510:
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years within the monument, is currently managed at very light or conservative levels of approximately one cow per every 300 to 400 acres (1.6 km). Domestic sheep and goats are prohibited as a protection to the bighorn sheep. The monument offers almost no surface water but contains sufficient groundwater resources.
497:
The cattle ranchers maintain more than 80 individual man-made water sources within the monument, in addition to the 14 water sources maintained by the
Arizona Game and Fish Department and the Arizona Desert Bighorn Sheep Society. The presence of human-supplied water supports the exceptional abundance
493:
The
Ironwood Forest National Monument is managed for multiple uses including recreation, cattle grazing and mining, although new mining claims and motorized off-road travel are prohibited by the establishing Proclamation. Livestock grazing, which has occurred continuously for at least the last 125
336:
of shade and protection that enables young seedlings of other species to become established despite the harsh desert climate, where daytime high temperatures can exceed 105 °F (41 °C). The ironwood also provides shade and roosting area
2397:
2297:
1166:
437:) and a night roost were documented within the monument by bat researchers Karen Krebbs and Yar Petryszyn. They concluded that while the monument may be an important feeding stopover during spring migrations, the presence of
484:
mining began in the Silver Bell
Mountains around 1850 and continues today. Bighorn sheep ewes prefer mine tailings for lambing grounds because the high, steep and open terrain enables them to see and escape from predators.
509:
1592:
1497:
765:
Public comments submitted to Bureau of Land
Management regarding the Ironwood Forest National Monument Draft Resource Management Plan and Environmental Impact Statement, May 30, 2007.
1824:
241:. The monument covers 129,055 acres (52,227 ha), of which 59,573 acres (24,108 ha) are non-federal and include private land holdings and Arizona State School Trust lands.
422:
within the monument, including 64 species of mammals and 57 species of birds, although the Bureau of Land
Management has been unable to verify those claims. Recent studies by the
521:
2700:
1660:
464:, which was listed as an endangered species in March 1997 and delisted by court order April 14, 2006, have been found within and near the monument by licensed surveyors.
1487:
132:
2603:
1774:
2618:
2517:
2367:
1879:
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2588:
1817:
937:, a nonprofit organization partnering with BLM to protect Ironwood Forest National Monument by providing volunteer service, advocacy, and visitor education.
983:
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2004:
48:
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1969:
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852:
73:
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1954:
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is one of only a few bat species that migrate long distances, coming from as far south as
Jalisco, Mexico, more than 1,600 miles (2,570 km).
2640:
2613:
2608:
2573:
2556:
2462:
1665:
574:
426:, however, have documented 560 plant species. Resident birdwatchers have documented more than 80 species of migratory and non-migratory birds.
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792:"Wildlife Water Developments and Desert Bighorn Sheep in the Southwestern United States." 2005. Arizona Desert Bighorn Sheep Society. *
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An array of flora are present in the
Ironwood Forest National Monument. The lower elevations are in the Sonoran Desert
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1974:
1919:
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1378:
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Biological Survey of
Ironwood Forest National Monument, Karen Krebbs and Yar Petryszyn, Arizona Sonora Desert Museum
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2014:
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2019:
1989:
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population of desert bighorn sheep in southeastern
Arizona, having first migrated into North America during the
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1944:
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328:) is a very long-lived tree, with some specimens estimated to be more than 800 years old. Desert ironwood is a
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1904:
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314:, although not found among ironwood trees, occur in very localized limestone-rich areas within the monument.
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of birds, mule deer, coyotes, foxes, bobcats, mountain lions and other wildlife found in the monument.
670:
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people were the first miners in the area. They mined turquoise in the Silver Bell
Mountains.
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According to Proclamation 7320, 674 plant and animal species have been identified in the
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area in the monument have been published in a sequence that currently dates back to the
349:
for animals. The blossoms produce bean pods which also provide food for desert animals.
2564:
943:, a nonprofit organization committed to increasing bighorn sheep populations in Arizona
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740:
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366:
262:
archaeological sites have been identified in the monument, dated between 600 and 1450.
255:
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period. Dominant trees of that era, based upon pollen records, were Utah juniper (
270:
233:
by Presidential Proclamation 7320 on June 9, 2000, the monument is managed by the
1537:
362:
120:
801:
1934:
921:"Biological Survey of Ironwood Forest National Monument: Lesser Long-Nosed Bat"
875:
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374:
222:
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2224:
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1979:
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230:
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457:
741:"Biological Survey of Ironwood Forest National Monument, Vascular Flora"
687:"The Importance of Olneya tesota as a Nurse Plant in the Sonoran Desert"
1056:
891:"Biological Survey of Ironwood Forest National Monument Vascular Flora"
718:
333:
274:
254:) trees are found in the monument, along with two federally recognized
2398:
Baaj Nwaavjo I'tah Kukveni â Ancestral Footprints of the Grand Canyon
2317:
2298:
Baaj Nwaavjo I'tah Kukveni â Ancestral Footprints of the Grand Canyon
1689:
1167:
Baaj Nwaavjo I'tah Kukveni â Ancestral Footprints of the Grand Canyon
844:
301:
193:
783:
Cactus Ferruginous Pygmy Owl records of US Fish and Wildlife Service
710:
685:
SuzĂĄn, Humberto; Nabhan, Gary P.; Patten, Duncan T. (October 1996).
245:
285:
Ragged Top & saguaro forest, Ironwood Forest National Monument
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33:
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The Silver Bell Cemetery in Ironwood Forest National Monument.
656:
https://www.blm.gov/sites/blm.gov/files/Monuments_Q2_2020.pdf
304:. One of the notable trees native here is the elephant tree (
1832:
80:
55:
1775:
National Register of Historic Places listings in Arizona
739:
Devender, Thomas R. Van; Wiens, John F.; Dimmitt, Mark.
940:
452:
herd located within the monument is the last remaining
341:
for birds. Its smoky lavender-colored blossoms provide
665:
663:
556:
2701:
Units of the National Landscape Conservation System
2619:President Lincoln's Cottage at the Soldiers' Home
684:
660:
2652:
874:. U.S. Bureau of Land Management. Archived from
872:"Ironwood Forest National Monument Proclamation"
855:. U.S. Bureau of Land Management. Archived from
738:
575:List of national monuments of the United States
441:in the monument is probably low or incidental.
310:). Small populations of the endangered Nichols
16:Protected area in the Sonoran Desert of Arizona
1760:List of National Historic Landmarks in Arizona
991:
1818:
1745:List of National Natural Landmarks in Arizona
1266:Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail
977:
651:
649:
277:, Ironwood Forest National Monument, Arizona.
2666:Bureau of Land Management National Monuments
1261:Butterfield Overland National Historic Trail
460:epoch. One or two specimens of the cactus
357:Lists of dominant plants in the prehistoric
1697:
36:forest in Ironwood Forest National Monument
2671:Bureau of Land Management areas in Arizona
1825:
1811:
984:
970:
646:
2681:Protected areas of Pinal County, Arizona
634:United States Department of the Interior
580:Santa Ana del Chiquiburitac Mission Site
280:
269:
258:animal and plant species. More than 200
239:United States Department of the Interior
2676:Protected areas of Pima County, Arizona
1834:National monuments of the United States
345:for bees and other insects, as well as
2653:
824:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
674:, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg
2686:Protected areas of the Sonoran Desert
1806:
965:
296:Category:Flora of the Sonoran Deserts
2518:Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains
2368:Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains
946:
941:Arizona Desert Bighorn Sheep Society
414:Category:Fauna of the Sonoran Desert
2696:Protected areas established in 2000
2589:Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad
1271:Old Spanish National Historic Trail
949:"Ironwood Forest National Monument"
853:"Ironwood Forest National Monument"
625:Geographic Names Information System
620:"Ironwood Forest National Monument"
13:
1508:Granite Mountain Hotshots Memorial
672:Elephant Tree: Bursera microphylla
529:Los Robles Archaeological District
398:), and understory plants included
265:
14:
2712:
2005:Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley
836:
219:Ironwood Forest National Monument
194:Ironwood Forest National Monument
22:Ironwood Forest National Monument
1411:List of Arizona Wilderness Areas
908:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
559:
536:
520:
508:
248:(also known as desert ironwood,
79:
72:
54:
47:
27:
2604:Northeast Canyons and Seamounts
1314:V Bar V Heritage Site
630:United States Geological Survey
429:One specimen of the endangered
244:A significant concentration of
2691:2000 establishments in Arizona
2318:Camp Hale â Continental Divide
1955:Charles Young Buffalo Soldiers
923:. Arizona Sonora Desert Museum
906:"Cactus Ferruginous Pygmy Owl"
893:. Arizona Sonora Desert Museum
786:
777:
768:
759:
747:. Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum
732:
678:
612:
184:U.S. Bureau of Land Management
167:129,055 acres (52,227 ha)
1:
2661:National Monuments in Arizona
2609:Pacific Remote Islands Marine
2574:Aleutian Islands World War II
1880:Belmont-Paul Women's Equality
1256:Arizona National Scenic Trail
691:Journal of Vegetation Science
605:
488:
88:Show map of the United States
2488:Organ MountainsâDesert Peaks
2130:Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home
2060:George Washington Birthplace
1044:Historic Sites and Memorials
424:Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum
7:
2528:Upper Missouri River Breaks
1753:National Historic Landmarks
1197:National Conservation Areas
552:
10:
2717:
2599:Military Working Dog Teams
2353:Saint Francis Dam Disaster
2210:Springfield 1908 Race Riot
2125:Little Bighorn Battlefield
1738:National Natural Landmarks
1712:Phoenix Mountains Preserve
1042:National Historical Parks,
935:Friends of Ironwood Forest
501:
467:
411:
293:
148:32.4589576°N 111.5667845°W
2637:
2541:
2463:Grand StaircaseâEscalante
2376:
2283:
2255:Virgin Islands Coral Reef
2115:Katahdin Woods and Waters
1840:
1785:
1766:
1751:
1736:
1729:
1688:
1671:White Mountain Grasslands
1631:
1453:
1444:
1417:
1402:
1346:National Wildlife Refuges
1344:
1279:
1246:
1225:National Recreation Areas
1223:
1195:
1157:Bureau of Land Management
1075:
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1003:
392:), and redberry juniper (
235:Bureau of Land Management
212:
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199:
189:
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163:
126:
116:
97:
41:
26:
21:
2614:PapahÄnaumokuÄkea Marine
2245:Tule Springs Fossil Beds
2135:Mill Springs Battlefield
2065:George Washington Carver
1618:Yuma Quartermaster Depot
1468:Boyce Thompson Arboretum
1062:Hubbell Trading Post NHS
669:C. Michael Hogan. 2009.
407:
289:
153:32.4589576; -111.5667845
2478:Kasha-Katuwe Tent Rocks
2428:Canyons of the Ancients
2413:Berryessa Snow Mountain
2308:Berryessa Snow Mountain
2200:Salinas Pueblo Missions
1885:Birmingham Civil Rights
1860:Alibates Flint Quarries
1623:Yuma Territorial Prison
543:Hohokam petroglyphs at
386:), single-leaf pinyon (
237:, an agency within the
2594:Marianas Trench Marine
2458:Grand CanyonâParashant
2080:Grand CanyonâParashant
2010:Florissant Fossil Beds
1930:Castillo de San Marcos
1419:Wild and Scenic Rivers
1172:Grand CanyonâParashant
443:Leptonycteris curasoae
435:Leptonycteris curasoae
332:because it provides a
286:
278:
206:U.S. National Monument
2498:Prehistoric Trackways
2358:San Gabriel Mountains
2225:Sunset Crater Volcano
1850:African Burial Ground
1842:National Park Service
1309:Palatki Heritage Site
1304:Honanki Heritage Site
1085:National Park Service
595:Saguaro National Park
585:Silver Bell Mountains
527:Hohokam ruins in the
462:ferruginous pygmy owl
431:lesser long-nosed bat
420:Silver Bell Mountains
383:Juniperus osteosperma
322:The desert ironwood (
284:
273:
2503:RĂo Grande del Norte
2333:Gila Cliff Dwellings
2110:John Day Fossil Beds
2090:Hagerman Fossil Beds
2070:Gila Cliff Dwellings
1890:Booker T. Washington
1613:Verde River Greenway
1603:Tonto Natural Bridge
1598:Tombstone Courthouse
450:desert bighorn sheep
401:Monardella arizonica
2443:Craters of the Moon
1970:Craters of the Moon
1791:Arizona State Parks
1717:South Mountain Park
1354:Bill Williams River
703:1996JVegS...7..635S
395:Juniperus pinchotii
371:last glacial period
353:Prehistoric ecology
334:nursery environment
307:Bursera microphylla
180:Governing body
144: /
63:Show map of Arizona
2641:Full Detailed List
2423:California Coastal
1215:San Pedro Riparian
1077:National Monuments
590:Waterman Mountains
367:Waterman Mountains
312:turk's head cactus
287:
279:
221:is located in the
2648:
2647:
2624:Rose Atoll Marine
2285:US Forest Service
2215:Statue of Liberty
2165:Organ Pipe Cactus
1925:Casa Grande Ruins
1855:Agate Fossil Beds
1800:
1799:
1781:
1780:
1725:
1724:
1684:
1683:
1523:Kartchner Caverns
1473:Buckskin Mountain
1440:
1439:
1289:ApacheâSitgreaves
1205:Gila Box Riparian
1120:Organ Pipe Cactus
1095:Casa Grande Ruins
216:
215:
117:Nearest city
2708:
2533:Vermilion Cliffs
2508:San Juan Islands
2438:CascadeâSiskiyou
2343:Mount St. Helens
2293:Admiralty Island
2140:Montezuma Castle
2075:Governors Island
1940:Castle Mountains
1915:Cape Krusenstern
1910:Canyon de Chelly
1895:Buck Island Reef
1827:
1820:
1813:
1804:
1803:
1734:
1733:
1695:
1694:
1498:Fool Hollow Lake
1493:Dead Horse Ranch
1451:
1450:
1404:Wilderness Areas
1281:National Forests
1187:Vermilion Cliffs
1110:Montezuma Castle
1090:Canyon de Chelly
1027:Petrified Forest
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947:Crossley, John.
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800:. Archived from
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745:desertmuseum.org
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389:Pinus monophylla
330:keystone species
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2468:Ironwood Forest
2403:Basin and Range
2380:Land Management
2379:
2372:
2279:
2230:Timpanogos Cave
2150:Natural Bridges
1975:Devils Postpile
1950:CĂŠsar E. ChĂĄvez
1920:Capulin Volcano
1836:
1831:
1801:
1796:
1777:
1768:Historic Places
1762:
1747:
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1680:
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1568:Riordan Mansion
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1248:National Trails
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1177:Ironwood Forest
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993:Protected areas
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795:"Archived copy"
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266:Flora and fauna
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2523:Sonoran Desert
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2493:Pompeys Pillar
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2190:Rainbow Bridge
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2513:Sand to Snow
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2363:Sand to Snow
2338:Misty Fjords
2323:Chimney Rock
2260:Waco Mammoth
2205:Scotts Bluff
2195:Russell Cave
2160:Oregon Caves
2095:Hohokam Pima
2050:Fossil Butte
2040:Fort Stanwix
2035:Fort Pulaski
2025:Fort McHenry
1980:Devils Tower
1945:Cedar Breaks
1790:
1699:Nature parks
1661:Powers Butte
1573:River Island
1558:Picacho Peak
1483:Cattail Cove
1427:Fossil Creek
1359:Buenos Aires
1299:Elden Pueblo
1210:Las Cienegas
1176:
1105:Hohokam Pima
1022:Grand Canyon
952:. Retrieved
925:. Retrieved
910:. Retrieved
895:. Retrieved
880:. Retrieved
876:the original
861:. Retrieved
857:the original
809:. Retrieved
802:the original
788:
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749:. Retrieved
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722:. Retrieved
694:
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448:The Arizona
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299:
249:
243:
231:Bill Clinton
218:
217:
175:June 9, 2000
106:Pinal County
2393:Avi Kwa Ame
2275:Yucca House
2175:Pipe Spring
2030:Fort Monroe
1905:Camp Nelson
1870:Aztec Ruins
1707:Papago Park
1656:Mittry Lake
1646:Cluff Ranch
1641:Becker Lake
1528:Lake Havasu
1455:State Parks
1432:Verde River
1233:Glen Canyon
1125:Pipe Spring
458:Pleistocene
439:L. curasoae
172:Established
151: /
139:111°34â˛00âłW
127:Coordinates
102:Pima County
2655:Categories
2453:Gold Butte
2408:Bears Ears
2303:Bears Ears
2170:Petroglyph
2145:Muir Woods
2105:Jewel Cave
2045:Fort Union
1995:El Malpais
1960:Chiricahua
1666:Santa Rita
1588:Slide Rock
1583:San Rafael
1578:Roper Lake
1538:Lyman Lake
1503:Fort Verde
1463:Alamo Lake
1100:Chiricahua
954:2006-08-13
927:2007-07-06
912:2007-07-06
897:2007-07-06
882:2006-08-13
863:2007-07-06
811:2007-07-08
751:January 1,
724:January 1,
639:2011-08-22
606:References
489:Activities
412:See also:
294:See also:
275:Ragged Top
256:endangered
136:32°27â˛32âłN
121:Tucson, AZ
2629:Tule Lake
2388:Agua Fria
2378:Bureau of
2240:Tule Lake
2220:Stonewall
2180:Pipestone
2120:Lava Beds
2100:Hovenweep
1875:Bandelier
1865:Aniakchak
1690:Municipal
1651:Luna Lake
1543:McFarland
1238:Lake Mead
1162:Agua Fria
302:ecoregion
2473:Jurassic
2448:Fort Ord
2348:Newberry
2250:Tuzigoot
2000:El Morro
1985:Dinosaur
1965:Colorado
1900:Cabrillo
1563:Red Rock
1513:Homolovi
1478:Catalina
1379:Imperial
1331:Prescott
1321:Coronado
1294:Coconino
1140:Tuzigoot
820:cite web
553:See also
339:habitats
246:ironwood
98:Location
2542:Other (
2270:Wupatki
1150:Wupatki
1032:Saguaro
1005:Federal
997:Arizona
719:3236375
699:Bibcode
502:Gallery
474:Hohokam
468:History
378:glacial
365:of the
359:ecology
260:Hohokam
227:Arizona
190:Website
110:Arizona
34:Saguaro
2155:Navajo
1548:Oracle
1518:Jerome
1374:Havasu
1369:Cibola
1326:Kaibab
1115:Navajo
717:
482:copper
478:Silver
454:relict
373:, the
347:forage
343:nectar
104:&
2235:Tonto
1730:Other
1446:State
1336:Tonto
1135:Tonto
805:(PDF)
798:(PDF)
715:JSTOR
408:Fauna
290:Flora
2565:Army
2561:USAF
2557:NOAA
2553:AFRH
1773:See
1758:See
1743:See
1409:See
1384:Kofa
826:link
753:2021
726:2021
480:and
472:The
361:and
164:Area
2548:DOE
2544:FWS
995:of
707:doi
225:of
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433:(
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