
10465:
10464:
10460:
10459:
10458:
10456:
10455:
10454:
10430:
10429:
10428:
10423:
10403:
10399:Sacred geometry
10372:
10338:Ars Mathematica
10326:
10276:
10187:
10140:
10127:Andrea Palladio
10023:
10016:De architectura
9975:
9931:Antoine Pevsner
9911:Jeanette McLeod
9862:Susan Goldstine
9811:
9670:
9664:
9601:
9587:Sagrada Família
9548:
9490:
9358:Algorithmic art
9346:
9337:
9333:Wallpaper group
9271:Minimal surface
9234:
9229:
9199:
9194:
9139:
9067:
9056:Early sociology
9005:
8969:decision-making
8919:
8900:Early conquests
8871:
8813:
8750:
8748:Islamic studies
8745:
8715:
8710:
8679:Moorish Revival
8627:
8621:
8589:
8506:Calligraphy Art
8472:
8465:
8427:
8379:
8353:
8280:
8244:
8234:
8200:Enamelled glass
8173:
8152:
8111:
8063:
8018:
7979:Regional styles
7967:
7954:
7880:
7851:Sudano-Sahelian
7758:Regional styles
7744:
7739:
7709:
7704:
7695:
7693:
7680:
7668:
7612:
7603:Moorish Revival
7581:
7551:
7517:Albarrana tower
7505:
7434:
7421:in modern Iran)
7335:Dar al-Muwaqqit
7307:
7258:(fountain type)
7243:
7237:
7200:
7194:
7185:Reflecting pool
7180:Persian gardens
7175:Paradise garden
7143:
7120:(entrance hall)
7091:
7047:Nagash painting
6969:
6891:
6885:
6836:
6807:Lambrequin arch
6774:
6765:
6737:
6708:Sudano-Sahelian
6573:
6568:
6526:
6521:
6511:
6509:
6499:
6495:
6485:
6483:
6452:
6448:
6439:
6437:
6386:
6382:
6372:
6370:
6359:
6355:
6345:
6343:
6334:
6333:
6329:
6319:
6317:
6308:
6307:
6303:
6293:
6291:
6284:"Reza Sarhangi"
6282:
6281:
6277:
6267:
6265:
6252:
6251:
6247:
6237:
6235:
6234:on 8 April 2019
6226:
6225:
6221:
6206:
6192:
6188:
6178:
6176:
6165:
6161:
6151:
6149:
6141:
6140:
6136:
6126:
6124:
6111:
6110:
6106:
6088:
6086:
6075:
6071:
6064:
6048:
6044:
6037:
6023:
6019:
6012:
5998:
5994:
5984:
5982:
5974:
5973:
5969:
5959:
5957:
5949:
5948:
5944:
5934:
5932:
5924:
5923:
5919:
5909:
5907:
5899:
5898:
5894:
5884:
5882:
5872:
5868:
5861:
5839:
5835:
5825:
5823:
5812:
5808:
5801:
5783:
5779:
5769:
5767:
5756:
5752:
5742:
5740:
5731:
5730:
5726:
5716:
5714:
5703:
5699:
5680:
5676:
5669:
5653:
5649:
5639:
5637:
5635:
5619:
5615:
5604:
5600:
5590:
5588:
5580:
5579:
5575:
5565:
5563:
5555:
5554:
5550:
5543:
5529:
5525:
5515:
5513:
5501:
5497:
5487:
5485:
5480:
5479:
5475:
5446:
5442:
5432:
5430:
5425:
5424:
5420:
5410:
5408:
5400:
5399:
5392:
5385:
5369:
5362:
5355:
5333:
5326:
5316:
5314:
5310:
5299:
5293:
5286:
5270:
5263:
5253:
5251:
5246:
5245:
5238:
5228:
5226:
5219:
5212:
5202:
5200:
5195:
5194:
5187:
5177:
5175:
5168:
5167:
5154:
5144:
5142:
5137:
5136:
5129:
5122:
5114:. p. 173.
5104:
5100:
5071:
5054:
5027:
5023:
5007:
5001:
4997:
4971:
4965:
4961:
4945:
4944:
4937:
4935:
4931:
4924:
4918:
4914:
4882:
4878:
4866:
4865:
4856:
4855:
4849:
4847:
4843:
4836:
4828:
4824:
4813:
4811:
4802:
4801:
4797:
4787:
4785:
4770:
4763:
4753:
4751:
4741:
4734:
4723:
4719:
4709:
4707:
4695:
4691:
4681:
4679:
4672:
4668:
4661:
4643:
4639:
4632:
4618:
4614:
4600:
4598:
4583:
4576:
4553:10.2307/1576154
4537:
4533:
4526:
4512:
4508:
4501:
4484:
4480:
4445:Iranian Studies
4441:
4437:
4422:
4408:
4404:
4394:
4392:
4381:
4377:
4370:
4354:
4350:
4334:
4323:
4313:
4311:
4302:
4301:
4292:
4288:
4283:
4282:
4277:
4273:
4264:
4260:
4255:
4251:
4246:
4242:
4237:
4233:
4228:
4224:
4219:
4215:
4210:
4206:
4201:
4197:
4188:
4184:
4179:
4175:
4170:
4166:
4161:
4120:Paul Steinhardt
4109:algorithmically
4096:Qazvin province
4068:
3971:
3942:
3937:
3930:
3916:
3907:
3897:
3888:
3874:
3865:
3848:
3839:
3824:
3815:
3804:
3795:
3792:
3783:
3776:
3767:
3750:
3741:
3731:
3722:
3704:
3695:
3681:
3672:
3666:
3654:
3621:
3615:
3580:
3574:
3558:
3552:
3536:
3520:
3470:
3464:
3436:
3419:
3394:
3388:
3370:
3368:Islamic pottery
3364:
3355:
3322:
3302:Alâeddin Mosque
3261:Alâeddin Mosque
3249:
3237:
3212:
3205:
3202:
3193:
3182:
3173:
3158:
3149:
3142:
3133:
3115:
3106:
3091:
3071:
3049:Timurid dynasty
3020:algorithmic art
2975:
2941:
2934:
2923:
2914:
2901:
2892:
2891:stalactite work
2881:
2872:
2865:
2856:
2842:
2833:
2823:
2802:Keith Critchlow
2798:
2748:
2743:
2735:Paul Steinhardt
2627:holy scriptures
2608:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2481:Isāf and Nā'ila
2312:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2214:Zarqa al Yamama
2079:Book of Wonders
2048:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2034:
1969:Liber de Causis
1875:Sufi philosophy
1839:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1813:Arabic medicine
1777:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1326:
1320:Epic literature
1282:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1175:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1111:Fann at-Tanbura
930:Kitab al-Aghani
866:
856:
855:
854:
714:
704:
703:
697:
689:
681:
673:
665:
657:
651:
641:
640:
639:
637:
520:Arabic graffiti
472:
462:
461:
460:
458:
363:Albarrana tower
306:Reflecting pool
296:Nagash painting
188:
139:
104:
103:
102:
101:
100:
73:
65:
64:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10463:
10453:
10452:
10447:
10442:
10425:
10424:
10422:
10421:
10408:
10405:
10404:
10402:
10401:
10396:
10391:
10386:
10380:
10378:
10374:
10373:
10371:
10370:
10365:
10360:
10355:
10350:
10345:
10340:
10334:
10332:
10328:
10327:
10325:
10324:
10317:
10310:
10303:
10296:
10288:
10286:
10282:
10281:
10278:
10277:
10275:
10274:
10273:
10272:
10262:
10261:
10260:
10248:
10247:
10246:
10236:
10235:
10234:
10222:
10221:
10220:
10210:
10209:
10208:
10195:
10193:
10189:
10188:
10186:
10185:
10184:
10183:
10181:The Greek Vase
10173:
10172:
10171:
10161:
10160:
10159:
10148:
10146:
10142:
10141:
10139:
10138:
10137:
10136:
10124:
10123:
10122:
10112:
10111:
10110:
10103:Albrecht Dürer
10100:
10099:
10098:
10086:
10085:
10084:
10072:
10071:
10070:
10058:
10057:
10056:
10049:
10037:
10031:
10029:
10025:
10024:
10022:
10021:
10020:
10019:
10007:
10006:
10005:
9994:
9992:
9985:
9981:
9980:
9977:
9976:
9974:
9973:
9968:
9966:Roman Verostko
9963:
9958:
9953:
9948:
9943:
9941:Alba Rojo Cama
9938:
9933:
9928:
9923:
9918:
9913:
9908:
9903:
9898:
9897:
9896:
9887:Charles Jencks
9884:
9879:
9874:
9872:George W. Hart
9869:
9864:
9859:
9854:
9849:
9844:
9839:
9834:
9825:
9819:
9817:
9813:
9812:
9810:
9809:
9804:
9803:
9802:
9795:
9783:
9782:
9781:
9769:
9768:
9767:
9760:
9753:
9746:
9739:
9727:
9722:
9717:
9716:
9715:
9708:
9699:Jean Metzinger
9696:
9695:
9694:
9687:
9674:
9672:
9666:
9665:
9663:
9662:
9661:
9660:
9648:
9646:Albrecht Dürer
9643:
9642:
9641:
9629:
9624:
9618:
9616:
9609:
9603:
9602:
9600:
9599:
9594:
9589:
9584:
9579:
9574:
9569:
9564:
9558:
9556:
9550:
9549:
9547:
9546:
9539:
9532:
9525:
9518:
9511:
9504:
9498:
9496:
9492:
9491:
9489:
9488:
9483:
9478:
9473:
9472:
9471:
9461:
9456:
9455:
9454:
9449:
9444:
9434:
9433:
9432:
9427:
9422:
9417:
9407:
9402:
9397:
9392:
9387:
9386:
9385:
9380:
9375:
9365:
9363:Anamorphic art
9360:
9354:
9352:
9348:
9347:
9340:
9338:
9336:
9335:
9330:
9325:
9320:
9319:
9318:
9313:
9305:
9300:
9295:
9294:
9293:
9291:Camera obscura
9288:
9278:
9273:
9268:
9263:
9258:
9253:
9248:
9242:
9240:
9236:
9235:
9228:
9227:
9220:
9213:
9205:
9196:
9195:
9193:
9192:
9191:
9190:
9185:
9180:
9170:
9169:
9168:
9163:
9153:
9147:
9145:
9141:
9140:
9138:
9137:
9132:
9127:
9126:
9125:
9115:
9110:
9105:
9100:
9099:
9098:
9088:
9083:
9077:
9075:
9069:
9068:
9066:
9065:
9064:
9063:
9053:
9048:
9043:
9038:
9037:
9036:
9026:
9021:
9015:
9013:
9007:
9006:
9004:
9003:
8998:
8993:
8988:
8983:
8978:
8977:
8976:
8971:
8966:
8964:use of analogy
8956:
8951:
8950:
8949:
8944:
8933:
8931:
8921:
8920:
8918:
8917:
8912:
8907:
8902:
8897:
8892:
8890:Historiography
8887:
8881:
8879:
8873:
8872:
8870:
8869:
8864:
8859:
8854:
8849:
8844:
8839:
8834:
8829:
8823:
8821:
8815:
8814:
8812:
8811:
8806:
8801:
8796:
8791:
8786:
8781:
8776:
8771:
8766:
8760:
8758:
8752:
8751:
8744:
8743:
8736:
8729:
8721:
8712:
8711:
8709:
8708:
8706:Topkapı Scroll
8703:
8696:
8691:
8686:
8681:
8676:
8671:
8670:
8669:
8664:
8654:
8649:
8644:
8639:
8631:
8629:
8623:
8622:
8620:
8619:
8612:
8605:
8597:
8595:
8591:
8590:
8588:
8587:
8582:
8577:
8572:
8561:
8556:
8545:
8540:
8529:British Museum
8525:
8520:
8513:Islamic Museum
8509:
8498:
8493:
8488:
8483:
8477:
8475:
8467:
8466:
8464:
8463:
8458:
8453:
8448:
8443:
8437:
8435:
8429:
8428:
8426:
8425:
8419:
8414:
8404:
8399:
8393:
8391:
8385:
8384:
8381:
8380:
8378:
8377:
8372:
8367:
8361:
8359:
8355:
8354:
8352:
8351:
8346:
8341:
8336:
8331:
8326:
8321:
8316:
8311:
8306:
8301:
8296:
8290:
8288:
8282:
8281:
8279:
8278:
8273:
8268:
8263:
8257:
8255:
8246:
8240:
8239:
8236:
8235:
8233:
8232:
8231:
8230:
8224:Stained glass
8222:
8217:
8212:
8207:
8202:
8197:
8195:Damascus steel
8192:
8187:
8181:
8179:
8175:
8174:
8172:
8171:
8166:
8160:
8158:
8154:
8153:
8151:
8150:
8145:
8140:
8135:
8130:
8125:
8119:
8117:
8113:
8112:
8110:
8109:
8104:
8099:
8094:
8089:
8084:
8079:
8073:
8071:
8065:
8064:
8062:
8061:
8056:
8051:
8046:
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8044:
8034:
8028:
8026:
8020:
8019:
8017:
8016:
8006:
7988:
7982:
7980:
7973:
7969:
7968:
7961:
7959:
7956:
7955:
7953:
7952:
7946:
7941:
7936:
7931:
7926:
7921:
7916:
7911:
7906:
7901:
7896:
7890:
7888:
7882:
7881:
7879:
7878:
7873:
7868:
7863:
7858:
7853:
7848:
7843:
7838:
7833:
7828:
7819:
7818:
7817:
7812:
7807:
7797:
7792:
7787:
7782:
7777:
7772:
7767:
7761:
7759:
7752:
7746:
7745:
7738:
7737:
7730:
7723:
7715:
7706:
7705:
7673:
7670:
7669:
7667:
7666:
7661:
7656:
7651:
7646:
7641:
7636:
7631:
7626:
7620:
7618:
7617:Category pages
7614:
7613:
7611:
7610:
7605:
7600:
7595:
7589:
7587:
7583:
7582:
7580:
7579:
7574:
7569:
7563:
7561:
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7553:
7552:
7550:
7549:
7544:
7539:
7534:
7529:
7524:
7519:
7513:
7511:
7507:
7506:
7504:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7491:Medina quarter
7488:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7463:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7442:
7440:
7436:
7435:
7433:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7347:
7342:
7337:
7332:
7326:
7324:
7317:
7313:
7312:
7309:
7308:
7306:
7305:
7300:
7295:
7290:
7285:
7279:
7277:Riwaq (arcade)
7274:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7253:
7247:
7245:
7239:
7238:
7236:
7235:
7230:
7225:
7220:
7215:
7210:
7204:
7202:
7196:
7195:
7193:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7165:Islamic garden
7162:
7157:
7151:
7149:
7145:
7144:
7142:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7099:
7097:
7093:
7092:
7090:
7089:
7084:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7064:
7059:
7054:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7019:
7014:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6988:
6977:
6975:
6971:
6970:
6968:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6906:
6901:
6895:
6893:
6887:
6886:
6884:
6883:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6844:
6842:
6838:
6837:
6835:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6812:Multifoil arch
6809:
6804:
6802:Horseshoe arch
6799:
6794:
6789:
6782:
6780:
6776:
6775:
6768:
6766:
6764:
6763:
6758:
6752:
6750:
6743:
6739:
6738:
6736:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6694:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6644:
6643:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6581:
6579:
6575:
6574:
6567:
6566:
6559:
6552:
6544:
6538:
6537:
6532:
6525:
6524:External links
6522:
6520:
6519:
6493:
6446:
6380:
6353:
6327:
6314:World Bulletin
6301:
6275:
6245:
6219:
6204:
6186:
6159:
6134:
6104:
6069:
6062:
6042:
6035:
6017:
6010:
5992:
5967:
5942:
5917:
5892:
5866:
5859:
5833:
5806:
5799:
5793:. p. 17.
5777:
5750:
5724:
5697:
5674:
5667:
5647:
5633:
5613:
5598:
5573:
5548:
5541:
5523:
5495:
5473:
5440:
5418:
5390:
5383:
5360:
5353:
5324:
5284:
5261:
5236:
5210:
5185:
5152:
5127:
5120:
5098:
5085:(2): 243–251.
5052:
5021:
4995:
4982:(2): 133–137.
4959:
4912:
4898:10.2307/604839
4892:(4): 637–645.
4876:
4822:
4795:
4761:
4732:
4717:
4689:
4666:
4659:
4637:
4630:
4612:
4597:on 19 May 2022
4574:
4531:
4524:
4506:
4499:
4478:
4451:(4): 491–509.
4435:
4420:
4402:
4375:
4368:
4348:
4321:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4271:
4258:
4249:
4240:
4231:
4222:
4213:
4204:
4195:
4182:
4173:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4132:quasi-periodic
4067:
4064:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3931:
3917:
3910:
3908:
3898:
3891:
3889:
3875:
3868:
3866:
3849:
3842:
3840:
3825:
3818:
3816:
3805:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3786:
3784:
3777:
3770:
3768:
3761:Fatehpur Sikri
3751:
3744:
3742:
3732:
3725:
3723:
3705:
3698:
3696:
3682:
3675:
3673:
3667:
3660:
3658:
3653:
3650:
3617:Main article:
3614:
3609:
3576:Main article:
3573:
3570:
3554:Main article:
3551:
3548:
3535:
3532:
3519:
3516:
3466:Main article:
3463:
3460:
3448:Fatehpur Sikri
3444:Mughal dynasty
3432:Main article:
3418:
3415:
3390:Main article:
3387:
3384:
3363:
3360:
3354:
3351:
3343:Fatehpur Sikri
3321:
3318:
3295:Barsian Mosque
3271:. 1220 onwards
3248:
3245:
3236:
3233:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3203:
3196:
3194:
3184:Decoration in
3183:
3176:
3174:
3159:
3152:
3150:
3143:
3136:
3134:
3120:tiling in the
3116:
3109:
3107:
3105:, 15th century
3103:Topkapı Scroll
3092:
3085:
3083:
3064:Granada, Spain
3045:Topkapı Scroll
3012:Roman Verostko
2940:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2924:
2917:
2915:
2902:
2895:
2893:
2882:
2875:
2873:
2866:
2859:
2857:
2843:
2836:
2834:
2824:
2817:
2815:
2797:
2794:
2780:mostly avoids
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2723:mathematicians
2610:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2599:
2592:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2256:Kara Ben Nemsi
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2231:Abdul Alhazred
2228:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2032:
2031:
2029:Fusus al-Hikam
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1902:Al-aql al-faal
1893:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1589:
1584:
1575:Arabic prosody
1571:
1570:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1449:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1327:(ryhmed prose)
1322:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1284:
1283:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1049:Qudud Halabiya
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
999:Andalusi nubah
996:
985:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
947:Arabic hip hop
944:
933:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
885:Algerian scale
882:
877:
868:
867:
862:
861:
858:
857:
853:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
830:Robe of honour
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
771:
770:
765:
763:Tarboush (fez)
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
716:
715:
710:
709:
706:
705:
702:
701:
698:(North Africa)
693:
685:
677:
669:
661:
652:
647:
646:
643:
642:
635:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
597:Damascus steel
594:
589:
584:
573:
572:
567:
562:
557:
555:Islamic garden
552:
547:
542:
537:
535:Arabic pottery
532:
527:
522:
517:
506:
505:
504:
503:
498:
488:
483:
474:
473:
468:
467:
464:
463:
456:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
418:Medina quarter
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
354:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
286:Multifoil arch
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
231:Horseshoe arch
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
186:
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
160:
155:
150:
141:
140:
135:
134:
131:
130:
122:
121:
119:Arabic culture
115:
114:
74:
67:
66:
42:
35:
34:
33:
32:
31:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10462:
10451:
10448:
10446:
10443:
10441:
10438:
10437:
10435:
10420:
10419:
10410:
10409:
10406:
10400:
10397:
10395:
10392:
10390:
10387:
10385:
10384:Droste effect
10382:
10381:
10379:
10375:
10369:
10366:
10364:
10363:Mathemalchemy
10361:
10359:
10356:
10354:
10351:
10349:
10346:
10344:
10341:
10339:
10336:
10335:
10333:
10331:Organizations
10329:
10323:
10322:
10318:
10316:
10315:
10311:
10309:
10308:
10304:
10302:
10301:
10300:Lumen Naturae
10297:
10295:
10294:
10290:
10289:
10287:
10283:
10271:
10268:
10267:
10266:
10263:
10259:
10258:
10254:
10253:
10252:
10249:
10245:
10242:
10241:
10240:
10237:
10233:
10232:
10228:
10227:
10226:
10223:
10219:
10216:
10215:
10214:
10211:
10207:
10206:
10202:
10201:
10200:
10197:
10196:
10194:
10190:
10182:
10179:
10178:
10177:
10174:
10170:
10167:
10166:
10165:
10162:
10158:
10155:
10154:
10153:
10152:Samuel Colman
10150:
10149:
10147:
10143:
10135:
10134:
10130:
10129:
10128:
10125:
10121:
10118:
10117:
10116:
10113:
10109:
10106:
10105:
10104:
10101:
10097:
10096:
10092:
10091:
10090:
10087:
10083:
10082:
10078:
10077:
10076:
10073:
10069:
10068:
10064:
10063:
10062:
10059:
10055:
10054:
10050:
10048:
10047:
10043:
10042:
10041:
10038:
10036:
10033:
10032:
10030:
10026:
10018:
10017:
10013:
10012:
10011:
10008:
10004:
10001:
10000:
9999:
9996:
9995:
9993:
9989:
9986:
9982:
9972:
9969:
9967:
9964:
9962:
9961:Daina Taimiņa
9959:
9957:
9954:
9952:
9949:
9947:
9946:Reza Sarhangi
9944:
9942:
9939:
9937:
9934:
9932:
9929:
9927:
9924:
9922:
9919:
9917:
9914:
9912:
9909:
9907:
9904:
9902:
9899:
9895:
9894:
9890:
9889:
9888:
9885:
9883:
9880:
9878:
9875:
9873:
9870:
9868:
9865:
9863:
9860:
9858:
9857:Peter Forakis
9855:
9853:
9850:
9848:
9845:
9843:
9840:
9838:
9835:
9833:
9829:
9826:
9824:
9821:
9820:
9818:
9814:
9808:
9805:
9801:
9800:
9796:
9794:
9793:
9789:
9788:
9787:
9786:Salvador Dalí
9784:
9780:
9779:
9775:
9774:
9773:
9772:René Magritte
9770:
9766:
9765:
9761:
9759:
9758:
9754:
9752:
9751:
9747:
9745:
9744:
9743:Print Gallery
9740:
9738:
9737:
9733:
9732:
9731:
9728:
9726:
9723:
9721:
9718:
9714:
9713:
9712:L'Oiseau bleu
9709:
9707:
9706:
9702:
9701:
9700:
9697:
9693:
9692:
9688:
9686:
9685:
9681:
9680:
9679:
9678:William Blake
9676:
9675:
9673:
9667:
9659:
9658:
9654:
9653:
9652:
9649:
9647:
9644:
9640:
9639:
9638:Vitruvian Man
9635:
9634:
9633:
9630:
9628:
9625:
9623:
9622:Paolo Uccello
9620:
9619:
9617:
9613:
9610:
9608:
9604:
9598:
9595:
9593:
9590:
9588:
9585:
9583:
9580:
9578:
9575:
9573:
9570:
9568:
9565:
9563:
9560:
9559:
9557:
9555:
9551:
9545:
9544:
9543:Pi in the Sky
9540:
9538:
9537:
9533:
9531:
9530:
9526:
9524:
9523:
9519:
9517:
9516:
9515:Mathemalchemy
9512:
9510:
9509:
9505:
9503:
9500:
9499:
9497:
9493:
9487:
9484:
9482:
9479:
9477:
9474:
9470:
9467:
9466:
9465:
9462:
9460:
9457:
9453:
9450:
9448:
9445:
9443:
9440:
9439:
9438:
9435:
9431:
9428:
9426:
9423:
9421:
9418:
9416:
9413:
9412:
9411:
9408:
9406:
9403:
9401:
9398:
9396:
9393:
9391:
9388:
9384:
9383:Vastu shastra
9381:
9379:
9376:
9374:
9373:Geodesic dome
9371:
9370:
9369:
9366:
9364:
9361:
9359:
9356:
9355:
9353:
9349:
9344:
9334:
9331:
9329:
9326:
9324:
9321:
9317:
9314:
9312:
9309:
9308:
9306:
9304:
9301:
9299:
9298:Plastic ratio
9296:
9292:
9289:
9287:
9286:Camera lucida
9284:
9283:
9282:
9279:
9277:
9274:
9272:
9269:
9267:
9264:
9262:
9259:
9257:
9254:
9252:
9249:
9247:
9244:
9243:
9241:
9237:
9233:
9226:
9221:
9219:
9214:
9212:
9207:
9206:
9203:
9189:
9186:
9184:
9181:
9179:
9176:
9175:
9174:
9171:
9167:
9164:
9162:
9159:
9158:
9157:
9154:
9152:
9149:
9148:
9146:
9142:
9136:
9133:
9131:
9128:
9124:
9123:ophthalmology
9121:
9120:
9119:
9116:
9114:
9111:
9109:
9106:
9104:
9101:
9097:
9094:
9093:
9092:
9089:
9087:
9084:
9082:
9079:
9078:
9076:
9074:
9070:
9062:
9059:
9058:
9057:
9054:
9052:
9049:
9047:
9044:
9042:
9039:
9035:
9032:
9031:
9030:
9027:
9025:
9022:
9020:
9017:
9016:
9014:
9012:
9008:
9002:
8999:
8997:
8994:
8992:
8989:
8987:
8984:
8982:
8979:
8975:
8972:
8970:
8967:
8965:
8962:
8961:
8960:
8959:Jurisprudence
8957:
8955:
8952:
8948:
8945:
8943:
8940:
8939:
8938:
8935:
8934:
8932:
8930:
8926:
8922:
8916:
8913:
8911:
8908:
8906:
8903:
8901:
8898:
8896:
8893:
8891:
8888:
8886:
8883:
8882:
8880:
8878:
8874:
8868:
8865:
8863:
8860:
8858:
8855:
8853:
8850:
8848:
8845:
8843:
8840:
8838:
8835:
8833:
8830:
8828:
8825:
8824:
8822:
8820:
8816:
8810:
8807:
8805:
8802:
8800:
8797:
8795:
8792:
8790:
8787:
8785:
8782:
8780:
8777:
8775:
8772:
8770:
8767:
8765:
8762:
8761:
8759:
8757:
8753:
8749:
8742:
8737:
8735:
8730:
8728:
8723:
8722:
8719:
8707:
8704:
8702:
8701:
8697:
8695:
8692:
8690:
8687:
8685:
8682:
8680:
8677:
8675:
8672:
8668:
8665:
8663:
8660:
8659:
8658:
8655:
8653:
8650:
8648:
8645:
8643:
8640:
8638:
8637:
8633:
8632:
8630:
8624:
8618:
8617:
8613:
8611:
8610:
8606:
8604:
8603:
8599:
8598:
8596:
8592:
8586:
8583:
8581:
8578:
8576:
8573:
8570:
8566:
8562:
8560:
8557:
8554:
8550:
8546:
8544:
8541:
8538:
8534:
8530:
8526:
8524:
8521:
8518:
8514:
8510:
8507:
8503:
8499:
8497:
8494:
8492:
8489:
8487:
8484:
8482:
8479:
8478:
8476:
8474:
8468:
8462:
8459:
8457:
8454:
8452:
8449:
8447:
8444:
8442:
8439:
8438:
8436:
8434:
8430:
8423:
8420:
8418:
8415:
8412:
8408:
8405:
8403:
8400:
8398:
8395:
8394:
8392:
8390:
8386:
8376:
8373:
8371:
8368:
8366:
8363:
8362:
8360:
8356:
8350:
8347:
8345:
8342:
8340:
8337:
8335:
8332:
8330:
8327:
8325:
8322:
8320:
8317:
8315:
8312:
8310:
8307:
8305:
8302:
8300:
8297:
8295:
8292:
8291:
8289:
8287:
8283:
8277:
8274:
8272:
8269:
8267:
8264:
8262:
8259:
8258:
8256:
8254:
8250:
8247:
8241:
8229:
8226:
8225:
8223:
8221:
8218:
8216:
8215:Ivory carving
8213:
8211:
8208:
8206:
8203:
8201:
8198:
8196:
8193:
8191:
8188:
8186:
8183:
8182:
8180:
8176:
8170:
8167:
8165:
8162:
8161:
8159:
8155:
8149:
8146:
8144:
8141:
8139:
8136:
8134:
8131:
8129:
8126:
8124:
8121:
8120:
8118:
8114:
8108:
8105:
8103:
8100:
8098:
8095:
8093:
8090:
8088:
8085:
8083:
8080:
8078:
8075:
8074:
8072:
8070:
8066:
8060:
8057:
8055:
8052:
8050:
8047:
8043:
8040:
8039:
8038:
8035:
8033:
8030:
8029:
8027:
8025:
8021:
8014:
8010:
8007:
8004:
8000:
7996:
7992:
7989:
7987:
7984:
7983:
7981:
7977:
7974:
7970:
7965:
7950:
7947:
7945:
7942:
7940:
7937:
7935:
7932:
7930:
7927:
7925:
7922:
7920:
7917:
7915:
7912:
7910:
7907:
7905:
7902:
7900:
7897:
7895:
7892:
7891:
7889:
7887:
7883:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7869:
7867:
7864:
7862:
7859:
7857:
7854:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7834:
7832:
7829:
7827:
7823:
7820:
7816:
7813:
7811:
7808:
7806:
7803:
7802:
7801:
7798:
7796:
7793:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7783:
7781:
7778:
7776:
7773:
7771:
7768:
7766:
7763:
7762:
7760:
7756:
7753:
7751:
7747:
7743:
7736:
7731:
7729:
7724:
7722:
7717:
7716:
7713:
7703:
7702:
7690:
7689:
7684:
7677:
7671:
7665:
7662:
7660:
7657:
7655:
7652:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7627:
7625:
7622:
7621:
7619:
7615:
7609:
7606:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7594:
7591:
7590:
7588:
7584:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7570:
7568:
7565:
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7562:
7558:
7548:
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7525:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7515:
7514:
7512:
7508:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7476:Hasht-Bihisht
7474:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
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7431:
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7408:
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7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
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7388:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7350:Jama'at Khana
7348:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7327:
7325:
7321:
7318:
7314:
7304:
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7299:
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7291:
7289:
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7280:
7278:
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7260:
7257:
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7249:
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7240:
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7231:
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7226:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7205:
7203:
7197:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7170:Mughal garden
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7152:
7150:
7146:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7111:
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7101:
7100:
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7053:
7050:
7048:
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7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6992:
6989:
6986:
6983:
6979:
6978:
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6808:
6805:
6803:
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6762:
6759:
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6751:
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6711:
6709:
6706:
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6701:
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6689:
6687:
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6682:
6679:
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6672:
6669:
6668:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
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6648:
6645:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6622:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6582:
6580:
6576:
6572:
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6560:
6558:
6553:
6551:
6546:
6545:
6542:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6527:
6508:
6504:
6497:
6482:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6464:
6460:
6456:
6450:
6436:on 2015-12-08
6435:
6431:
6427:
6423:
6419:
6415:
6411:
6407:
6403:
6399:
6395:
6391:
6384:
6368:
6364:
6357:
6341:
6337:
6331:
6315:
6311:
6305:
6289:
6285:
6279:
6264:on 5 May 2018
6263:
6259:
6255:
6249:
6233:
6229:
6223:
6215:
6211:
6207:
6201:
6197:
6190:
6174:
6170:
6167:Bonner, Jay.
6163:
6148:
6147:SelectedWorks
6144:
6138:
6122:
6118:
6114:
6108:
6100:
6084:
6080:
6073:
6065:
6059:
6055:
6054:
6046:
6038:
6032:
6028:
6021:
6013:
6011:0-520-22131-1
6007:
6003:
5996:
5981:
5977:
5971:
5956:
5952:
5946:
5931:
5927:
5921:
5906:
5902:
5896:
5881:
5877:
5870:
5862:
5860:1-84150-136-0
5856:
5852:
5847:
5846:
5837:
5821:
5817:
5810:
5802:
5800:0-451-79961-5
5796:
5792:
5788:
5781:
5765:
5761:
5754:
5738:
5734:
5728:
5712:
5708:
5701:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5678:
5670:
5664:
5660:
5659:
5651:
5636:
5630:
5626:
5625:
5617:
5609:
5602:
5587:
5583:
5577:
5562:
5558:
5552:
5544:
5538:
5534:
5527:
5512:
5511:
5506:
5499:
5483:
5477:
5468:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5444:
5428:
5422:
5407:
5403:
5397:
5395:
5386:
5380:
5376:
5375:
5367:
5365:
5356:
5350:
5346:
5341:
5340:
5331:
5329:
5309:
5305:
5298:
5291:
5289:
5280:
5279:
5274:
5268:
5266:
5249:
5243:
5241:
5224:
5217:
5215:
5198:
5192:
5190:
5173:
5172:
5165:
5163:
5161:
5159:
5157:
5140:
5134:
5132:
5123:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5102:
5093:
5088:
5084:
5080:
5076:
5069:
5067:
5065:
5063:
5061:
5059:
5057:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5025:
5018:(6): 670–673.
5017:
5013:
5006:
4999:
4990:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4970:
4963:
4955:
4949:
4930:
4923:
4916:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4880:
4872:
4860:
4846:on 2015-12-22
4842:
4835:
4834:
4826:
4809:
4805:
4799:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4768:
4766:
4750:
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4739:
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4728:
4721:
4706:
4705:
4700:
4693:
4677:
4670:
4662:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4641:
4633:
4627:
4623:
4616:
4609:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4585:Wade, David.
4581:
4579:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4535:
4527:
4521:
4517:
4510:
4502:
4500:0-500-27071-6
4496:
4492:
4488:
4482:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4439:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4417:
4413:
4406:
4390:
4386:
4379:
4371:
4365:
4361:
4360:
4352:
4344:
4343:
4338:
4332:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4309:
4305:
4299:
4297:
4295:
4290:
4275:
4268:
4262:
4253:
4244:
4235:
4226:
4217:
4208:
4199:
4192:
4186:
4177:
4168:
4164:
4156:
4153:
4149:
4144:
4141:
4140:Roger Penrose
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4112:
4110:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4088:
4084:
4082:
4077:
4073:
4063:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4048:
4046:
4042:
4033:
4029:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4010:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3985:Tessellations
3982:
3978:
3976:
3970:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3946:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3914:
3909:
3906:
3902:
3895:
3890:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3872:
3867:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3846:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3822:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3802:
3797:
3790:
3785:
3781:
3774:
3769:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3757:Salim Chishti
3754:
3748:
3743:
3740:
3736:
3729:
3724:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3702:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3679:
3674:
3670:
3664:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3652:Illustrations
3649:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3638:tessellations
3631:
3627:
3626:
3620:
3613:
3608:
3606:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3584:stained glass
3579:
3572:Stained glass
3569:
3567:
3563:
3557:
3547:
3543:
3541:
3540:Hamilton Gibb
3531:
3529:
3525:
3515:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3459:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3446:buildings at
3445:
3441:
3435:
3427:
3423:
3414:
3411:
3407:
3404:, and mosaic
3403:
3399:
3393:
3383:
3381:
3376:
3369:
3359:
3350:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3331:
3326:
3317:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3283:
3281:
3276:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3253:
3244:
3242:
3230:. 836 onwards
3229:
3225:
3222:tiles in the
3221:
3216:
3200:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3180:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3156:
3151:
3147:
3140:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3124:pattern on a
3123:
3119:
3113:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3089:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3030:
3028:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2996:tessellations
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2974:
2970:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2945:
2932:
2928:
2921:
2916:
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2908:
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2899:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2879:
2874:
2870:
2863:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
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2828:
2821:
2816:
2813:
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2811:
2808:
2803:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2707:
2705:
2704:stained glass
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2682:
2678:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2655:
2651:
2650:tessellations
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2605:
2600:
2598:
2593:
2591:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
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2467:
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2427:
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2422:
2419:
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2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2311:
2306:
2305:
2297:
2296:Talia al Ghul
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2074:Book of Idols
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2041:
2035:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1907:Aql bi-l-fi'l
1905:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1860:Islamic Logic
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1832:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1770:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
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708:
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696:Arab Maghreb
694:
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686:
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674:(Mesopotamia)
670:
668:
664:Arab Mashriq
662:
660:
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645:
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638:
633:
630:
628:
627:Pseudo-Arabic
625:
623:
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566:
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561:
560:Islamic glass
558:
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484:
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75:A doorway in
71:
62:
58:
54:
50:
47:socle of the
46:
39:
30:
19:
10416:
10319:
10312:
10305:
10298:
10291:
10285:Publications
10269:
10255:
10243:
10229:
10217:
10203:
10180:
10176:Jay Hambidge
10169:Ad Quadratum
10168:
10156:
10131:
10119:
10107:
10093:
10079:
10075:Luca Pacioli
10065:
10051:
10044:
10014:
10002:
9926:Hinke Osinga
9921:István Orosz
9891:
9882:Anthony Hill
9837:Scott Draves
9832:Erik Demaine
9816:Contemporary
9797:
9790:
9776:
9762:
9755:
9748:
9741:
9734:
9730:M. C. Escher
9710:
9703:
9689:
9682:
9655:
9651:Parmigianino
9636:
9567:Hagia Sophia
9541:
9534:
9527:
9520:
9513:
9506:
9409:
9390:Computer art
9368:Architecture
9328:Tessellation
9311:Architecture
9261:Golden ratio
9173:Sufi studies
9144:Other fields
9024:Contemporary
8947:consultation
8783:
8769:Architecture
8698:
8694:Pseudo-Kufic
8634:
8614:
8607:
8600:
8523:Kuala Lumpur
8421:
8401:
7948:
7800:Indo-Islamic
7790:Great Seljuk
7750:Architecture
7692:
7679:
7676:Islamic arts
7456:Caravanserai
7026:
6981:
6935:Loudspeakers
6860:Persian dome
6822:Pointed arch
6620:Indo-Islamic
6610:Great Seljuk
6510:. Retrieved
6496:
6484:. Retrieved
6462:
6455:Ball, Philip
6449:
6438:. Retrieved
6434:the original
6397:
6393:
6383:
6371:. Retrieved
6367:the original
6356:
6344:. Retrieved
6340:the original
6330:
6318:. Retrieved
6313:
6304:
6292:. Retrieved
6288:the original
6278:
6266:. Retrieved
6262:the original
6257:
6248:
6236:. Retrieved
6232:the original
6222:
6195:
6189:
6177:. Retrieved
6173:the original
6162:
6150:. Retrieved
6146:
6137:
6125:. Retrieved
6121:the original
6116:
6107:
6098:
6095:which cites
6087:. Retrieved
6082:
6072:
6052:
6045:
6026:
6020:
6001:
5995:
5983:. Retrieved
5970:
5958:. Retrieved
5945:
5933:. Retrieved
5920:
5908:. Retrieved
5895:
5883:. Retrieved
5879:
5869:
5844:
5836:
5824:. Retrieved
5819:
5809:
5786:
5780:
5768:. Retrieved
5764:the original
5753:
5741:. Retrieved
5737:the original
5727:
5715:. Retrieved
5711:the original
5700:
5691:
5687:
5677:
5657:
5650:
5638:. Retrieved
5623:
5616:
5607:
5601:
5589:. Retrieved
5585:
5576:
5564:. Retrieved
5551:
5532:
5526:
5514:. Retrieved
5508:
5498:
5486:. Retrieved
5476:
5457:
5453:
5443:
5431:. Retrieved
5427:"Gereh-Sazi"
5421:
5409:. Retrieved
5373:
5338:
5315:. Retrieved
5308:the original
5303:
5277:
5252:. Retrieved
5227:. Retrieved
5201:. Retrieved
5176:. Retrieved
5170:
5143:. Retrieved
5107:
5101:
5082:
5078:
5038:
5034:
5024:
5015:
5011:
4998:
4979:
4975:
4962:
4936:. Retrieved
4929:the original
4915:
4889:
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4879:
4848:. Retrieved
4841:the original
4832:
4825:
4812:. Retrieved
4808:the original
4798:
4786:. Retrieved
4777:
4752:. Retrieved
4748:
4720:
4708:. Retrieved
4704:The Guardian
4702:
4692:
4680:. Retrieved
4669:
4646:
4640:
4621:
4615:
4606:
4599:. Retrieved
4595:the original
4590:
4547:(1): 41–45.
4544:
4540:
4534:
4515:
4509:
4490:
4481:
4448:
4444:
4438:
4411:
4405:
4393:. Retrieved
4389:the original
4378:
4358:
4351:
4341:
4312:. Retrieved
4307:
4274:
4261:
4252:
4243:
4234:
4225:
4216:
4207:
4198:
4185:
4176:
4167:
4145:
4113:
4105:
4069:
4060:tessellation
4052:M. C. Escher
4049:
4038:
4006:
3972:
3962:M. C. Escher
3950:tessellation
3918:Glazed tile
3712:Shah-i-Zinda
3645:
3623:
3622:
3611:
3581:
3559:
3544:
3537:
3521:
3507:Kilim motifs
3491:
3480:such as the
3437:
3395:
3371:
3356:
3335:
3299:
3284:
3277:
3274:
3247:Middle stage
3238:
3164:patterns in
3160:Analysis of
3146:tessellation
3075:
3053:
3042:
3031:
3024:
2982:, including
2976:
2927:Green Mosque
2883:Arch in the
2806:
2799:
2776:
2749:
2719:M. C. Escher
2708:
2666:architecture
2659:
2654:calligraphic
2631:
2614:
2613:
2543:Dhul Khalasa
2486:
2485:
2315:
2310:Spirituality
2286:Ra's al Ghul
2261:King Marsile
2219:
2218:
2144:Magic carpet
2033:
1962:
1961:
1895:
1894:
1731:Saudi Arabia
1647:
1646:
1573:
1572:
1498:
1497:
1451:
1450:
1422:
1421:
1383:
1382:
1313:
1312:
1285:
1160:
1086:Algerian Raï
1074:
1073:
987:
986:
935:
934:
915:Quarter tone
875:Arabic maqam
869:
773:
772:
717:
636:
612:Hedwig glass
575:
574:
508:
507:
475:
457:
378:Caravanserai
356:
355:
250:
189:
187:
142:
137:Architecture
29:
10445:Islamic art
10225:G. H. Hardy
10028:Renaissance
9998:Polykleitos
9936:Tony Robbin
9847:John Ernest
9842:Jan Dibbets
9792:Crucifixion
9615:Renaissance
9469:Mathematics
9442:Celtic knot
9405:Fractal art
9307:Proportion
9281:Perspective
9113:Mathematics
8774:Calligraphy
8626:Principles,
8594:Exhibitions
8547:Marrakech (
8543:Los Angeles
8511:Jerusalem (
8473:collections
8424:Calligraphy
8304:Indo-Muslim
8286:Calligraphy
8220:Mosque lamp
8178:Other media
8097:Mina'i ware
7986:Bangladeshi
7742:Islamic art
7303:Windcatcher
7284:(courtyard)
7037:Mosque lamp
7017:Girih tiles
6974:Decorations
6852:Arabic dome
6083:Biographies
5694:(2): 28–35.
5533:Islamic Art
5460:: 105–132.
4867:|work=
4778:Catnaps.org
4124:Darb-e Imam
4116:Peter J. Lu
3993:calligraphy
3855:Shah Mosque
3782:from Turkey
3778:Woven wool
3339:Jama Masjid
3235:Early stage
3130:Darb-e Imam
2961:Islamic art
2953:Mahan, Iran
2778:Islamic art
2731:Peter J. Lu
2662:Islamic art
2638:Islamic art
2636:designs in
2246:Battal Gazi
1431:Anthologies
1231:Raqs Sharqi
1186:Belly dance
1029:Iraqi maqam
957:Arabic jazz
952:Arabic rock
805:Fouta towel
607:Girih tiles
525:Arab carpet
496:Fatimid art
491:Islamic art
346:Windcatcher
211:Arabic dome
85:Atlas cedar
10434:Categories
10199:Owen Jones
10046:De pictura
9951:Oliver Sin
9901:Andy Lomas
9750:Relativity
9481:String art
9395:Fiber arts
9276:Paraboloid
9188:philosophy
9135:Psychology
9108:Inventions
9061:solidarity
9011:Philosophy
8991:Secularism
8905:Golden Age
8842:Capitalism
8789:Literature
8700:Stilfragen
8628:influences
8500:Istanbul (
8433:The garden
8389:Decoration
8358:Other arts
8253:Miniatures
8138:Embroidery
8092:Lustreware
7951:Decoration
7914:Mashrabiya
7822:Indonesian
7586:Influences
7501:Well house
7272:Mashrabiya
6920:Hussainiya
6856:Onion dome
6647:Indonesian
6635:Qutb Shahi
6486:4 December
6440:2015-12-04
6373:4 December
6346:4 December
6320:3 December
6294:3 December
6268:3 December
6238:1 December
6214:1001744138
6179:3 December
6152:3 December
6127:3 December
6089:2 November
5985:2 December
5960:2 December
5935:2 December
5910:2 December
5822:. TurkoTek
5770:18 January
5743:18 January
5717:18 January
5640:15 January
5634:9004089624
5591:3 December
5566:3 December
5516:18 January
5488:18 January
5433:4 December
5411:7 December
5339:Azerbaijan
5317:2 December
5254:7 December
5229:3 December
5203:2 December
5178:2 December
5171:Gereh-Sāzī
5145:7 December
4938:15 January
4850:2015-12-02
4814:3 December
4788:2 December
4754:1 December
4710:1 December
4682:1 December
4430:1001744138
4395:1 December
4314:1 December
4286:References
4126:shrine in
3989:arabesques
3952:of glazed
3886:Azerbaijan
3876:Geometric
3826:Detail of
3720:Uzbekistan
3634:الزَّلِيْج
3592:Azerbaijan
3562:semi-domes
3494:prayer mat
3458:in Cairo.
3320:Late stage
3312:palace in
3291:Al-Andalus
3062:palace in
3047:, made in
3016:algorithms
2992:symmetries
2907:Raqqa ware
2782:figurative
2741:Background
2727:physicists
2686:tilework,
2646:arabesques
2642:interlaced
2623:figurative
2518:Dhat-Badan
2446:Theandrios
2426:Baalshamin
2421:Atarsamain
2276:Palamedes
2019:Muqaddimah
1979:Al-isharat
1885:Avicennism
1837:Philosophy
1706:Mauritania
1515:Muwashshah
1480:Khamriyyah
1280:Literature
1226:Ouled Nail
1039:Muwashshah
942:Arabic pop
501:Mamluk art
448:Well house
383:Bimaristan
271:Mashrabiya
89:arabesques
57:Uzbekistan
43:Detail of
10010:Vitruvius
9984:Theorists
9764:Waterfall
9669:19th–20th
9597:Taj Mahal
9577:Parthenon
9554:Buildings
9508:Continuum
9476:Sculpture
9452:Interlace
9246:Algorithm
9183:cosmology
9178:mysticism
9156:Education
9096:cosmology
9091:Astronomy
9051:Astrology
9034:dialectic
8942:consensus
8937:Democracy
8852:Socialism
8819:Economics
8764:Arabesque
8662:Grotesque
8575:Singapore
8559:Melbourne
8397:Arabesque
7826:Malaysian
7560:Resources
7323:Religious
7293:Shabestan
7251:Hypostyle
7233:Shadirvan
7002:Arabesque
6925:Imamzadeh
6890:Religious
6870:Semi-dome
6817:Ogee arch
6786:Chahartaq
6749:Materials
6676:Almoravid
6651:Malaysian
6481:178905751
5885:25 August
5826:25 August
5627:. BRILL.
5510:The Hindu
4869:ignored (
4859:cite book
4569:191368443
4473:171003353
4102:materials
3716:Samarkand
3566:squinches
3534:Metalwork
3476:Somewhat
3452:Taj Mahal
3210:Evolution
3162:octagonal
3128:from the
3122:decagonal
2984:pentagons
2768:arabesque
2711:craftsmen
2672:carpets,
2644:, as can
2634:geometric
2361:Al-Kutbay
2189:Shadhavar
2154:Mount Qaf
2129:Karkadann
2046:Mythology
1932:Asabiyyah
1890:Averroism
1721:Palestine
1643:Mutadārik
1640:Mutaqārib
1631:Mujtathth
1483:Tardiyyah
1303:Classical
1246:Schikhatt
1211:Khaleegy
988:Art music
815:Jellabiya
728:Battoulah
582:Arabesque
576:Features
438:Shadirvan
241:Hypostyle
206:Arabesque
190:Features
158:Nabataean
99:tilework.
81:Marrakech
61:geometric
53:Samarkand
10418:Category
10145:Romantic
9823:Max Bill
9757:Reptiles
9572:Pantheon
9529:Octacube
9495:Artworks
9437:Knotting
9425:Muqarnas
9323:Symmetry
9251:Catenary
9239:Concepts
9118:Medicine
9081:Timeline
9029:Theology
8986:Quietism
8954:Feminism
8929:politics
8885:Timeline
8667:Moresque
8527:London (
8471:Museums,
8456:Paradise
8441:Charbagh
8422:See also
8324:Nastaliq
8314:Muhaqqaq
8245:the book
8157:Woodwork
8116:Textiles
8077:Fritware
7949:See also
7934:Muqarnas
7929:Mocárabe
7886:Elements
7674:Part of
7510:Military
7446:Baradari
7439:Civilian
7262:Jharokha
7223:Mechouar
7160:Charbagh
7103:Andaruni
7077:Socarrat
7042:Muqarnas
6940:Maqsurah
6832:Vaulting
6761:Tadelakt
6742:Elements
6691:Zayyanid
6671:Aghlabid
6512:16 March
6430:10374218
6422:17322056
5275:(1954).
4948:cite web
4782:Archived
4601:12 April
4541:Leonardo
4489:(1976).
4465:25597484
4339:(1925).
4074:and the
4056:Alhambra
4045:Venetian
3997:Alhambra
3958:Alhambra
3851:Muqarnas
3556:Muqarnas
3550:Muqarnas
3528:braiding
3450:and the
3362:Ceramics
3353:Artforms
3332:. 1571-5
3126:spandrel
3099:seashell
3095:muqarnas
3060:Alhambra
3000:infinity
2988:octagons
2889:Mocárabe
2885:Alhambra
2855:tilework
2760:Sasanian
2729:such as
2696:ceramics
2688:muqarnas
2681:Moroccan
2476:Yarhibol
2456:Malakbel
2326:Al-‘Uzzá
2236:Ali Baba
2209:Zulfiqar
1896:Concepts
1880:Farabism
1671:Djibouti
1628:Muqtaḍab
1622:Munsariħ
1565:Ghinnawa
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